懂你英语LUnit 中英文版

L6U n i t1-1L i s t e n i n g事故和身体恢复Harry Beecham works for a hi-tech German company based in the Munich. Last month, he was in an automobile accident. He was on his way to attend an important meeting in New York City. He had just arrived on a flight from London and was taking a taxi into the city. The weather was terrible and the road was icy. He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi driver to get him into the city as soon as possible. The taxi driver agreed and sped up but just as they left the airport, the car was out of control. It spun around and skidded into(滑入) the path of an oncoming truck.Fortunately, the truck was going too fast, so nobody was killed. But the taxi was severely damaged and both passengers were injured. The taxi driver survived with only a few injured because he was wearing a seatbelt.The car accident wouldn’t have been happened had the weather been better.Had he put on his seatbelt, he might not have been injured so badly.Had the weather been better, the accident wouldn’t have been happened.The taxi airbag had also been deployed(使展开), absorbing much of the impact. However, Harry, who was in the back seat, having put on his seatbelt. As a result, he was severely injured, and had to be rushed to the hospital.Now, a month later, Harry still can’t remember much of what happened. When he first woke up in the hospital, it was several hours after the accident and he wasn’t sure where he was. The bad news was that he couldn’t move his legs. This was because his back had been broken in the accident. The doctor later told him that he might never regain the use of his legs. Some of his nerves in his spine(脊柱) and legs had been damaged but everything else was OK. Now, Harry is trying to figure out what to do. If he works hard and exercises every day, there will still a chance that he legs will recover on their own. There are also some new treatments that might help his nerve regenerate. Still, he should be prepared for the long recovery and possibility that he might never walk again. Without the use of his legs, he wouldn’t be able to continue working in the same way. it wouldn’t be possible to travel, so he would have to find another way to attend the meeting. Either that or he would have to look for another way to make a living. Harry has a good disability insurance, so mon ey won’t be problem for a while. But sooner or later, he wants to be able to earns a living again. Of course he isn’t planning to give up on his legs. If he works hard, he might still be able to regain the use and learn to walk again. Some of his nerves had been damaged but there was a chance that they were healed. The new drugs being developed might make it possible for the nerves to grow back. Still, he has to face the possibility that nothing will work. Whatever happens, Harry is determined to think posi tively. Even he can’t walk, he can still attend the meeting all over the world. With technology, he could be anywhere and there is much that he can still do. Luckily, he still has to use his arms and hands and his brain is still functioning. With the right attitude, he can find a way forward. There is no reason to despair in or feeling sorry for oneself. That kind of think won’t solve anything. He just hopes that his company or another will get him a chance to prove himself. He could still be a valuable asset for them, come or make.Spun around使…旋转( spin的过去式和过去分词)L6 Unit 1-1 Dialogue 衣着和礼仪Hey, what do you think? do you like it?No, it’s too short. We can’t wear that to the office. If you do, nobody will be able to concentrate.What about this one?That’s the right length but I hate the color. I hate pink.Ok, I’ll see if they have it in another color but it isn’t cheap.It’s ok if you don’t buy anything for a while.Sure, this will last for a while.Well, I’m glad you like your dress. It looks great on you.You should get some new clothes too. You never buy anything for yourself.I have an expensive girlfriend now so I can’t afford it. but besides, I don’t have the time to go shopping.What are you doing? Are you staring at that woman?What? No, of course not.Yes, you were. You were staring at her. How do you think it makes me feel?I was looking in that direction.No, you were staring at her for several seconds.I’m sorry but I could help it.I’ve told you many times to stop that. And you’re going to stare, you shouldn’t do it like that, so obvious and rude.Ok, what’s the best way to stare?Don’t stare for 4 or 5 seconds. Just take quick look, 2 seconds long. Then it isn’t so obvious. Sorry, my eye just went that. I’m program like that.That’s no excuse.and don’t ever tell me you don’t like pink again. She’s wearing pink. Why is it that pink is so bad on me when you can’t help staring at someone else who is wearing pink?I didn’t not ice that she is wearing pink.Ah, so the clothes don’t matter. She’s more attractive than I am. Why don’t you go sit with her? Hey, come on. Let’s not get into a fire.I thought you were get better. But you never change. You just have in ruin in the evening.Hey, come on. I’m sorry.No, don’t say anything, I don’t want to hear it.L6 Unit 1-1 reading 狼来了和野外生存Once upon a time there was a mischievous(淘气的) young boy who was given the task of tending a herd of sheep on a hillside near a village. The boy grew tired(厌倦) and bored while watching the sheep, so he found ways to amuse himself, such as climbing trees or chasing sheep. One day he came up with what he thought was a brilliant idea. He climbed to the top of a tree and shouted toward the village: “wolf! Wolf! Help me please!”When the villagers heard his cries for help, they rushed up the hill to rescue him and chase(追捕) the wolf away. Of course, when they got there, there was no wolf to be seen, and the boy, who was still in the tree, was laughing. The sheep were grazing(吃草) peacefully. Annoyed. The villagers returned to the village and back to their normal activities.A few days later, the boy grew bored again and played the same trick on the villagers. This time the villagers were furious at the boy. That night he was punished by his mother for his bad behavior.For a while after that, life went on as normal and the boy behaved. He didn’t want to be punished again. Then, one afternoon while he was tending the sheep, he noticed that the sheep were bleating(小羊的叫声) and nervous. He didn’t know what was causing their strange behavior, so he climbed a treeto see if he could determine what was going on. What he saw from the tree was a frightening sight, a big, hairy wolf chasing after the sheep. Terrified, he screamed for help: “wolf, wolf! There’s a wolf chasing the sheep!”This time, when the villagers heard his cries for help, they were convinced that it was another one of his pranks(恶作剧). Nobody believed that there was really a wolf, so they ignored his frantic(发狂的、发疯的) calls for help. The wolf, having nothing to fear, feasted(大吃大喝) on several of the sheep and then slipped back into the forest.Feast on 尽情享受What would you do if you ever found yourself lost in the wild? To find out, you can join a weekend survival course in Australia’s Outback Desert(内陆沙漠). This vast area is famous for its harsh(残酷的、严厉的) desert climate.To survive, your first task will be to find water, a rare commodity in the desert. Animals such as ants and seed-eating birds are strong indicators of water. You can also cut and suck moisture from the roots and leaves of plants. Trees like the desert oak(橡树) have roots near the surface. But be careful. The branches of gum trees are a rich source of water, but the leaves are poisonou s, so don’t eat them. The best place to build a shelter is in an area with the least amount of(最少的) sunlight, like between sand dunes(沙丘) or trench(沟). To make a trench, dig a hole enough to lie down in and use the extra sand to create a barrier or wall on each side. This can help to shield you from the glare(刺眼) and scorching heat(炎热的) of the sun. nights can be cold, so knowing how to make a fire is essential. One way to build a fire is to use the hand drill(钻头) method. This is one of the oldest and simplest ways to start a fire. It involves rolling a stick between your hands while pressing it onto a notched(凹口的) piece of wood with dry tinder(引燃物) below. The idea is to use friction to create enough heat to ignite the tinder, this can be a lot of work.As fo r food, you’ll have to be open-minded. Some forms of life can be ugly to look at but can provide you with enough protein to survive. They may even taste good, like scrambled eggs(炒鸡蛋).Shieldn.盾;护罩;盾形奖牌;保护人vt.保护;掩护;庇护;给…加防护罩scorchvt.& vi.烧焦，烤焦vt.使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯;使成焦土;痛骂vi.烤焦;<非正>高速行驶n.烧焦处，焦痕;枯萎，植物褐色斑点scramblevi.攀登，爬;争夺，抢夺;（植物）蔓延;[航]紧急起飞vt.攀登，爬;把…搅乱;炒（蛋）n.抢夺;混乱;攀登;[航]紧急起飞L6 Unit 1-2 Listening 过去时和虚拟语气Now that you have studied English at a high level, you need to be able to talk about the language itself. One of the biggest areas of confusion for students is the difference between the pass tense and present prefect. The pass tense is indicated by use of pass tense marker, represent V(d). here are some regular verbs and their pass tense forms. So, as you can see, for regular verbs, the pass tense form is indicated by the addition of “ed” at the end of the verbs. However, some of the common verbs in Englis h is irregular, so it’s important to learn them. Here are some examples. Altogether, there are over 200irregular verbs in normal use. Many people think that the pass tense form only indicates the pass time. However, there is only one of the possible meanings. The pass tense form is also used to express something that is unlikely or imaginary, from the speaker’s point of view.Here is an example,He wishes he had a car.The fact is that he doesn’t have a car, so the use of had indicates that it isn’t real, it’s imaginary.If he had a car, he could drive us to school. Again, he doesn’t have a car, so he can’t drive us to school. This condition expresses something that isn’t a fact. It’s a counterfactual condition, which means it goes against what we know or believe.Look at these two sentences,If she waits another week, she can save money.If she waited another week, she could save money there is going to be a sale.both sentences are correct, but they have different meanings. In the top sentence, the condition that she waits is more likely from the speaker’s point of view. In the bottom sentence, the speaker thinks that it’s less likely that she’s going to wait.If that flight leaves on time, we are going to miss it, so let’s run.If the flight left a few minutes later, we could take the next shuttle bus.When we talk about the experience of result, we use the present perfect form. This form uses have followed by the participle. for regular verbs, this participle(分词) is identical to the pass tense form. For irregular verb, this participle is different. When we use the perfect form, the primary focus on the subject of the sentences, not the verbs. It emphasizes its condition, experience of results, rather than action or event. In these 2 examples, we see the contrast.She has already left the hotel.She left the hotel a few minutes ago.The top sentence gives the condition or state of subject, and the bottom sentence expresses the event. The top sentence describes the condition of the subject of the sentence, she rather than the event. The fact she has left the hotel is now part of her experience or state of being. The bottom sentence expresses the action or event, she left, which is something she did. In general, the pass tense expresses the event or acts, and the perfect form expresses the experience or conditions. When we use the perfect form of the verbs, we focus on the state of the subject and not the action or event.Know that the pass form expresses events of specific point or periods of time, such as late year or the pass 5 years.These events distance from the speaker’s point of view.He worked at several companies. He finished the project last week.The perfect form expresses the state of something from the speaker’s po int of view, not distance in time. He has worked at several companies. He has finished the project.These 2 sentences are incorrect and confusing they give 2 different points of view.He has finished his work last week.Here are some sentences that use the perfect form. Some are simple, such as the first one and some are complex, like the last one.He has finished practicingHe has been practicingShe may have been practicingShe may have eatenHer computer may have been stolenThe last one is complex because it combines many verb forms, including the passive.L6 Unit 1-2 Dialogue 都市迷失What are you thinking about, you look so panic?I was just thinking about how much things have changed since I was a child.Oh, sometime I have think about that too. What were your thoughts?The nostalgic(怀旧的) for sure. Generally, I remember the best times and then I get a bit depressed when I’m thinking about how things have changed.What kind of changes depress you?Well, one thing i s the pace of life. Everything is so fast personnel, so there isn’t enough time to think. That’s because you’ve grown up. You’re not a child anymore so you have responsibilities.It’s more than just having responsibilities. My parents had to work but they also had other things. My father used to go fishing on the weekend and mon used to work in her garden. She loved to grow flowers and vegetables.Yeah, that does sound nice. Living in the city makes thing like that, really difficult.Yes, living in the city is certainly a part of problem, right.Well, that depends on you. You make thing sound as if you have no choices in life. It’s the choices you’ve made that push where you are now.Sure, that’s certainly a part of problem. I guess I’ve changed.You want a lifestyle that you can’t have in the city. If you really wanted those things, you can move back to the countryside.Not, that’s not an option. If I did that, my wife would d ivorce me.Have you ever talked about it with her?Not, I haven’t. you don’t talk about things like that. You are both too busy. I think she’s even busier than I am.Well, maybe she will surprise you. Maybe she’d like a change too. You should talk to her.Em, I don’t know. What about you?I’m okay. My wife and I accept things as they are. They try to think positively and we support each other.It sounds like you have a good marriage.Yes, we do. And one reason for is that we share our thoughts with eac h other. We don’t want to grow apart