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第一章翻译概论翻译的定义《现代翻译理论》一书中，将“语际意义”概括为六种：概念（主题）意义、语境意义、形式意义、风格意义、形象意义、文化意义P14（4 ，5）语言之间的可译性是绝对的，不可译性是相对的。
翻译定义：翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感，传播文化知识，促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
翻译的原则：意思忠实，表达通顺。
P16 翻译的过程翻译的背景：1、时代背景（读者） 2、空间 3、所翻译的空间内读者的生活习惯P27 翻译的方法：1、异化法（适度归化）(课文范例：2,4,6,8 )2、归化法（课文范例：2,4,5,9 ）P29以异化为主，归化为辅P371,Enough of shop talk 就说这么多了。
2, It’s almost literally “a day after the fair)P53一、词义的差异： She is a cat.误译：她是一只猫正译：她是一个心狠手辣的女人A place for everything , and everything in its place. 物各得其所。
To know something about everything, and everything about something.通百义而精一门Essential indebtness 最起码的感激之情。
（父母的养育之恩）P60 （1,2,5,6,7）1、She was a total stranger to us.我们根本不认识她。
2、We are food for worm. 我们都是凡人。
3、enjoy your journey. 一路辛苦了。
4、You are among friends.这里又没有别人。
5、I have his ear, of course.他当然听我的话。
6、Your work leaves nothing to be desired.你的工作令人满意。
翻译概论知识点整理翻译是一项复杂而重要的跨语言交流活动，它在促进不同文化之间的理解、交流与合作方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
以下是对翻译概论中一些关键知识点的整理。
一、翻译的定义与类型翻译，简单来说，就是将一种语言（源语）所表达的内容用另一种语言（目标语）准确而完整地重新表达出来。
根据不同的标准，翻译可以分为多种类型。
从翻译的手段来看，可分为人工翻译和机器翻译。
人工翻译依靠译者的语言能力和文化素养，能够更加灵活、准确地传达原文的意义和风格。
机器翻译则借助计算机程序和算法，虽然速度快，但在准确性和灵活性上往往存在一定的局限。
从翻译的方向上，分为口译和笔译。
口译是即时性的，要求译者在短时间内理解源语并迅速转化为目标语进行表达，常见的有同声传译和交替传译。
笔译则有更多的时间进行思考和查证，对译文的质量和准确性要求更高。
从翻译的内容来看，有文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译、法律翻译等。
不同领域的翻译具有各自的特点和要求，需要译者具备相应的专业知识和翻译技巧。
关于翻译的标准，虽然众说纷纭，但大致可以概括为“信、达、雅”。
“信”指的是忠实于原文的内容，准确无误地传达原文的信息，不随意增减或歪曲。
“达”要求译文通顺流畅，符合目标语的语法和表达习惯，让读者能够毫无障碍地理解。
“雅”则强调译文要有文采，尽可能地再现原文的风格和韵味。
然而，在实际的翻译过程中，要完全达到这三个标准并非易事，需要根据具体的情况进行权衡和取舍。
比如，在科技翻译中，更注重“信”和“达”，而在文学翻译中，“雅”的要求可能会相对较高。
三、翻译的过程翻译不是简单的语言转换，而是一个复杂的思维过程。
首先是理解阶段。
译者需要对原文进行仔细的阅读和分析，理解原文的词汇、语法结构、语义以及背后的文化内涵。
这需要译者具备扎实的语言功底和丰富的文化知识。
然后是表达阶段。
在理解原文的基础上，译者运用目标语的词汇、语法和表达方式，将原文的内容重新呈现出来。
这要求译者能够熟练掌握目标语的语言规则，并具备灵活运用语言的能力。
翻译理论复习总结第一篇：翻译理论复习总结1.翻译的定义1.罗曼•雅克布逊Roman Jacobson: translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.2.奈达（美国）Nida: translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.2、翻译的类型1、译原文作者为中心的翻译：author-centered translation；以译文读者为中心的翻译：reader-centered translation；2、提出者：罗曼·雅克布逊roman Jacobson：语内翻译intralingual translation、语际翻译interlingual translation、符际翻译intersemiotic translation3、翻译元素：翻译过程：translating 译作 A translation 译者translator4、西方的一些观点：1、泰勒tytler: the translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work;the style and manner should be of the same character with that of the original;the translation should have all the ease of original composition.2.be faithful to its spirit ,sense, and style;3.语义翻译semantic translation：纽马克newmark（英国）成名作《翻译研究途径》（Approaches to Translation,1981）中所提出的“语义翻译”与“交际翻译”之说在翻译教学与翻译研究界几乎人人皆知，至今仍有其理论价值与实践价值。
翻译概论知识点总结翻译概论的研究内容非常广泛，包括翻译理论、翻译原则、翻译方法、翻译接受者的认知过程、翻译技术、翻译评价等方面。
在翻译概论中，我们可以了解到翻译的定义、分类以及与其他学科的关系，可以系统地学习和掌握不同语言和文化之间的对等关系，可以研究和分析翻译的规律和特点，可以探讨翻译活动的内在逻辑和思维过程，可以探索翻译技术和工具的应用，可以评价和分析不同翻译作品的质量和成就，可以洞察翻译行为的伦理和社会责任等等。
从学科发展的历史来看，翻译概论起源于古代的翻译实践和文学批评，发展于19世纪的语言学和社会学研究，成熟于20世纪的应用语言学和跨文化交际研究。
而在当今世界，翻译概论已经成为了独立的学科体系，并且在全球范围内迅速发展和壮大。
随着国际间交流与合作的日益加强，翻译概论必将面临更为广阔的发展空间和更为丰富的研究前景。
翻译概论的研究方法主要包括文献研究、实证研究、对比分析和案例分析等。
通过对相关文献的梳理和分析，可以了解到翻译概论的研究热点和前沿，可以学习到其他学者的研究成果和思想观点，可以拓展自己的学术视野和思维广度。
通过实证研究，可以验证和检验相关理论和假设，可以获取和积累实际的翻译数据和资料，可以分析和总结不同翻译实践的经验和教训。
通过对比分析和案例分析，可以发现翻译活动的规律和差异，可以评价和比较不同翻译作品的优劣，可以揭示和阐释翻译活动的内在机理和外在效果。
翻译概论的研究对象主要包括自然语言、人文文化和社会交往等方面。
从自然语言的角度来看，翻译概论涉及到的语言范畴和语言现象非常丰富，包括语音、语法、词汇、语用等方面。
不同语言之间存在着很多差异和共性，而翻译概论就是要研究和揭示这些差异和共性，促进不同语言之间的互译和互补。
从人文文化的角度来看，翻译概论涉及到的文学、历史、哲学、宗教、艺术等领域非常广泛，而翻译概论就是要研究和理解这些领域的内涵和外延，促进不同文化之间的相互理解和尊重。
翻译学导论知识点总结一、翻译学的概念和对象翻译学是研究翻译的一门学科，研究翻译的理论和实践，目的是探讨翻译的规律和原理，提高翻译质量，服务翻译实践。
翻译的对象包括语言、文化和交际。
语言是翻译的原材料，文化是翻译的背景，交际是翻译的目的。
因此，翻译学是一个跨学科的学科，涉及语言学、文学、文化学、语言哲学、认知心理学等多个领域。
二、翻译的定义和分类翻译是指将一种语言的表达形式转换为另一种语言的过程。
根据翻译的形式和功能，可以将其分为口译和笔译。
口译是指口头传译，包括同声传译和依文传译。
笔译是指书面传译，包括文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译等不同领域的翻译。
三、翻译的原则和方法翻译的原则包括忠实原则、通顺原则、美观原则和适用原则。
忠实原则是指要保持原文的意思，不偏离原意；通顺原则是指要保持译文的自然流畅；美观原则是指要保持译文的文体风格；适用原则是指要考虑译文的使用环境。
翻译的方法包括直译、意译、音译、转换和增译等不同的翻译手段。
四、翻译的难点和技巧翻译的难点包括语言结构和文化差异。
语言结构是指不同语言的语法和词汇差异，文化差异是指不同文化的价值观和习俗差异。
