古典文献学术语中英文对照表

Unit 1焚书坑儒 burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive牛郎织女 the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver or the Cow Herder and the Weaver Maid封建礼教 feudal ethical codes善有善报，恶有恶报Good will be rewarded with good and evil repaid with evil《山海经》 Classics of Mountians and seas精卫填海 Jingwei Determines to fill up the seaUnit 2饮食疗法 dietotherapy or food therapy色香味 color, aroma and taste美食家 gourmet南甜北咸东辣西酸Sweet in the south, salty in the north, sour in the west and spicy in the east.中国四大菜系 Grand Four Categories of Chinese Cuisine八大菜系 eight main schools of Chineses Cuisine点心 Dim Sum鉴别诊断 differential diagnosis礼仪之邦 land of ceremony and propriety良药苦口 Good medicine tastes bitter.控制阴阳失调 to conterbalance the Yin-yang disequilibriumUnit 3衣食住行 clothing, food, shelter and transportation曲裾 curving-front robe直裾 straight-front robe战国时期 Warring States Period男女授受不亲 to avoid close contact of the male and the female唐装 Tang Costume盘扣 buttonhole loop玉珮 jade ornamentUnit 4道家四象 the four Taoist quadrants风水先生 a geomancer皇陵 the imperial mausoleum宗庙或祠堂 the ancestral temple天坛 the Temple of Heaven塔 pagoda莫高窟 the Mogao Grottoes天人合一 unity of Heaven and man拙政园 Humble Administrattor's Garden卢沟桥的狮子数不清 The lions on the Lugouqiao are uncountableUnit 5世界遗产名录 List of World Heritage金丝猴 golden snub-nosed monkey人间仙境 Fairy Land on Earth五岳 Five Sacred Mountains有眼不识泰山One who fails to recognize a somebody has been compared to a person unable to see Mt.Tai.稳如泰山 as stable as Mt. Tai会当凌绝顶，一览众山小Only by ascending Mt. Tai will you find how dwarfish all mountains under heaven are.五岳归来不看山，黄山归来不看岳I find it no longer worth my while to look at a mountain after visiting the five sacred mountains. No longer do I find it worth my while to look at the sacred five after returning from Huangshan.四川大熊猫自然保护区 Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries云南三江并流 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas国家风景区 National seenic area桂林山水甲天下 The scenery in Guilin is unparalleled in the world( or topped all under heaven)阳朔山水甲桂林 The montains and waters in Yangshuo are even better than those in Guilin.Unit 6烽火台 beacon tower天下第一关 the World’s First Pass故宫 the Palace Museum（the Forbidden City）秦始皇陵 Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor《史记》 The Historical Records兵马俑 Terra cotta legions释迦牟尼 Sakyamuni（皇帝）登基 ascend the throne腐败无能的政府 corrupt and impotent government天圆地方 round Heaven and square EarthUnit 7春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival清明节 Tomb Sweeping Day or the Clear Bright Festival端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival重阳节 the Double Ninth Festival泼水节 Water Sprinkling Festival那达慕 the Nadam Fair火把节 the Torch Festival阴历 the lunar calendar公历 Gregorian calendar年糕 sticky cakes红包 lucky money in little red envelopes春联 spring couplets年画 New Year pictures舞狮 Lion Dances闰月 an intercalary month年饭 the New Year feast元宵　glutinous rice dumplings stuffed with various sweet fillings 赛龙舟 dragon boat races粽子 pyramid-shaped dumplings with glutinous rice吉祥话 auspicious messages秋分 the autumn equinox月饼 moon cake《易经》 I-Ching (the Book of Changes)登高节 Height Ascending Festival赏菊 enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum中国生肖 the Chinese zodiac五行 the Five Elements算命 fortune telling护身符 talismans相手术 palmistry相面 face reading皇道吉日之类的 almanacs红色等同于财富 Red is synonymous with wealth.火化 cremation避邪 to avoid epidemies七夕节 the Double Seventh Festival礼轻情意重 A gift may be insignificant, but it carries tremendous friendship Unit 8绢花 silk flower漆器 lacquer wares景泰蓝 cloisonné enamel青铜器 bronze wares唐三彩 the Tang tricolor ceramics盆景 bonsai司线戊方鼎 Simuwu Quadripod陶器 earthenware新石器时代 the Neolithic Age刺绣 embroidery钟鼎文 inscription甲骨文 tortoise shell script青花瓷 the blue and white porcelainUnit 9岁寒三友 three friends of winter君子四艺 the four skills of a learned scholar to pursue 挂轴 hanging scroll工笔画 gongbi or meticulous brushwork山水画 landscape painting国粹 quintessence of Chinese culture小篆 the Small Seal Script隶书 the Official Script草书 the Cursive Script行书 the Running Script楷书 the Regular Script文房四宝 four treasures of the study花鸟图 flower and bird painting出淤泥而不染 come out of the mire without being snearedUnit 10《赵氏孤儿》An Orphan of the Zhao Family《15贯》 Fifteen Strings of Coppers《空城计》The Ruse of an Empty City《白蛇传》The Story of a White Snake《贵妃醉酒》The Drunken Concubine《岳母刺字》Yuefei’s Mother Tattooing His Back《打渔杀家》Fisherman’s Revenge《二进宫》Entering the Palace for the Second Time《霸王别姬》Farewell My Concubine《群英会》Gathering of Heroes《乌盆记》The Story of the Black Basin《宝莲灯》The Lotus Lantern《智取威虎山》Takeover of Tiger Mountain四大名旦 Four Major Dan Roles梵语 SanskritUnit 11中医 TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine)望 observation闻 auscultation and olfaction问 interrogation切 pulse feeling and palpation经络 channels or meridian中草药 herbal medicine针灸 acupuncture艾灼 moxibustion拔罐 cupping推拿 massage刮痧 guasha五行相生结构：金水木火土 The Generating cycleMetal produces water, water nourishes wood, wood fuels fire, fire makes earth, earth yields metal.五行相克结构：金木土水火 The Regulating CycleMetal can cut wood, wood can contain earth, earth can absorb water, watercan extinguish fire, fire can melt metal.Unit 15九歌 Nine Songs木兰辞 the Ballad of Mulan《西厢记》 The West Chamber《诗经》 The Book of Songs《离骚》Lament of Encountering Sorrow or Sorrow after departure《孔雀东南飞》 Southeast the peacock flies《全唐诗》 The complete Anthology of the Tang Dynasty初唐四杰 the four preeminent poets of the early Tang Dynasty诗仙 the Immortal of Poems诗圣 Sage of the Poems山水田园诗人 pastoral poets边塞诗人 frontier poets熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。

