英美政体不同 英文

英美制度异同对照Britain is one of the oldest capitalist countries in the world，while the United States is the most developed capitalist country in the world. Owing to their history and full development of economy, Britain and the United States have developed their respective systems of politics.45英国是迄今世界上最古老的资本主义国家之一，而美国是当今世界最发达的资本主义国家。

两国政体一脉相承，同时又因历史形成与经济发展道路的差异，两国拥有各自不同的政治制度。

1300 years ago, after the British bourgeois revolution, the British start to implement democratic politics and promulgated the Constitution. The first set of western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing, drawn lessons from Britain, U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. The political systems of Britain and the United States have the same theoretical basis，such as natural rights and “the separation of powers”.However, in the specific political system they presented different features .991 300多年前，英国资产阶级革命后，实施了民主政治，颁布了宪法。

Contrasts between the American and British Political Systems SimilaritiesThe first western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from Britain ,U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. So there are many similarities between the American and British political systems.1.Head of StateBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a head of state .The president is the official head of state in the US. The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term.In the U.K., the queen or king is the official head of state. But the queen or king is only a figure head without real authority.However, the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of government2.The Upper HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have an upper house. The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U.K. has the House of Lords.The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. Each U.S. state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms.The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster.The House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the House of Commons – they share responsibility for making laws and checking government action.3.The Lower HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a lower house. The U.S. House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats.The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate.The number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.The House of Commons comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members (since 2010 General Election), who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election).Differences1.Form of governmentThe USA is a republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy.Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution.A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.ernmentThe government consisting of three parts，or branches，the executive，the legislative and the judicial in USA. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions，including the position of Supreme Count justice.The Senate ，however must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.However，the UK government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister, who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war, to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These appointments are entirely his choice and are not subject to scrutiny or confirmation by any other person of body. The Prime Minister also has the power to dismiss (“demand the resignation of”) any serving minister or secretary of state.3.The constitutionThe United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament such as statute law, the common laws and conventions.4.The political partiesThe United States has two major political parties.One is the Democratic Party.The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party. The symbol of the party is the elephant.There are three major national parties in UK—The Conservative party ，the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats.In the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties absolutely dominate federal and state elections with independents securing only small proportions of the vote. In the United Kingdom, the two main political parties - Conservative and Labour - win a smaller and declining share of the total vote, with a growing share being taken by the likes of the Liberal Democrat Party and the UK Independence Party at national level and by the likes of the Scottish and Welsh Nationalist Parties at the devolved level.In conclusion, a political system is an important integration of a country’s politics and different countries have their distinctive features.。

相同点：These two capitalist countries were both regarded as the western democracy, whose powers were controlled by the bourgeoisies. They were two-party system and both have the cabinet. Both of them have the Parliament (Congress), which is the legislative organ of the country. They were both the three-tier countries.相同点：这两个资本主义国家都视为西方的民主，它的权力是由资产阶级控制。

他们是两个政党制度都有内阁。

它们都有议会（国会），这是国家的立法机关。

他们都是三级国家。

不同点：英国：British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy. The central government includes the Monarch, parliament, and the cabinet. The monarch who is the nation’s symbol reigns but not rules. He/She only does what parliament and cabinet want him/her to do. He/She whose appointment is hereditary reigns until he/she die. The prime minister who is the leader of the party in power is appointed by the monarch. He presides over the cabinet. Cabinet is the nation’s supreme executive organ and comes from the parliament. It is responsible to the parliament. Parliament is the nation’s supreme legislative organ. T he government is responsible to parliament and is checked by the parliament.英国：英国政府体系被称为君主立宪制。