翻译的技巧包括对原文的理解和对译文的表达。
对原文的理解包括对语言和文化的理解，对译文的表达包括对语言技巧和修辞手段的应用。
五、翻译的目的和价值翻译的目的是传播信息、促进交流和增进理解。
翻译的价值在于促进文化交流、增进国际合作和促进文明进步。
翻译能够帮助人们了解不同的文化和语言，促进跨文化交流，促进世界各国之间的合作与交流，有利于促进世界和平与发展。
六、翻译的发展趋势和现状随着全球化的发展，翻译在国际交流中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
翻译行业也得到了迅猛发展，不仅有了口译和笔译的专业人员，还有了各种翻译软件和互联网平台。
翻译技术的发展也使得翻译质量得到了提高，翻译工作更加高效和便捷。
七、学习翻译学的意义和方法学习翻译学有利于提高语言水平、增进跨文化交流和促进国际合作。
翻译概论知识点总结翻译是人类交流和交融的桥梁，它在交流和交融的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。
随着全球化进程的加快，跨语言交流和翻译工作变得越来越重要。
本文将从翻译的定义、分类、原则、步骤、方法和技巧等方面进行深入分析，帮助读者对翻译有一个更全面的了解。
1. 翻译的定义翻译是指将一种语言的文字内容转换成另一种语言的过程。
它是一种语言间的沟通方式，通过翻译，人们可以跨越语言的障碍，实现文化交流和交融。
翻译包括口译和笔译两种形式，口译是指在交谈中即时翻译，笔译是指通过文字将一种语言的内容转换成另一种语言。
2. 翻译的分类根据翻译的形式和内容，可以将翻译分为文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译、口译、笔译等多种类型。
文学翻译是指将文学作品进行翻译，科技翻译是指对科技文本进行翻译，商务翻译是指对商务文件和会议内容进行翻译，口译是指即时的口头翻译，笔译是指通过文字进行翻译。
3. 翻译的原则翻译的原则包括忠实原文原则、意译原则、规范原则、通顺原则等。
忠实原文原则是指尽可能忠实地保持原文的字面意思，意译原则是指在忠实原文的基础上，根据目标语言的文化和习惯进行意译，规范原则是指根据目标语言的规范和习惯进行翻译，通顺原则是指翻译的语言要通顺、流畅，符合目标语言的表达习惯。
4. 翻译的步骤翻译的步骤包括理解原文、分析原文、翻译、校对和修改等。
首先，译者要对原文进行深入理解，了解原文的内容、语境和目的，然后分析原文的语言结构和表达方式，接着进行翻译，最后进行校对和修改，确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。
5. 翻译的方法翻译的方法包括直译法、意译法、转换法、对比法等。
直译法是指尽可能保持原文的字面意思进行翻译，意译法是指在保持原文意思的基础上进行意译，转换法是指根据目标语言的表达习惯进行转换翻译，对比法是指将原文和译文进行对比分析，找出差异并进行修改。
6. 翻译的技巧翻译的技巧包括用词准确、通顺流畅、语言地道、逻辑严谨等。
译者要根据原文的特点和目的选择合适的词语进行翻译，使译文通顺、流畅、地道，并保持逻辑的一致性和严谨性。
多项选择：1. Roman Jakobson’s tripartite classification: intralingual translation (rewording), interlingual translation (translation proper), and intersemiotic translation (transmutation)2. text types: technical, institutional, literary translation3. outline of major theories of translation:(1) Chronologically (by the time of their birth or occurrence): the philological, hermeneutic, linguistic, communicative, sociosemiotic, skopos, manipulative, norm, post-structuralist, postcolonial(2) topologically (by the particular approach adopted or focus directed by their proponents): their approaches to translation may be grouped into the philological, linguistic, functionalist, semiotic, cultural, philosophical.重要概念：1. translation studies:(1). The paper “the name and nature of translation studies” written by James Holmes in 1988, marks the birth of the discipline of TS.The descriptive branch: product, process, function-orientedThe theoretical branch: general & partial which includes medium, area, rank, text type, time, and problem restrictedThe applied branch: translation aids, training and criticismNote: though being lucid and inspiring in his theory, it shall be noted that description and theorizing are usually inseparable from each other in research.(2). The internal studies and external studiesThe internal studies: the theoretical branch takes as its objects of study the nature, principles, and procedures of translation; the applied branch includes translation practice (text analysis and genre translation), T criticism, and the training of translators, development of the translation profession.Specifically, translation practice includes text analysis and genre translation, and the former covers such areas of research as: source text analysis, comparison of translations & their source texts, comparison of translations and non-translated texts (comparable texts), translation with commentary; while the genre translation covers texts like drama, poetry, prose fiction, religious text, tourism texts, and multimedia texts.The external translation studies are the derived or borderline parts of TS, covering areas where the internal TS interact or marry with other disciplines, such as history, sociology, cultural anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, theory of communication, computer science and technology, etc. For example, history of translation; sociology and cultural studies of T; T ethics; terminology management; language and translation technology…Or historical/cultural translation; translation ethics; terminology and glossaries; translation and technologyThe internal studies and the external studies of translation are related and complementary to each other