中医术语的中英文参考对照治则principle of treatment 在对临床的具体立法、处方、用药等具有普遍的指导意义，因而在治疗疾病时必须遵循的基本原则。

治病求本treatment aiming at its pathogenesis 针对产生疾病的根本原因进行治疗的原则。

急则治标symptomatic treatment in acute condition 与缓则治本相对而言，在大出血、暴泻、剧痛等标症甚急的情况，及时救治标病。

缓则治本radical treatment in chronic case 与急则治标相对而言，针对病势缓和、病情缓慢的情况，从本病的病机出发，采取调理、补益为主的治疗原则。

标本兼治treating both manifestation and root cause of disease 针对病证出现的标本并重的情况，采用治标与治本相结合的治疗原则。

治未病preventive treatment of disease 采取一定的措施防止疾病产生和发展的治疗原则，包括未病先防和既病防变两个方面。

同病异治treating same disease with different methods 表现相同的病证，可因人、因时、因地的不同，或由于病情的发展、病机的变化、病型的各异、正邪消长等差异，采取不同治法的治疗原则。

异病同治treating different diseases with same method 表现不同的病证，由于发病机理相同，采取相同治法的治疗原则。

因时制宜treatment in accordance with seasonal conditions 考虑到时令气候寒热燥湿的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。

因地制宜treatment in accordance with local conditions 考虑到地域环境的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。

古代文学史英语术语1. IntroductionIn the study of ancient literature, it is essential to understand the various terms and concepts used to analyze and discuss literary works. This document aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the English terminology commonly used in the field of ancient literary history. By familiarizing oneself with these terms, scholars and enthusiasts can enhance their understanding of the development and significance of ancient literature.2. Literary Genres and Forms2.1 EpicAn epic is a long narrative poem that tells the heroic story of a legendary figure or historical event. It often involves supernatural elements and explores the values and traditions of a particular culture. Examples of ancient epics include Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.2.2 TragedyTragedy is a dramatic form that depicts the downfall of a noble protagonist due to a character flaw or a series of unfortunate events. It arouses feelings of pity and fear in the audience and explores universal themes such as fate, morality, and human suffering. Ancient Greek tragedies, such as those by Sophocles and Euripides, are widely studied examples.2.3 ComedyComedy is a dramatic form characterized by humorous and satirical elements. It often mocks social conventions, human follies, and shortcomings. Ancient comedies, like those written by Aristophanes, frequently employ wordplay, irony, and parody to entertain and criticize.2.4 Lyric PoetryLyric poetry is a genre that expresses the personal emotions and thoughts of the speaker. It often uses musical and rhythmic language to create an intimate and emotional connection with the reader or listener. Ancient lyric poets, such as Sappho and Pindar, are known for their highly expressive and melodic verses.3. Literary Techniques and Devices3.1 SimileA simile is a figure of speech that compares two seemingly unrelated things using。

