广州医科大学病理生理学2015年考博真题试卷
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2001年广东广州医科大学病理生理学专业考研真题
一、名词解释〔共20分〕
1、呼吸衰竭
2、缺血再灌注损伤
3、血液性缺氧
4、内生致热源
5、脑水肿
6、休克微循环淤滞期
7、非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭
8、假性神经递质
9、热限
10、去极化阻滞
二、简答题:〔共5题,共30分〕
1、简述缺血再灌注时氧自由基生成增多的机制。
2、慢性肾功能衰竭患者在纠正酸中毒后为什么会发生手足抽搐?
3、引起乏氧性缺氧的原因有哪些?
4、高渗性脱水有哪些特点?
5、简述ARDS病人呼吸衰竭的主要机制。
6、多系统器官衰竭患者肠道细菌和内毒素进入体循环的条件是什么?
三、问答题:〔共50分〕
1、感染性休克怎样产生TNF?在休克中起什么作用?
2、代谢性酸中毒对机体有何影响?
3、表达缺氧时肺血管收缩的机制。
4、何谓矫枉失衡学说?请举例说明。
5、为什么肥大的心肌最终会发生心力衰竭?。
2002年广东广州医科大学病理生理学专业考研真题A卷
一、名词解释(每题分,共20分)
1.ischemia-reperfusion injury
2.high output heartfailure
3.apoptosis body
4.呼吸衰竭
5.微血管病性溶血性贫血
6.反常酸性尿
7.代偿性抗炎反应综合征
8.因果交替
9.肝性功能性肾衰竭
10.低张性缺氧
二、简答题(每题5分,共30分)
1.简述致热信号传入中枢的途径。
2.简述应激性溃疡的发生机制。
3.严重休克为什么导致休克肺?
4.简述生长因子导致细胞增殖的信号转导过程。
5.血浆氨基酸失衡为什么能引起脑病?
6.早期慢性肾衰与晚期慢性肾衰的酸中毒有何不同?
三、论述题(每题10分,共50分)
1.凝血酶如何激活血小板?后者在DIC的发生中如何起作用?
2.低张性缺氧血液系统有什么变化?其机制如何?
3.请分析严重腹泻的患者内环境紊乱的状况。
4.肺通气障碍有哪些类型和原因?治疗时如何给氧,为什么?
5.请叙述心力衰竭时肌浆网处理Ca2+功能障碍及其具体环节。
病理生理学考博资料名词解释:病理生理学(Pathologic Physiology或Pathophysiology),是基础医学理论学科之一,它同时还肩负着基础医学课程到临床课程之间的桥梁作用。
它的任务是研究疾病发生的原因和条件,研究整个疾病过程中的患病机体的机能、代谢的动态变化及其发生机理,从而揭示疾病发生、发展和转归的规律,阐明疾病的本质,为疾病的防治提供理论基础。
1、水肿(edema):体液在组织间隙或体腔积聚过多,称为水肿2、代谢性碱中毒(metabolic alkalosis):由于血浆中NaHCO3原发性增加,继而引起H2CO3含量改变,使NaHCO3/H2CO3>20/1,血浆pH升高的病理改变。
3、代谢性酸中毒(metabolic acidosis):由于血浆中NaHCO3原发性减少,继而引起H2CO3含量改变,使NaHCO3/ H2CO3<20/1,血浆PH值下降的病理过程。
4、呼吸性碱中毒(respiratory alkalosis):由于血浆中H2CO3原发性减少,使血浆NaHCO3/H2CO3增加,血浆pH 值升高的病理过程。
5、呼吸性酸中毒(respiratory acidosis):由于血浆中H2CO3原发性增加,使NaHCO3/H2降低,血浆pH值下降的病理过程。
6、缺氧(hypoxia):是指因组织的氧气供应不足或用氧障碍,而导致组织的代谢、功能和形态结构发生异常变化的病理过程。
缺氧是临床各种疾病中极常见的一类病理过程,脑、心脏等生命重要器官缺氧也是导致机体死亡的重要原因。
而且,由于动脉血氧含量明显降低导致组织供氧不足,又称为低氧血症(hypoxemia )。
7、发热(fever):由于致热原的作用,使体温调节中枢的调定点上移,而引起的调节性体温升高称为发热。
8、应激(stress):机体在受到各种因素刺激时,所出现的非特异性全身反应称为应激。
9、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC):在某些致病因素作用下,使体内凝血系统激活,从而引起微血管内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集,形成弥散性微血栓,并继而引起凝血因子损耗、纤溶系统激活和多发性微血栓栓塞的综合病症。
2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分:206.00,做题时间:90分钟)1.Section A(分数:10.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ (分数:10.00)A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.(分数:10.00)A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.(分数:10.00)A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B(分数:10.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ (分数:10.00)A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.(分数:10.00)A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.(分数:10.00)A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.(分数:2.00)A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.(分数:2.00)A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.(分数:2.00)A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.(分数:2.00)A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.(分数:2.00)A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. (分数:2.00)A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.(分数:2.00)A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.(分数:2.00)A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.(分数:2.00)A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.(分数:2.00)parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B(分数:2.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.(分数:2.00)A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. (分数:2.00)A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .