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1 ．简述各种原因使血管内皮细胞损伤引起DIC 的机制。
缺氧、酸中毒、抗原一抗体复合物、严重感染、内毒素等原因，可损伤血管内皮细胞，内皮细胞受损可产生如下作用：(1)促凝作用增强，主要是因为：①损伤的血管内皮细胞可释放TF ，启动凝血系统，促凝作用增强；②带负电荷的胶原暴露后可通过F Ⅻa 激活内源性凝血系统。
(2)血管内皮细胞的抗凝作用降低。
主要表现在：①TM ／PC 和HS ／AT Ⅲ系统功能降低；②产生的TFPI 减少。
(3) 血管内皮细胞的纤溶活性降低，表现为：血管内皮细胞产生tPA 减少，而PAI-1 产生增多。
(4) 血管内皮损伤使NO 、PGI 2 、ADP 酶等产生减少，抑制血小板粘附、聚集的功能降低，促进血小板粘附、聚集。
(5) 胶原的暴露可使F Ⅻ激活，可进一步激活激肽系统、补体系统等。
激肽和补体产物(C 3a 、C 5a ) 也可促进DIC 的发生2 ．简述严重感染导致DIC 的机制。
①内毒素及严重感染时产生的TNFα、IL-l 等细胞因子作用于内皮细胞可使TF 表达增加；而同时又可使内皮细胞上的TM、HS的表达明显减少，这样一来，血管内皮细胞表面的原抗凝状态变为促凝状态；②内毒素可损伤血管内皮细胞，暴露胶原，使血小板粘附、活化、聚集并释放ADP、TXA 2 等，进一步促进血小板的活化、聚集，促进微血栓的形成。
此外，内毒素也可通过激活PAF，促进血小板的活化、聚集；③严重感染时释放的细胞因子可激活白细胞，激活的白细胞可释放蛋白酶和活性氧等炎症介质，损伤血管内皮细胞，并使其抗凝功能降低；④产生的细胞因子可使血管内皮细胞产生tPA 减少，而PAI-1 产生增多。
使生成血栓的溶解障碍，也与微血栓的形成有关。
总之，严重感染时，由于机体凝血功能增强，抗凝及纤溶功能不足，血小板、白细胞激活等，使凝血与抗凝功能平衡紊乱，促进微血栓的形成，导致DIC的发生、发展。
4 ．简述引起APC 抵抗的原因及其机制。
2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。
1. 肿瘤相关基因种类，概念。
分别举一例说明其在肿瘤发生，发展中的作用机制2. 化学致癌物的分类，其致突变和致癌的分子机制3. 缺血 -在灌注损伤的机制4. 尿毒症的发病机制1，热休克蛋白2，全身炎症反应综合征3，左心衰各期呼吸改变4，再灌注时自由基生成机制1、检测细胞抗原的主要技术方法及原理，举例说明。
2、染色质和染色体的结构，举例说明其在疾病状态下常见异常。
3、IHC 原理，方法和常见问题，举例说明其应用。
4、microRNA 的分子学功能及调控，请举例说明其异常与疾病的关系。
5、细胞生长与死亡的主要分子路径，举例说明其研究方法。
6、举例说明分子异常与疾病的关系，举例设计研究方案。
7、8 题是实验分析题，给一组图分析结果。
1. 肿瘤相关基因种类，概念。
分别举一例说明其在肿瘤发生，发展中的作用机制2.化学致癌物的分类，其致突变和致癌的分子机制 3.缺血-在灌注损伤的机制 4.尿毒症的发病机制1、基因突变的遗传方式及与疾病的关系2、恶性肿瘤细胞膜变化的意义3、解释“瘤基因 - 抑瘤基因学说”4、巨噬细胞在动粥中的作用5、胆汁成分变化在胆石形成中的意义6、胃粘膜的保护因素机制7、血小板激活时的功能变化及机制8、靶细胞脱敏的机制， G- 蛋白与靶细胞脱敏的关系9、心肌缺血坏死的超微结构该编辑部可逆坏死的机制1、染色体畸变及发生机制2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明3、消化性溃疡的发病机制4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响5、肺动脉高压的分类6、ET、ON 的生理学作用7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制8、血浆粘度升高的原因9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系1、如何用峰流率来评价气道高反应性2、肺栓塞的病理与病理生理3、胸腔积液产生的新旧机制4、支气管哮喘的发病机制5、卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的发病机制6、结节病的发病机制7、通气机相关性肺炎的病理与病理生理1、 LDL和HDL在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用2、缺血再灌注损伤的发生机制3、心肌梗死后心室重塑的主要机制4、原发性高血压发病中的内分泌因子一、简答题：4题X 5分1. 简述GABA在肝性脑病中的作用2. 为什么部分肺泡通气 / 血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致 PaCO2 升高？3. 简述 DIC 时出血的机制4. 肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1. 