绿色新能源汽车发展外文文献翻译2017

文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726.原文The prospects for global green car mobilityPatrick Moriarty, Damon HonneryAbstractThe quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel.Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution1. IntroductionProvision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measuressuch as placing large quantities of sulphate aerosols in the lower stratosphere or erecting huge reflecting mirrors in space, one country cannot solve this problem alone. Climate change is a global problem. Nevertheless, it is possible for some countries to ‘freeload’ if the majority of nations that are important GHG emitter。

绿色出行新能源汽车的好处英语作文New Energy Vehicles: The Future of Green TransportationHello, my name is Emily, and I'm a 10-year-old girl who loves learning about science and technology. Today, I want to talk to you about something that I find really exciting – new energy vehicles! These cars are also called electric vehicles or EVs, and they are becoming more and more popular all over the world.Why are new energy vehicles so great? Well, there are a lot of reasons, but the biggest one is that they are much better for the environment than regular gas-powered cars. You see, when we burn gasoline or diesel in regular cars, it releases a lot of harmful gases into the air, like carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases are called greenhouse gases, and they are one of the main causes of climate change.Climate change is a really big problem that affects the whole planet. It's making the Earth warmer, which is causing things like melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts. It's also hurting a lot of animals and plants by changing their habitats.But new energy vehicles don't burn any gasoline or diesel at all! Instead, they run on electricity stored in big batteries. Andthe electricity to charge these batteries can come from clean energy sources like solar power, wind power, or hydroelectric power. That means that new energy vehicles don't produce any direct emissions while they're being driven, which is much better for the environment and helps reduce climate change.Another great thing about new energy vehicles is that they are much quieter than regular cars. This is because they don't have a loud, rumbling gasoline engine. Instead, they have an electric motor that makes very little noise. This can make cities and neighborhoods much quieter and more peaceful places to live.New energy vehicles are also a lot cheaper to operate than regular cars in the long run. While they might cost a bit more to buy at first, you don't have to spend money on gasoline or diesel fuel to run them. Instead, you just need to pay for the electricity to charge the batteries, which is usually much cheaper than buying gas. And since new energy vehicles have fewer moving parts than regular cars, they also require less maintenance and repairs over time, which can save you even more money.But don't worry, scientists and engineers are working hard to make batteries with even longer ranges, and more and morecharging stations are being built all over the world to make it easier to recharge your vehicle when you're on the go.Another challenge with new energy vehicles is that they can still be a bit more expensive to buy than regular cars, especially if you want one with a really long range. But the good news is that the prices are coming down all the time as the technology improves and more people start buying them.Overall, I think new energy vehicles are really cool and exciting, and I can't wait to see how they keep getting better and better in the future. They're not only great for the environment and helping to fight climate change, but they're also cheaper to run, quieter, and can save you money in the long run.I hope that when I grow up, most people will be driving new energy vehicles instead of regular gas-powered cars. And who knows, maybe by then we'll have even cooler technologies like flying cars or cars that can drive themselves! But for now, I'm just really happy that we have new energy vehicles to help us take care of our planet and create a cleaner, greener future for everyone.。

关于新能源汽车发展的英语作文The Evolution and Prospects of New Energy Vehicles.The automotive industry has undergone significant transformations over the decades, with the emergence of new energy vehicles (NEVs) marking a paradigm shift in sustainable transportation. These vehicles, powered by sources like electricity, hydrogen fuel cells, or alternative fuels, aim to reduce environmental impacts while offering efficient and cost-effective mobility solutions.Background and Evolution.The concept of NEVs dates back to the early 19th century, with the invention of the first electric car by Thomas Davenport. However, it was not until recent years that the technology matured and became commercially viable. This evolution can be attributed to advancements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and governmentpolicies promoting sustainable transportation.Electric vehicles (EVs) are the most common type of NEVs, using lithium-ion batteries to power their motors. These batteries offer higher energy density and longer lifespans, enabling EVs to travel longer distances on a single charge. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs) are another promising technology, converting hydrogen into electricity and water, emitting only water vapor as a by-product.Current Status and Applications.Currently, NEVs are being used in various applications, from personal transportation to commercial fleets andpublic transportation systems. Governments worldwide are providing incentives like tax credits, subsidies, and exemptions from certain road taxes to encourage the adoption of these vehicles.In the passenger car segment, EVs have gainedpopularity due to their reduced fuel costs, lowermaintenance requirements, and environmental benefits. Manufacturers like Tesla, Nissan, and BMW have introduced a range of EV models, catering to different consumer segments.In the commercial sector, NEVs are being used for logistics and delivery, taxi services, and public transportation. Electric buses and taxis are becoming increasingly common in cities worldwide, reducing carbon emissions and noise pollution.Challenges and Solutions.Despite the progress made, several challenges remain in the widespread adoption of NEVs. Range anxiety, or the fear of not being able to reach a charging station before the battery runs out, is a significant concern for manypotential buyers. To address this, manufacturers are developing batteries with higher energy densities andfaster charging speeds.Infrastructure development is another key challenge. Charging stations and hydrogen fueling stations are stilllimited in many regions, making it difficult for NEVs to compete with traditional vehicles. Governments and private companies are investing in building out these networks to ensure widespread accessibility.The cost of NEVs is also a barrier for some consumers. While the upfront cost may be higher than traditional vehicles, the long-term savings in fuel and maintenance costs can offset this. Manufacturers are also working to reduce production costs and make NEVs more affordable.Future Prospects.The future of NEVs looks bright, with continued advancements in technology and infrastructure expected to drive their adoption. Autonomous vehicles, which can optimize energy usage and routing, could further enhancethe efficiency of NEVs.In terms of policy, governments are likely to continue promoting sustainable transportation by providingincentives for NEV ownership and infrastructure development.This, coupled with the decreasing cost of batteries and other components, could lead to a significant increase in NEV sales in the coming years.Conclusion.The development of new energy vehicles represents a significant step towards sustainable transportation. While challenges remain, the industry is making progress in addressing them, and the future looks promising. With continued innovation and support from governments and private sector, NEVs could become the norm in transportation, leading to a more environmentally friendly and efficient future.。