The political system comparison Through learning the course about the society and culture of major English-speaking countries an introduction,I expand my horizons and learn a lot. Now I would like to talk about the similarities and differences of Britain and the United states political system .First of all, we learn about the political system. Political system belongs to the superstructure , is about the state power management form and relevant national political activities .It includes some basic content about the main form of government, national structure and rule method.Britain and the United States both belong to the capitalist countries, but the two countries have different political system. So here we will to compare the differences between the Britain and the United States .Firstly, Britain is a typical constitutionalmonarchy . The parliament is the top legislature and highest organ of state power.the Cabinet responsibility .While the USA is a constitutional federal republic.The second difference is the form of government. British government consists of king or queen,Parliament and Cabinet.American government consists of Congress,president and Supreme Court.Thirdly,the status and power of the head of state is different.Monarch is the official head of state in Britain. But the monarch is hereditary and reigns but does not govern.He is the symbol of nation and has no real power.But in the United States,thepresident is the head of state He is also government leaders and the country's armed forces commander.The executive power concentrated in the President.The President decided to domestic and foreign policies with very broad powers.Fourthly,the relation of legislative and executive is different.The chief executive of Britain is Prime Minister. Prime Minister and Cabinet are responsible to the parliament. Parliament supervise Cabinet.But the prime minister has the right to dissolve parliament.The prime minister, cabinet and parliament check each other.The chief executive of the United States is the president.The President is responsible for the constitution.He has the right to veto the bill, but has no right to dissolve parliament.The vote can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and House of sentatives.Congress and the president have equal status and check each other.Fifthly,electoral system is different. The citizens in Britain can elect the house of Commons,the king and the house of lords is not elected by citizens.Inthe United States ,Congress and the president are both directly elected by citizens.So American have bigger rights than British.What causes the difference between Britain and the United States about the political system.There are some reasons.Firstly,the principal contradiction of British bourgeois revolution is the bourgeois class and feudal ruling class contradiction.While the United States is the contradiction of the bourgeois and the colonial rulers.Secondly, the bourgeois revolution in Britain is earlier, the power of the bourgeoisie is limited. Implementing a constitutional monarchy is actually bourgeois compromising to feudal forces.During the bourgeois revolution of the United States, capitalism went through a period of development again, the strength became morepowerful.There are also some Similarities between them. Above all,Britain and the United States both in power of Bourgeois class and capitalist country.They carry out universal suffrage.Then,they implement separation of the three powers.Legislative, executive, and judicial branch restrict and supervise each other,but just decentralization levels are difference.They are built on the foundation of capitalist private ownership of the means of production and service for bourgeois .What's more,they established in the same way.Through the establishment of legal documents, from the rule of man to the rule of law.American and British political system can say have the differences and similarities.As the product of bourgeois revolution, British and Americanpolitical system has its historical progress , so they are worth us to think and study.。