like so many couples.Maybe I’ll surprise my wife and start sharing my thoughts with her.Well, if you don’t do it now, nothing is going to change.Yes, you’re probably right. I’ll think about it.L6 Unit 1-2 reading 南极洲和切尔诺贝利事故On Antarctica, the world’s coldest continent, the average high temperature is -49 degrees Celsius. In the summer, the sun never sets, and in the winter, it never rises. Keep sane(保持清醒) there is its own special challenge.The McMurdo Station is a research base perched(停留) on the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf, the world’s largest body of floating ice. The station is administered by the United States and is the largest community in Antarctica. Capable of supporting more than 1200 residents, the population of the station drops to 150 brave (perhaps foolish) people when winter begins in March. Their task is to maintain the station during the months of total night. The biologists, astronomers(天文学家),geologists, and climate scientists who were there before, have gone, as any research is impossible in the brutal(残酷的) winter.Every day the remaining stuff of maintenance personnel(维修人员) perform their routine(常规;例行程序)task and make repairs when needed. Sometimes they peer(凝视) through the darkness toward their friends from New Zealand, at Scott Base, about 2 miles away. Though most of the time they’re just voices on the radio, it’s nice to have neighbors not too far away. Together, they share a powergrid(电网) and one coast of a dark forbidding(令人生畏的) continent.Though the days are dark and freezing cold in the depths of winter, the moon will rest(休息) above the horizon(地平线上) for weeks at a time. Its pale(苍白的、无力的) light illuminates the cold, craggy(陡峭的，嶙峋) landscape as if acknowledging a companion and reaffirming the bonds of life. So even for those who live in the darkest part of the earth, there is light.To acknowledge somethings means to recognize or admit its existence.The writer shares what it feels like to live and work in Antarctica.On April 26, 1986, Unit 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in northern Ukraine, then a part of the Soviet Union(苏联), was shut down(停工) for an unauthorized safety test. When the nuclear fuelrods(杆) hit the cooling water, the fission reaction(裂变反应) accelerated out of control due to a sudden power surge(动力高峰）. This caused the reactor to overheat and build up pressure until its structure failed and it blew up(爆炸), releasing large amounts of radiation. It took officials a whole day to comprehend(理解) the scale of the disaster and to order an evacuation(疏散) of the surrounding area. Some 50,000 people had to leave, not knowing that they would never return.In the following months, massive efforts were made to decontaminate(净化) the area while increased radiation levels were detected across much of Europe. Fallout from the disaster continues to this day, decades later, and long-term effects such as cancers are still being investigated. Estimates of the number of deaths that will eventually result from the accident vary enormously.The forest area near the reactor site is one of the most radioactive places on Earth. Named the Red Forest because its trees turned a reddish-brown(红褐色) color as they died, the forest is trying to make a recovery. Animals such as elk(麋鹿) and eagles(老鹰) have been seen in the area. And birch trees(桦树) grown where the radioactive trees of the forest were bulldozed(铲平) and buried by the Soviet government.Some people have returned as well, mostly former residents who returned illegally after the evacuation. The old company town of Pripyat, once home to 50.000 plant workers is still deserted, but is slowly being reclaimed(再生) by the forest. It seems that nature can recover and even thrive where humans cannot. Let’s hope that humans can learn from this experience. Chernobyl, and more recently, Fukushima in Japan, have lessons to teach us.It’s clear that the officials were completely unprepared for the accident.L6 Unit 1-3 listening 神经疾病和身体恢复Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems. He has been treating patients for many years and he has used variety of treatments. Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients and sometimes he uses meditations. This meditation affects the brain in many different ways. Over the years, Jack found that some patients improved with the treatment while others did improve at all. In some cases, some patients respond to the treatment was the opposite of what was expected. Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why his treatment didn’t work. The patient’s name was Bob. He was 21 years when he first came to see Jack for help. The reason he came was because he had attempted to suicide.Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of best universities in the world. However, he was often extremely depressed. Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol. It was an overdose of drugs and alcohols that nearly killed him. His roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob unconscious in dormitory room. Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital(出院), he took time off from school to get help. That was when he came the clinic where Jack pack his medicine. At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with anti-present medicine. He also used conversation and recommendations to help him to rethink his life and memories.After a few months, Bob began to improve but only moderately. Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively. He also continued to go through periods of depression. As a result, he wasn’t able to return to school.Because of the treatment was working, Jack tried something new. He decided to use brain scans to see inside Bob’s brain. Brain scans is a way to look inside the brain to see how it was functioning. What the scans showed about Bob was crucial. They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated it. there was significant damage to the front part of his brain. an injury to this part of brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling. It can also contribute to feeling of anger and rage. The fact his brain was injured and unbalanced expresses why the treatment hadn’t worked.The brain scan showed why the meditation and other treatments had worked. They had failed because they didn’t address injury. After discussing the injury with Bob and his parents, they concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer. In fact, Jack knew of quite a few soccer players who had suffered head injuries from playing that sports. Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury. Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months, was close to a full recovery. He no longer had any signs of depression and was finally able to return to school. Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with great honors and entered a famous law school. From this experience, Jack realize that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob’s life. If it hadn’t been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself.Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in the treatment. Jack now believes that the brain scan can be an important tool for psychiatrists. an injury brain must be healed before other treatments such as vitamins, drugs or counselling, can work.He wouldn’t have to come to see Jack if he hadn’t tried to kill hi mself.He hadn’t attempted suicide; he wouldn’t have come to see Jack.Had the treatment been successful, he probably would have returned to school.L6 Unit 1-3 Dialogue 健康类电子产品We’re getting a lot of complaints.About the proposed new policy?Yes, people think that it’s an invasion of policy.Don’t they agree that regular exercise and staying in shape is good for anyone?Sure, they agree. But we don’t think we have the right to use an APP to track how much they exercise. Using the app is the only way to make sure our employees to get enough exercise.This new policy can reduce our health cost and increase productivity, which helps everyone.That’s not how they see it. This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots. They have no freedom anymore. Requiring anyone to wear a smart device like this on their waist means they don’t have no privacy.Well, if you put it that way, i can see the problem.However, i don’t see any other way to change people’s habits. This is just a friendly minder.It’s more than a reminder. It makes things public and puts pressure on people to meet their requirements. It will force people to work out even if they don’t want to. They won’t be any choice. No, it hasn’t had to be that way. We can still be flexible.That’s not the point. People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do. It’s bad enough that they had to communicate with each other at night and on weekends.What if we made the use of the APP an option?If we do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it. I think it’s best that we get rid of this idea. I’m all forward standers but what about freedom and creativity. If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people. There are other ways to deal with health issues.Such as… What’s your suggestion?Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick dates.No, that wouldn’t work. It will put pressure on people to come to work sick and get everyone else sick too. If someone is sick, I’d rather that they stay at home.Then here is run out of idea. Why let your department manager handle it? They are the one who decide on promotions of bonuses. Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous. (以政策面前设置无法改变的一切是很危险的)Ok. I’ll consider it. But now I’ll give up the idea of using this APP. Please let people know that we are listing to them. We do care about our employees.I’ll. I’m sure than people will appreciate it. It shows that you have faith in them.Thanks, i appreciate your advice.They think it gives the company too much control over their lives.He would rather have sick people at home than come to work.L6 Unit 1-3 reading 伤病预防、高血压和心脏病Preventing injuryExercise and a certain amount of strenuous(紧张的) physical activity are important for maintaining good health. However, before engaging in them, it’s important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people. Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up. This consists of increasing your heart rate and blood flow to all part of your body. A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches(静态拉伸) followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports. To protect the head, for example, well designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions(脑震荡). Concussions are caused when the soft, jello-like(果冻状) brain slams into(用力撞上) the hard human skull(颅骨). Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequence.Compression sportswear (紧身服)is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can also speed up muscle recovery when an injury occurs.Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue(疲劳). Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limits. When fatigued it is more difficult for thebody to protect itself. Therefore, it’s a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring.Understanding injuries and the body reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise. The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery. Once an injury occurs, it’s too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time. For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal(致命的).Compression n.压缩A fatal accident or injury is one that causes death.Blood pressure and stoke.A large international study has found that then risk factors account for 90% of all the risk of stroke. Of that list, 5 risk factors usually related to lifestyle are responsible for a full 80% of stroke risk. According to the researchers these risk factors- high blood pressure, smoking , abdominal(腹部的) obesity, diet and physical activity - are modifiable and can be controlled.The findings come from a study of 3000 people who had had strokes and an equal number of healthy individuals with no history of stroke. This study also includes a brain scan of all participating stroke survivors, according to the researchers.Across the board(全部), high blood pressure was the most important fact, accounting for one-third of all stroke risk. Blood pressure, it was noted, plays a major role in both forms of stroke: ischemic, the most common form(caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic(出血性) or bleeding stroke(中风), in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts(爆发).Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lost of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake. The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well. High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke. Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies, but this is the first stroke risk study to include both low- and middle-income participants in developing countries. The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries. This highlights the need for health authorities in those countries to develop strategies to reduce high blood pressure, salt intake and other risk factors.The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well.According to this articles, lifestyle factors are responsible for most stroke.Study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of the stroke.L6 Unit 1-4 listening 买房、换工作John and Linda are worried about their future. They both have good jobs but they are concerned about their economy. Of the 2 of them, Linda is the most worried. She wants the security of owning her own home. Her husband disagrees. As a result, they often fight about money. They live in a nice apartment, but their rent goes up every year. So now they are trying to decide whether or not to buy a house. Linda wants to buy a house but John is against the idea. He thinks prices are too high and he doesn’t want to be trapped. If they owned a house, it would be more difficult for them to move somewhere else if things changed. For example, what would happen if he lost his job. If he lost his job, they might want to move to another city or country. If they own a home or flat, it would more difficult to move. If they decided to move, they would probably have to sell. If prices have risen, that would be OK. In fact, they might even make a profit. However, if prices were down when they have to sale, they would lose money.。