发展电动汽车英文作文英文回答：The development of electric vehicles (EVs) is essential for a sustainable future. EVs offer numerous environmental and economic benefits over conventional gasoline-powered vehicles.Environmental Benefits:Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: EVs do not emit tailpipe emissions, which are a major contributor to climate change.Improved air quality: EVs eliminate pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, improving air quality and reducing respiratory problems.Conservation of fossil fuels: EVs reduce our reliance on finite fossil fuels, which are a major source ofenvironmental pollution and geopolitical instability.Economic Benefits:Lower operating costs: Electricity is significantly cheaper than gasoline, resulting in substantial fuel savings for EV owners.Reduced maintenance costs: EVs have fewer moving parts than gasoline-powered vehicles, which reduces maintenance costs and downtime.Tax incentives and government support: Many governments offer tax credits and other incentives to encourage EV adoption.Technological Advancements:Improved battery technology: Advances in battery technology have increased the range and efficiency of EVs, making them more practical for daily use.Fast charging infrastructure: The expansion of fast charging stations allows EVs to be recharged quickly and conveniently.Connected vehicles: EVs are equipped with sophisticated sensors and software that enable advanced features such as remote diagnostics, navigation assistance, and even self-driving capabilities.Challenges and Opportunities:Charging infrastructure: The availability of reliable and accessible charging infrastructure is crucial for widespread EV adoption.Range anxiety: Concerns about running out of charge remain a barrier for some potential EV buyers.Battery life and replacement costs: EV batteries have a limited lifespan and must eventually be replaced, which can be expensive.Conclusion:The development of electric vehicles is driven by a compelling combination of environmental, economic, and technological benefits. By addressing the challenges and seizing the opportunities, we can accelerate the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable transportation future.中文回答：电动汽车的发展。