Difference of the party system betweenBritain and America江西科技师范大学杨涛【Abstract】The party system is the main way to realize the rule of the bourgeoisie in the western capitalist countries. In the current capitalist countries, the more popular is the two-party system and multiparty system. And Britain and America are the most representative countries who are using two-party system in the world. although both of them have two-party system，but they are not completely same at all. This article will compare the party system between Britain and America on these aspects：historical conditions and developmental process of political parties，way come into power in turns，organizational discipline，and specific function of two parties.【Key Words】Bipartisan system，comparison，Britain，America1.IntroductionPolitical party is an organization consists of people which seeks to achieve goals common to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political power. People who have same political claim or in same class constitute to an organization called political to protect or realize their interests. It means that a political party has a distinct class nature. Modern political party born in Britain in 17th century and gradually developed into today's two-party system. Thetwo-party system mentioned here is not means there are only two political parties in a country, but refers to a system that the major political party in this country come into power in turns by winning the majority in the legislature or winning the presidential election[6].The maturetwo-party system of Britain deeply influenced the formation and evolution of political system of many countries, including America. And so far two-party system still plays a important role in the political systems of western democratic countries. It constitutes the foundation of the political system of Western capitalist countries with electoral system and parliamentary system.It is recognized that Britain and America are the most typical country of two-party system in the world.2.The difference of two-party system between Britain andAmerica1)historical conditions and developmental processBritain is the earliest capitalist country in the world that political parties in the modern sense come into being, and the earliest capitalist country created the two-party system. The two-party system was developed with long-term Anti-feudal struggle. During the restoration of Stuart dynasty, different political factions of different class formed within the parliament. In 1678, taught Titus Oates fabricated shocking "Catholic conspiracy case", claimed that there was a group plotting to assassinate King Charles II Catholics and ready to support Charles II's brother - Dukeof York, a Catholic, to be the king with the support of France. And this became the blasting fuse of big debate within parliament. In the matter of that whether Duke James has right to inherit the throne, the lawmakers in parliament was divided into two different factions. One factions hold the view that Duke James has right to be the king while another factions bitter against it. The former who supported Duke James to be the king was scolded as the Tory(Irish Catholic, criminals) while the latter was denounced as the Whig (Scotland, robber). At that time, the both Whig and Tory were not a political in real sense, but two different factions in the parliament. The Tory became the representative of the old aristocracy and the landlord class, and they claimed to maintain seignior-age. On the contrary, The Whig became the the representative of the new aristocracy and bourgeoisie, they claimed to limited seignior-age and to extend parliament's power. In 1832, the “Reform Act 1832”was passed, which made the competition between the Tory and Whig no longer in limited in parliament. As a result, the two-party system in the modern sense come into being. In 1930s,the Whig turned to be the Liberal Party, which represents interests of Industrial and commercial bourgeoisie.In 1980s, the Tory turned to be the Conservative Party, and it represents interests of the monopoly capitalists, landlords and the nobility. In the early 19th century, the Liberal Party was replaced by the Labour Party. Finally the two-party system that Conservative Party and Conservative Party come into power was set up i n today’s Britain.Unlike in the Britain, America haven't been through feudal age, so the two-party system was not developed with Anti-feudal struggle. After American Revolutionary War, America was under social unrest, they have urgent need for building a new nation. But on the question that what nation they need to build and how to divide the power among the different factions within the bourgeois, the leaders of the revolution has different views. In 1787, the “Constitutional Convention” was held in Philadelphia, the Congress was divided into two factions. One faction, called Federalist，led by Alexander Hamilton, represents interest of industrial, commercial and financial bourgeoisie in north. They advocated to form a powerful federal government and limited each state’s power. The another faction, called Anti-federalist, led by Thomas Jefferson, represents interest of the planters in south. They advocated to give more power to local government and power of president and Congress should be limited. These to factions became the rudiment of today’s two major political parties in America. Gradually Federalist turned into the Republican Party, and Anti-federalist turned into the Democratic Party.[4] Later, they comes into power in turns after the Civil War. Finally the two-party system in America was kept till today.2)The form of coming into power in turnsThe governmental form of British today is constitutional monarch , which also known as parliamentary monarchy. It is the parliamentary monarchy that makes the parliament become the center of Britain’s political system.As we know , Britain is a country that have long history of democracy. But a lots of its political mechanism was in accordance with practice, instead of according to the constitution. It is no exception on government-establishing. The general election in Britain will be held every 5 years. After the general election, as customary, the king of Britain will call in the leader of political party who won the majority in parliament and appoint him as the prime minister of ter, the new prime minister will deliberate with the other leader of party he belong to and draft a list of new member of cabinet. Then give it to the king for signing. After all of this, the majority party formally become to be the ruling party, and the another who didn’t won the majority in parliament become to the out party. In Britain, a political party who want to come to power have to win the competition on parliament election. Whether win themajority in parliament is key for a political party to be the ruling party.The governmental form of America today is presidential, which makes political system in America closely relevant to the president election. And president is the center of political system and nation’s political activity, instead of parliament in Britain. In Britain,the prime minister is the head of state in reality, the king is the head of state in law. It is different with America. In America, the president is not only head of state, but also the real controller of nation’s executive power. Compared with the prime minister in Britain, the president of America has more power. All nation’s executive was on president's hand, he has power of forming government, making external policy, and even starting a war. The presidential election is held every 4 years. The two major political--- Democratic Party and Republican Party, which been called as Donkey and Elephant , compete for winning the presidential election. After the election, the party won the presidential election become to the ruling party, definitely the lead of which becomes the president of America. And the another political becomes to the out party. Different with Britain, whether a political can comes into power is not decided by whether how many seat it has in the Congress, but by whether it win the presidential election. That means the reigning position of ruling party will not influence by how many seat in the Congress, even when it has minority in the Congress. For example, incumbent president Barack Obama is belong to the Democratic Party, but the Republican Party has the majority seats in the whole Congress.3)The degree of discipline of organizationThe two major political parties in British have strict party discipline. Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party have clear-cut, concrete political program and electionmanifesto.Because of this, “There are Clear boundaries between the two parties, and the base of party is stable. Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party implement member-registration system, party members have to participate in grassroots organizations and pay dues on time, thus the members of parties take a firm stand the number of them is clearly different”.[1] In addition, every political party has strict discipline to constraint their member when voting in parliament. On the important voting, every member is requested to take a same standpoint with the political party they belong to. Every party will send two party secretary, appointed by the party leader, to stand in the places where represent “agree”. Later, party members cross the places one by one according to where did their party secretary stand. In this way, every party can ensure all its member will stand together. What’s more, British parties have only one leading centers,and implemented centralized leadership system. The party's power is highly concentrated in the hands of the central organization and leadership. Therefore, the central organization of party firmly controls the nomination of candidates in parliament and other candidates for public office, also controls the distribution and the right of using of campaign funds. The organizational principle of Britain is lower level to the higher, and the whole party to the Central Committee, so as to form a top-down chain of authority. Thus both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party are party that have strong cohesive force.In contrast with the tightly knit political parties in Britain , the organization system of America political parties is very loose. Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party haven't clear-cut, concrete political program and they just have election manifesto. First, the boundaries between members of the two parties is fuzzy, because the two parties didn’t make a stipulation for membership of party and they didn’t require their members to register, nor did their members been required to join a grassroots organization and pay dues on time. So, how to identifythe identity of a people that which political party he belongs to? The former US Senator William Borah said: “ a person maybe believe every policy advocated by the Democratic Party, believes in free trade, believe in unconditional membership in the League of nations, believe in states' rights . But if he support the Republican primaries, he is a Republican. "[2] Therefore, it is very simple to identify which party does a person belongs to, because what need to do is to see which party did he vote for at the primaries. Due to the lack of clear restrictions of party members’ eligibility , it is a quite common phenomenon that members withdraw from a party and join the another. Thus the base of party in America is lack of stability. Second, the political in America implement the decentralized management system of layers , instead of centralized leadership system. The organizations of Parties at all levels have their own responsibility and authority within their purview, they can make decisions without the intervention of a higher level organizations. For example, the National People's Congress of both parties responsible for the nomination of presidential candidate and election agenda;the state representatives responsible for nominating members of both Houses of Congress and candidates for governor;the state Committee responsible for organizing campaign of president and members of Congress ; local organizations of party responsible for the nomination and election of local public officials. Organizations of parties at all levels perform their duties. And a organization has no right to give orders to the lower level party organizations of party. In this way, there are not only one center of power appeared in America’s political parties, which made America lack of a top-down power chain in political system.4) Operational modes and mechanisms of political partiesDuring the General election, Britain's two major political parties compete for seats in the House of Commons. The party which received a majority form a cabinet and government, and became the ruling party. Once the Cabinet come into being, it is responsible for the parliament. The another party become the out party, they form the shadow cabinet to prepare for next election and supervise current government. Therefore, at the same time, the ruling party actually is majority party in the parliamentary, so that the formed the Trinity political system of political parties, parliament,and government. Because of this system, the ruling party got more conditions to expand its purview. During the power, Britain's ruling party also can control the legislative power by utilizing the position of majority party in Parliament. Also, the British Cabinet has the right of legislative proposals, which means the ruling party has access to participate in .It is visible that British ruling party has a prominent role in legislation. Under this operational mechanisms, parliament is too weak to oversight the cabinet , because in one sense, the supervision on Cabinet is from its own member of Parliament.For that America is a presidential country, the presidential election and parliamentary election are separated.Unlike the Britain, the ruling party of America not always the majority party in the Congress. During the presidential election, the two major parties pay all attention to the competition for president. If won the presidential, the presidential candidate become to the president of America, and the party he belongs to become to the ruling party. It means that whether a party become the ruling party is not judged by how many seat they take in the Congress, but by whether they win the presidential election. Due to the check and balance, the president is not responsible for the Congress, but become a independent executive branch. In addition, the president will lose his real leadership of his political party automatically, replaced by national committee chairman.In America, political parties,congress ,and government didn’t formed aTrinity political system, it more likely three independent political system that grasp different power.3.ConclusionAlthough the party system has a lots difference between Britain and America, but there is no doubt that both of them essentially are tools of capitalist domination. And no matter which political party comes into power, what does it represent is just the interests of bourgeoisie,all it done is to protect the capitalist domination. In a country of two-party system, it doesn’t matter that which party comes into power, although their political platforms seems different.According to the comparison of difference between Britain and America’s party system, we known that no matter the two-party system in Britain or in America are developed based on their own certain history, culture.The reason they exists must be the choose of their history and people. As a developing country, there are still many things we need to learn from other countries, including the political party system. Although Britain and America are capitalist countries, while our country is a socialist country that implements system of multi-party co-operation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, but the party system of them still can be a reference for us.参考文献：[2] 弗格森和麦克享利 . 《美国政府大纲》. 1960[4] 黄柯可. 《美国两党制的形成及其历史特点》 . 世界历史. 1987[5] 万华炜. 《英美政党制度的比较及其启示》. 湖北工业大学学报. 2008[1] 张定河. 《英美两党制特征比较》[ J ] . 山东师范大学学报.1999[6] 周淑真. 《政党和政党制度比较研究》. 北京人民出版社. 2001。