(分数:2.00)A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.(分数:2.00)A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.(分数:2.00)A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.(分数:2.00)A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.(分数:2.00)A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.(分数:2.00)B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.(分数:2.00)A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.(分数:2.00)A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数:1,分数:20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.(分数:20.00)(1).【C1】(分数:2.00)A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】(分数:2.00)A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】(分数:2.00)A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】(分数:2.00)A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】(分数:2.00)A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】(分数:2.00)A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】(分数:2.00)A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】(分数:2.00)A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】(分数:2.00)A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】(分数:2.00)A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数:6,分数:60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.(分数:10.00)(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(分数:2.00)petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.(分数:2.00)A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.(分数:2.00)A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.(分数:2.00)A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.(分数:2.00)A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.(分数:10.00)(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.(分数:2.00)A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?(分数:2.00)A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.(分数:2.00)A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?(分数:2.00)A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.(分数:2.00)A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.(分数:10.00)(1).What is the main idea of this passage?(分数:2.00)A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.(分数:2.00)A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?(分数:2.00)A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?(分数:2.00)A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?(分数:2.00)A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.(分数:10.00)(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.(分数:2.00)A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?(分数:2.00)A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.(分数:2.00)A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?(分数:2.00)A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.(分数:2.00)A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.(分数:10.00)(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.(分数:2.00)A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?(分数:2.00)A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.(分数:2.00)A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.(分数:2.00)。
2003年广东广州医科大学病理生理学考研真题A卷一、名词解释:(共30分)
1.Brain death
2.Cellular signal transduction
3.Vasogenics hock
4.全身适应综合征
5.微血管病性溶血性贫血
6.低渗性脱水
7.发热
8.显性水肿
9.多器官衰竭
10.病因
二、简答题(共45分)
1.为什么把p53称为“分子警察”?
2.请简述休克期微血管变化的机制。
3.请简述氧自由基的损伤作用。
4.假性神经介质是如何产生的?
5.请简述内皮素导致血管平滑肌收缩的信号转导过程。
6.急性呼吸性酸中毒时,机体如何代偿?
三、论述题(共75分)
1.呕吐为什么能导致低钾血症?
2.低张性缺氧和等张性缺氧对呼吸的影响有何异同?为什么?
3.急性肾衰时为什么发生肾缺血?