外文文献翻译原文及译文文献出处：Pack Damon . The research of green new energy velucles fJ]. Journal of Cleaner Production，2017, 1(6): 17-26.原文The research of sreen new energy vehiclesPack Damon1. IntroductionProvision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrializing world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localized, because o f the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and • Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential - Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves- Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures such as placing large quantities of sulphate aerosols in the lower stratosphere or erecting huge reflecting mirrors in space，one country cannot solve this problem alone.Climate change is a global problem. Nevertheless, it is possible for some countries to ‘freeload’ if the majority of nations that are important GHG emitter.Second，there is agreement that air pollution, especially in urban areas，is potentially a serious health hazard，and that road transport can contribute greatly to urban pollutant level • For these reasons, governments in many countries are already taking effective action on air pollution. But until recently, climate change was not recognized as a major problem by some key policy makers, and all countries have yet to take effective action on reducing emissions.Third, vehicular air pollutant problems，at least in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are already showing themselves amenable to various technical solutions, such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol, and three-way catalytic converters. Some researchers have argued explicitly that global transport emissions can be reduced to very low levels with a combination of two key technical solutions - large improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency and a switch to alternative transport fuels, such as liquia biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable energy. A much larger group implicitly support this position by projecting large future increases in car numbers and travel and even a globally interconnected highway system.Further，governments throughout the world have endorsed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (which cameinto effect in 1994), but at the same time are expanding their road networks，encouraging their car industry，and planning for future car traffic expansion. Overall, the majority of both researchers and policy makers appear to consider that climate change poses no threat to global car mobility. Nevertheless, other researchers argue in general that technology cannot solve the serious environment/resource problems the world faces global warming in particular. Also，the authors themselves have earlier questioned whether the current global transport system can continue on its present course. This paper attempts to resolve these competing claims.Transport, of course, is not the only source of either air pollution or global climate change. All energy-using sectors, and even land-use changes，can contribute to these two problems. It is thus important that any attempts to reduce transport^ emissions do not compromise similar efforts in other sectors of the economy. It is also possible that emission reduction policies in one country could adversely affect reduction efforts elsewhere.The aim of this paper is to show that private car travel cannot form the basis for a sustainable global system of surface passenger travel. To simplify the analysis, only GHG emissions will be analysed. We argue that the risk of global climate change requires effective reductions in the next two decades or so, whereas technical solutions to drastically cut car traveFs greenhouse gas emissions are only possible in a much longer time frame, and, in some cases，possibly not even then. Overall, the world willhave to rely on alternative modes (various forms of public transport，walking and cycling), and，for much of the industrialised world， much-reduced levels of personal travel as well. Of course, it is quite possible that the limited time frame available is also much too short for travel reductions and modal shifts of the magnitude proposed here. The conclusions of this paper have relevance for freight and air transport, and also for other sectors of the economy faced with the need for deep cuts in GHG emissions.2. Global climate change and global car travelThe vast majority of climate scientists support the view that emissions of heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere, particularly C02, from fossil fuel combustion and land-use changes, cause global warming by altering the earth's radiation balance. The 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that sea levels are rising，glaciers and sea ice cover are diminishing，and 11 of the 12 warmest years since 1850 have occurred in the 1995-2006 period. Their latest estimate (with a probability of 66% or greater) for climate sensitivity - the equilibrium increase in global temperature resulting from a doubling of C02 in the atmosphere - is from 2.0 °C to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of 3-0 °C . Atmospheric C02 concentrations are currently rising by some two parts per million (ppm) annually.Moreover, large positive feedback effects could result in emissions, and thus temperatures，rising much more rapidly than expectedon the basis of present fuel and land-use emission releases. One such feedback is large-scale methane release from northern tundra as permafrost melts. There is some preliminary evidence that this process is already underway and. Further，studies of past climate have shown that abrupt climatic change can occur over the course of a decade or even a few years and • James Hansen，a prominent US climate scientist，has argued on the basis of paleoclimatic data that if further global warming is not limited to 1 °C beyond the year 2000 value，feedbacks could add to business-as-usual emissions，making the world a ‘different planet’. His 1 °C rise above the year 2000 figure is only slightly below the EU value of 2 °C above the pre-industrial value, given the estimated 0.74 °C warming that has occurred since 1880. He concludes that we can only continue present trends for GHG emissions for another decade or so before committing the climate to irreversible change. Here, we take a position intermediate between den Elzen and Meinshausen and Hansen, and assume that by 2030 global emissions of both C02 and other GHGs must be reduced to 25% their current value - a four-fold reduction in current global emissions.Thus, to limit dangerous climatic change, annual emissions to the atmosphere of C02 and other greenhouse gases will need to be greatly curtailed, unless geo-engineering or carbon sequestration techniques can be successfully deployed in time. Equal emissions per capita for all countries，as advocated by ‘contraction and convergence’ proponents，are likely to bethe only acceptable proposal, since it is improbable that industrialising countries such as China or India will permanently accept lower per capita emissions than the already industrialised countries. They could go further，and demand parity in cumulative per capita emissions over the past century for C02, a long-lived gas. Such an approach would require the already industrialised countries to reduce emissions to near zero. In 2003，global C02 emissions from fossil fuels averaged 4.2 t/capita, but varied widely from country to country. The US, Australian and Japanese emissions were, respectively, 4.8, 43 and 2.2 times larger than the world average, implying reduction factors of roughly 19, 17 and 9. (The US reduction value of 19 by 2030 can be compared with Hussmann’s calculated value of 66，although his reduction is for 2050.) Although many tropical African countries emitted less than 5% of the average global value，most of the industrializing world would also need to reduce emissions. In the absence of reliable national data, we assume here that other GHG emissions for each country follow the same pattern as fossil fuel C02 emissions.What are the implications for transport, and private car travel in particular, of these proposed reductions in GHG emissions? iransport contributed an estimated 19% of global GHG emissions in 1971, but 25% in 2006• In 2003，there were roughly 715 million cars in the world (including light commercial vehicles in the US)，and 6270 million people, for an average car ownership of 114/1000 persons and. But when considered at thenational level，ownership is far from normally distributed Although the global average is 114/1000 persons，only about 18-5% of the world population lived in countries with between 20 and 200 cars/1000 persons. A further 65% lived in countries with less than 20 cars/1000 (including China and India), and the remaining 16.5% in countries with greater - usually far greater - than 200 cars/1000.Clearly, car ownership is presently heavily polarised; people either live in highly motorised countries - usually in the OECD - or in countries with very low levels of car ownership. But the picture is changing. People in all countries，but particularly those in Asia，want to own a car; indeed, Asia reportedly leads the world in aspirations for car ownership . Where incomes are rising rapidly, as in populous China and India, so too are car sales and ownership. In 2006, China，with sales of 4.1 million，became th e world’s third largest market for cars, overtaking Germany (3.4 million cars sold). By 2010 it is forecast that China will move into second place ahead of Japan, with only the US ahead. India sold 1.0 million cars in 2006, and annual sales are rising rapidly there as well. Despite urban congestion problems, these countries see vehicle manufacture as an important part of their industrialization programs, and the major world car companies are investing heavily in new Asian production. In brief, these countries and others want to shift their societies from the low to the high motorization group.What if the whole world moved to the high car ownership group?In the OECD countries，car ownership averages over 450 cars/1000 and，and even in with 500 or more cars/1000, is still growing. In the US, light vehicle ownership at 777/1000 residents in 2004, was 15% larger than the licensed driver population. Global car passenger-km (p-km) in any year is a product of the following three factors:For 2030, the UN median projection for world population is 8.20 billion，and for 2050, 9.08 billion. Assume car ownership per 1000 world population reached an average of 300 in 2030 (which would allow most presently non-motorised countries to attain a basic automobility level of 200 cars/1000 persons), and that the present average p-km/car remains unchanged. World cars would then total 2.46 billion. This projected 2030 value for both total cars and global car p-km is 3.44 times the present world total. Unless fuel efficiency and/or the fuels used change, GHG emissions (and oil consumption) would rise similarly. But，as we have argued, total emissions may well have to be reduced four-fold. Assuming that percentage reductions in car travel emissions must match overall reductions, emissions per car p-km would need to fall about 14-fold by 2030 compared with their present value. The exact value would of course vary from country to country: for the US，Australia and Japan，reduction factors would be 23.6, 22.0 and 8.6, respectively, conservatively assuming no further rise in car numbers in these countries and. Reduction factors would also be high for countries with very low car ownership，but in this case the reductions referto aspirations，not actual travel or emissions. The next two sections examine whether such reductions are possible in the requisite time frame. 3.Greening car mobility: more passenger-km per unit of fuel energyFor GHG emission reductions, the aim is to maximise travel for a given level of C02-e emissions. Thus, p-km/kg C02-e is to be maximised for the global car fleet. This ratio in turn can be expanded into the product of the following three factors:This section deals with occupancy rates and fuel efficiency, which together enable personal travel per MJ of fuel to be increased. The following section examines ways of lowering GHG emissions by using alternative fuels，usually with new power systems. In such analyses，it is important to distinguish between，on the one hand, voluntary change, or politically feasible mandated changes under normal conditions, and on the other, changes due to what climatologists in a different context term ‘external forcing’ 一 for example changes brought about by declining global oil production, or by governments being required to meet serious GHG reduction targets.3.1.Improving occupancy ratesImproving vehicle occupancy has an important advantage: in principle it can be implemented very rapidly with the existing vehicle fleet. The potential efficiency gains are also large. For a typical five-seat car,occupancy rates have effective lower and upper limits of 20% (driver only，equivalent to 1 •0 p-km/v-km) and 100% (all seats occupied)， respectively，but actual overall values in the highly motorised OECD countries seem to fall in the 23-^5% range (1.25-1.75 p-km/v-km).3.2.improving fuel efficiencyImproving the energy efnciency of cars is often seen as a means of addressing not only greenhouse gas emissions，but also air pollution and global oil depletion/supply security. Two general approaches are possible. The first is to decrease the road load — the sum of rolling, inertial, and air resistance - a general approach that will be needed by all future vehicles, whether private or public transport. Reducing the mass of the vehicle by using lighter weight materials is the most important means of decreasing the road load. The second is to improve the share of input energy that drives the wheels. Electric drive is today regarded as the best approach for achieving this aim, mainly because it enables regenerative braking and eliminates idling.4.Greening car mobility: lower emissions per unit of fuel energyOne way around the difficulty of raising vehicle efficiency is to move away from petroleum-based fuels to fuels with a lower GHG emissions impact. A variety of alternative fuels systems have been advocated for road transport as a way of cutting GHG emissions. These include various biomass-based fuels for internal combustion-enginedvehicles, and use of renewable energy to produce hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles or electricity for plug-in hybrids and pure battery electric vehicles. LPG and compressed natural gas are also presently used alternatives to petrol and diesel, but are themselves hydrocarbon fuels in limited supply, and their emission reduction benefits over petrol are minor and . Synthetic fuels made from more abundant coal reserves would double the GHG penalty. Accordingly，this section first looks at biomass義based liquid fuels for existing vehicle types，then at various renewable energy options for alternative propulsion system vehicles.At present, the only transport biofuels produced in quantity are ethanol，chiefly in US and Brazil，but also in an increasing number of other countries, including Australia, and biodiesel, produced mainly in the European Union (EU).The large US and Brazilian ethanol programs are based on corn and sugarcane, respectively, the EU f s biodiesel on rapeseed oil. All are food crops，which limit their expansion in a world with unmet food needs, and a still-growing population and • Alr eady, corn prices have risen steeply, as growers can now sell their corn in either the food or fuel markets. Furthermore, at least for grain ethanol，both in the US and in the EU，the fossil fuel energy inputs are, at best，not much below the energy content of the resulting liquid fueLInitial enthusiasm for pure battery electric vehicles faded whenthe difficulty of matching the range of internal combustion vehicles became apparent. The new focus is on rechargeable battery hybrid vehicles (often called plug-in hybrids), building on the sales success of hybrid cars and. Plug-in hybrids would normally run off an electric motor powered from rechargeable batteries, but could also run on petrol or other liquid fuels from their small conventional engines, thus extending their range.Car companies in recent years have also shown much interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. But a number of studies have shown that when mains electricity is the primary energy source for both plug-in hybrid vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrids are far more energy-efficient. Specifically, when a given car model is a plug-in battery hybrid vehicle，running off its battery, its well-to-wheels energy efficiency will be up to four times higher than when powered by a hydrogen fuel cell，with the hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water, and . GHG emissions will follow a similar pattern. Fuel cell vehicles still face many challenges, and infrastructure provision will be expensive. If the hydrogen is produced from natural gas, fuel cell vehicles are slightly more efficient than battery electric vehicles |60]. But the same study projected that in 2020, hybrid gasoline vehicles will be more energy-efficient (in km/MJ) than either battery electric or fuel cell vehicles using NG-derived hydrogen.5.Sustainable and equitable global transportThe preceding sections examined various options for decreasing the GHG emissions per p-km of car travel, and concluded that largereductions could not be expected any time soon. Cutting emissions from freight and air travel are likely to be even more difficult. Not only do both already have far higher loadings than car travel, but also the long service lives of modern aircraft (up to 50 years), limit rapid fleet turnover and -If deep reductions in overall transport GHGs are needed, correspondingly deep reductions in car p-km will be necessary. This section evaluates the travel changes needed, both in high and low car ownership countries.It follows that in most OECD countries, vehicular travel itself will need to be lowered. Fortunately, a surface transport system based on public transport will have much lower overall passenger travel than the one based on private cars, for several reasons:•Private cars, except for some congested inner urban areas, usually allow higher door-to-door speeds than alternative transport modes. Trips that formerly could not be done in a restricted time frame (e.g. work lunch hour) may now be possible, and most trips will have their time costs reduced. Further, in many cases trips cannot be feasibly undertaken at all by alternative modes.•The structure of private motoring costs usually favours high levels of travel，since fixed costs，especially depreciation, registration and insurance，predominate and . Motorists' travel costs per v-km are thus minimised at higher annual levels of vehicle use.•Serving the travel needs of others involves higher levels of passenger travel compared with alternative modes. For example, a parentchauffeuring a child to school involves two person trips from home to school and one-person trip from school to home. In contrast, travelling by bus involves only one vehicular trip (and walking to school none at all).•Car travel，particularly driving，provides psychological benefits to motorists. To a much greater extent than alternative travel modes, car travel is not solely a derived demand, undertaken to gain access to out-of-home activity. ‘Going for a drive’ can be the reason for a trip. Additionally，car travel provides protection from the elements，freedom from timetables，privacy，and the ability to carry heavy luggage or shopping purchases, all of which encourage more trip-making than would an alternative transport system.Travel patterns (and the activity patterns which underlie them) ofpreviously highly mobile societies will have to change to accommodate lower vehicular travel levels. Some of the reductions can be compensated by much higher levels of non-motorised travel - walking and cycling. At present，OECD non-motorised travel typically only amounts to about 1 km daily, but it is probable that its value for exercise and weight reduction will receive more emphasis. And although large-scale changes in urban form cannot happen fast, changes at the micro-level can. More use could be made of local shopping, entertainment, and recreation centres，and of those destinations easily accessible by public transport. Travellers could once more get used to combining previously separate vehicular trips. Particularly in the transition to the new system, these changes will be easierfor inner city residents, and harder for outer suburban or non-urban residents with less provision for alternative modes. Yet given the entrenchment of the car in western countries，it is difficult to anticipate outcomes from policies to reduce car travel. One way of overcoming this problem is to conduct small-scale social experiments in selected localities (such as for speed reductions, car sharing or parking restrictions) to help understand theirimpact. If successful, they could be more confidently introduced on a wider-scale.译文绿色新能源汽车发展研究PackDamon1引言私人汽车交通运输的环境可持续(或绿色)发展，正面临两个主要挑战。