Contrasts between the American and British Political Systems SimilaritiesThe first western capitalist political systems created by British are praised as the source and model of the western political system. On the basis of absorbing and drawing lessons from Britain ,U.S.A. has formed the most perfect political system in the contemporary capitalist countries. So there are many similarities between the American and British political systems.1.Head of StateBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a head of state .The president is the official head of state in the US. The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term.In the U.K., the queen or king is the official head of state. But the queen or king is only a figure head without real , the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of governmentUpper HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have an upper house. The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U.K. has the House of Lords.The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. Each . state is represented by two senators, regardless of population. Senators serve staggered six-year terms.The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of House of Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is independent from, and complements the work of, the House of Commons –they share responsibility for making laws and checking government action.Lower HouseBoth the U.S. and British political systems have a lower house. The . House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats.The United States House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislaturewhich also includes the number of districts in a state is determined by a count of the population taken every 10 years.The House of Commons comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords (the upper house). The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 650 members (since 2010 General Election), who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system by electoral districts known as constituencies. They hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved (a maximum of five years after the preceding election). Differences1.Form of governmentThe USA is a republic, while the UK is a constitutional monarchy.Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution.A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen byelected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition ofa republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.2.?GovernmentThe government consisting of three parts，or branches，the executive，the legislative and the judicial in USA. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions，including the position of Supreme Count Senate ，however must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.However，the UK? government is not split into branches. The House of Commons reigns supreme, and the party with the greatest number of members of the Commons is the governing party. The leader of the governing party becomes Prime Minister, who almost has the power of a king. He or she alone has the power to declare war, to make alliances, to use nuclear weapons, and to appoint the people of his choice to the Cabinet, the various government ministries and offices of state. These appointments are entirely his choice andare not subject to scrutiny or confirmation by any other person of body. The Prime Minister also has t he power to dismiss (“demand the resignation of”) any serving minister? or secretary of state.3.The constitutionThe United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament such as statute law, the common laws and conventions.4.The political partiesThe United States has two major political is the Democratic symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party. The symbol of the party is the elephant.There are three major national parties in UK—The Conservative party ，the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats.In the United States, the Democratic and Republican Parties absolutely dominate federal and state elections with independents securing only small proportions of the vote. In the United Kingdom,the two main political parties - Conservative and Labour - win a smaller and declining share of the total vote, with a growing share being taken by the likes of the Liberal Democrat Party and the UK Independence Party at national level and by the likes of the Scottish and Welsh Nationalist Parties at the devolved level.In conclusion, a political system is an important integration of a country’s politics and different countries have their distinctive features.。