4.晚期支气管哮喘患者用力呼气会出现什么后果?请分析这些患者发生呼吸衰竭的机制。
5.ATP产生减少为什么能使心肌收缩性下降?。
病理生理学历年真题(总15页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--临床法医预防等专业(五年制)12级英汉互译(*10)病理生理学亚健康受体意识肝功能不全cognitionPTSD的全称apoptosisstressorfalse neurotransmitter名词解释(4*5)功能性分流去极化阻滞缺氧反常性酸性尿等渗尿简答1、何种脱水易导致休克原因2、休克二期变化、机制3、高血压引起心肌收缩力降低的机制4、家兔肌注氯化汞引起急性肾功能不全的机制5、列举四种出现AG增高型代谢性酸中毒的疾病(或病理过程),并阐述AG增高型代酸机制11级英汉互译(10*)代谢性酸中毒水肿功能性分流尿毒症凋亡renal osteodystrophymyocardial hypertrophyHypotonic dehydrationOrthopneahemic hypoxia名词解释(5*4)应激缺血再灌注损伤反常性酸性尿弥散性血管内凝血发热简答题(28)1.休克代偿期微循环的特点和代偿机制。
2.急性肾衰竭少尿的机制。
3.酸中毒引起心肌兴奋收缩耦联障碍的机制。
4.肺气肿引起的是什么类型的通气障碍单纯通气障碍如果发展到呼吸衰竭,则属于什么类型的呼吸衰竭为什么论述题(1*12)1.肝性脑病与肺性脑病的异同点是什么?试从发病机制和治疗原则两方面来论述。
10级论述题:1.低钾血症与高钾血症均可引起肌肉麻痹,简述其机制的差异2.失血性休克2期的微循环变化与发生的机制3.酸中毒导致心肌收缩性下降的机制4.急性肾衰竭与慢性肾衰竭均可引起少尿,请分别叙述其机制09级名解发热应激DIC血氧容量缺血再灌注损伤简答1.酸中毒引起兴奋收缩偶联障碍的机制2.肝性脑病中血氨增加主要机制3.产生AG增高型代谢性酸中毒的机制4.休克失血性缺血期的微循环特点及代偿意义翻译题是10个英译汉,认真看书吧。
2014级临床本科《病理生理学》试卷姓名: 学号: 分数:、单项选择题:(每题1分,共30分)1. 慢性肾功能不全时,最能反映肾功能的指标是(A) 血浆尿素氮(B) 血浆尿酸氮(C) 血浆肌酐(D)高血钾程度(E)内生肌酐清除率2 •使肾动脉灌注压下降的全身血压是(A) 低于40mmHg (B) 低于50mmHg (C) 低于70mmHg(D) 低于80mmHg (E) 低于90mmHg3 •急性肾功能不全少尿期最严重的并发症是(A) 代谢性酸中毒(B)水中毒(C)氮质血症(D)高镁血症(E)高钾血症4 •肝性脑病常见的诱因是(A)胃肠内含氮物质增多(B)糖类摄入增多(C)脂肪摄入增多(D)上消化道大出血(E)肠道内细菌活动增多5 •血氨升高引起肝性脑病的主要机制是(A)影响大脑皮质的兴奋性及传导功能(B)使乙酰胆碱产生过多(C) 使脑干网状结构不能正常活动(D) 使去甲肾上腺素作用减弱(E) 干扰脑细胞的能量代谢6 •低容量性低钠血症(低渗性脱水)对机体最主要的影响是(D)反常性碱性尿 (E )中性尿8.临床上对有低容量性低钠血症的患者原则上给予 ()(A) 高渗氯化钠(B ) 10%葡萄糖液 (C )低渗氯化钠(D) 50%葡萄糖液 (巳等渗氯化钠9. 过量的胰岛素引起低血钾的机制是()(A) 醛固酮分泌过多,促进肾排钾增多 (B) 肾小管远端流速增多,使肾重吸收钾减少 (C) 细胞外钾向细胞内转移 (D) 钾摄入不足 (E) 腹泻导致失钾过多 10. 水肿时产生水钠潴留的基本机制是()(A)毛细血管有效流体静压增加 (B )有效胶体渗透压下降(C )淋巴回流障碍(D )毛细血管壁通透性升高 (E) 肾小球一肾小管失平衡11. 