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中国新能源汽车产业发展现状、问题及对策外文文献以下是一篇关于中国新能源汽车产业发展现状、问题及对策的外文文献，供参考：Title: Current Situation, Problems and Countermeasuresof China's New Energy Vehicle Industry DevelopmentAbstract:With the rapid development of the automotive industry, thenew energy vehicle industry has also emerged as a key focusof development in China. This paper analyzes the current situation of China's new energy vehicle industry, includingits market size, production capacity, and technological level. It identifies several key problems that hinder the further development of the industry, such as insufficient charging infrastructure, high production costs, and lack of consumer acceptance. Additionally, the paper proposes a set of countermeasures to address these problems, includingexpanding the charging infrastructure network, increasing government subsidies, promoting technological innovation, and strengthening consumer education and awareness. These countermeasures are aimed at promoting the sustainable and healthy development of China's new energy vehicle industry.Keywords: new energy vehicle industry, current situation, problems, countermeasures1. IntroductionWith the increasing global awareness of environmental protection, new energy vehicles (NEVs) have gainedsignificant attention in recent years. China, as the world's largest automotive market, has also made significant efforts to develop its NEV industry. This paper aims to analyze the current situation, problems, and propose countermeasures for the development of China's NEV industry.2. Current Situation2.1 Market Size: China's NEV market has experienced rapid growth in recent years. According to statistics, the sales volume of NEVs reached X units in 20XX, accounting for X% of total vehicle sales in China.2.2 Production Capacity: The production capacity of NEVs in China has also increased significantly. By the end of 20XX, China had X NEV manufacturing enterprises with a combined production capacity of X units per year.2.3 Technological Level: China's NEV technology has made great strides, with breakthroughs in key areas such as batteries, motors, and electronic control systems. Chinese NEV manufacturers have also made significant progress in terms of energy density, battery life, and charging efficiency.3. Problems3.1 Insufficient Charging Infrastructure: The lack of charging facilities is one of the main obstacles hindering the widespread adoption of NEVs. Currently, the number of public charging stations is far from meeting the demand, leading to charging inconvenience and range anxiety for consumers.3.2 High Production Costs: The high cost of NEVs is another major hindrance to their large-scale adoption. The cost of batteries, in particular, remains high, accounting for a significant portion of the vehicle's overall cost.3.3 Lack of Consumer Acceptance: Despite government subsidies and incentives, many consumers still have reservations about NEVs. Concerns such as limited driving range, long charging times, and uncertain resale value deter potential buyers.4. Countermeasures4.1 Expanding Charging Infrastructure Network: The government should invest more in the construction of charging stations, particularly in urban areas and along major highways, to alleviate the charging problem.4.2 Increasing Government Subsidies: The government should continue to provide subsidies and incentives to reduce the purchase cost of NEVs and boost consumer acceptance.4.3 Promoting Technological Innovation: The industry should focus on research and development to improve battery technology, increase energy density, reduce costs, and enhance overall vehicle performance.4.4 Strengthening Consumer Education and Awareness: Efforts should be made to educate consumers on the benefits of NEVs, addressing their concerns and promoting their acceptance.5. ConclusionChina's NEV industry has achieved rapid growth in recent years, but still faces several challenges. By addressing the problems of insufficient charging infrastructure, high production costs, and lack of consumer acceptance, China can promote the sustainable and healthy development of its NEV industry. With the implementation of the proposed countermeasures, China's NEV industry has great potential for future growth and success.。