英国美国政治制度英语作文The political systems of the United Kingdom and the United States,though both democratic in nature, differ significantly in their structures and functions. Below is a comparative analysis of these two systems.United Kingdom Political SystemThe United Kingdom operates under a parliamentary system ofdemocracy, often referred to as the Westminster system. Key featuresinclude:1.Monarchy and the Head of State:1.The head of state is the monarch (currently King Charles III),who holds a largely ceremonial role. The monarch serves as a symbol of national unity and continuity, but holds no actual political power.2.The monarch appoints the Prime Minister, who is the headof government and leads the cabinet.2.Parliament:1.The legislative power rests with the Parliament, which isbicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.1.House of Commons: The lower house, wheremembers are elected directly by the people. The government is formed by the political party or coalition that has the majority of seats.2.House of Lords: The upper house, which includeshereditary peers, life peers, and appointed members. Its powers are limited and cannot block legislation passed by the House of Commons.2.The government is accountable to Parliament and can beremoved through a vote of no confidence.3.Executive:1.The Prime Minister, appointed by the monarch, leads thecabinet, which comprises the most senior ministers in charge of various government departments.2.The cabinet is collectively responsible to Parliament for thegovernment's policies and actions.4.Judiciary:1.The judiciary is independent of the government and ensuresthe rule of law. Judges are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister.United States Political SystemThe United States operates under a presidential system of democracy,with the Constitution as its fundamental law. Key features include:1.President as Head of State and Head of Government:1.The President is both the head of state and the head ofgovernment, elected by the people for a four-year term.2.The President is responsible for executing the laws,commanding the military, and appointing officials, including judges.2.Congress:1.The legislative power rests with the Congress, which isbicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate.1.House of Representatives: Members are electedbased on population, with each state having a number of representatives proportional to its population.2.Senate: Each state has two senators, regardless ofpopulation, ensuring equal representation among states.2.Both chambers have equal powers, and legislation must bepassed by both to become law.3.Judiciary:1.The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court, which has thefinal say on the constitutionality of laws. Judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.4.Checks and Balances:1.The system incorporates checks and balances to prevent theconcentration of power in any one branch of government. For example, the President can veto legislation, but Congress can override the veto witha two-thirds majority in both chambers.Comparison•Head of State and Government: In the UK, the monarch is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President serves as both.•Legislative Process: The UK has a unicameral system (de facto, as the House of Lords' powers are limited) for legislation, while the US has a bicameral system.•Judicial Independence: Both systems have independent judiciaries, but the appointment process differs.•Checks and Balances: The US system incorporates explicit checks and balances, while the UK's system relies more on conventions and parliamentary procedures.In summary, while both the UK and the US have democratic politicalsystems, they differ significantly in their structures, functions, and the roles of their respective leaders and institutions.。