Level 41克里斯蒂娜对这些山的陡峭程度感到惊讶。

然后他们沿着大海走，在一家海鲜餐厅吃午饭。

从餐馆里，他们可以看到金门大桥。

Yesterday they went downtown, and rode the cable cars. Christina was surprised by how steep the hills are. Then they walked along the ocean, and ate lunch at a sea food restaurant. From the restaurant, they could see the Golden Gate Bridge.Part 1 Listening明天他们打算开车去约塞米蒂国家公园。

开车去大约4 个小时。

克里斯蒂娜以前从未去过那里，所以她很兴奋。

她听说这个公园很漂亮。

她的朋友已经去过约塞米蒂好几次了。

她说那是世界上最美丽的地方之一。

克里斯蒂娜只是希望她的朋友是个好司机。

Tomorrow they are planning to drive to Yosemite NationalPark.By car, it ' s about four hours away.Christina has never been there before, so she is excited.She has heard that the park is very beautiful.Her friend has been to Yosemite several times.She says that it ' s one of the most beautiful places inthe world. Christina just hopes that her friend is a gooddriver.Part 1 Vocabulary 1头痛会很疼，而且会持续很长时间。

U n i t1-1L i s t e n i n gCathy usually gets up at 6:30, but this morning she didn’t hear her alarm. As a result, she overslept. She didn’t get up until 7:00, 30 minutes later than usual. As a result, she didn’t have time to cook breakfast for her children.Today Cathy and her kids left home early. They usually leave home at 7:30 but today they left home at 7:15. They left early because they had to buy breakfast on their way to school. It usually takes 45 minutes to drive her kids to school but today it took longer. It took them longer because they stopped for breakfast along the way. It took 15 minutes for them to have breakfast. They ate at a little coffee shop along the side of the road.After eating breakfast, they got back into their car. On most days, th e traffic isn’t too bad in the morning, but this morning it was much worse than usual. The cars were moving very slowly. As a result, it took them longer than usual to get to school.One of her children got to school on time but the other two were late. They were late because their schools are farther away. They were both about 10 minutes late to school.When Cathy finally got home, she cleaned her house as usual. She vacuumed the living room and cleaned the bathroom. Then she talked with her friend on the phone as usual.When she finished talking with her friend, she got into her car. She put the key into the ignition and tried to start the engine. But her car’s engine didn’t start. Her car battery was dead so she had to call for help. After getting a new battery for her car, the engine started.Then Cathy drove to the mall to meet her friend. She arrived to the mall an hour late but her friend was waiting for her. They had lunch together and then they went shopping. They both brought new shoes and something for their kids. Cathy brought a new tie for her husband.It’s now 3:00 and everything is going as usual. Cathy doesn’t want anything else to go wrong. She wants the rest of the day to go as usual. She doesn’t want any more surprises. And tomorrow she won’t oversleep. She never wants to oversleep again.Here is a bus schedule at bus stop. On most days, the buses come on schedule but sometimes they don’t.Yesterday for example, several buses were late. This is because the traffic yesterday was much heavier than usual.Bus number 38 was supposed to come at 8:40 but it was 5 minutes late. It didn’t come until 8:45. Bus number 60 was supposed to come at 8:30, but yesterday it didn’t come until 8:40. It was 10 minutes late. Not one bus came early. As a result of the delays, one man got on the wrong bus. He wanted to go to the airport so he wanted to get on the bus number 38. He expected it to come at 8:40. Instead he got on the bus number 60, which came at 8:40. He didn’t notice that it was the wrong bus. It d idn’t go to the airport. As a result, he missed his flight.Unit 1-1 vocabularyWeddings are where two people get married. This man and women are getting married.The building in the middle is an office building. Many people come to work here during the week.There people are at the dance party. The woman in the green dress is dancing with her boyfriend.There two people are meeting for the first time. They are shaking hands.This young boy is brushing his teeth. He brushes his teeth several times a day.The triangle is inside the square. The square is around the triangle.The triangle is inside the circle. The circle is around the triangle.The square is inside the triangle. The triangle is around the square.The circle is between two small squares. There’s a square on either side of the circle.The circle is on the left of a rectangle. The rectangle is on the right of the circle.Candies and cakes are sweet because they are made with a lot of sugar. Eating too many sweets isn’t good for your teeth.Lemons and grapefruit taste a little sour so some people don’t like them. Some sour tasting foods have a lot of vitamin C.These red peppers are very hot and spicy. Eating hot or spicy rises body temperature, so don’t eat thembefore going to bed.These foods are deep fried and greasy. Greasy foods have a lot of Calories so don’t eat them if you want to lose weight.Healthy foods are usually natural and don’t include dangerous chemicals. Fruits and vegetables are examples of the healthy foods.Unit 1-1 dialogueHey where are you. I don’t see you anywhere.I’m on the subway.My flight arrived early and I’m tired.I’m sorry to be late. I’ll be there as fast as I can.Where are you now?There are 3 more sto ps. I’ll be there in 10 minutes.I’ll meet you at the bus stop in front of terminal 2. Then we can get a taxi.Ok, I’ll look for you in front of terminal 2. See you soon.What’s the matter Tom?I don’t feel well.Are you sick?No, I don’t think so. I’m just tired.Didn’t you get enou gh sleep?No, I didn’t. I went to bed later than usual last night.What time did you go to bed?I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock.Why did you stay up so late?I was watching some videos online.What kind of videos?Music videos from all over the world.Really!Sure, I’ll send you some l inks if you like.Thank, I like music videos too. They are really fun.Just don’t stay up too late.Don’t worry. I won’t stay up too late. I need my sleep.Unit 1-2 ListeningOur planet, the earth is the third planet from the sun. It is a beautiful, rotating sphere. The side facing the sun is in daylight. The side facing away from the sun is in darkness. For example, when it’s daytime in US, it nighttime in China. In fact, there’s 12-hour time difference between Boston and Shanghai. When it’s midnight in Shanghai, it’s noon in Boston. The earth rotates from west to ea st. To know which direction is west or east, watch the sun.The sun travels through the sky from east to west. The sun comes up in the east and goes down in the west. Again, this is because the earth rotates. It takes 24 hours for the earth to make a complete rotation. And that is the length of one day.Because of the earth’s rotation, the earth is divided into time zones. Some countries, such as US, has several time zones. When it’s 10 am in New York, it’s 7 am in San Francisco. Europe and the US are separated by several time zones. When it’s 5 pm in Paris, it’s 11 am in Boston. So there is a 6 hours different between Paris and Boston. One large country, China, has just one timezone for the whole country. As a result, at the same time, some parts of the country can be dark and other parts can be light.As you travel around the earth, the time changes. The time of day depends on your location on the planet. When you travel east or west, you may cross several time zones. For example, if you travel fromBeijing to Los Angeles, you may cross 8 time zones. That means, when it’s noon on Sunday in China, it 8 pm on Saturday in Los Angeles. For travelers, this means it can be very difficult to sleep after a long flight. The clock may say 8 pm, but for your body, it’s noon. This is called jet lag.Kim is a popular Korean actress. She’s 28 years old, slim and beautiful. She has a large fan club and her movies are very popular. Everywhere she goes, her fans want her autograph. But Kim wants more. She wants to be popular all over the world. Tomorrow is a special day for her, she is leaving for Hollywood. She’s going to Hollywood to meet with some top movie executives. The meeting is scheduled for the day after tomorrow. If the meeting goes well, she’ll be in a Hollywood movie. This is her chance to become a star. She met the movie’s director last year. He came to Korean and saw her latest movie. After that, he decided to use her in his new movie. Fortunately, Kim’s English is excellent, so she can play the role.The director wants her to play a major role in the movie. The movie’s story will take place in the future. At that time, the world will be a very different place. Unfortunately, much of the world will be polluted. Robots will do much of the work and only the very rich can have a good life. The ending of the movie is still a secret. Even Kim doesn’t know how it will end. But she hopes it will have a happy ending. She wants people to have hope for a better future.Unit 1-2 vocabularyThese people are having a meeting. The woman is giving a presentation.This person is having a scary dream. In his dream, something is chasing him, so he’s running as fast as he can.This old man is a tourist. He is looking out the window of his tour bus.This young couple is in an art museum. They are looking at a famous painting.The sun is setting behind the mountains. The sky is turning red.The longest line is the one on the top. The top line is the longest of the 3 lines.The shortest line the one in the middle. The line in the middle is shorter than the other two.The bottom line is the shortest. The shortest of these 3 lines is the one on the bottom.The shirt on the left is more expensive than the shirt on the right. The shirt on the right is less expensive than the shirt on the left. The shirt on the left isn’t as expensive as the one on the right. The shirt on the left costs less than the one on the right.Winter is the coldest season because the sun is at the lowest point in the sky. Winter sports include skiing and ice skating.Summer is the hottest season because the sun is at the highest point in the sky. Many people like to go swimming in summer because of the hot weather.Spring is the season when the weather gets warmer each day. For many animals, new life begins in the spring.Autumn is the season when the weather begins to cool and the days begin to shorten. Autumn is when the trees turn many colors and leaves fall to the ground.Rainy season is the season when some countries get most of the rainfall. Rainy season usually lasts one or two months.Unit 1-2 dialogueHi, I’m sorry to be late.What happened? You were supposed to be here an hour ago.Yes, I know. But I missed my flight.You missed your flight. How did that happen?I got on a wrong bus this morning so I was late to the airport. By the time I arrived, the gate was closed. What did you do then?I had to rebook a flight and get on the waiting list.Oh, that’s too bad. At least you got here.Yes, it wasn’t easy getting on the next flight. I had to run to the gate.This kind of thing happens a lot lately. Last week, I missed a flight too.What happened?There was a traffic accident near the airport.You were driving?No, I wasn’t. I was in a taxi. But it took a long time to get to the airport.The traffic was stopped for nearly 15 minutes.By the time I got there, it was too late to get on the flight.The next flight wasn’t for another 3 hours. So it was a long wait.From now on, I’ll try to get to the airport much earlier.Me too.What’s the matter? Why do you look so sad?Ada has a new job. She’s going to Beijing.Really, when did she leaving?She’s leaving at the end of next week.That soon?Yes, she just told me.That’s too bad. I really enjoy working with her.Me too. I’m going to miss her.Let’s have a going away party for her.Good idea! How about this weekend?Friday evening would be better. We can have it after work. Yes, Friday is better. Let’s go to her favorite restaurant ok.Which one? The Italian one or the German one?The Italian one has better food, so let’s go there. Their pizza is awesome.Ok, I’ll make the reservation.Let me check with Ada first. We don’t want her to miss her party.Yeah, that’s for sure. And could you please invite everyone in the office?Sure, no problem. Nobody will want to miss it.Unit 1-3 ListeningPaul is a very successful businessman. He owns several restaurants. All of them are doing well. In fact, they are very profitable. To be profitable means that their income is more than their expenses. As a result, he is making a lot of money.Paul wants to buy a new car. He’s trying to decide which car to buy. He has plenty of money. As a result, he isn’t worr ied about the cost. He can afford any expensive car.On the other hand, he doesn’t want to waste money. He wants a car he can rely on. It has to be safe and reliable, especially in the cold winter weather. If a car breaks down in a bad weather, it can be very dangerous.Paul wants to help reduce the pollution and smog. He would like to buy a clean car something good for environment. He’s thinking about bu ying a Tesla. The Tesla is an all electric car. It uses batteries instead of gasoline. There is not exhaust so it doesn’t pollute the air. However, the car can’t go very far without recharging the battery. To charge the battery, you can plug it into an electrical outlet. Recharging the battery takes time.One of Paul’s friends has one and he’s quite happy with it. He says it’s reliable and well-engineered. There are also several charging stations near Paul’s office. So he isn’t worr ied about that. The cost for charging the battery is low. It’s less expensive than paying for gasoline.His wife Cathy also likes the idea of buying an electric car. She likes the idea of driving a clean car, so it makes sense. In the future, there may be driverless cars. These may be very safe but Paul doesn’t like them. He enjoys driving. He likes to be in control of his car.The man in the middle is the heaviest. The man in the middle is heavier than the other two.The woman on the left is smarter than the man on the right. The man isn’t as smart as the woman is. The woman is standing under a bridge. The bridge is above the woman.There is a bridge over the river. The river is flowing beneath the bridge.The water is flowing over a waterfall. The waterfall is very high and beautiful.People need passports to travel internationally. With the passport, you cannot leave your country or enter another country. You need a driver’s license to drive a car. It is against the law to drive without a driver’s license.Many people use credit cards to buy things on credit. When you have a credit card, you don’t need to carry cash.Smartphones are very useful and can do many things. You can use them to make phone calls, play games or go shopping on the internet.We need to buy ticket in order to take a train or watch a sport event. You can often buy tickets online and sometimes you can get a discount.Banks are where people can deposit or withdraw money. You can also use online banking to pay bills such as your credit card bill.Hotels are where travelers can stay overnight or for several days. If you plan to stay at hotel, you should make a reservation.Restaurants are where people go to eat with friends or family. There are many different kinds of restaurants such as Indian, Italian or Chinese restaurants.Repair shops are where people go to fix things which are broken or not working right. This repair shop fixes cars and can check to see if it’s safe to drive.Coffee shops are favorite place to meet new people or take a break from the office. They are usually less expensive than restaurants.I’m tired of going out to eat. Let’s eat at home tonight.Ok. Are you going to cook?No, it’s too late. And you know I’m not a good cook. Let’s order something.What do you have in mind?I was thinking about a nice big pizza.Again? I had pizza last night so please no pizza.Ok, no pizza. Let’s order Chinese food ok?Sweet and sour? You always like sweet and sour. I feel like eating something hot and spicy.OK, you order something hot and spicy and I order sweet and sour. I don’t want anything spicy. My stomach doesn’t feel good. It’s a bit upset.Ok, if you want sweet and sour, then I will have that too. And I will make some salad with lots of tomatoes. How long will it take for the food to get here?I don’t know. I’ll call and find out.Thanks, hopefully it won’t take longer than an hour. I’m getting hungry.Hey, what did you do last night?I took a long walk from my hotel.You didn’t get lost.No, I didn’t.Where did you go? Anywhere interesting?I walked to the river. There were thousands of people there.You went to the river? How long did it take you to walk there?It took around 20 minutes.Did you see anything interesting?I was really surprised by how many people were there.Many of them were taking pictures and selfies. Lots of selfies.Do you take selfies?Sure, don’t you?Sometimes, but my girlfriend takes a lot of selfies. Then she shares them with her friends online. I don’t understand why people like to take so many pictures of themselves.That’s because you are old-fashioned.Am, I guess you’re right. There’s so much social media for me. When I go to a restaurant, I see many people looking at their smartphones. They don’t even look at the people they are with.Times are changing, my friend whether you like it or not.Unit 1-4 ListeningChristina sells women’s clothing in the department store. She usually works 6 days a week but this week she’s going to take 3 days off. She is taking time off so that she can visit her parents. Her parents live in the mountains, about 3 hours away by train. They are looking forward to seeing her. They haven’t seen her for almost a year. Christina is their only child.Christina isn’t going on the trip by herself. Her boyfriend is going with her. She’s going to introduce him to her parents. She and her boyfriend want to get married. If everything goes well, they plan to get married in 6 months. After they get married, Christina plans to quit her job. She wants to spend more time designing clothes. She wants to set up her own bus iness. This will take time. Her boyfriend thinks it’s a good idea. He is also thinking about starting his own business.They don’t plan to have children right away. In fact, they may decide not to have children. They don’t know yet. It’s going to be a big decision. Christina’s parents want her to get marr y and have children. They are looking forward to having grandchildren. They don’t want her to start her own business. They think it’s more important to have children. In fact, they would like her to live c loser to them. They wantto be close to their grandchildren.So Christina doesn’t plan to tell her parents everything. For now, she just wants them to meet her boyfriend. She wants them to be happy that she is going to get married. She wants them to like him and see her happiness. She wants her parents to accept her way of life. Life isn’t the same now as it used to be. Times are changing.Unit 1-4 vocabularyMechanics, like this one, fix cars. He is working in a repair shop.A delivery person delivers things such as pizzas. This person works for a restaurant.A pharmacist sells medicines. Pharmacists like this woman, work in a pharmacy.Thieves, like this one, steal things. This thief is stealing a television from a home.A musician, like this one, plays music. This musician is playing a guitar.These people are wearing masks because of the smog. One cause of smog is automobile exhaust.It’s raining hard so you need an umbrella. Heavy rain like this can cause flooding and mudslides.When the sky is overcast(天阴的，多云的), we can’t see the sun because of the cloud s. A cloudy sky means that it might rain.We need to wear a coat when it’s cold and windy. In a very strong wind, it’s difficult to use umbrella.We need to drink water or other liquids when it’s hot outside. When it’s really hot, most people turn on the air-conditioning.Here are some different types of things to read. Works of fiction includes narration, short stories and plays such as Shakespeare. We read fiction to enjoy stories of imagination and adventure. People read the news to learn about what’s happening in the world. We can get the news in newspapers and online. When we buy something, we often need to read an introduction manual. Introduction manuals show us how to put together or install things. Non-fiction works include biographies(传记)and books about science and history. We read non-fiction to learn about different subjects and real people. We can learn about the latest scientific research in journals and academic papers. Many online university courses givea list of research papers to read.Unit 1-4 dialogueWhat’s wrong?I can’t walk. My left foot hurts.Is it broken?I don’t know if broken but it sure hurts.There’s one way to find out if it’s broken.How?You need to see a doctor. The doctor can X-ray your foot.Ok, let’s go. I can’t walk by myself. Can you help me into a taxi?Sure, I’ll call a taxi. I’ll get you to a hospital as soon as possible.Thanks, I’m sure hope it isn’t broken.We’ll find out s oon enough.I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Let’s go out.Where would you like to go?I feel like eating some great Italian food.How about Al’s Italian? It’s always good.We went there last week. Let’s try something new. You have no imagination. You always want to go to the same place.Right, I don’t like unpleasant surprises. I just want things to be simple.OK. Let’s compromise.What does that mean? What do you mean by compromise?Let’s go 50-50. This time we’ll go some places new and next time we can go to one of your favorites. Ok, I’ll compromise and make your halfway.Good, I’ll leave for something new and make reservations.Great, let’s not go too late.I’ll make reservations for 8. Is that ok?Yes, perfect.。