新能源汽车外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。

石油并不是可再生资源。

在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。

随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。

电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。

面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。

该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。

许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。

丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。

美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。

截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。

目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。

形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。

混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。

除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。

从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。

截止到2009年1月31日，在混合动力车辆技术领域，中国知识产权局受理并公开的中国专利申请为1116件。

新能源汽车技术作文英文The Evolution and Prospects of New Energy Vehicle Technology.The automotive industry has undergone significant transformations in recent decades, with the emergence of new energy vehicles (NEVs) marking a pivotal moment in this evolution. NEVs, which encompass electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrids, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and more, are rapidly gaining popularity worldwide due to their environmental friendliness, cost-efficiency, and technological advancements.The need for sustainable transportation solutions has become increasingly urgent in the face of climate change and environmental degradation. NEVs offer a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles, as they significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. EVs, for instance, rely solely on rechargeable batteries to power their motors, eliminating the need forcombustion engines and their associated emissions.The technology behind NEVs has seen rapid advancements in recent years. Battery technology, in particular, has made leaps and bounds, with improved energy density, charging speeds, and durability. This has made EVs more practical and appealing to consumers, as they can nowtravel longer distances without having to recharge frequently.Advancements in charging infrastructure have also played a crucial role in the adoption of NEVs. Public charging stations are becoming increasingly common, and many cities are investing in creating a dense network of charging points to cater to the growing demand. Additionally, private charging options, such as home charging stations and workplace charging pods, are becoming more widespread, providing convenient charging solutionsfor NEV owners.Another significant aspect of NEV technology is the integration of smart and connected features. NEVs areincreasingly being equipped with advanced sensors, connectivity solutions, and autonomous driving capabilities. These features not only enhance the driving experience but also contribute to safer and more efficient road traffic. For instance, autonomous driving features can help reduce accidents by improving decision-making and reaction times, while connectivity solutions enable real-time traffic updates and optimized routing.The future of NEV technology looks promising. With ongoing research and development, we can expect further improvements in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and smart features. Innovations such as solid-state batteries, wireless charging, and advanced materials could revolutionize NEV performance and accessibility.Moreover, governments and private sector organizations are increasingly investing in NEV technology, recognizingits potential to drive sustainable economic growth and environmental protection. Policies such as subsidies, tax incentives, and research grants are being implemented to encourage the development and adoption of NEVs.In conclusion, new energy vehicle technology represents a crucial step towards achieving sustainable transportation. Its environmental benefits, technological advancements, and potential for further innovation make it a compellingchoice for the future of mobility. As we move towards amore sustainable and connected world, NEVs will play a pivotal role in shaping our transportation landscape.。

本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题Energy - saving car development: past, present and
future
译文标题节能小车发展：过去、现在与未来
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完成时间2017 年 3 月
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注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否
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新汽车能源英语作文英文回答：Advancements in new energy sources for automobiles have taken center stage in the race towards a sustainable future. As environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels propel the automotive industry forward, innovative technologies are paving the way for cleaner and moreefficient vehicles.Electric Vehicles (EVs):Electric vehicles, powered solely by electricity stored in batteries, have gained significant traction in recent years. Electric motors offer instant torque and smooth acceleration, delivering impressive performance and a near-silent driving experience. EVs also boast zero tailpipe emissions, contributing to improved air quality and reduced carbon footprint.Hybrid Vehicles:Combining an internal combustion engine with anelectric motor, hybrid vehicles offer a compromise between fuel efficiency and power. They can operate in bothelectric-only and hybrid modes, allowing drivers to optimize fuel consumption based on driving conditions. Hybrids generally have lower emissions and better fuel economy compared to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles.Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs):Fuel cell vehicles utilize hydrogen as a fuel source and produce electricity through a chemical reaction within fuel cells. Hydrogen is a clean-burning fuel that emits only water vapor as a byproduct. FCVs offer a range comparable to gasoline-powered vehicles, with the added benefit of zero tailpipe emissions.Renewable Energy Sources:Harnessing renewable energy sources, such as solar andwind power, holds great potential for powering automobiles. Solar panels integrated into vehicle roofs can generate electricity and extend the driving range of EVs. Wind turbines attached to vehicles can also harness wind energy to supplement the battery or power the vehicle directly.Challenges and the Road Ahead:While these new energy technologies offer significant advantages, challenges remain. Cost considerations, battery life, and charging infrastructure availability are key factors that need to be addressed to foster widespread adoption. Governments and industries are playing a crucial role in promoting research and development, as well as investing in infrastructure that supports the transition to cleaner energy sources.中文回答：汽车新能源。

新能源汽车在中国迅速发展的原因英文作文The rapid development of new energy vehicles in ChinaWith the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the need to reduce carbon emissions, the development of new energy vehicles has become a global trend. Among all the countries, China has emerged as a leader in this field, with rapid development and significant progress in recent years. There are several reasons that have contributed to the rapid development of new energy vehicles in China.First and foremost, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policies to promote the development of new energy vehicles. In recent years, China has introduced various subsidy programs, tax breaks, and other incentives to encourage the production and sale of new energy vehicles. These policies have significantly reduced the cost of purchasing new energy vehicles, making them more affordable and attractive to consumers. Additionally, the government has set ambitious targets for new energy vehicle sales, which has further stimulated investment in this sector.Secondly, the Chinese automotive industry has made significant strides in research and development, leading totechnological advancements in new energy vehicles. Many Chinese automakers have invested heavily in research and development to improve the performance and efficiency of new energy vehicles. As a result, China has become a global leader in the production of electric vehicles, battery technology, and other key components of new energy vehicles. This has helped Chinese automakers gain a competitive edge in the global market.Furthermore, the increasing demand for new energy vehicles in China has also driven the rapid development of this sector. As people become more aware of the environmental benefits of new energy vehicles, the demand for electric vehicles has been soaring. In addition, the Chinese government has been promoting the use of new energy vehicles in public transportation, which has further boosted demand. As a result, many automakers have ramped up production of new energy vehicles to meet the growing demand in the Chinese market.In addition, China's vast market size and strong manufacturing capabilities have also contributed to the rapid development of new energy vehicles. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, China represents a huge market for new energy vehicles. This has attracted both domestic and foreign automakers to invest in the production and sale of new energyvehicles in China. Moreover, China's strong manufacturing capabilities and supply chain infrastructure have made it an ideal location for the production of new energy vehicles, leading to further growth in this sector.In conclusion, the rapid development of new energy vehicles in China can be attributed to a combination of government policies, technological advancements, growing demand, and strong manufacturing capabilities. With the continued support of the government and ongoing investment in research and development, the future of new energy vehicles in China looks promising.中国新能源汽车的快速发展随着环保意识增强和减少碳排放的需求，新能源汽车的发展已成为全球的趋势。