英美政体的异同The regime of The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy:The politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland takes place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government.Executive power is exercised by the UK government and the devolved governments of Scotland and Wales and the Executive of Northern Ireland.Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies.The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, though several senior judges are still members of the House of Lords, which is currently the highest court of the UK for civil cases and the highest court of England and Wales for criminal cases.The regime of US is Separation of powers:Separation of powers is a political doctrine under which the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government are kept distinct, to prevent abuse of power. This US form of separation of powers is widely known as "checks and balances". Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency.Executive power is vested in the President. The principal responsibility of the President is to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." By using these words, the Constitution does not require the President to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the President may perform such duties. Judicial power — the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office for life and receive compensations that may not be diminished during theircontinuance in office.Separation of powers is not absolute; it is instead qualified by the doctrine of checks and balances. James Madison wrote that the three branches "should not be so far separated as to have no constitutional control over each other." The system of checks and balances is designed to allow each branch to restrain abuse by each other branch.Strict separation of powers did not operate in Britain, a country whose political structure served in most instances as a model for the government created by the US Constitution. In the UK, the King-in-Parliament (the King acting with the consent of the House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King - it was known as "His Majesty's Government" - as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Thus, one may conclude that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other.英国的国家元首是国王，没有实权；美国是总统拥有最高行政权及军权原因：1 英国资产阶级革命的主要矛盾是资产阶级同封建统治阶级的矛盾，a bourgeois revolution in Britain is the main contradiction with the bourgeoisie of the feudal ruling class contradictions, 而美国是资产阶级同殖民统治者的矛盾and the United States was the colonial ruler of the bourgeoisie with the contradictions 。