L4 Unit 2-1Listening物种、环境The earth was born about 4.6 million years ago. The first life appeared about a billion years later. The first plant didn’t appear until around 2 billion years ago. Until around 580 million years ago, life formedweresmall and microscopic (微笑的). Since that time, lives has evolved to many different types and species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.They have been several extinction events in the history of the earth. In the extinction event, many life forms or species of life die out. The causes of the massive extinction events are unsoughtmystery. These events are not predictable and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of that started by asteroid pass or volcano corruption. Events like this, can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event, happened about 66 million years ago. That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of the all species on the planet, died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events. A chain of event is a series of events linked together, like a chain.These particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the earth, it caused huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darken the earth for a period of months. Without enoughsunlight, plants and plant-eating animals, quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed . This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events had played important part in the evolution of life. In fact, some extinction events had helped to accelerate evolution. For example, somem ammals lived to the age of dinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete. When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully. Once they could compete, mammal evolved to a higher state. Without the extinction event, perhaps we wouldn’t be here today.Scientist estimate that there have been at least 5 massive extinctions in the pass 540 million years. They also believed that we had entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of the asteroid and volcano corruptions, the current event is the result of human activities. Human activities, for example, had led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, so the earth is getting warmer. As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing. In addition, we humans are destroying habitats of many plants and animals. Cutting down forest and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening. Specials of lives are disappearing at an increasing rate. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future. If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.L4 Unit 2-1 vocabulary身体系统、产业、技术The body circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps the bloods to all parts of body through a network of arteries and vein.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body. It supplies the energy that the body need s for growth and repair. After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cordand nerves. This is your control system. It controls your muscles and organs included your circulatory system and digestive system.The respiratory system includes your nose and lungs. It brings air and oxygen into your body and remove the carbon dioxide from the body. The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.Immune system protects body against the infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune systems works. If the infection invades the body and the immune system attacks it.The control use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates. Fire provided the light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people can grow food and settle into communities. By growing food, people can spend less time hunting and more time on other things, such as art.The domestication of animals allows people to raise and use animals for food and work. By raise herds of animals, such as sheep, people have regular supply of meat and clothing. The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in a more fashion manufacturing and construction. With better tools and machines, works can be done with fewer people and much lower cost.The development of science and engineering has improved many thing including communications. With understanding of electricity, telephone and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.L4 Unit 2-1 dialogue谈论手机和老板Itook a vacation last night.What are you talking about. Where did you take the vacation.I didn’t go anywhere. i just left with my smartphone.How was it.It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interpretation . It was very peaceful. Yes, I haven’t done that for a long time.You know what, I begin to hate smartphone.Really, but you can’t live without one, right.Yes, that’s the problem.This change the way people live.Yes, I just so on documentary about that. A husband was complaining his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened, did they get divorced.You guess it. In the end, they got divorced.It is a bit ironic , don’t you think. Smartphones were supposed to bring people together but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute, I’ve a message on smartphone and it can’t wait.Hey, wake up and get back to work.What’s wrong with you.I ’m on my break sir and I had a bad headache.Well, you’re not paying you to sleep.If you’re going to sleep, sleep some places else.Yes, sir, it won’t happen again.You had better not.Just a minute. Don’t tell me like that.What did you say.You hurt me, you don’t have to treat people like that.Well, if you don’t like it, I suggest you leave.Ok, I will. I pet enough of you. I will get a job somewhere else.L4 Unit 2-2 Listening概率、角度This man is holding a piece of food in this hand. The piece of food is either an orange or an apple. What can’t see which it’s because we can see inside the box. The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple or it may be an orange. It’s going to be one or the other. It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view. From his point of view, the probability is different. From his point of view, the possibility that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he kn ows what he has. For hi m, that is not uncertainty. If he has an orange, the probability is 100%. If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%. He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on the point of view.People see things from different points of view. This often leads to arguments between the people. Here are some examples. From his m an’s point of view, he is relaxing. He needs to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasn’t been getting sleep. His wife see things differently. She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working. From her point of view, he is doing nothing. However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing. When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusion. This differences can cause real communication problems.L4 Unit 2-2 vocabulary自然灾害、宗教Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth. When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy. Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside the engine. A spark can ignite a mixture of gases and release energy for good anddestructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful. One major cause of accident is driving too fast. Accidentswith fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu and Ebola. Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people. Storms are caused by changes in atmosphere, and result in high winds and heavy rains. Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere, that produce lightening, which can cause forest fire. Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of thelslam religions are called Muslims. These Muslims are prayer inside the Moses. Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianityis based on the teaching of Jesus crisis, who lived more than 2000 years ago. Christian believe that Jesus is the son of god. Christians are often gathering in churchesor cathedralsto worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews. These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue , which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundreds years ago, in the middle east. Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, whom they believe it’s the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old. Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their mind of any thoughts.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many briefs. Some Hindus believe in a circle of birth, life, death and rebirth.L4 Unit 2-2 dialogue谈论失踪客机Do you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?Not, we don’t. the only information we had was it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft.The last communication was about 15 minutes before it just disappeared.Was there anything usual in the communication.Not, there was anything usual. Nothing pointed it any kind of problem.Anyway we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so that it shouldn’t be difficult to find it.How much countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search team from 3 countries starting to search.It ’s a big area to search, so can you give an estimate about how long it will take.Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time. But we won’t give up. We will search it till we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet.What are you talking about.You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to. Y es, they’ve found some piece of it.What about the black boxes.No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It hard to believe that they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they still don’t find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is not good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.L4 Unit 2-3 Listening监狱Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the Golden Gate Bridge. A is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction. Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city. Alcatraz has often appeared in movies including escape from Alcatraz, w hich was made in 1979. One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison. It was designed for prisoner who was causing trouble for another prisoner, such as trying to escape. It was a maximum security, so escape was almost impossible. The water around it was cold and only very strong prisoners can escape from island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934. There were 173 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers. They came by train from the other prison in the state of Kansas. During that trip, there was heavy security. The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed. Nobody wanted them to escape. The prison was designed to hold upto 336 prisoners. However, the average population was only about 270. Although there wasnotorious inmate such as Al Copen, most of the inmates are no one known.Many were trying to escape from island or were considered to violence. If a man didn’t behave at other prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz, there wasjust one prison in each prison cell.Prison life in Alcatraz was highly structured and boring. It was designed for prisoners to follow rules. They had 4 rights, food, clothing, shelter and medical care. Everything else was privilege that had to be earned. Privileges included working, visits from familymembers and access to prison library. There were also activities such as painting and music. Once they showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatrazwas used as a prison for 29 years. During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully. There were 14 escape attempts, involving in 36 prisoners. 23 were caught alive and 3 were shot and killed. 2 men tries to escape twice. 2 were drought and 2 released as missing and resume drought. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape. That events are called the battle of Alcatraz.While in use, Alcatraz has some of the most notorious criminals the history, such as Al Capone. Al Capone was a crime boss, who built his career in Chicago. The prison was finished close in 1963. It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Inmate n.居民; 同居者; (监狱里的)犯人L4 Unit 2-3 vocabulary 统计图表、法律A bar graph uses rectangle bars in different length to show and compare data. The lengths of a bar are proportional to values they represents. The bar can be vertical, up and down or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, it shapes like a circle. It is divided into segments that looks like piece of a pie. Percentages are often used to compare segments which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graph are used to show the relationship between two valuables, such as time and distance. These valuables are plotted to 2 axis, the X axis and the Y axis. The X axis often shows time, while the Y axis shows how quantities such as distance, temperature, pro change with times.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how process and project flows from the start to finish . A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision point.An organizational chart or org chart show the structure of a company. It shows how people and departments within the company are connected. It defines the roles and responsibility of a people or departments within a company.Laws are rules that people are supposed to follow. A system of laws governs the peoplewithin the countries. Criminals are people who break the law. People who commit a crime are called criminals. Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail. A jail or prison are place where criminals were locked behind bars, sometimes for many years. Prison is designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charge with committing a crime goes on a trial. In court, evidence is present to show guilty or innocent of a person on trial.When someone break the laws, they may be arrested by the police. To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.L4 Unit 2-3 dialogue谈论汇兑May I help you sir.I’d like to change some US dollars to Ja panese yen please.Yes, certainly sir, how about would you like to change.I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please.I don’t have it with me but I do have my driver’s license, would that be ok.No, sorry sir. I need to see your passpo rt. It’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan. I just want to convert into yen. Why do I need my passport. I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law. I cannot do something that is illegal. Ok, do you have any suggestions.Sure, the easiest things for you to do it is to use the machine in one of the hotels near here. You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check the fingerprints or something like that.No, sir. But that’s a limit as to how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a high fee.Thanks for your help.You ’re welcome sir.L4 Unit 2-3 Listening 人物Al Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history. He came from an immigrant family. His parents came from Italy and his father was a barber. As a boy, he belonged to a street game. He quit school after finishing the 6th grade. As he built his career as a crime boss in Chicago. He became boss at 26 when previous boss was nearly killed. He crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year. Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially from the sale of illegal liquor . This organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was aflashy dresser who enjoys being famous. He protected himself by bribing police and public officials. Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never converted of a serious crime. When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crime. In 1929, he and his body guard were arrested by carrying deadly weapons. For that, he was sent to a year in prison. Capone was released in 9 months for good behaviors.In 1930, Capone was public enemy number 1 in Chicago. A year later he was arrested for failures to pay taxes. The government had finally found a way to catch him. After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years’ prison. He spent the first two years of the sentence at the prison in Atlanta J. then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country’s most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with the disease that began to take over his brain. As aresult, he spent much of his time at prison hospital. By the time he was released from prison at 1939, he was no longer able to lead his personal organization. He died of stroke and pneumonia in 1947.L4 Unit 2-4 vocabulary财务和性格Income is money received from works or from investments. For company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses. People who earn good salaries can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you had paid for something. A receipt is a proof that you have paid for something. A receipt shows that something has been paid for. After pay for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payment. Invoice lists the princes and products being bought. To invoice someone means to givethem a bill for products and services. Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what you paid to the government, for government’s services. Taxes pay for many services, such education, police and health care. An income tax is a tax on our income. In some countries, income taxes can be very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when you borrow money. If someone lends you money, you pay interest for use of that money.Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They made decision based on their feelings more than facts. Sometimes, these people make bad decisionbecause of their emotions.Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done. In many situation, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader. They will support and protect their leaders and friends. A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own. They often prefer working by themselves. Sometimes they had difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways. Many artists and musicians are very creative.L4 Unit 2-3 dialogue谈论合同和设计方案Congratulation, Lisa.Congratulation’s for what.We just heard the news.What news? Don’t keep me in suspense.Quick service have accepted your video proposals .Oh, really, I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so. But they like it so much that they made quick decision.You want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That’ s great news. But I’mstill working on other projects. They ne ed to be finished first. Can’t you delay some of other projects.I’m not sure. How important is this project.They are putting a lot of pressure on this now, especially they * proposal. They really like it. It’s a very creative a representing that company. It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job. I think it’s the best work your team have ever done.When can you get started on the project.Are they going to pay extra?In may proposal, I set the early start date would be one month after signing the contract. Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?Not, they haven’t. but I’m sure they will right away.They also need to make advance payment. Tha t was in the proposal too. We can’ t stop everything else just because they are exited.Ok, I will get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do. I have been through these kind of things before.。