某患者术后禁食三天,仅从静脉输入大量的 5%的葡萄糖液维持机体需要,(A )酸中毒 (D )脑出血7.低钾血症时可出现 (B )氮质血症 (C )循环衰竭(A) 正常性酸性尿(E 神经系统功能障碍()(B) 正常性碱性尿(C) 反常性酸性尿此患者最容易发生()(A)高血钾(B)低血钾(C)高血钠(D)低血钠(E低血钙12. 缺血-再灌注损伤最常见于13•心肌顿抑的最基本特征是缺血-再灌注后()(A )心肌细胞坏死 (B )代谢延迟恢复 (C )不可逆性结构损伤 (D )收缩功能延迟恢复(E )心功能立即恢复 14•休克早期微循环的变化哪一项是错误的()(A )微动脉收缩 (B )微静脉收缩(C )后微静脉收缩(D )动静脉吻合支收缩 (E )毛细血管前括约肌收缩16•下列哪项因素参与了应激性溃疡的发病?()(A )高容量性高钠血症 (B )水中毒(C )代谢性酸中毒(D )代谢性碱中毒(E )以上都对17•血液中缓冲挥发酸最强的缓冲系统是()(A ) HCO/H 2CO( B ) Pr7HPr(C ) HPO7H 2PQ -(D ) Hb - /HHb 和 HbO/HHbQ ( E ) 有机磷酸盐18 •肾衰竭患者发生代谢性酸中毒时机体最主要的代偿方式是()(A )细胞外液缓冲(B )呼吸代偿(C )细胞内液缓冲(D )肾脏代偿(E )骨骼代偿19•受体异常参与了下列那种疾病的发生?()(A )心肌(B) 脑(C) 肾(D) 肠 (E) 肝15•有关发热的概念下列哪项正确:(A )体温超过正常值 (C )是临床常见疾病 (E) 发热和过热意思相同()(B) 由体温调节中枢调定点上移引起(A)肢端肥大症(B)重症肌无力(C)霍乱(D )巨人症 (E )假性甲状旁腺功能减退症20.某溃疡病并发幽门梗阻患者, 因反复呕吐入院,血气分析结果如下: pH7.49 , PaCO 48mmH ,HCO 36mmol/L ,该病人酸碱失衡的类型是()(A )代谢性酸中毒(B )代谢性碱中毒(C )呼吸性酸中毒(D )呼吸性碱中毒(E )混合性碱中毒21 •发生MOD 时,机体最早受累的器官是() (A )肺脏(B )肝脏(C )肾脏(D )心脏(E )脾脏 22.在DIC 的诊断中,关于D-二聚体的表述,哪一条是错误的:() DIC 诊断的重要指标D- 二聚体是纤溶酶分解纤维蛋白的产物 D- 二聚体是纤溶酶分解纤维蛋白原的产物FDP 增高,但D-二聚体并不增高 D-二聚体增高 ()凝血物质大量被消耗溶血性贫血 (E )凝血功能失常 ()(C) Fas ( D ) ICE ( E ) Bax)(D) 毛细血管前阻力增大(E) 体循环静脉淤血( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D ) 在原发性纤溶亢进时,血中 ( E ) 在继发性纤溶亢进时,血中 23. DIC 最主要的病理生理学特征是:(A )大量微血栓形成 (B ) (C )纤溶过程增加(D )24. 下列哪种基因的激活能抑制凋亡( A ) 野生型 p53( B ) Bcl-225. 心力衰竭最特征性的血流动力学变化是 (A )肺动脉循环充血(B) 动脉血压下降 (C) 心输出量降低26. 下列哪种疾病可引起左室后负荷增大()(A )甲亢 (B )严重贫血 (C )心肌炎 (D )心肌梗塞 (巳高血压病27.下列哪种疾病引起的心衰不属于低输出性心衰()(A )冠心病 (B )心肌炎(C )二尖瓣狭窄(D )甲亢 (E )主动脉瓣狭窄28.下列哪项与心衰时心肌舒张功能障碍有关()(A )肌钙蛋白与CT 结合障碍 (B )心肌细胞凋亡、坏死 (C )胞外钙内流障碍 (D )钙离子复位延缓(E ) 肌浆网CT 释放量下降29.呼吸衰竭发生肾功能不全的最重要机制是()(A )缺氧直接损伤肾脏功能 (B )反射性肾血管收缩 (C )并发心功能不全(D )并发DIC(E )并发休克30.肺源性心脏病的主要发生机制是()(A )用力呼气使胸内压升高,影响心脏舒张功能 (B )用力吸气使胸内压降低,使心脏外负压增加,影响心脏收缩功能 (C )缺氧、酸中毒导致肺小动脉收缩、名词解释:(每题4分,共20分) 1. uremia :(D )血液黏度增加 (E )肺毛细血管床大量破坏。