英国美国政治制度英语作文回答1:英文回答：The political systems of the United Kingdom and the United States differ in many ways. The UK has a parliamentary system, with the monarch as the symbolic head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of government. The US has a presidential system, with the President as both the head of state and the head of government.In the UK, the government is formed by the political party that has the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is appointed by the monarch and is responsible to Parliament. The government is accountable to Parliament and can be removed by a vote of no confidence. The House of Lords is the upper chamber of Parliament, but it has limited powers and cannot block legislation passed by the House of Commons.In the US, the President is elected by the people and serves a four-year term. The President is both the head of state and the head of government, and is responsible to the people. ThePresident is assisted by a Cabinet, which is made up of the heads of various government departments. The US Congress is the legislative branch of government, with the House of Representatives and the Senate as its two chambers. Both chambers have equal powers, and legislation must be passed by both in order to become law.Another significant difference between the two systems is the role of the judiciary. In the UK, judges are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. In the US, judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The US Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, and has the power to strike down laws that are deemed unconstitutional.Overall, while both the UK and the US have democratic political systems, they differ in terms of the roles of the head of state, the head of government, and the legislative and judicial branches of government.中文回答：英国和美国的政治制度在许多方面都存在差异。

To the political system is concerned, all western countries are a parliamentary democracy, a multiparty system and separation of powers system. However, the organization in specific and different countries have their own characteristics, which are most representative of the U.S. presidential model, the United Kingdom, Germany, parliamentary cabinet system model and the French semi-presidential model.There are some main reasons for difference between British and American system of government: First English bourgeois revolution, the bourgeoisie with the mian contradiction is the contradiction between the feudal ruling class. But in the U.S., the contradiction is between the bourgeoisie with the colonial rulers. So their social contradictions are different. Second the development of capitalism needs a stable external environment, the British has the different political system, the feudal class doesn’t have the same power as Britain. The early days of war continue so the rule requires a relatively concentrated form, therefore Britain is a constitutional monarchy, and United States is the President of the republic. Last objectively, the English bourgeois revolution is earlier, but power of the bourgeoisie is limited, the bourgeois constitutional monarchy is a compromise on the feudal forces. In the United States, after a period of the bourgeois revolution and capitalist development, it have strength and growth, if the King also set in the United States, he must would be overturned.Britain is a constitutional monarchy, the United States is a republic, because the United States does not own a separate monarch as their sovereign, so after independence the monarchy was not appear. United States presidential system, the president heads the cabinet, the United Kingdom is a parliamentary, prime minister heads the cabinet, the cabinet responsible to parliament. Since before independence in the United States, stationed in the colonies by the British Governor, there are representatives of the Governor and the local people-member parliament, the colonial government management of the main by the Governor, when most European countries the king is still head the cabinet, so the natural continuation after independence, the United States This form of organization, the Governor replaced by the president. The UK because many times the nobility and the bourgeoisie to seize power, the king's powers are limited, parliamentary strength has been enhancedAmerica's most thoroughly implemented Decentralization: the legislative, executive and judicial powers, respectively independent exercise controlled by the Congress, the President and the Supreme Court ; three in personnel matters are separate. Congress has no right to overthrow the government said they did not trust them; in turn, the president can not dissolve parliament. Britain to pursue these three countries to maximize the power of fusion with each other, under the doctrine of the supremacy of the parliament, not only a high degree of fusion of legislative and executive power, and even failed to fully independent judicial power, but with the legislative and executive powers in a certain degree of fusion up. Government by the Parliament that the first civilian hospital hospital leadership composition of the majority party; the one hand, in charge of executive power, on the other hand Parliament legislative leadership; The Congress shall have passed no-confidence motion asking the government to resign, the Government also decided to dissolve the Parliament.The advantage of American political system model: the power of large U.S. president, its independence is conducive to making political decisions more quickly and improve the powerperformance. Its weaknesses are: the three major U.S. power system of mutual checks and contain significantly, resulting in a number of institutional consumption. President no power to dissolve parliament, but can veto bills passed by Congress, Congress can impeach the president; the president can appoint the supreme judge, Supreme Court may rule the laws of Congress and the president to decide whether unconstitutional.The advantage of the British regime model, whether the formation or the actual operation of the system are relatively democratic, just and more conducive to scientific and thoughtful decision-making. But the disadvantage is that system or the system is easy mode, resulting in the bureaucracy, the efficiency of governance.Because quite long period of time Canada is Britain's colony。