Level 4 unit 1 part1ListeningChristina is on a two week vocation.This is the first vocation she has had for a long time.The last vocation she took was more than two years ago.Now she is visiting a friend in San Francisco.Her friend and her husband are living near the center of the city. He works for a start-up company in Silicon Valley.While he is working, she works part-time at a department store.-How long has it been since her last vocation?–It’s been more than 2 years.-What kind of company d oes her friend’s husband work for?–A start-up company.Christina hasn’t seen her friend for a longtime.The last time they saw each other was three years ago.At that time, they were both working at a department store.Then Christina quitted her job and started her own business.She designs women’s clothing.She has two employees now and her company is slowly growing.-How long has it been since Christina last saw her friend? –It has been 3 years.-Where were Christina and her friend working before she started her own business?–They were working at a department store.-How long has it been since Christina started her own business? –It’s been 3 years.Christina has come to San Francisco by herself.Her husband didn’t come, because he has to work.He tried to start a company two years ago, but it didn’t work out. His company failed after only a few months.So now he is working at another company and saving money.Once he saves enough money, he plans to start another company.He doesn’t want to give up.-Why hasn’t Christina’s husband come with her?–He has to work.-Why is Christina’s husband saving money?–He wants to start a new company.This is the second time Christina has been to San Francisco.The first time was when she was a high school student.That was more than ten years ago.During that trip, she was only in San Francisco for a few days. After that, she went to Los Angeles and New York.This time she and her friend plan to relax and have fun.-How many times has Christina been to San Francisco?–She has been to San Francisco twice.-How long did she stay in San Francisco on her first trip?–A few days.Christina arrived two days ago, the day before yesterday.Her friend met her at the airport, and drove her to her apartment. Her apartment is just north of the airport, about 20 minutes from San Francisco.It’s a small apartment, but it’s on a hill, and it has a great view. Yesterday they went downtown, and rode the cable cars.Christina was surprised by how steep the hills are.Then they walked along the ocean, and ate lunch at a sea food restaurant. Fromthe restaurant, they could see the Golden Gate Bridge.-How long has she been here?–For two days.Tomorrow they are planning to drive to Yosemite National Park.By car, it’s about four hours away.Christina has never been there before, so she is excited.She has heard that the park is very beautiful.Her friend has been to Yosemite several times.She says that it’s one of the most beautiful places in the world. Christinajust hopes that her friend is a good driver.-How many times has she been to the Yosemite?–Never.VocabularyHeadaches can be very painful, and can last for a long time.If you have a headache, your head hurts.A sprained ankle can be so painful that you can’t walk.Someone with a sprained ankle may need to use crutches to walk.If you have a sore throat, it may be painful to swallow.A sore throat can be caused by viruses or bacteria.A burn is an injury to the skin caused by fire or heat.If you get to close to a fire, you will be burned.An earache is a sharp, dull or burning pain in the ear.Common causes of an earache include an infection, a changing air pressure, or water in the ear.Mountains are land forms higher than 2000 feet or about 600 meters above sea level.Hills are like mountains but not as tall.Mountains are formed by forces deep within the Earth, and are made of different types of rocks.Rivers are streams of water that usually begin in mountains and flow into the sea.Many early cities were built alongside rivers.Most of the world’s water is in the oceans, which are large bodies of salt water.The oceans are also an important source of oxygen.Deserts are areas of land that receive little or no rainfall.The amount of rainfall in some deserts is so low that only a few plants can survive.A valley is a low relatively flat area between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it. Somevalleys are formed by flowing water, and others are formed by glaciers. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean, covering more area than all the continents put together.Desert temperatures can range from cold at night to very hot during the daytime, often above 120 degrees FDialogueM: Have you eaten yet?W: No, I haven’t, and I’m hungry.M: Me too. Let’s go out for dinner.W: Where to?M: What about Joe’s Italian?W: How many times have you eaten there?M: I eat there a lot. It’s one of my favorite places.-Why is she hungry?–She hasn’t eaten yet.W: I went there two weeks ago, and the service was terrible.M:Really? Then let’s go someplace else.-Why doesn’t she want to go to Joe’s Italian?–She went there two weeks ago and the service was terrible.M: What do you suggest?W: How about the Royal Indian? It’s not far from here.M: I’ve never heard of it. Is it good?W: Yes, I’ve been there several times, and I’ve never been disappointed.-What’s one reason she suggests Royal Indian?–It’s not far away.-Has she been to the Royal Indian before?–Yes, she has.M: OK, let’s try it. I haven’t eaten Indian food for a long time.W: You won’t be disappointed, and the prices are reasonable.M: Ah, so you mean I’m going to pay.W: Well, that would certainly be nice.-How expensive is the restaurant?–It’s reasonably priced.M: What about reservations?W: If we get there early enough, we won’t need them.M: I hope you are right.W: Don’t worry, if we have to wait, I’ll pay the bill.-What would happen if they don’t get there early enough?–They may have to wait.When she went there two weeks ago, the service was awful.She has been there several times.Level 4 unit 1 part2ListeningToday Christina and her friend are enjoying themselves.This morning they got up very early and drove out of San Francisco. They crossed the Bay Bridge before the early morning commute and drove south.Because it was so early, there were almost no cars.-How heavy was the traffic?–There were almost no cars.After driving for an hour and a half, they stopped and had breakfast. They ordered pancakes and coffee.They also had some fresh fruit.When they finished eating, it was seven o’clock.Then they got back into the car, and drove south.Christina wanted to listen to music, so they turned on the radio. An hour later, they stopped for gas.They noticed that there was also a charging station for electric cars. -How did they order for breakfast?–They ordered pancakes and coffee.-What did they do after they finished eating?–They got back into the car and drove south.It’s now 1:15 (one fifteen), and they are in Yosemite Park.They have been there for two hours, since 11:15(eleven fifteen). They are looking at Yosemite falls, which is the highest waterfall in the park.The water drops a total of 740 meters from the top of the upper fall to the base of the lower fall.-When did they arrive at the park?–They got there at 11:15.In another fifteen minutes, they planned to eat lunch at a magnificent old hotel in the park.It was built in 1927 and has a great view.They wanted to stay there but they couldn’t get reservations.To get a room at that hotel, you usually need to make reservations several months in advance.-When do you need to make reservations?–You need to make reservations several months in advance.-Why c ouldn’t they get reservations?–They didn’t reserve early enough.They planned to stay in the park until around four o’clock.By then, they will have been in the park for nearly five hours. Then they will get back into the car and drive back to San Francisco. They plan to eat dinner somewhere along the way.If the traffic isn’t too bad, they should be back in San Francisco by ten o’clock.-When do they expect to be back in San Francisco?–They expect to be back by 10 o’clock.-How long would they have been in the park if they leave as scheduled? –For nearly 5 hours.Early tomorrow morning, they are going to cross the Golden Gate Bridge and go north along the coast.From some places you can look out on the ocean and see whales and other sea life.Christina has never seen a whale before, so she is looking forward to it.And tomorrow night they have something special planned.They are going to watch a baseball game.Christina has never seen a baseball game, but she has heard that it is very popular in the US. Andthe San Francisco baseball team is one of the best.-What does she hope to see from the coast?–She hopes to see whales.-What are they going to do tomorrow morning?–They are going to cross the Golden Gate Bridge.VocabularyA force is a push or a pull on an object.A force changes the motion of a moving object.A force can be strong or weak and it always has a direction.The Earth is a planet that goes around the sun in a circular orbit. The speed of its motion doesn’t change, but the direction of its motion does.The Earth has a layer of gas above its surface which helps to support life.Atoms are the building blocks of matter.At the center of an atom is its nucleus which has a positive electric charge.Outside the nucleus are electrons which have a negative charge. Asteroids and comets are objects that obey our sun, but are smaller than planets.Asteroids that pass close to the Earth are called near-earth objects. The layer of gases just above the Earth’s surface is our atmosphere. The atmosphere is made of gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. Without an atmosphere there would be no life on Earth.If they collide with Earth they could cause an extinction event.A force can increase or decrease the speed of an object, and it canchange the direction of motion. Theelectric force between the nucleus and the electrons holds the atom together.The two lines on the left intersect each other at a right angle which is 90 degrees.The two lines on the right are parallel which means they never cross. The adjacent sides of a rectangle are perpendicular which means they meet a 90-degree angle.The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal and parallel which means they never cross.The area of a rectangle is the length times the width.A circle is a two dimensional figure with a radius and a circumference which is the distance around the circle. Thearea of a circle is Pi R squared, where R is the radius and Pi is the ratio of the circle circumference to its diameter.A sphere is a three dimensional figure with a radius and a volume which is four thirds Pi R cubed.All points on the surface of a sphere are equidistant from its center.A right triangle is a two dimensional figure with three side, two of which are perpendicular.To find its area, multiply the length of the two perpendicular sides a and b and divide by 2, A equals 1 half ab.A rectangle is a 2 dimensional figure with 4 sides.DialogueM: Have you finished eating yet?W: No, I haven’t. Why are you in such a hurry?M: I’m sorry, but you are such a slow eater.W: A slow eater? Well, I try to enjoy my food. You just eat and swallow.I don’t see how you can even taste it.M: OK, I’m sorry. Do you mind if I get another glass of wine?W: No, go ahead. I don’t want you to sit there putting pressure on me.I thought we were going to have a relaxing evening.-What does she allow him to do?–She allows him to get another glass of wine.A relaxing evening is the opposite of a high-pressure evening.M: Yes, you are right. I’d like to relax, but I have a lot on my mind.W: Work related?M: Yes, it is. I’ve been getting some strange emails from my boss.He wants me to cut down on my expenses.Maybe he wants to fire me.His boss wants him to spend less.-What is he afraid of?–He may lose his job.W: Is business bad?M: Yes, it is. But I don’t want to talk about it.W: OK, but I’m a good listener. You can tell me if you’d like to.-What doesn’t he want to talk about?–He doesn’t want to talk about his business.M: Thanks. Maybe some other time.I’ll try to stop thinking about it until when it’s tomorrow.W: Good idea. You need to take a break from work.Your healthy is important, and so am I.M:Yes, you are. I don’t know what I would do without you.To deal with something means to do something about it.Level 4 unit 1 part3ListeningHarry is an American businessman.His job requires him to do a lot of travelling.He takes nine or ten trips a year.In the past six months, he has made five trips.Three were to Asia, and two were to Europe.The purpose of his trips is to attend meetings and make presentations. -What does his job require him to do?–Travel a lot.-What is the purpose of his trips?–Attend meetings and make presentations.His job requires him to attend meetings in many countries.Harry loves to travel and he’s travelled to many countries.Most of his trips are for one or two weeks.His first international trip was 15 years ago when he was 20 years old.He really wanted to see Asia, so he and his friend flew to Tokyo, Japan. -How long are most of his trips?–for one or two weeks.From Tokyo, they travelled around Japan for 2 weeks.The people they met were very nice, but most of them didn’t speak English.Harry tried to speak a little Japanese, but it was difficult.He didn’t do very well.When he spoke to people, most of them just looked at him.They didn’t understand what he was trying to say.-What language did he try to use when he was in Japan?–He tried to speak Japanese.He has made 5 trips in the last 6 months.From Japan, they went to Korea for a week, and then they went to China. In China, they visited the Great Wall near Beijing.They stayed in Beijing for a few days, and then boarded a train for Shanghai. It was an overnight train, with sleeping cars.-What kind of train did they take to Shanghai?–It was an overnight train.-How long did they stay in Beijing?–for a few days.During the journey, they enjoyed looking out the window at the countryside.The view from the train was wonderful.Harry will never forget watching the sun go down in the evening.It was a beautiful sunset.-What did they enjoy doing during the journey?–looking out the window at the countryside.-What won’t Harry ever forget?–Watching the beautiful sunset.The journey to Shanghai took many hours, but it was an unforgettable experience.On the train, they met a Chinese professor who spoke English.He was a middle-aged man, whose hair was turning grey.He told them about how things were changing in China.It was wonderful to watch him as he was speaking.His eyes were full of energy and excitement.-Who did they meet on the train?–a Chinese professor.-What did the professor talk about?–He talked about the many changes China was experiencing.They only stayed in Shanghai a couple of days.Then they returned to the US and went back to school.They had one more year to finish their studies.-Why did they return to the US?–They went back to finish their studies.Harry’s next few trips were to different part of the world.He went to Europe twice, each time to different countries.On one trip, he travelled through the UK and France.On the next trip, he went to Italy and Greece.-How many times did he go to Europe?–He went to Europe twice.After Europe, he travelled to Mexico and South America.In South America he went to Argentina and Brazil.He enjoyed watching some great soccer matches.-What countries did he visit in South America?–Both Argentina and Brazil.Then he decided to go back to Asia.But this time he went to Southeast Asia.He visited Vietnam, Thailand and Singapore.Each country had a charm of its own.-Where did he go after he went to South America?–He went to Southeast Asia.-How many countries did he visit in Southeast Asia?–He visited 3 different countries.After all these travel Harry decided to make travel part of his career. He didn’t want to work only in the US.He didn’t want to work only with Americans.He wanted to experience other countries and other cultures. His dream was to work for an international company.-Why did he decide to work for an international company?–he wanted to experience other countries and other cultures.-What was his dream?–working for an international company.5 years ago, his dream came true.Now he is working for a German high-tech company.As part of his job, he has to travel a lot.As a result, he has been to many cities and countries.And he has met many interesting people.-What has happened as a result to his job?–He has been to many countries and met many interesting people. -What kind of company is he working for?–A German hi-tech companyVocabularyA dental cavity is a hole in a tooth.A cavity is caused by bacteria in the mouth.Brushing your teeth frequently and regularly can help prevent cavities.A crack tooth can be caused by biting down on something hard.Dentists treat a crack tooth by covering it with a crown.A dental X-Ray is a picture of your teeth and gums.An X-Ray shows what can’t be seen on the surface of the teeth and gums.Braces are used by dentists to strengthen teeth over a period of years. Through braces are usually for children, they can also be used for adults with crooked teeth.To exact a tooth means to remove it from the mouth.Dentists have to pull hard to exact a tooth.Braces are used on people with crooked teeth or after an injury. Biting down on something hard can be very painful.Dentist often inject something into the gum to block the pain during the extraction process.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a system of arteries and veins.It’s located in the chest, between the lungs, and beats about once per second.The kidneys remove waste and toxins from the blood.They are bean-shaped organs, and are about 10 centimeters long and 6 centimeters wide.The lungs exchange oxygen from the air, with carbon dioxide from the blood.They expand when inhaling air, and contract when exhaling air. The stomach is blow the heart, and is part of the digestive system. It uses acids to digest food before passing it to the small intestine. The bladder is a balloon-shaped organ that collects urine from the kidneys.In an adult, the bladder can hold about half liter of urine. DialogueOfficer: Good evening, sir. You were driving too fast.Driver: really? Was I?Officer: Yes, you were going well above the speed limit.Driver: I’m sorry officer.Officer: OK, I need to see your driver’s license.Driver: Here’s my driver’s license.-Why has he been stopped?–He was driving too fast.He has given his driver’s license to the police officer.Officer: Your license has expired. Are you aware of that?Driver: No sir, that’s a surprise. I didn’t know.Officer: It has expired more than a year ago.-He probably knows that his license has expired, so…-he’s lying.-What has expired?–His d river’s license.Officer: Is this your car?Driver: No sir. It’s a friend’s. I’m borrowing it for a night.-Click the correct choice. –He probably isn’t telling the truth.Officer: Get out of the car, and put your hands behind your back.Driver: Why officer? What have I done?Officer: Just do as I say.Driver: OK, officer, I’m cooperating. Please don’t push me.-To cooperate means..–to do as asked.Officer: Get your hands behind your back.Driver: OK, OK.Officer: I’m not asking you, I’m ordering you.Driver: Please officer, I haven’t done anything wrong.-What is he supposed to do?–to put his hands behind his back.-To order someone to do something means…-to command them to do it.Officer: Stay still, and don’t say anything. This is a stolen car. Are you aware of that?Driver: Are you going to arrest me?Officer: What do you think? That’s what we do with car thieves.-Stay still means the same thing as…-Don’t move.-To be aware of means…-to know.Driver: If you let me go, I’ll give you a couple of thousand dollars. I haven’t hurt anybody.Officer: So now you are trying to bribe me. How stupid can you be? Driver:I just don’t want to go back to jail. Give me a break.-What is the driver trying to do?–bribe the officer.Officer: Sure, you’re a nice guy. I’d like to give you a break. But there’s nothing I can do.Driver: Please officer.Officer: OK, where’s the money? Let me see it, and I’ll think about it.-If he takes the money, what would he be taking?–a bribe.-An honest police officer will n ever…-accept a bribeLevel 4 unit 1 part4ListeningQuick Serve is a successful home repair company.It provides quick, reliable repair services to homes.It was established five years ago, and has been expanding rapidly. In the last two years, it has opened offices in three new cities. -How many offices has it opened in the past two years?–It has opened offices in 3 new cities.-What services does it provide?–It provides home repair services.-To be reliable means…-to be dependable.Because of its rapid growth, it has to hire many new employees.In the last six months, it has hired 50 new employees.The total number of employees in the company is now over 500. And the number of customers has increased to more than 5000.-How many people has the company hired in the last 6 months?–It has hired 50 new employees.-Why does it have to hire new employees?–It has been expanding rapidly.The company has also improved its business model.Instead of offering only repair services, it can now help customers to upgrade their appliances.Quick Serve does this by giving a choice.Customers can choose to repair an appliance, or upgrade it by buying a new one.If they choose to buy a new one, they will get a discounted price. So a customer can either repair a broken refrigerator for a small fee, or buy a new one.-To upgrade something means…-to add features or quality.If they buy a new one, they will get a discounted price, along with free installation.This is possible because several appliance manufacturers have agreed to give Quick Serve big discounts.Quick Serve then installs the new appliance, and removes the old one. Feedback from customers has been positive.-How have customers reacted to this service?–Their feedback has been positive.-Who have agreed to give Quick Service big discounts?–Several appliance manufacturers.A high percentage of customers have taken advantage of this new service.As a result, Quick Serve has developed a great reputation.Its dedication to high quality service has proven to be successful. Its word of mouth approach to advising has been cost effective. The appliance manufacturers have also been happy with the results. Their growing relationship with Quick Serve has helped to increase their sales.-What has proven to be successful?–Its dedication to high quality service. QuickServe’s approach to business is proving to be successful.The world’s population is growing.There are now over 7 billion people in the world.During the 20th century, the population grows from 1.65 billion to 6 billion.It’s now growing at a rate of around 1.1% per year. Thatmean it increases about 18 million per year.By 2024, the population has expected to be around 8 billion people. -How fast is the world’s population growing?–The growth rate is about 1.1% per year.-What was the population at the end of the 20th century?–around 6 billion people.The growth rate used to be higher.In the late 1960s, the rate of growth was about 2%.Since then, the growth rate has declined.It is estimated that the growth rate will be less than 1% by 2020. Bythe year 2050, the growth rate should be even less.-What has happened to the growth rate?–It has declined since the 1960s.It is estimated that the growth rate should be even less.Even with the declining growth rate, the population will continue to grow.But it will grow at a slower rate.In the past 15 years the world’s population has more than doubled.It has doubled from around 3 billion in 1960 to more than 7 billion in 2011.-What has more than doubled in the past 15 years?–the world’s population.The rate of growth varies by country.The growth rate in India is more than twice that of China.And the growth rate in Nigeria, which is in Africa, is more than twice India’s growth rat e.Russia, on the other hand, has had a negative growth rate in some years. When a country has a negative growth rate, its population is decreasing.-How do the growth rates of India and China compare?–India’s growth rate is h igherVocabularyCo-founder of Apple, this entrepreneur was a major figure in the computer industry.He was self-centered and difficult to work for, but he led the development of many great products.He died of cancer when he was just 56 years old.Jack ma is one of the richest and most famous men in China.He comes from a poor family and failed his college entrance exams twice.Despite of his many failures, he has built one of the world’s largest internet companies.David Beckham is one of the world’s richest and most famous athletes. He started playing professional football when he was just 17. Much of his success as an athletes is because he practiced harder than many other players.As a young girl in Pakistan, Malala became famous for her writings on women’s education.In 2012, she was shot in the head and nearly killed.She survived the injury and became the world’s most famous teenager.Born in 1942, Stephen Hawking is one of the world’s most famous scientists.When he was 23, he was diagnosed with ALS, a real disease of the nerves. Becauseof his disease, he is unable to walk and talk.Though he was difficult to work for, his creative genius inspired others to do great work.Despite his condition, he has made important discoveries about the creation of the universe.Shy people are usually quiet and uncomfortable around other people. They generally dislike going to social events such as parties.It’s often difficult to make friends with a shy person because they won’t open up.Outgoing people enjoy being with others, and are comfortable in social situations.They’re friendly and pleasant to be with, though sometimes they can’t be trusted.Self-centered people like to be the center of attention.They like people to look at them and pay attention to them.Self-centered people ofte n talk too much and don’t listen enough. Selfish and greedy people don’t share things with others.They keep things for themselves and always want more.People who are responsible and trustworthy are important in almost any situation.They can be depended on to get things down.These people can be trusted.Outgoing people often have many friends and can be quite popular DialogueM: Hey, Steven, you know I’m your friend, right?Steven: Sure. I know that. What are you trying to say?M: I’m sorry to say this. But I think you are making a fool of yourself.Steven: how am I making a fool of myself?。