(完整版)《病理生理学》试题及答案病理生理学知识点第一章绪论1、病理生理学:基础医学理论学科之一,是一门研究疾病发生发展规律和机制的科学。
2、病理生理学的任务:研究疾病发生发展的原因和条件,并着重从机能和代谢变化的角度研究疾病过程中患病机体的机能、代谢的动态变化及其发生机制,从而揭示疾病发生、发展和转归的规律。
研究内容:疾病概论、基本病理过程和各系统病理生理学。
3、基本病理过程:在多种疾病中共同的、成套的代谢和形态结构的变化。
如水、电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱、缺氧、发热、炎症、DIC、休克等。
4、健康:健康不仅是没有疾病或病痛,而且是一种躯体上、精神上以及社会上的完全良好状态。
5、疾病:由致病因子作用于机体后,因机体稳态破坏而发生的机体代谢、功能、结构的损伤,以及机体的抗损伤反应与致病因子及损伤作斗争的过程。
6、分子病:由于DNA的遗传性变异引起的一类以蛋白质异常为特征的疾病。
7、衰老:是一种生命表现形式和不可避免的生物学过程。
8、病因:指引起某一疾病必不可少的,决定疾病特异性特征的因素。
诱因:指能够加强某一疾病或病理过程的病因的作用,从而促进疾病或病理过程发生的因素。
条件:能够影响疾病发生发展的体内因素。
9、疾病发生的外因:物理性因素,化学性因素,生物性因素,营养性因素,精神、心理和社会因素。
疾病发生的内因:遗传性因素,先天性因素,免疫性因素。
10、发病学:是研究疾病发生、发展及转归的普遍规律和机制的科学。
11、疾病发展的一般规律:疾病时自稳调节的紊乱;疾病过程中的病因转化;疾病时的损伤和抗损伤反应。
12、疾病转归的经过:病因侵入(潜伏期)非特异性症状(前驱期)特异性症状(临床症状明显期)疾病结束(转归期)13、死亡:按照传统概念,死亡是一个过程,包括濒死期,临床死亡期和生物学死亡期。
一般认为死亡是指机体作为一个整体的功能永久停止。
14、脑死亡:指枕骨大孔以上全脑的功能不可逆行的丧失。
15、植物状态和脑死亡的区别:植物状态:①自己不能移动;②自己不能进食;③大小便失禁;④眼不能识物;⑤对指令不能思维;⑥发音无语言意义脑死亡:①不可逆性深昏迷;②自主呼吸停止,需行人工呼吸;③瞳孔扩大、固定;④脑干神经反射消失,如瞳孔对光反射、角膜反射、咽喉反射等;⑤脑电波消失,呈平直线。
2015医学考博试题2015年中山大学肿瘤防治中心分子医学专业考博试题生物化学(一)六选五1.米氏方程式公式是什么?Km,Vmax的意义。
三种可逆性抑制剂存在情况下,Km,Vmax的变化。
2.如何进行克隆的构建以及质粒的扩增与抽提?3.衰老的细胞分子机制(至少五点并作解释)。
4.分子量20KD,PI=5.5的核蛋白的抽提。
5.蛋白质的翻译后修饰及生理作用,写出修饰的氨基酸。
6.可以进行分子标记三种酶,并比较底物和作用方式。