in that the research results in the former provide the latter with both a theoretical basis and a practical focus of concern while the research findings in external studies contribute to the depth and breadth of internal studies by providing new observations and new perspectives.2. definition of translation:According to Wilss (1995), translation is an action directed toward both the source text and the reader of the target language. Its procedure is determined by its function and it pursues a goal of enabling understanding between individuals of different linguistic and cultural communities. Nida and Taber (1969) regard translation as a communication-based task and define it as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. (closest in meaning and style; acceptability; loss of information)-- translation as a kind of communication between different language group-- translation should communicate information or meaning3. theory:A theory, in the simplest sense, is just a view or understanding of something that concerns us. In modern science, it is generally understood or refers to a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena, made in a way consistent with scientific method. Theories are collections of hypotheses that are logically linked together into a coherent explanation of some aspect of reality and which have individually or jointly received some empirical support.The properties of a good theory: strong explanatory power that can effectively explain the subject matter it pertains to; strong predicative power which means it should proved a) reasonably adequate predictions about the properties not yet discovered of the specific object under investigation and b) a measure of predictability about the degree of success to be expected from the use of certain principles and procedures in the study of the subject matter.3. equivalence:A term used by many writers to describe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units.The nature of “equivalence”was successively discussed by prominent figures such as Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Peter Newmark, and Werner Koller.(1) Jakobson’s linguistic meaning and equivalence. He followed the relation set out by Saussure between the signifier (the spoken and written signal) and the signified (the concept signified). He stated that the signifier and signified form the linguistic sign, but the sign is arbitrary or unmotivated, thus there is ordinarily no full equivalence between ST and TT. He defined translation as “substituting messages in one language not for separate code-units (signifier) but to entire messages (signified) in some other language”.(2) Catford regarded the central task of translation as “defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence” and there exists a distinction between textual equivalence and formal correspondence.(3) Nida, inspired by Noam Chomsky’s generative-transformational grammar, put forward a three-stage system of translation and used back-transformation to analyze the kernels undersome complicated surface structure. In terms of equivalence, he stated that there areformal equivalence which focuses attention on the message itself in both form and content, the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language.Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptor and the message.There are four basic requirements of a translation.(4) Newmark put forward the notions of communicative translation and semantic translation. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original.4. meaning:According to Nida, meaning is broke down into linguistic meaning, referential meaning and emotive meaning.In terms of traditional studies of meaning, the meanings of meaning are as follows:reference and sense: reference is the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for; sense is the place a which a word or phrase holds in the system of relationships with other words or phrases in the vocabulary of a language.From the perspective of sociosemiotics, there are 4 basic facts about meaning:1) meaning is a kind of relationship. Meaning is not really an entity (because words do not have meanings, people have meanings for words), but the relationship between a sign and something outside it2) there is a plurality of meaning: three kinds of relationship a sign may enter into –referential(semantic), pragmatic, syntactic (intralingual);a. Referential meaning (RM) (sign-real world entity)is chiefly connected with the topic of a communication. Its core elements are the external situation, the facts of the real world. Also known as informative, conceptual, cognitive meaning. But RM does not equal literal meaning (LM). E.g 挂号信；vice-chancellor；indian meal;国际学院；基础实验楼b.Pragmatic meaning (PM) (sign-user)may be divided into four subsets: identificational meaning (regional, historial background of the speaker); expressive meaning (emotional content of an expression might have in terms of the personality or individual creativity of the user, e.g murder & homicide); associative meaning(connotative meaning隐含意义); social meaning (channel of contact, e.g phatic forms of discourse; forms of address vous/tu; flatter; register); imperative meaning (conative meaning, operative or instrumental meaning)c. intralingual meaning (IM) (sign-sign) is related to the code: phonetic meaning; phonological meaning; graphemic meaning; morphological/lexemic meaning, syntactic meaning, discoursal/textual meaning3) style is meaning. S tyle in its linguistic sense is reduced to a group of pragmatic meaning and intralingual meanings.4) different meaning may carry different weight in different contexts.5. code: a system of signs or signals involved in the transmission of messages. Language as a code is a system of multiplicity, i.e. it is composed of diverse elements or has different aspects.6. sign: a thing that signifies or stands for another thing or things.7. signification: using signs to mean. A third item is included in the process of signification, that is, an abstract concept of the thing for which the sign stands.8. message: according to Nida and Taber, it consists of two aspects: meaning and style9. fusion of horizon: the meeting of different perspectives or backgrounds. So far as translation is concerned, this concept implies that a translator has to emerge from his own intellectual perspective and cultural background in order to assimilate what is foreign in a new light.总结自己学习情况：Taking the course “Introduction of Translation Studies” is conducive to the improvement of both my theoretical and practical inquiry on translation. It is a pity that we cannot cover all the items outlined in the syllabus such as the skopos theory and the manipulation school, which I find them an enlightening reading as I read them in Jeremy Munday’s “Introducing Translation Studies”.As far as I am concerned, the benefits by taking this course are twofold. First, owning to the systematic exemplifications and illustrations discussed in class, I have a better understanding of the major schools of translation chronologically and topologically. Equipped with the basic knowledge and systematic framework of translation studies, I can conduct my research or my future thesis paper from an in-depth perspective. The philological approach mainly concerning on the “word for word” or “sense for sense” debate, though案例分析：1. deep structure analysisThe surface structure is the syntactic structure of the sentence which a person speaks, hears, reads or writes. It is the actually observed structure of a sentence.The deep structure is much more abstract and it is considered to incorporate all information relevant to the single or unambiguous interpretation of a particular sentence.Nida believes that the English language possesses seven such basic structures, which he terms “kernels”–the minimal number of structures from which the rest can be most efficiently and relevantly derived.Nida advocated the back-transformation of complex surface structures onto an underlying level, in which the fundamental elements are objects, events, abstracts, and relationals.Four steps for analyzing and transferring complicated SL sentences(1) determine whether each word is an object, and event, an abstract, or a relational(2) identify the kernels, (making explicit the implicit constituent elements of the kernels: who are the recipient and agent?)