U n i t2-1l i s t e n i n g退休和投资Walter wants to retire within the next few years. He has been working at the same company for over 15 years as an accountant. During that time, he’s been saving his money and paying off that debt. However, even with his savings and investments, he isn’t sure that he will have enough money for retirement. If it doesn’t, he will have to keep on working, which depends on the company. For now, the company is ok. But it’s no longer growing as fast as it used to. Whether or not he can keep on his working will also depend on his health. Fortunately, he is in good health. But he knows that that could change in any time. If he fell down or had a stroke, it could force him to stop working. If that happened, he would have to rely on his savings and other assets to survive. Soon or later, he knows his health will decline and he will have to stop working. So he needs to prepare.Most of his wealth is in the form of company stock and the value of his home. Both of these are at risk. The company stock may go down and the value of his home may also fall. The company he works for is a pharmaceutical(制药的) company. It develops new drugs which is risky business and sells them worldwide. It’s expensive to develop new drug s and it can take a very long time to get a new drug approved. Without government approval, it can’t be sold, which can result in a huge loss. Another threat the company comes from foreign competition, which is getting stronger. The company has also started to move some of its researches and production facilities oversees. Salary level is lower there, and the quality of the foreign workers is getting better. As a result, the company has to reduce its local hiring and it’s no longer giving large bonuses.One thing he is considering, is to sell his share in the company. He could begin to sell a little at a time and reinvest the money in somewhere else. But where would he invest He doesn’t know much about investing and several of his friend have lost a lot by making a bad investment. Investing in real restate orthe stock market could be very risky. In the best case, he will make a lot of money. If that happened, he could finally retire and enjoy a comfortable life. On the other hand, in the worst case, his investments could result in a huge loss. If that happened, he wouldn’t be able to enjoy his retirement. He wouldn’t be able to travel or do any of things that he’s dreamed about doing. So now he has to decide what he should do. Should he begin to sell his stock in the company or should he wait until he actually needs the money. If he sold now, he will have to decide what to do with the money. His investment could turn out well or it could turn out to be a disaster. On the other hand, if you decide to wait, anything will depend on his company. The one advantage he has with this options is he’s being on the inside of the company. With his insider information, he can predict the company’s shot-term future. This is especially true because as an account, he has an access to the company’s financial data. If things start to go badly, he can begin to sell his stock and avoid a big loss. Otherwise, it’s probably safer to keep the stock and hope that t he company does well even if its growth rate declines. So for now, that is probably what he should do. If you were he, what would you doUnit 2-1 dialogue 非洲和巴黎旅行So, where should we go on our vacation. What about AfricaAfrica, no, that’s not for me. Why do you want to go the AfricaI’d like to get out and see the wildlife, the drama of nature! We could see some of the great migrations. Wow, you are adventurer. What about food and diseases What about terrorism.Sure something that could happen. But if we never take any risks, we won’t have an interesting life. I don’t want to have a boring life.So, you think I’m boring then, right.Well, you’re certainly not the most exciting person. What plays thing safe and secure.I don’t mind take a few risks but it’s got to be worth it. Watching animals migrate is something I could see in a documentary. And I don’t like the idea of being around predators(肉食动物), like lions and hyenas(鬣狗).Ok, my brave man. What would you like to doWell, I’ve been thinking about it. I think it’s nice to go to Paris in the fall and visit some museums. We can go to a concert and go to see a ballet.Ah, we’ve been to Paris before. That’s exciting about it and I’m tired of museums. Any other ideasOne place that might be interesting is in South America, Machu Picchu. It’s an abandoned city way up in the mountain Peru.Yes, I’ve heard of it. that might be interesting.Should we look into itSure, you look into it and I’ll get some information about trips to Africa.So your heart is ready set on Africa, isn’t itYes, it really is. I need something exciting in my life now. all I do work and be with you. I need a change. Don’t you ever feel that wayOK, I hear you. Let’s go to Africa. And don’t blame me if you get sick along the way.Great, you are not so bad after all. I can always depend on you.Be careful. Maybe one of these days I will surprise you.Unit 2-1 reading 在线相亲和运动受伤Is online dating killing loveA fair maiden is guarded by a dragon. A handsome prince must slay(杀) the dragon to save her. Then, magically, they fall in love and live happily ever after.Traditional stories tend to emphasize the fantastic, magical side of love. Fate plays matchmaker(媒人). Strangers see each other from across a room and instantly know that they are destined to be together. It isn’t difficult to imagine two strangers coming together and falling in love despite their differences. It suggests that love is challenging, uncertain and incomprehensible.But with more people using online dating services, a very different kind of love has emerged: one that is scientific, convenient, and self-directed. It minimizes risk and provides a choice, like on a menu. There is anonymity and avoidance(逃避) of immediate rejection. Meeting terms are negotiated online.Online dating also allows the setting of preconditions. Computer algorithms(程序) exclude undesirable traits(个性/特征) such as the wrong hair color, race or age. But they also exclude randomness. They reduce the chances of meeting someone different, or someone who could challenge one’s romantic ideals. Instead, they find the partner we think we want and exclude everyone else. As a result, we could be missing the opportunity of a lifetime, to meet someone we would never have expected to fall in love with.Perhaps this new way represents a more efficient form of romance. Traditional ideas of love may be enchanting(迷人的) – but are they useful Loneliness and boredom are less exciting than chance encounters, but they represent the more realistic side of love. All too often people have suffered through had dates and humiliations(羞辱).If they could just choose what they wanted. Wouldn’t it save time and reduce suffering However, by choosing partners based on our preconceived ideas, we may be indulging in our illusions. Instead of letting ourselves grow with someone, love becomes more about looking for ourselves in the other. What if we don’t know ourselves as well as we think Perhaps love isn’t about knowing what we want. Perhaps it’s about being open to unimagined possibilities.Sport injuriesSport injuries are injuries that happen to athletes participating in sporting events. In many cases, these types of injuries are due to overuse of a part o f the body. For example, runner’s knee is a painful condition associated with running, while tennis elbow is a form of repetitive stress injury at the elbow. Other types of injuries, such as a broken bone, can be caused by hard contact with something. Injuries are a common occurrence in professional sports, and most teams have a staff of trainers and close connections to the medical community. Controversy has arisen at times when teams have made decisions that could threaten a player’s long-term health for short-team gain.Sport injuries can be classified as either traumatic(外伤的) or overuse injuries. Traumatic injuries account for most injuries in contact sports such as soccer, rugby(英式橄榄球), and American football. This is of course due to the dynamic and high collision nature of these games. These injuries range from bruises and muscle strains to fractures and head injuries.A bruise is damage to small blood vessels which causes bleeding within the tissues. A muscle strain is a small tear of muscle fibers and a ligament sprain(韧带拉伤) is a small tear of ligament tissue. The body’s response to these injuries is the same in the initial five-day period immediately following the incident –inflammation(发炎). Inflammation is characterized by pain, localized swelling, heat, redness and a loss of function.Inflammation is the first phase of healing, and typically lasts for around five days. However, too much of an inflammatory response can mean that the healing process will take longer, and a return to activity is delayed. Sports injury treatments are intended to minimize the inflammatory phase of an injury so that the overall healing process is accelerated.Runner’s knee is a painful injury that’s due to overuse.Inflammation is the first phase of healing and typically lasts for around 5 days.Unit 2-2 listening 情态动词Now that you have studied in English at a hi gh lever, let’s get a better understanding of the models. By now, you should already have a good understanding of what they meant. There are the models which are used to express the degree of certainty.Will shall may canThese models are used to make predictions, judgements and speculations. They indicate how much a speaker knows about the likelihood of an event.First, the model will express certainty as in if you heat water, it will boil. Based on what is known, the speaker is certain it would happen.The model may express possibility, as in it may rain this evening, but I’m not sure. Based on what is known, the speaker asserts that event is possible rather than certain or impossible.The model can express the potentiality or ability, as in he can afford it, but he may decide not to buy. The model “shall” is a bit different from others. Tina shall be there means the speaker is determined that Tina will be there. In other words, the speaker is determined to get her to come and would try to influence events to make it happen. We would never say it shall rain. Nobody can make it rain so whether it rain or not is beyond one’s control. If some were to say that, it would seem as they were claiming the power to control or influence nature. Know that the question shall I open the door invites the person who is asked to make a decision. Whether or not the door is open depends on the person’s answer. In contrast, will I open the door ask for a prediction rather a decision.Know what these models can be weakened or removed or by some of these pass time form.Would should might couldWe would go if we had more money but we don’t. this sentence expresses the speaker’s certainty of going if they had more money, which they don’t. so the certain prediction exists but in an imaginary or unreal situation. The model might express less possibility than may so might go is less likely than may go.The models could express less potentiality than can and it’s often used in conditionals(从句). If he could come expresses less potential than if he can come. If he could come, we would all be happier expresses the feeling that in fact he can’t come.Here are the second sets of model.Must, should, had, better oughtThese models express degree of logical force or social expectations. Know that none of them has a past time or weakened form.The first one must indicates logical or social necessity. It expresses the strongest logical or social force. The model should and ought to assert that something is probably or expected but not necessary.The model had better expresses advice or ability. In other words, if someone had better do something, they should do it or there may be negative consequences. Therefore, had better has a feeling of threat, as in you had better be there. This isn’t the same as you should do it, which means you are expected to do it but without an applied threat if you don’t.One interesting rule is that no more than one model can be used with any verb. There are no exceptions to this rule. Therefore, it’s incorrect to say “he will must be there”. To avoid breaking this rule, there are other words that have the same meaning but are not models. The case of must, for example, we use have to, as in we will have to be there. Similarly, we cannot say he may can come. Instead, we say he may be able to come.One last thing to know about models. We use the same form regardless of what the subject is. If the subject is I, it, we or they, we use the same form will. We would never say “we wills be there”. But with non-model form, such as have to, we must change the form to match the subject. He has to be there and I have to be there.We shall overcome all obstacles express determination to make it happen.We don’t know for sure but there is still a possibility that they can leave on Friday.Unit 2-2 dialogue 感情和分手What’s wrong You look awful.My boyfriend and I had just had another fight. I think I’m going to break up with him.Hey, you’ve said that before. Calm down. Is that really what you want to doYeah, I think so. I don’t see any future in our relationship.Is that anyone else you’re interested inNo, but there are some guys on the internet who have sent my messages.What You’ve been online.Sure, just for fun.It’s nice to k now that I can meet people if I want to.Does your boyfriend know about itNo, if he knew, he would be furious. He can be very jealous and he has a violent temper.Anyway, what was your fight aboutIt’s just the way he talked to me. He never shows any interested in what I’m doing or in what I’m feeling. if I had a bad headache or anything he says nothing.So who started the fightHe came over and wanted to kiss me and I turned away. I told him I didn’t feel anything for him right then. So then he got angry and we both blew up. Now we are not talking to each other.Oh is that all That kind of thing is normal. Maybe you’re overreacting.No, it’s just that I’m beginning to realize that I don’t feel anything for him anymore.Our relationship is getting cold. We don’t feel appreciated.Well then maybe you should break up for a while and start seeing other men. But be careful. If I were you, I wouldn’t start seeing anyone else until I break up first.What do you think soIf he sees that you’re serious about breaking up, he may change.Maybe, but I doubt it.It could be that he feels the same way about you. Maybe he has lost interest. So it’s best to find out. You need to have a serious conversation with him.You’re right. Maybe it’s time to really find out.Unit 2-2 reading 爱情和旅游胜地马丘比丘The love labHow we communicate with our romantic partners can have a strong impact on the quality of our relationships. Psychologists John and Julie Gottman run the “Love Lab”, where thousands of couples have been studied over the last 30 years. The purpose of their research is to determine the factors that lead to happy and unhappy relationships. From their data, they have concluded that contempt(轻蔑), criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling are the most significant factors that can hurt a marriage or relationship.Among these, contempt is the biggest predictor of divorce. People who feel contempt for their partner often convey disapproval without addressing the issue. They sometimes label their partner with insulting words such as “lazy”, “stupid” or “emotional” which is particularly damaging.Many couples try to address issues by criticizing their partner’s flaws or mistakes directly. Being too direct with criticism can hurt your p artner’s self-esteem. Some people may react to criticism by stonewalling, where they refuse to acknowledge and respond to their partner for a period of time. Unfortunately, fighting back or ignoring your partner can make it difficult to determine the root of your problems. If yourpartner feels that they aren’t valued, it may lead to increased dissatisfaction with the relationship. The Gottmans maintain that being aware of these factors in communication is the first step to improving a relationship. It is i mportant to acknowledge that all relationships have issues. The goal shouldn’t be to avoid these issues, but to learn to resolve them. In particular, we should avoid communication in ways that hurt our partner’s self-esteem. It is better to discuss problems in a way that is less confrontational and can better help your partner sympathize with your perspective. For example, rather than saying why are you ignoring me. It’s rude! One could say I feel hurt and undervalued when I don’t get a response from you. By being conscious of how we communicate with our partner, we can begin to build a healthier relationship.Their research has given us insight into how to make our relationships better.The lost city of the IncasMachu Picchu is one of the world’s most im pressive historical sites. It was built around 1450 by the Incas, who ruled most of south America at that time. They called themselves children of the Sun, the powerful god they worshipped as the source of light and life. Located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, at 8000 feet above sea level, the “City of the Incas” was mysteriously abandoned just 100 years after its construction. This was when the Spanish were beginning their conquest of the Inca Empire, in the 1530’s. there is no evidence that the Spanish invaders ever attacked or even reached the mountaintop city, so many believe that the city’s inhabitants deserted(抛弃) the site because of a small pow epidemic.The city was almost forgotten until 1911 when it was discovered by an American historian, Hiram Bingham, after he heard rumors of its existence. Bingham was led to the site by local farmers and was amazed by what he saw, which seemed like an unbelievable dream. He wondered if anyone would believe what he had found.Though the surrounding jungle had overgrown the site, what remained was impressive. The city had been built on a remote and nearly inaccessible mountaintop, often shrouded in clouds. Forty rows of farming terraces(梯田) hued the steep mountainside, each over 10 feet high and liked together by over 3000 stone steps. Among the city were what appeared to be neighborhoods of homes and exquisite(精致的) stone buildings that are thought to be temples. Even today, the mystery remains as to the purpose of these temples, how the city was used and what its citizens did.Despite its remote location, Machu Picchu has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Every year, thousands of people travel to Peru to admire its magnificent stonework and breathtaking design. What they see is a wonderful harmony between the city and the landscape around it that is captivating.Unit 2-3 listening 凯撒和肯尼迪之死In this course we have tried to prepare you to understand and discuss important topics that are often in the news. Sometimes the news is good news, but all too often we learn of problems and crises. Once in a while, an event is extraordinary and will change the word. In this lesson, we focus on 2 events that changed history forever.One of the most famous assassinations in history was the assassination of Julius Caesar. At the time of his death in 44 DC, he was the leader of Roman empire. His title was Dictator for life, which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived. He had gain this power through his successes as a military commander. In fact, historian considered him to be one of greatest military commanders in history. Once gaining in power and fought against the corruption and began to restructure the government. For example, he increased the number of senator and changed how they were chosen. Instead of being elected, they could be appointed, even if they are not from Rome. This action reduced the power of individual senators and shifted it to Caesar himself. In doing so, he created several of enemies, especiallythe aristocracy. However, he also had many admirers, who supported his efforts to end the corruptions. Caesar was s to death by a group of Roman senators, at March 15, 44 BC. He was scheduled to lead Rome, 3 years later, to fight in another war. He had appointed members of his enemies to rule the empire while he was away. This action angered many of Roman senators, who didn’t want to take orders from Caesar’s subordinates. He should have been aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed the security force not long before his assassination. If he hadn’t dismissed it, the assassination attempt might not have succeed. On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning notes as he entered in senate. If he did receive such a note, he didn’t read it. it seems that he was at the state of denials and refused to recognize the danger that was facing him. Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers or knives. The first blow hit Caesar in his neck and drew blood. Then and other senators joined in and stabbed him repeatedly, until he fl to the floor and died. In total, he suffered 23 knife wounds. with his death, power shifted to his adopted son Octavian, who vowed revenge against the event of assassins. Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or committed suicide. After a power struggle, Octavian strengthened his position as leader and ruled the empire for years. In the end, Caesar’s attempts to end corruption failed.Another event that shocked the world, was the assassination of the U.S president, Jack Kennedy. He was shot while riding in a motorway in a city of Dallas tax. Kennedy and his wife was sitting in an open car, waving to a large crowd of people when he was shot. They were sitting in an open car with no protect because the sky was clear. It had rained until ab out 10 am but then the sun came out. If the sky hadn’t cleared, they would have been a bubble car or clear roof, on the car. This would have prevented the assassination. Kennedy wanted it down so that he could be closer to the crow through they agree him. Another factor that contributed to his assassination was the round of motorcade through the city. Theround was published several days earlier in the local newspapers. The motorcade was passing through the downtown Dallas and round the shot corner near the building where the assassin worked.From that building, there was a clear view of president’s car. If the round had been different,the assassination probably wouldn’t have taken place. The president was struck by 2 bullets but it was the second one that probably killed him. That was the fatal shot. It opened a massive of room in this head. Sitting beside him, his wife’s last words to his husband were, Jack, Jack, can you hear me, I love you Jack. The assassin’s quick shots were incredibly accurate. If the fatal shot had been off by just a little, Kennedy might have survived. So if any of these factors had been different, history would have changed. Kennedy’s death disillusioned Americans who have been inspired by his vision for the future. With his death, a whole generation of Americans woke up to a reality where their dreams for a brighter future had been shattered.He might have been overconfident and unaware of the magnitude of the dangerous facing him.Unit 2-3 Dialogue 亲人去世I’m sorry to hear about your father. I hope he died peacefully.Emm. He knew it was coming and he had a good life. He’d been sick for about for about a year. Luckily, there wasn’t much pain.So how is your motherShe hasn’t taken it well. Even know she knew it was coming, she has a hard time without him. She just the house seemed so empty and she felt she’s useless.I can imagine. Does she have many friendsShe has a few but she has never been very social. Maybe s he’ll get out a bit more now but I don’t think that’s very likely. She’s also beginning to lose her memory.Oh, that’s too bad. My mother is losing her memory too. Sometime she doesn’t know who I am. She mixed me up with my sister.Does she live by herselfShe did until about a year ago. Then we had her come and stay with us.How is that working out.It was ok at first but now with her memory problems, it isn’t working. We are thinking about putting her into a senior living community. It was expensive but they can provide her with spon.You may have to do that too. My husband and my mother don’t get along at all. You can’t relax when she’s around. When I mentioned it to him, he said he would consider it but only if it were for a very short time.Well, I’m sorry you have to deal with it. it doesn’t seem that there are any good choices.Emm, I’m afraid that’s right. We are getting older too. This is another reminder of our mortality. You are no longer children so now it’s our turn to take care of our par ents.The way I see is a reminder for us to enjoy life while we can. If you like, I can send you information about some senior communities.Please do. We need to start to making plans.There are waiting list to get into some of senior community.Unit 2-3 Reading 凯撒和印度的老年化Should a good leader be loved or feared This question is as relevant to leaders today as it was to Julius Caesar when he took control of Rome in 44 BC. How Caesar treated his enemies is a valuable lesson on forgiveness, arrogance, and absolute power.After Caesar seized power, he had to decide how to handle those who opposed him. Roman politics had always been bloody. The previous dictator(独裁者) had murdered 5000 of his rivals and confiscated(没收) their property after coming to pow er. Caesar’s enemies expected a similar punishment.But Caesar was determined not to rule through fear. If he were to reform the government, he would need the support of the people. So he made a fateful decision: rather than punish or kill his enemies, he offered them mercy and incentives. He didn’t seize their property, and he even rewarded some of them withhigh-ranking government positions.However, not all of his enemies wanted to be forgiven. Caesar’s rivals came from the aristocracy. Many had held power in the senate for centuries. By expanding and reforming the senate, Caesar had shifted power away from the aristocracy and taken it for himself. The high-ranking positions he had given as rewards had no real authority. For the aristocracy, to live without power was not forgiveness, but humiliation.Caesar should have known that many senators hated him, but his arrogance seems to have blinded him. After he made himself dictator for life, he proclaimed(正式宣布) himself a god and consolidated more power. These actions infuriated(激怒) his enemies and even his allies. However, he still considered many senators to be his loyal friends. He even dismissed his personal security force. Ironically, when he was assassinated, it was his good friend, Brutus, who led the plot.Perhaps it is better for a leader to be feared. If Caesar hadn’t let his rivals live, he might not have been murdered. But was forgiveness the problem Caesar’s reforms took power from the aristocracy, and his arrogance angered both friends and enem ies. Perhaps if he hadn’t been so arrogant, or acted like a god, he would have survived.Lack of adequate care for senior citizens is a real issue in India that cuts across economic and social strata(各阶层). Many of us have personally lived through and experienced it with our parents and elders.。