一患者，血压波动于 160/100 近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15 分）2. 试述休克 I 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（ 10 分）3. 一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查： PH 7.26 ，PaCO2 65.5, HCO3 － 30,C L － 92, Na ＋145, 试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15 分）1. 请简述肾素——血管紧张素系统2. 请简述第二心音固定分裂的病理生理基础3. 请简述心室舒张充盈受阻的病理生理基础4. 请简述心源性休克的病理基础5. 请简述环形运动折返的三个条件6. 请描述心肌收缩和舒张的基本过程，并从而阐述心力衰竭发生的基本机制。
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢! 2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型ARF3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利与敝)2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解1.saline responsive alkalosis2.hypotonic hypoxia3.hypokalemia4.fever5.no reflow6.functional shunt7.hepatorenal syndrome8.CARS简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集的机制3、CDI？CDI失活与癌细胞发生的关系4、ARF时GFR下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激与心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有PaO2的降低，PaCO2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
简答：8-9分一个1.为何心脏肥大对心功能的代偿是有限的？2.为什么严重肝病易患DIC?3.血管源性休克和低血容量性休克各有哪些问答：15分一个慢性呼衰引起右心衰的机制急性低张性缺氧引起肺水肿的机制急性肾衰少尿期功能代谢变化及机制酸中毒对心血管系统的影响及机制2型呼衰的发病机制，特点和治疗原则一、名词解释（每题分，共20分）1. ischemia-reperfusion injury2. high output heart failure3. apoptosis body4. 呼吸衰竭5. 微血管病性溶血性贫血6. 反常酸性尿7. 代偿性抗炎反应综合征8. 因果交替9. 肝性功能性肾衰竭10. 低张性缺氧二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. 简述致热信号传入中枢的途径。
2. 简述应激性溃疡的发生机制。
3. 严重休克为什么导致休克肺？4. 简述生长因子导致细胞增殖的信号转导过程。
5. 血浆氨基酸失衡为什么能引起脑病？6. 早期慢性肾衰与晚期慢性肾衰的酸中毒有何不同？1.哪种类型的脱水易发生休克？为什么？2.心肌肥大有哪两种类型？各有何特点？3.严重感染时为何易发生DIC？4.心衰时因肺循环充血导致的呼吸困难的表现形式及其机制5.什么是肾性高血压？其发生的机制是什么？6.急性肾衰少尿期科发生哪一种类型酸碱平衡紊乱和钾代谢障碍7.呼吸衰竭导致右心衰的发病机制8.凝血酶如何激活血小板？后者在DIC的发生中如何起作用？9.低张性缺氧血液系统有什么变化？其机制如何？10.请分析严重腹泻的患者内环境紊乱的状况。
11.肺通气障碍有哪些类型和原因？治疗时如何给氧，为什么？12.请叙述心力衰竭时肌浆网处理Ca2+功能障碍及其具体环节。
中山大学1998年病生考博试题一、名称解释1、内毒素血症2、假神经递质3、代谢性酸中毒4、自由基二、简答1、呼吸衰竭导致的酸碱平衡失调有哪些表现2、肺源性水肿对机体的影响表现在哪些方面三、论述题1、感染性休克导致DIC机制2、试述肝肾综合征发病机制中山大学2000年病生考博试题一、名称解释1、微血管病性溶血性贫血2、呼吸衰竭3、缺血再灌注损伤二、简答1、内毒素引起DIC机制2、非菌血症性临床败血症的发病机制3、肾性骨营养不良的发生机制4、长居高原地区引起肺源性心脏病的发病机理中山大学2001年病生考博试题一、名称解释1发热2真性分流3血栓调节蛋白4心钠素二、问答1败血症引起休克机制2休克复苏以后，缺血再灌注氧自由基产生增多的原因及其损害机制3高血钾对心血管系统的影响机制4冠心病心力衰竭机制中山大学2002年病生考博试题一、名称解释1、紫绀2、凋亡3、代谢性碱中毒4、高容性高钠血症5、心衰二、问答题1、孕妇急性肝炎诱发DIC机制？