一、英国政治体制的模式及特点英国的政治制度是典型的君主立宪制，其主要特点是“议会至上”、以内阁为权力核心、君主虚位、政党组织严密。

首先，英国实行议会民主制，体现“议会至上”的原则。

议会至上，即立法权在三权中居于核心地位，行政和司法机关都是立法机关的一个部分，行政权和司法权实际是立法权的派生，三者互有重叠。

其次，实行内阁制，作为“议会至上”原则在行政权与立法权关系上的制度体现。

即国家的权力体系以内阁为核心，内阁拥有国家的最高行政权力。

再次，英王更多的是一种荣誉性职位，并无真正的实权。

最后，英国政党的组织体系相对比较严密。

可见，英国政治制度最大的特点是“议会至上”，司法权和立法权都出于立法权，民主政治的实质部分居于虚位君主之下。

这种政治制度的优点是，无论是体制形成还是实际运作都相对民主、公正，更有利于决策的科学和周全。

但缺点是，体制或制度容易模式化，导致官僚主义，影响执政效率。

二、美国政治体制的模式及特点美国的政治体制是一个总统制的国家，在其早期的权力构架中，并没有政党的因素，只是在后来政治角逐中，政党不断在其中发挥越来越重要的作用。

其主要特点是：1、总统候选人由政党推荐产生，总统在全国由全体选民直接投票、间接选举产生，当选总统并不一定是得到绝对选票多者，而是为获得选举人票更多者。

总统还是行政首脑，直接控制着行政机构，并且还是三军总司令。

2、美国的政党体制相当松散，政党存在的意义更多的是作为各类选举的工具，选举之后，政党作为一种组织体系作用相当微弱，所以它是一种典型的“选举党”。

美国是一个典型的两党制国家，但它不同于西欧国家的两党制，它不是以意识形态划分的，而是按照区域和利益集团来划分，两党从本质上讲都是代表不同资产阶级利益的政党。

3、美国的国会即众议院、参议院议员一般由政党推荐参选，由全民投票直接选举产生，拥有立法权。

4、美国的总统尽管名义上是所在党的领袖，但当选后更多的是以“全民总统”的面目出现。

英美政体相关词汇英国：资产阶级民主the bourgeois democracy 君主立宪constitutional monarchy 自民党the Liberal Democratic Party 保守党the Conservative Party工党the Labor Party 执政党the Government Party英国内阁the British Cabinet 反对党the Opposition Party上议院the House of Lords (the Upper House )下议院the House of Commons (the Lower House )枢密院the Privy Council 内阁大臣Cabinet minister大宪章the Great Charter 外交大臣the Foreign Secretary财政大臣the Chancellor of the Exchequer国务卿the Secretary of State 首相the Prime Minister立法机构legislative branch 行政机构executive branch大法官Lord Chancellor 白金汉宫the Buckingham Palace美国：参议院the Senate 众议院House of Representative人权宣言Bill of Rights 独立宣言the Declaration of Independence 制宪会议the constitutional convention 国会Congress美国宪法the American Constitution 联邦主义federalism国务院the Department of State 国防部the Defense Department司法部the Justice Department 民主党the Democratic Party共和党the Republican Party 最高法院the Democratic Party美国社工党the American Socialist Labor Party就职仪式the inauguration ceremony 现任总统incumbent president上诉法院Courts of Appeals 当选总统president-elect新政the“New Deal ”任期term of office候选人candidate 初选primary 普选popular vote白宫the White House 三权分立separation of the three powers 总统共和制President of a republic 议会共和制Parliamentary republic。