Level 4 unit 1 part1ListeningChristina is on a two week vocation.This is the first vocation she has had for a long time.The last vocation she took was more than two years ago.Now she is visiting a friend in San Francisco.Her friend and her husband are living near the center of the city.He works for a start-up company in Silicon Valley.While he is working, she works part-time at a department store.-How long has it been since her last vocation–It’s been more than 2 years.-What kind of company do es her friend’s husband work for–A start-up company.Christina hasn’t seen her friend for a longtime.The last time they saw each other was three years ago.At that time, they were both working at a department store.Then Christina quitted her job and started her own business.She designs women’s clothing.She has two employees now and her company is slowly growing.-How long has it been since Christina last saw her friend –It has been 3 years.-Where were Christina and her friend working before she started her own business–They were working at a department store.-How long has it been since Christina started her own business–It’s been 3 years.Christina has come to San Francisco by herself.Her husband didn’t come, because he has to work.He tried to start a company two years ago, but it didn’t work out.His company failed after only a few months.So now he is working at another company and saving money.Once he saves enough money, he plans to start another company.He doesn’t want to give up.-Why hasn’t Christina’s husband come with her–He has to work.-Why is Christina’s husband saving money–He wants to start a new company.This is the second time Christina has been to San Francisco.The first time was when she was a high school student.That was more than ten years ago.During that trip, she was only in San Francisco for a few days.After that, she went to Los Angeles and New York.This time she and her friend plan to relax and have fun.-How many times has Christina been to San Francisco–She has been to San Francisco twice.-How long did she stay in San Francisco on her first trip–A few days.Christina arrived two days ago, the day before yesterday.Her friend met her at the airport, and drove her to her apartment.Her apartment is just north of the airport, about 20 minutes from San Francisco.It’s a small apartment, but it’s on a hill, and it has a great view. Yesterday they went downtown, and rode the cable cars.Christina was surprised by how steep the hills are.Then they walked along the ocean, and ate lunch at a sea food restaurant. Fromthe restaurant, they could see the Golden Gate Bridge.-How long has she been here–For two days.Tomorrow they are planning to drive to Yosemite National Park.By car, it’s about four hours aw ay.Christina has never been there before, so she is excited.She has heard that the park is very beautiful.Her friend has been to Yosemite several times.She says that it’s one of the most beautiful places in the world. Christina just hopes that her friend is a good driver.-How many times has she been to the Yosemite–Never.VocabularyHeadaches can be very painful, and can last for a long time.If you have a headache, your head hurts.A sprained ankle can be so painful that you can’t walk.Someone with a sprained ankle may need to use crutches to walk.If you have a sore throat, it may be painful to swallow.A sore throat can be caused by viruses or bacteria.A burn is an injury to the skin caused by fire or heat.If you get to close to a fire, you will be burned.An earache is a sharp, dull or burning pain in the ear.Common causes of an earache include an infection, a changing air pressure, or water in the ear.Mountains are land forms higher than 2000 feet or about 600 meters above sea level.Hills are like mountains but not as tall.Mountains are formed by forces deep within the Earth, and are made of different types of rocks.Rivers are streams of water that usually begin in mountains and flow into the sea.Many early cities were built alongside rivers.Most of the world’s water is in the oceans, which are large bodies of salt water.The oceans are also an important source of oxygen.Deserts are areas of land that receive little or no rainfall.The amount of rainfall in some deserts is so low that only a few plants can survive.A valley is a low relatively flat area between hills or mountains, oftenwith a river running through it. Somevalleys are formed by flowing water, and others are formed by glaciers. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean, covering more area than all the continents put together.Desert temperatures can range from cold at night to very hot during the daytime, often above 120 degrees FDialogueM: Have you eaten yetW: No, I haven’t, and I’m hungry.M: Me too. L et’s go out for dinner.W: Where toM: What about Joe’s ItalianW: How many times have you eaten thereM: I eat there a lot. It’s one of my favorite places.-Why is she hungry–She hasn’t eaten yet.W: I went there two weeks ago, and the service was terrible.M:Really Then let’s go someplace else.-Why doesn’t she want to go to Joe’s Italian–She went there two weeks ago and the service was terrible.M: What do you suggestW: How about the Royal Ind ian It’s not far from here.M: I’ve never heard of it. Is it goodW: Yes, I’ve been there several times, and I’ve never been disappointed. -What’s one reason she suggests Royal Indian–It’s not far away.-Has she been to the Royal Indian before–Yes, she has.M: OK, let’s try it. I haven’t eaten Indian food for a long time.W: You won’t be disappointed, and the prices are reasonable.M: Ah, so you mean I’m going to pay.W: Well, that would certainly be nice.-How expensive is the restaurant–It’s reasona bly priced.M: What about reservationsW: If we get there early enough, we won’t need them.M: I hope you are right.W: Don’t worry, if we have to wait, I’ll pay the bill.-What would happen if they don’t get there early enough–They may have to wait.When she went there two weeks ago, the service was awful.She has been there several times.Level 4 unit 1 part2ListeningToday Christina and her friend are enjoying themselves.This morning they got up very early and drove out of San Francisco. They crossed the Bay Bridge before the early morning commute and drove south.Because it was so early, there were almost no cars.-How heavy was the traffic–There were almost no cars.After driving for an hour and a half, they stopped and had breakfast. They ordered pancakes and coffee.They also had some fresh fruit.When they finished eating, it was seven o’clock.Then they got back into the car, and drove south.Christina wanted to listen to music, so they turned on the radio.An hour later, they stopped for gas.They noticed that there was also a charging station for electric cars. -How did they order for breakfast–They ordered pancakes and coffee.-What did they do after they finished eating–They got back into the car and drove south.It’s now 1:15 (one fifteen), and they are in Yosemite Park.They have been there for two hours, since 11:15(eleven fifteen).They are looking at Yosemite falls, which is the highest waterfall in the park.The water drops a total of 740 meters from the top of the upper fall to the base of the lower fall.-When did they arrive at the park–They got there at 11:15.In another fifteen minutes, they planned to eat lunch at a magnificent old hotel in the park.It was built in 1927 and has a great view.They wanted to stay there but they couldn’t get reservations.To get a room at that hotel, you usually need to make reservations several months in advance.-When do you need to make reservations–You need to make reservations several months in advance.-Why couldn’t they get reser vations–They didn’t reserve early enough.They planned to stay in the park until around four o’clock.By then, they will have been in the park for nearly five hours.Then they will get back into the car and drive back to San Francisco. They plan to eat dinner somewhere along the way.If the traffic isn’t too bad, they should be back in San Francisco by ten o’clock.-When do they expect to be back in San Francisco–They expect to be back by 10 o’clock.-How long would they have been in the park if they leave as scheduled –For nearly 5 hours.Early tomorrow morning, they are going to cross the Golden Gate Bridge and go north along the coast.From some places you can look out on the ocean and see whales and other sea life.Christina has never seen a whale before, so she is looking forward to it.And tomorrow night they have something special planned.They are going to watch a baseball game.Christina has never seen a baseball game, but she has heard that it is very popular in the US. Andthe San Francisco baseball team is one of the best.-What does she hope to see from the coast–She hopes to see whales.-What are they going to do tomorrow morning–They are going to cross the Golden Gate Bridge.VocabularyA force is a push or a pull on an object.A force changes the motion of a moving object.A force can be strong or weak and it always has a direction.The Earth is a planet that goes around the sun in a circular orbit.The speed of its motion doesn’t change, but the direction of its motion does.The Earth has a layer of gas above its surface which helps to support life. Atoms are the building blocks of matter.At the center of an atom is its nucleus which has a positive electric charge. Outside the nucleus are electrons which have a negative charge. Asteroids and comets are objects that obey our sun, but are smaller than planets.Asteroids that pass close to the Earth are called near-earth objects. The layer of gases just above the Earth’s surface is our atmosphere. The atmosphere is made of gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. Withoutan atmosphere there would be no life on Earth.If they collide with Earth they could cause an extinction event.A force can increase or decrease the speed of an object, and it can change the direction of motion. Theelectric force between the nucleus and the electrons holds the atom together.The two lines on the left intersect each other at a right angle which is90 degrees.The two lines on the right are parallel which means they never cross. The adjacent sides of a rectangle are perpendicular which means they meet a 90-degree angle.The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal and parallel which means they never cross.The area of a rectangle is the length times the width.A circle is a two dimensional figure with a radius and a circumference which is the distance around the circle. Thearea of a circle is Pi R squared, where R is the radius and Pi is the ratio of the circle circumference to its diameter.A sphere is a three dimensional figure with a radius and a volume which is four thirds Pi R cubed.All points on the surface of a sphere are equidistant from its center.A right triangle is a two dimensional figure with three side, two of which are perpendicular.To find its area, multiply the length of the two perpendicular sides a and b and divide by 2, A equals 1 half ab.A rectangle is a 2 dimensional figure with 4 sides.DialogueM: Have you finished eating yetW: No, I haven’t. Why are you in such a hurryM: I’m sorry, but you are such a slow eater.W: A slow eater Well, I try to enjoy my food. You just eat and swallow.I don’t see how you can even taste it.M: OK, I’m sorry. Do you mind if I get another glass of wineW: No, go ahead. I don’t want you to sit there putting pressure on me.I thought we were going to have a relaxing evening.-What does she allow him to do–She allows him to get another glass of wine.A relaxing evening is the opposite of a high-pressure evening.M: Yes, you are right. I’d like to relax, but I have a lot on my mind.W: Work relatedM: Yes, it is. I’ve been getting some strange emails from my boss. He wants me to cut down on my expenses.Maybe he wants to fire me.His boss wants him to spend less.-What is he afraid of–He may lose his job.W: Is business badM: Yes, it is. But I don’t want to talk about it.W: OK, but I’m a good listener. You can tell me if you’d like to.-What doesn’t he want to talk about–He doesn’t want to talk about his business.M: Thanks. Maybe some other time.I’ll try to stop thinking about it until when it’s tomorrow.W: Good idea. You need to take a break from work.Your healthy is important, and so am I.M:Yes, you are. I don’t know what I would do without you.To deal with something means to do something about it.Level 4 unit 1 part3ListeningHarry is an American businessman.His job requires him to do a lot of travelling.He takes nine or ten trips a year.In the past six months, he has made five trips.Three were to Asia, and two were to Europe.The purpose of his trips is to attend meetings and make presentations. -What does his job require him to do–Travel a lot.-What is the purpose of his trips–Attend meetings and make presentations.His job requires him to attend meetings in many countries.Harry loves to travel and he’s travelled to many countries.Most of his trips are for one or two weeks.His first international trip was 15 years ago when he was 20 years old. He really wanted to see Asia, so he and his friend flew to Tokyo, Japan. -How long are most of his trips–for one or two weeks.From Tokyo, they travelled around Japan for 2 weeks.The people they met were very nice, but most of them didn’t speak English. Harry tried to speak a little Japanese, but it was difficult.He didn’t do very well.When he spoke to people, most of them just looked at him.They didn’t understand what he was trying to say.