20分2、急慢性代谢性酸中毒代偿机制区别？10分3、为什么说氨基酸失衡学说是假性递质学说的补充？20分4、肺心病发病机制？15分5、肺水肿引发呼吸衰竭机制？15分中山大学2003年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、呼吸衰竭2、功能性分流3、MODF二、问答题1、心急重建机制？2、糖尿病代谢失调可能引起的代谢失衡？3、氨代谢失调机制及其对大脑的影响？4、慢性心功能不全病理生理机制/中山大学2004年病生考博试题一、名词解释1 anion gap2 false neurotransmitter3 DIC tCFp44 myocardial remodeling二、问答题1、试述休克导致急性肾功能衰竭的发病机制？2、为什么说氧中毒和缺血再灌注损伤都与活性氧的毒性作用有关3、请从细胞信号转导的角度阐述高血压发病的分子机制4、试述低张性缺氧的代偿性血管反应及其代偿意义中山大学2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、肺性脑病2、非少尿型ARF3、凋亡5、过热三、问答题1、试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应（利与弊）？2、试述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制？3、为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起4、晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制中山大学2007年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、Ischemia-reperfusion injury2、Respiratory hypoxia3、Atrial natriuretic peptide ,ANP4、Cardiogenic shock二、问答题1、试述急性肺损伤与慢性阻塞性肺病发生呼吸衰竭机制的异同/2、试述肝功能不全时脑内神经递质改变的原因及其导致昏迷的可能机制？3、试述高镁血症对机体的影响4、试述MODS发生的机制中山大学2008年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、acute phase protein2、DIC3、Pulmonary encephalopathy4、Renal osteodystrophy二、问答题1、神经体液过度代偿反应引发心力衰竭的主要因素？2、举例说明多环节的信号转导异常与疾病的关系3、休克所导致的细胞损伤？4、代谢性酸中毒所致的心血管功能障碍？中山大学2010年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、凋亡2、肝性脑病3、肾性骨病4、HSP二、问答题1、自由基在再灌注中的作用机制？2、慢支与呼衰3、神经体液激活与心衰4、休克与DIC因果及其机制/中山大学2011年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、apoptosis body2、transmembance signal transduction3、myocardial depressant factor4、hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction二、论述题1、举一例说明细胞凋亡的异常与肿瘤发生的机制？2、试述高血压导致心肌肥厚的信号转导通路异常的发生机制？3、肝性脑病的发病机制？4、尿毒症毒素的来源及其对机体的毒性作用/山东大学2007年病生考博试题1、请列举基因突变的类型2、信号转导发生的机制及其环节、3、缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制4、血液型缺氧的原因及其血氧参数的变化5、发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点6、应激与心脑血管疾病的关系7、代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点8、低钠血症的病因及其发病机制9、心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制10、休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要机制和特点11、简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系12、肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及其机制解放军总医院2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1基因治疗2载脂蛋白3 RAS 4 GP2b/3a受体 5 兴奋收缩欧联二、问答1LDL和HDL在粥样硬化中的作用？