中英文对照外文翻译The Investigation Of Car new energy'S PresentCondition And DevelopmentAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generallyused in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going andstability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car,car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenientand flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the carwill was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.First, the development of natural gas vehicleReduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series of government regulations and the introduction of a number of incentive policies to promote the development of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emission standards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gas station construction grant funds, tax incentives. or the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of stations in detail the provisions of the tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companies exempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the policy of the federal government, law, drawn up on the mandatory state and encourage the use of clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling station development and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around the world have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan and other countries.Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefits comparedCompressed natural gas vehicles:20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in use by the supply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages: l, reduce pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natural gas is a clean energy, with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, not carbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reduced exhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution, one of which is carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fuel and gasoline as fuel can reduce emissions compared to 90% CO, 90% S02, 72% HC, 39% NOx, 24% CO2, non-dust emissions, to improve the urban environment has a significant role in .A typical diesel engine and gasoline engine emissions and gas machine is shown in table l.2, CNG vehicle for a higher securityCompared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel. (1) natural gas explosion limit is 5% higher than gasoline (lower explosion limit for the l%) high, methane ignition for 645 ℃, ignition than gasoline high 218 ℃, compared to not ignite. Low density of methane, the relative density of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soon be distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environment it is difficult to form a hot combustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the tank or pipe leaks, leak immediately surrounding the formation of low-temperature zone, so that the difficulties of natural gas combustion. Therefore is a fairly safe CNG motor fuel. Natural gas and fuel properties of gasoline is shown in table 2(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in order that all States have strict control, in China there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards)) (GBl7258-1998).Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof facilities, pressure reducer, valves and other equipment, strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over due to vehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department of non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explosion.3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension. China's economy is in a stage of rapid development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / year above the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand of resources, our need to import large quantities of crude oil per year, refined oil and LPG. Optimize the use of gas carsMotor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not only eased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet the needs of the development.4, extend engine life. The spread of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engine easily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can improve the thermal cycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane number at the same time high performance uprising, when agents do not need to add the uprising will not dilute the lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly reduce wear and tear, so that the engine oil life and increase the use of the period. All of these vehicles will reduce maintenance and operating costs, thereby enhancing the economy of the use of vehicles. 5, have a higher economic efficiency. At present, domestic gasolineprices continued to rise, the price system and the world has been the use of CNG vehicle will be able to save nearly 40% of fuel costs, as shown in table 3. Third, CNG cars and filling stations to explore the development of countermeasures In order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel vehicle development, makes the following recommendations:1, the Government has introduced policies to encourage and support: the development of all countries in the world experience shows that government support is a necessary condition for accelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an important factor in their development should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile production, modification, parts and components production, station construction, vehicle purchase and use of gas, maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxation, investment, subsidies and other aspects of the preferential policies supporting. Gas prices affect gas vehicle development is an important factor, only the gas prices and gasoline prices when the difference is large enough to form, gas car before the development of an economic foundation and driving force. 2, strengthen leadership, the implementation of unified management.The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations, the need for planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical support supervisor and other departments.3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be considered co-ordination, rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resources and in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the premise of building one station.4, followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of the principles, only in the stations into a network under the conditions, CNGvehicle can really develop. At the same time scale of only CNG car to a certain number, the normal operation of filling stations in order to achieve profitability. 5, the strict legal system: the development of stringent vehicle emissions regulations, and make sure that standards are not road vehicles are determined not to be on the qualifications of CNG vehicle Modify-Factroy critical examination, certification. First of all, the city should the city bus, taxi, as the focus of the development of CNG vehicle, bus stop some of the phenomenon of black smoke pollution of the environment.6, step up publicity. At present, natural gas car is still at the initial stage, the public nature of its environmental protection, safety, economy, reliability, do not fully understand, so, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of social advocacy, efforts to increase awareness of the dangers of automobile exhaust, to make people aware of CNG is a clean, safe and economical fuel, so that the development of natural gas vehicles have been recognized by all sectors of society and support.Compressed natural gas vehicles because of its remarkable economic and social benefits the development of the natural gas market will become a new field of applications. More and more importance in the environmental protection situation, along with natural gas resources in the area of the development and application of the widening, which will reduce the environmental pressure is to ease the oil shortage and achieve sustainable development of a reliable guarantee.汽车新能源现状与发展的探究随着世界能源危机的持续，以及战争和能源-----石油的消耗及汽车饱有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，终有一天它会消失的无影无踪。

新能源汽车发展英语作文200英文回答：The development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) has become a global trend due to concerns over environmental protection and energy security. NEVs offer a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-powered vehicles by utilizing electricity or other renewable energy sources. This shift towards NEVs has significant implications for the automotive industry, environmental sustainability, and energy independence.One of the key drivers for the development of NEVs is the need to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate theeffects of climate change. Transportation accounts for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions, and traditional vehicles powered by gasoline or diesel contribute heavily to these emissions. NEVs, on the other hand, produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them more environmentally friendly.Another motivation for the adoption of NEVs is the desire to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which are a finite resource. The depletion of fossil fuels has led to concerns about energy security and price volatility. NEVs, which can be powered by electricity generated from renewable sources, such as solar and wind, offer a more sustainable and reliable energy source.The development of NEVs has also been supported by government policies and incentives. Governments around the world have implemented various measures to encourage the adoption of NEVs, including subsidies, tax breaks, and preferential parking privileges. These incentives aim to offset the higher upfront costs of NEVs compared to traditional vehicles and make them more affordable for consumers.However, there are also challenges associated with the development of NEVs. One of the major obstacles is the need to improve the energy density and range of electric batteries. Limited range and long charging times have beena barrier to widespread adoption of electric vehicles. However, advancements in battery technology are continually improving the performance and affordability of electric vehicles.Another challenge is the development of a comprehensive charging infrastructure. The availability of convenient and accessible charging stations is crucial for the widespread adoption of NEVs. Governments and private companies are working to expand the charging infrastructure, but there is still a need for further investment and development.Despite these challenges, the development of NEVs is expected to continue at a rapid pace. As battery technology improves, charging infrastructure expands, and government incentives remain in place, NEVs will become increasingly competitive with traditional vehicles. The transition to NEVs has the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance energy security.中文回答：新能源汽车的发展已成为全球趋势，原因在于对环境保护和能源安全的担忧。