细胞生物学六选五1.应用抗原抗体反应的分子生物学技术(至少五种)2.比较细胞自噬,细胞凋亡,细胞坏死3.细胞骨架的组成及如何调控胞质分裂和核分裂4.细胞周期各时期的物质合成5.膜泡运输的方式及调控2015中山医肿瘤学考博真题必答题(15*4)1. 良恶性肿瘤的区别2. 肿瘤三级预防的定义和方法3. 简述第二信使4. P53基因异常表达的形式选答题(6选2 20*2)5. 肿瘤化疗用药的原则6. NHL和HL的区别(病理类型上,治疗方案上)7. 食管癌手术的注意事项8. 乳腺癌放疗原则9. 对不起忘啦10. 肿瘤干细胞的定义和特征11. 实验设计题,给出肿瘤转移可能相关基因,设计实验进行功能验证12. 细胞周期各期特点和关键check-point2015年浙大考博专业基础课--病理与病理生理学真题(回忆版)病理学部分一、名词解释(3*8):表观遗传学,细胞信号传导,DNA甲基化,凋亡,基因芯片,转录因子,异型性,癌前病变二、简答题(六选三,3*12):1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。
2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。
3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种,请你谈谈你的评价。
4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些(至少4种)及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。
5.肿瘤上皮间质转化(EMT)的概念,它与肿瘤存在哪些联系,谈谈你所了解的机制。
6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。
病理生理学部分(四选二,2*20)1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些?请举例说明其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用。
第一章绪论一、多选题A型题1.病理生理学是A.以动物疾病模型阐述人类疾病规律的学科 D.解释临床症状体征的桥梁学科B.主要从功能代角度揭示疾病本质的学科 E.多种学科综合解释疾病规律的边缘学C.从形态角度解释病理过程的学科科[答案]B[题解]病理生理学属病理学畴,主要从功能代角度揭示疾病本质的学科。
2.病理生理学主要教学任务是讲授A.疾病过程中的病理变化 D.疾病发生发展的一般规律与机制B.动物身上复制的人类疾病过程 E.疾病的症状和体征及其机理解释C.临床诊断治疗的理论基础[答案]D[题解]病理生理学研究疾病的共同规律和机制,也研究各种疾病的特殊规律和机制。
但病理生理学的教学任务是讲授疾病发生发展的一般规律(共同规律)。
3.病理生理学大量研究成果主要来自A.流行病学调查D.推理判断B.动物实验研究E.临床实验研究C.临床观察病人[答案]B[题解]病理生理学研究成果可来自动物实验、临床研究及流行病学调查等,但主要来自动物实验。
4.不同疾病过程中共同的、成套的功能、代和形态结构的病理性改变称为A.病理状态D.病理障碍B.病理过程E. 病理表现C.病理反应[答案]B[题解]病理过程指多种疾病中出现的共同的、成套的功能、代和结构变化,又称基本病理过程。
5.病理生理学的学科前身是A.器官病理学D.疾病病理学B.细胞病理学E.医学生理学C.实验病理学[答案]C[题解]19世纪法国生理学家Claud Bernard倡导以研究活体疾病为对象的实验病理学,复制动物模型是病理生理学的前身。
6.病理生理学作为一个独立的学科出现在A.19世纪前叶D.20世纪前叶B.19世纪中叶E.20世纪中叶C.19世纪后叶[答案]C[题解]1879年俄国的喀山大学最早成立病理生理学独立学科和教研室,讲授病理生理学。
7.我国病理生理学作为一门独立学科成立于A.20世纪20年代D.20世纪50年代B.20世纪30年代E.20世纪60年代C.20世纪40年代[答案]D[题解]在20世纪50年代初,我国东北有些院校最先成立病理生理学教研室,1954年卫生部聘请联专家举办讲习班,1956年全国各大医学院校均成立病理生理学教研室。