2缺血再灌注损伤的发病机制？3心肌梗死后心室重塑的主要机制？4原发性高血压发病中的内分泌因子？解放军总医院2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、RV2、TLC3、PSV4、呼吸死腔5、P-V曲线6、气道峰压7、生理无效腔8、弥散功能二、问答题1、如何用峰流率评价气道高反应/2、肺栓塞的病理与病理生理？3、胸腔积液产生的新旧机制？4、支气管哮喘的发病机制？5、卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的发病机制？6、结节病的发病机制7、通气相关性肺炎的病理与病理生理南方医科大学2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、简述GABA在感性脑病中的作用？2、为什么部分肺泡通气\血流比例下降只导致低氧血症而不会导致PaCo2分压升高?3、简述DIC出血的机制？4、肾性高血压的发病机制？二、问答题1、一患者，血压波动与160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，请分析其发病机制？2、试述休克一期循环变化的特点，机制及代偿意义？3、一肺心病患者，如愿呈昏睡状态，查PH：7.26，PaCo2分压65.5，碳酸根离子30，氯离子92，钠离子145，试叙述患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱，根据是什么？试分析昏睡期机制？上海第二医科大学1999病生题一问答1、基因突变的遗传方式及与疾病的关系？2、恶性肿瘤细胞膜变化的意义？3、解释“瘤基因-抑瘤基因学说”4、巨噬细胞在动脉粥样硬化中的作用5、胆汁成分变化在胆石形成中的意义？6、胃粘膜的保护因素机制？7、血小板激活时的功能变化与机制？8、靶细胞脱敏的机制，G-蛋白与靶细胞脱敏的关系9、心肌缺血坏死的超微结构与可逆坏死的机制上海第二医科大学20000病生题一问答1、染色体畸变及发生机制？2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明？3、消化性溃疡的发病机制？4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响？5、肺动脉高压的分类6、ET,ON的生理学作用7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制？8、血浆粘度升高的原因？9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系？中国医科大学2004 年博士入学病理生理学试题内科、儿科、妇产科，部分试题如下一、选择题15 分：略二、判断：5分1.人体一次急性失血超过总血量的百分之十五以上，可引起休克2.通气/血流比值大于0.8可致静脉血搀杂3.水可在肾小管髓袢升支粗段与钠离子一起吸收入间质4.血液性缺氧时吸氧效果最好5.甲状腺素抵抗综合征是G蛋白异常性疾病6.动脉粥样硬化时血管平滑肌细胞凋亡和增殖均有增加，以增殖占主要地位7.引起DIC的原因中，血小板黏附聚集不受重视8.脂质A是外毒素致热的主要成分9.应激时胃黏膜蛋白分泌减少10.GFR 下降是ARF的最重要机制三、填空10分1.低镁时，腺苷酸环化酶活性（）CAMP（）PTH 分泌（）血钙症（）2.心室顺应性是指心室在（）变化下引起的（）改变，其倒标是（）3.病因是引起某一疾病的（）因素，它决定疾病的（）性四、概念10分1、SB2、发热3、全身适应综合征4、健康5、细胞凋亡五、简答40分1.简述ARI时肾脏细胞的损伤情况2.简述GABA在肝性脑病发病中的作用3.呼吸衰竭引起心功能衰竭的病因4.心性哮喘的发病机制5.DIC 引起出血的原因6.缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基生成增多的机制7.血栓调节蛋白的抗凝血作用8.急性期反应蛋白的生物学功能六、论述20分1.为什么说混合性拮抗反应综合征是MSOF 发生发展的基础2.试述血管内皮细胞损伤后，血小板的黏附激活过程上海交通大学2005年病理生理学考博试题名词解释：阴离子间隙；自由基问答：1.全身炎症反应综合症的发病机制2.应激时机体代谢的特点？3.代谢性酸中毒引起心肌收缩力减弱的机制？4.癌基因的活化方式及特点？5.梗阻性黄疸对机体的影响？武汉大学2004年病理生理学考博试题、简答题1 简述凋亡的基本过程2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响3 低钾血症对机体的影响4 心肌肥大的基本特点5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制6 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？二、论述题1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。