New energy vehiclesNew energy vehicles is a new automotive product type, because the development time is not long, the technology is still not mature, so has not yet formed a widely accepted concept, but it certainly is new energy automobile is compared to the traditional fuel vehicles, the new energy vehicles, according to the definition of the scope of the concept size, there are two types of narrow and broad statement.Generalized: used in gasoline and diesel oil as power source of the car.Special: a non conventional vehicle fuel as the advanced technology of powercontrol and drive, the formation of technology has advanced principle, new technology, new structure of automobile.New energy vehicles, including fuel cell cars, hybrid cars, hydrogen powered cars and solar car etc..Hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle equipped with more than two source:battery, fuel cell, solar cell,Turbine locomotive.The current hybrid vehicles generally refers to the diesel generator, plus battery cars.Advantages:Vehicle starting and stopping, driven only by the battery, do not reach a certain speed,The engine will not work, therefore, can make the engine has been maintained in the best condition, good dynamic performance, very low emissions, and the source and power are the engine, gas can only. Its principle is simply the motor and engine the reasonable arrangement of power output machine.Disadvantages:There are two sets of power,Management control system plus two sets of dynamic,Complex structure,Difficult,The price is high and long distance speed is not fuel-efficient.Pure electric vehicle is composed entirely of rechargeable battery (such as lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries or lithium ion batteries provide power source for car).Pure electric vehicle motor fuel to replace machine, low noise, no pollution,and by the use of electrical energy single, electric control system of hybrid electric vehicle is greatly simplified compared. Reduces the cost, the price also can compensate the battery. Pure electric vehicle is mainly used for the airport, community, courts and other places.Disadvantages: only in certain range, the market is smaller. The main reason is because of various categories, the prevailing prices high, life is short, the size and weight of the large, long charging time, serious shortcomings.Fuel cell vehicles refers to the hydrogen, methanol as the fuel, the current through the chemical reaction, depending on the electric motor driven vehicles. The battery power is through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, rather than through the combustion, directly into electrical energy.The chemical reaction process of fuel cell does not produce harmful products,therefore the fuel cell vehicle is a car without pollution, energy conversion efficiency of the fuel cell of high 2 ~ 3 times than the internal combustion engine, so the use of environmental protection and energy, fuel cell vehiclesand is an ideal vehicle.Household car is more and more, oil prices more and more expensive, every car company began to research and development of new energy vehicles.1.IntroductionChery since 2000 we have engaged in the research and development of the new energy vehicles, through more than ten years of independent innovation, the new energy vehicles business experienced three important stages of development; From 2001 to 2005, the company with the national 863 project for the carrier, joint top Chinese universities and research institutes, undertake and completed a number of national 863 electric vehicle research subject, the major projects in just3 years time, complete the ISG moderate hybrid and pure electric vehicles of the rational development model. From 2005 to 2008, approved by ministry of a "by national energy conservation and environmental protection automotive engineering technology research center", based on the basic completion of the new energy vehicles of the industrialization of the research and development, the establishment of a sound energy saving and new energy vehicle development system, the world first-class new energy test center, trial-produce center, in the electric car key components and core technology, the company has formed a set of key parts research, testing, application and industrialization of calibration ability, in the motor, motor drive system, DC/DC, advanced power battery, the battery management system, the vehicle controller, initially forming a batch production ability, have the new energy vehicles, the core technology of the calibration technology and experiment technology. New energy vehicles special vehicle accessories system, including: electric air conditioning, the electric steering (EPS), electric vacuum, electric heating, electronic brake system has been formed series products, with the bulk production ability. The first paragraph A5-BSG hybrid cars in 2008 listed in wuhu, batch, dalian city, as the taxi are greatly welcomed by customers, but also become henan, guangdong, xinjiang, shanxi, fujian, zhejiang and other private user's private cars. Moderate hybrid (ISG) car has entered the small batch production stage, which is DuoGe new energy vehicle demonstration pilot city, as the lease, the first choice of state-owned cars models. Miniature pureelectric vehicles and intermediate pure electric vehicles and miniature electric buses, pure electric taxies, pure electric bus industrialization development also has made a great progress. At the same time, we also pay more attention on high efficiency and energy saving the gasoline engine, the diesel engine technology, flexible fuel automobile technology, strong hybrid technology, fuel cell vehicle technology, comprehensive development, a number of technical are in the leading domestic level. Since 2009, the company launched a new comprehensive energy car large-scale industrialization and application, chery A5ISG, A5BSG, S11EV and S18EV has got a letter issued by the department work products in the country the announcement and saving energy and environmental protection products recommended directory; In January 2009, chery automobile company "energy conservation and environmental protection technology platform construction project" get "country" first prize progress prize in science and technology. In March 2010 the first batch of economical pure electric car delivery customers use and chery new energy vehicle technology Co., LTD. was set up, marked the new energy vehicle company opened a new chapter in the business2.Main discussion1. The advantages of new energy vehicles (strength) analysisThe state information center forecast, China's passenger car market growth situation will continue for at least a further 15 years, annual growth needs roughly equivalent to GDP growth in the 1.5 times or so. In 2009 a car into the family (middle-income families buy have ability). From the qualitative Angle, car market at least will also have 20 years of fast growth. If domestic GDP2020 years than in 2000, around 2020 words to quadruple our country will more than the United States, automobile demand will reach 20 million cars, as the world's largest car market.Since 1988, in fujian province, and become the largest of the special economic zone, the provincial capital of hainan province since the haikou city become haikou city won the top ten cities, and national environmental protection model city, national sanitary city, China excellent tourist city, national garden city, national historical and cultural city, a national civilization city advanced city, the work the comprehensive improvement of the urban environment, "China excellent city living environment prize" and so on the city reputation. Hainan consistent development of the island, environmental protection island is travel health island, new energy, cars are the city's another environmental and health. From the economic development prospects and haikou city car market development scale, in the city to see public transport, taxi, business, environmental sanitation and postal and other public service and other fields, new energy vehicles have a large market space.2.New energy vehicles disadvantages (weakness) analysis(1) the traffic congestion, chaos. Nearly five years motor vehicles and drivers haikou number to sustained growth, road traffic management brought unprecedented pressure. According to information, haikou city road 859 existing with a total length of 1797 km, motor vehicle ownership of 250000 vehicles per day, and are at a 200 rate, of which the amount of private cars is as high as 26%, to the current haikou is obviously can't meet the transportation network of motor vehicle driving demand. Second, the city center area road reconstruction speed slow, to the original road reconstruction is not form system engineering, special is ages ago, DuanTouLu neck road has not been effective reform. Constrain the other major trunk and disperse traffic volume ability. Again, there are pure state road traffic and the lagging problems, such as haikou existing parking lot for cannot accommodate next overmuch vehicles, lead to the driver in some sections on both sides of the parking. This makes originally not wide road become more narrow. There is traffic development, citizens behind haikou travel a single pattern, motorcycles, cars, etc, make travel has become the public preferred way material utilization rate reduced. If the road is sabafish intermediary haikou motorcycles and elegant demeanour car most serious place one of the flood. In the waiting by the shop, packed with motorcycles and elegant demeanour car. They ZhanDao rob guest, obstruct the other vehicles, normal traffic caused easily traffic jam. Haikou traffic police is insufficient, the control points, blind area, people's traffic, too weak, the bus lines concept overlap serious, site layout is not reasonable. Some sections of the serious traffic jam, especially holidays or rush, traffic is chaos.(2) for less than for parking. Data shows, at present, haikou has more than 160000vehicles auto possession, and with more than 20000 cars a year speed increases. The current haikou on an average day with more than 60 new car the road, in a day and added between so many parking obviously is not very practical. In the next few years, whether public or parking garage area will be more strained3.Wide range of reading up to dataHybrid cars advantage is: 1, the hybrid power may according to the average need after the power to determine the maximum power of internal combustion engine, right now in oil consumption is low, less pollution the optimal conditions work. Need high power internal combustion engine power shortage, the battery to supplement; Load for a little while and surplus power can power generation to recharge the battery, due to the internal combustion engine, the battery and sustainable work can constantly, so their trip and charging as ordinary cars. 2, for there is a battery, can be very convenient recycling braking, hill and idle when energy. 3, in the noisy city, can shut by internal combustion engines, battery, to achieve "drive alone zero discharge". 4, with internal combustion engines can be very convenient solve energy consumption of the air conditioning, heating, such as pure electric vehicle defrosting problems met. 5, can use the existing gas station come on, don't have to investment. 6, can let the battery to keep in good working condition, not happened, filling put, prolong the service life, and reduce the cost.Faults: long distance high-speed basic can't save fuel4.PresentationThe essay take about chery Hybird car in china.This kind of car is very useful for every family.because of Hybird car can save petrol .so it’s cheaper than other cars. Sometimes,this kind of cars can use electric it can protect environment also can control the climate change. This very accord with China's national conditions. In the future green cars are very popular to use in the world.翻译新能源汽车作为一种新的汽车产品类型，由于发展时间还不长，技术还不成熟，所以尚未形成一个被广泛认可的概念，但是肯定的是新能源汽车的提出是相对于传统燃料汽车而言的，目前关于新能源汽车的概念根据其定义范围的大小，有狭义和广义两种说法。