-What language did he try to use when he was in Japan–He tried to speak Japanese.He has made 5 trips in the last 6 months.From Japan, they went to Korea for a week, and then they went to China. In China, they visited the Great Wall near Beijing.They stayed in Beijing for a few days, and then boarded a train for Shanghai. It was an overnight train, with sleeping cars.-What kind of train did they take to Shanghai–It was an overnight train.-How long did they stay in Beijing–for a few days.During the journey, they enjoyed looking out the window at the countryside. The view from the train was wonderful.Harry will never forget watching the sun go down in the evening.It was a beautiful sunset.-What did they enjoy doing during the journey–looking out the window at the countryside.-What won’t Harry ever forget–Watching the beautiful sunset.The journey to Shanghai took many hours, but it was an unforgettable experience.On the train, they met a Chinese professor who spoke English. He was a middle-aged man, whose hair was turning grey.He told them about how things were changing in China.It was wonderful to watch him as he was speaking.His eyes were full of energy and excitement.-Who did they meet on the train–a Chinese professor.-What did the professor talk about–He talked about the many changes China was experiencing. They only stayed in Shanghai a couple of days.Then they returned to the US and went back to school.They had one more year to finish their studies.-Why did they return to the US–They went back to finish their studies.Harry’s next few trips were to different part of the world. He went to Europe twice, each time to different countries. On one trip, he travelled through the UK and France.On the next trip, he went to Italy and Greece.-How many times did he go to Europe–He went to Europe twice.After Europe, he travelled to Mexico and South America.In South America he went to Argentina and Brazil.He enjoyed watching some great soccer matches.-What countries did he visit in South America–Both Argentina and Brazil.Then he decided to go back to Asia.But this time he went to Southeast Asia.He visited Vietnam, Thailand and Singapore.Each country had a charm of its own.-Where did he go after he went to South America–He went to Southeast Asia.-How many countries did he visit in Southeast Asia–He visited 3 different countries.After all these travel Harry decided to make travel part of his career. He didn’t want to work only in the US.He didn’t want to work only with Americans.He wanted to experience other countries and other cultures. Hisdream was to work for an international company.-Why did he decide to work for an international company–he wanted to experience other countries and other cultures.-What was his dream–working for an international company.5 years ago, his dream came true.Now he is working for a German high-tech company.As part of his job, he has to travel a lot.As a result, he has been to many cities and countries.And he has met many interesting people.-What has happened as a result to his job–He has been to many countries and met many interesting people.-What kind of company is he working for–A German hi-tech companyVocabularyA dental cavity is a hole in a tooth.A cavity is caused by bacteria in the mouth.Brushing your teeth frequently and regularly can help prevent cavities.A crack tooth can be caused by biting down on something hard.Dentists treat a crack tooth by covering it with a crown.A dental X-Ray is a picture of your teeth and gums.An X-Ray shows what can’t be seen on the surface of the teeth and gums. Braces are used by dentists to strengthen teeth over a period of years. Through braces are usually for children, they can also be used for adults with crooked teeth.To exact a tooth means to remove it from the mouth.Dentists have to pull hard to exact a tooth.Braces are used on people with crooked teeth or after an injury.Biting down on something hard can be very painful.Dentist often inject something into the gum to block the pain during the extraction process.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a system of arteries and veins.It’s located in the chest, between the lungs, and beats about once per second.The kidneys remove waste and toxins from the blood.They are bean-shaped organs, and are about 10 centimeters long and 6 centimeters wide.The lungs exchange oxygen from the air, with carbon dioxide from the blood. They expand when inhaling air, and contract when exhaling air.The stomach is blow the heart, and is part of the digestive system.It uses acids to digest food before passing it to the small intestine. The bladder is a balloon-shaped organ that collects urine from the kidneys. In an adult, the bladder can hold about half liter of urine.DialogueOfficer: Good evening, sir. You were driving too fast.Driver: really Was IOfficer: Yes, you were going well above the speed limit.Driver: I’m sorry officer.Officer: OK, I need to see your driver’s license.Driver: Here’s my driver’s license.-Why has he been stopped–He was driving too fast.He has given his driver’s license to the police officer.Officer: Your license has expired. Are you aware of thatDriver: No sir, that’s a surprise. I didn’t know.Officer: It has expired more than a year ago.-He probably knows that his license has expired, so…-he’s lying.-What has expired–His driver’s license.Officer: Is this your carDriver: No sir. It’s a friend’s. I’m borrowing it for a night.-Click the correct choice. –He probably isn’t telling the truth. Officer: Get out of the car, and put your hands behind your back. Driver: Why officer What have I doneOfficer: Just do as I say.Driver: OK, officer, I’m cooperating. Please don’t push me.-To cooperate means..–to do as asked.Officer: Get your hands behind your back.Driver: OK, OK.Officer: I’m not asking you, I’m ordering you.Driver: Please officer, I haven’t done anything wrong.-What is he supposed to do–to put his hands behind his back.-To order someone to do something means…-to command them to do it.Officer: Stay still, and don’t say anything. This is a stolen car. Are you aware of thatDriver: Are you going to arrest meOfficer: What do you think T hat’s what we do with car thieves.-Stay still means the same thing as…-Don’t move.-To be aware of means…-to know.Driver: If you let me go, I’ll give you a couple of thousand dollars. I haven’t hurt anybody.Officer: So now you are trying to bribe me. How stupid can you be Driver:I just don’t want to go back to jail. Give me a break.-What is the driver trying to do–bribe the officer.Officer: Sure, you’re a nice guy. I’d like to give you a break. But there’s nothing I can do.Driver: Please officer.Officer: OK, where’s the money Let me see it, and I’ll think about it. -If he takes the money, what would he be taking–a bribe.-An honest police officer will never…-accept a bribeLevel 4 unit 1 part4ListeningQuick Serve is a successful home repair company.It provides quick, reliable repair services to homes.It was established five years ago, and has been expanding rapidly.In the last two years, it has opened offices in three new cities.-How many offices has it opened in the past two years–It has opened offices in 3 new cities.-What services does it provide–It provides home repair services.-To be reliable means…-to be dependable.Because of its rapid growth, it has to hire many new employees.In the last six months, it has hired 50 new employees.The total number of employees in the company is now over 500. Andthe number of customers has increased to more than 5000.-How many people has the company hired in the last 6 months–It has hired 50 new employees.-Why does it have to hire new employees–It has been expanding rapidly.The company has also improved its business model.Instead of offering only repair services, it can now help customers to upgrade their appliances.Quick Serve does this by giving a choice.Customers can choose to repair an appliance, or upgrade it by buying a new one.If they choose to buy a new one, they will get a discounted price.So a customer can either repair a broken refrigerator for a small fee, or buy a new one.-To upgrade something means…-to add features or quality.If they buy a new one, they will get a discounted price, along with free installation.This is possible because several appliance manufacturers have agreed to give Quick Serve big discounts.Quick Serve then installs the new appliance, and removes the old one. Feedback from customers has been positive.-How have customers reacted to this service–Their feedback has been positive.-Who have agreed to give Quick Service big discounts–Several appliance manufacturers.A high percentage of customers have taken advantage of this new service. As a result, Quick Serve has developed a great reputation.Its dedication to high quality service has proven to be successful.Its word of mouth approach to advising has been cost effective.The appliance manufacturers have also been happy with the results.Their growing relationship with Quick Serve has helped to increase their sales.-What has proven to be successful–Its dedication to high quality service. QuickServe’s approach to business is proving to be successful.The world’s population is growing.There are now over 7 billion people in the world.During the 20th century, the population grows from billion to 6 billion. It’s now growing at a rate of around % per year. Thatmean it increases about 18 million per year.By 2024, the population has expected to be around 8 billion people.-How fast is the world’s population growing–The growth rate is about % per year.-What was the population at the end of the 20th century–around 6 billion people.The growth rate used to be higher.In the late 1960s, the rate of growth was about 2%.Since then, the growth rate has declined.It is estimated that the growth rate will be less than 1% by 2020. By the year 2050, the growth rate should be even less.-What has happened to the growth rate–It has declined since the 1960s.It is estimated that the growth rate should be even less.Even with the declining growth rate, the population will continue to grow. But it will grow at a slower rate.In the past 15 years the world’s population has more than doubled.It has doubled from around 3 billion in 1960 to more than 7 billion in 2011. -What has more than doubled in the past 15 years–the world’s population.The rate of growth varies by country.The growth rate in India is more than twice that of China.And the growth rate in Nigeria, which is in Africa, is more than twice India’s growth rate.Russia, on the other hand, has had a negative growth rate in some years. When a country has a negative growth rate, its population is decreasing. -How do the growth rates of India and China compare–India’s growth rate is h igherVocabularyCo-founder of Apple, this entrepreneur was a major figure in the computer industry.He was self-centered and difficult to work for, but he led the developmentof many great products.He died of cancer when he was just 56 years old.Jack ma is one of the richest and most famous men in China.He comes from a poor family and failed his college entrance exams twice. Despite of h is many failures, he has built one of the world’s largest internet companies.David Beckham is one of the world’s richest and most famous athletes. He started playing professional football when he was just 17.Much of his success as an athletes is because he practiced harder than many other players.As a young girl in Pakistan, Malala became famous for her writings on women’s education.In 2012, she was shot in the head and nearly killed.She survived the injury and became the world’s most famous teenager. Born in 1942, Stephen Hawking is one of the world’s most famous scientists. When he was 23, he was diagnosed with ALS, a real disease of the nerves. Becauseof his disease, he is unable to walk and talk.Though he was difficult to work for, his creative genius inspired others to do great work.Despite his condition, he has made important discoveries about the creation of the universe.Shy people are usually quiet and uncomfortable around other people. They generally dislike going to social events such as parties.It’s often difficult to make friends with a shy person because they won’t open up.Outgoing people enjoy being with others, and are comfortable in social situations.They’re friendly and pleasant to be with, though sometimes they can’t be trusted.Self-centered people like to be the center of attention.They like people to look at them and pay attention to them.Self-centered people often talk too much and don’t listen enough. Selfish and greedy people don’t share things with others.They keep things for themselves and always want more.People who are responsible and trustworthy are important in almost any situation.They can be depended on to get things down.These people can be trusted.Outgoing people often have many friends and can be quite popular DialogueM: Hey, Steven, you know I’m your friend, rightSteven: Sure. I know that. What are you trying to sayM: I’m sorry to say this. But I think you are making a fool of yourself. Steven: how am I making a fool of myselfM: Your girlfriend is taking advantage of you.Steven: Taking advantage of meM: Yes, I think so. She’s just using you.-To use someone means…-to take advantage of them.Steven: So, maybe she is. But I don’t mind. Even if she is using me, it’s OK. I’m using her too.M: What do you mean Are you joining in love with herSteven: Yes, I’m in love with her, but that doesn’t mean I’m not using her too.-Steven doesn’t mind if his girlfriend…-is using him.-How does Steven feel about his girlfriend–He’s in love with her.M: I don’t und erstand. What do you meanSteven: Maybe I’m using her because I enjoy being in love. I can’t imagine life without her. Even if she hurts mesometimes, I love her.-What can’t he imagine。