(3) determine the semantic and logical relationships between kernels (grouping the kernels into related sets)(4) find out the most efficient way of representing the given relationships between kernels in the target language. (state these relationships in a form which will be optimal, i.e. closest to the form in the target language, for transfer into the target language)例子：the unique and mixed ethnic heritage of the population; the American defence of Bastogne sealed their (Nazi troops) fate; this land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder.2. transliteration 以义出音vs. translation: a terminological study of the rendition of a sutra text翻译：长答题（essay questions；optional）:1. the philological school, which lays emphasis on the source text, including its production, transmission, and history of interpretation, a typical question raised with this school being that of whether the translator should bring the original to the target reader (liberal translation) or the target language reader to the original (literal translation).Philological tradition in the western history can be illustrated chronologically:a) roman times –word for word vs. sense for sense. Cicero & Horace & Quintilian: liberal translation; St. Augustine: literal translationb) the middle ages –debate between translation and unacceptable interpretation. St. Jerome, father of the church, translated the Bible into Latin, and developed the Ciceronian distinction between the undesirable “word for word”translation and the desirable “sense for sense”translation. Translator such as King Alfred in England perceived the task of translating the Bible as linked to the task of elevating the status of the newly developing language known as English, i.e. the Old English.c) the Renaissance –“copying” an original, but also creating a new text with an individual voice. Focus on how to strike a balance in between and how to remain faithful without being subservient.d) Reformation – doctrinal fidelity vs. possible heretical “mistranslation”. Martin Luther elevated and disseminated the usage of German by his translation of the Bible. Etienne Dolet, burn at the stake for his addition to his translation of one of Plato’s dialogues, advocated five principles in translation.e) the 17th & 18th centuries – diversion of the activity of translation: translation as recovery or imitation of classical text; as language learning exercise; as commercial enterprise. John Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: the triadic model: metaphrase, paraphrase, and imitation. The Port- Royal grammar put forward that “accuracy” in translation could somehow be measured on a qualifiable basis. Alexander Tytler reacted against Dryden’s “paraphrase” (loose translation) and set up three basic and celebrated principles of translation: complete transcript of ideas, style and manner of the same character, and all the ease of the originalf) the 19th century – romanticism and “creative translation”, which centered around the problem of whether translation could be considered as a creative or a mechanical enterprise.g) the 20th century – the philological tradition enduredIn conclusion, the methodology of this school is introspective, impressionistic, relying heavily on the researchers’and practitioners’intuition. Its central concepts are too abstract to be unequivocally understood and too fuzzy to serve as a reliable basis on which detailed theoretical analysis can be conducted and universally accepted conclusion drawn simply because different people may have different views of these concepts.2. the hermeneutic school, which concerns the interpretative process of the ST.The term “hermeneutics” is used in two senses: the part of Christian theology解经学and theory of understanding and interpretation of the significance of human actions, utterances, products, and institutions 阐释学。