绿色出行新能源汽车的好处英语作文Green Travel: The Benefits of New Energy VehiclesWith the increasing awareness of environmental protection, finding sustainable alternatives in transportation has become a high priority. One solution that has emerged is the use of new energy vehicles, which include electric and hybrid cars. These vehicles offer numerous advantages over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, making them an excellent choice for green travel.First and foremost, new energy vehicles are much cleaner and emit significantly lower amounts of greenhouse gases compared to their conventional counterparts. Electric cars produce zero tailpipe emissions while hybrid cars produce substantially fewer emissions due to their combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. This reduction in emissions helps to combat air pollution and reduce the carbon footprint on our planet.Additionally, new energy vehicles are more energy-efficientwhen it comes to fuel consumption. Electric cars utilize electricity stored in their batteries to power their motors, avoiding the need for gasoline altogether. This not only reduces our dependence on fossil fuels but also promotesthe use of renewable sources of electricity such as solaror wind power. On the other hand, hybrid vehicles combine both electric power and gasoline, allowing for better fuel efficiency and ultimately reducing overall fuel consumption.Furthermore, using new energy vehicles can lead to substantial savings in operating costs for individuals who own them. Electric cars have lower maintenance costs compared to conventional cars since they have fewer moving parts and do not require regular engine oil changes or exhaust system maintenance. Additionally, the cost per mile driven for electric vehicles is typically much lower than that of gas-powered cars due to the lower cost ofelectricity compared to gasoline.In terms of performance, new energy vehicles have made significant advancements over the years. While some people may still have reservations about the speed or accelerationcapabilities of electric or hybrid cars, it is important to note that technological advancements have greatly improved these aspects. Today's electric and hybrid models can often match or even outperform traditional internal combustion engines in terms of acceleration and top speed.Lastly, another benefit of new energy vehicles is the availability of government incentives and subsidies. Many countries and regions provide financial benefits to individuals who purchase electric or hybrid cars, such astax credits or grants. These incentives are put in place to encourage the adoption of these environmentally friendly vehicles and make them more accessible to a wider range of consumers.绿色出行：新能源汽车的好处随着环保意识的增强，寻找可持续替代品已成为一个重要的任务。

新能源汽车绿色工业英语作文The Rise of Green Industry in New Energy VehiclesIn recent years, the global automotive industry has undergone a significant transformation, driven primarily by the emergence of new energy vehicles (NEVs). This revolution not only marks a shift in the way we power our vehicles, but also heralds the dawn of a green industrial revolution.NEVs, including electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), are rapidly gaining popularity due to their environmental benefits. They emit significantly lower levels of greenhouse gases and air pollutants compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This reduction in emissions contributes significantly to the fight against climate change and air pollution.The rise of NEVs has also sparked the growth of a green industrial sector. This sector includes the manufacturing of batteries, motors, and other components that power NEVs. As demand for NEVs increases, so does the demand for these components, leading to the expansion of factories and production facilities.The green industrial revolution in NEVs is also driving innovation. Manufacturers are constantly striving to improve the efficiency, range,and performance of their vehicles. This requires advancements in battery technology, motor design, and other areas. As a result, we are seeing a proliferation of new materials, technologies, and processes that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable.In addition to environmental benefits, the green industrial revolution in NEVs is also creating economic opportunities. The manufacturing of NEVs and their components requires a skilled workforce, leading to job creation and economic growth. Furthermore, as the industry matures, it is expected to attract more investments and spur further innovation.However, the transition to NEVs and the green industrial revolution is not without challenges. Issues such as battery recycling, infrastructure development, and consumer acceptance need to be addressed. Nonetheless, the benefits of NEVs and the green industrial revolution far outweigh these challenges.In conclusion, the rise of NEVs is ushering in a new era of green industrial revolution. This revolution is not only transforming the automotive industry, but also contributing to environmental sustainability and economic growth. As we continue to move towards a more sustainable future, the role of NEVs and the green industrial sector will become increasingly important.。

新能源汽车绿色工业英语作文English:New energy vehicles refer to vehicles that rely on unconventional energy sources, such as electricity, hydrogen, and solar power, rather than traditional fossil fuels. The development and promotion of new energy vehicles play a crucial role in promoting sustainable and green industrial development. By reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, new energy vehicles can help reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to environmental protection and combating climate change. In addition, the production and use of new energy vehicles can drive the growth of related industries, such as battery manufacturing, charging infrastructure, and renewable energy generation, creating new job opportunities and fostering innovation. Overall, promoting the development of new energy vehicles is not only beneficial for environmental protection but also for promoting green industrial growth and sustainable economic development.中文翻译:新能源汽车是指依赖于电力、氢能和太阳能等非传统能源而非传统化石燃料的交通工具。