中国传统文化名词中英对照五行the five elements风水feng shui农历lunar calendar针灸acupuncture火药gunpowder罗盘compass宣纸rice paper剪纸paper-cutting刺绣embroidery中国结Chinese knotting/Chinese knot甲骨文Oracle Bone Inscriptions象形文字pictograph谜语riddle书法calligraphy（春节）对联（Spring Festival）couplets红双喜Double Happiness文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）the four treasures of the study/writing brushes,ink sticks, paper and inkstones《诗经》The Book of Songs《史记》Records of the Grand Historian《桃花扇》The Peach Blossom Fan《西游记》The Journey to the West《红楼梦》A Dream of Red Mansions《水浒传》Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh 《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica 孟子Mencius孔子Confucius中庸the way of medium儒家文化Confucian Culture门当户对perfect match红白喜事weddings and funerals旗袍cheongsam相声cross-talk/comic dialogue小品sketch/skit二胡erhu古筝Chinese zither秦腔Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera昆曲Kunqu Opera京剧Beijing Opera/Peking Opera越剧Yue Opera木偶戏puppet show花鼓戏flower-drum opera黄梅戏Huangmei Opera胡同hutong四合院siheyuan/quadrangle亭/阁pavilion/attic天坛the Temple of Heaven in Beijing长城the Great Wall故宫博物院the Palace Museum除夕New Year’s Eve元宵节the Lantern Festival重阳节the Double Ninth Festival清明节Tomb-Sweeping Day中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival腊八节the Laba Festival泼水节the Water-Sprinkling Festival集体舞group dance太极拳Tai Chi古装片costume drama武打片Chinese swordplay movie中国武术Chinese kung fu唐三彩tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 兵马俑the Terracotta Warriors/Terracotta Army战国Warring States江南south of the Y angtze River黄土高原loess plateau春卷spring roll（s）花卷steamed twisted roll小笼包steamed buns八宝饭eight-treasure rice pudding豆腐脑jellied bean curd馄饨wonton汤圆tangyuan/Glutinous Rice Balls粉丝glass noodles莲藕lotus root火锅hot pot雄黄酒realgar wine东坡肉Dongpo Pork北京烤鸭Beijing Roast Duck羊肉泡馍Pita Bread Soaked in Lamb Soup 冰糖葫芦sugar-coated haws小吃摊Snack Stand玺imperial seal/royal seal国子监Imperial Academy。

第一章1.殷墟卜辞（殷墟书契）殷墟卜辞（殷墟书契）指的是甲骨文献。

甲骨文献的内容为殷商时代王室占卜的记录以及与占卜有关的记事文字，故又称“卜辞”。

因其最初出土于殷墟（今河南安阳县西北小屯村），故又称“殷墟卜辞”“殷墟书契”。

2.汲冢竹书晋太康二年（281年），河南汲郡人不准盗发战国魏襄王墓，得竹书数十车，凡书75篇，10万余言，史称“汲冢竹书”。

经过整理后得《竹书纪年》等史书10余种。

3.总集“总集”的名称起源于南朝梁代阮孝绪的《七录·序目》，总集是汇集两人或两人以上的作品的合集，它可以包括一个朝代（断代）和多个朝代（通代）的作品，也可以包括一种体裁和多种体裁的作品。

一般说来，古代的总集多为诗、文的合集。

现存最早的一部文学总集是南朝梁武帝的长子萧统编的《文选》。

4.别集别集是指搜集一个作家部分或全部作品的个人作品集。

别集不论是作者自编，还是他人编集，都要按一定的体例来编。

其体例主要是分类、分体、编年这三种。

如陈铁民《王维集校注》分为编年诗、未编年诗、编年文、未编年文四大类型。

5.丛书丛书，是指搜集两种以上的文献，按照一定的理念和体例编校，冠以一个总的书名，用统一的版式和装帧印行的文献类型。

丛书又名“丛刊”“丛编”“丛刻”“类编”“合刻”等。

最早用“丛书”二字作为书名的是唐人陆龟蒙的《笠泽丛书》。

6.类书类书是我国古代分类式的资料汇编性的工具书。

类书采辑古典文献中有关典故史实、名物制度、诗文词语等方面的各种资料，分门别类编排，每一门类下又分若干子目，以供读者读书或写作时查用、征引。

著名的类书有《太平广记》《太平御览》。

7.政书是专门记载各种典章制度的工具书。

它搜集历代或某一朝代政治、经济、文化制度方面的史料，分门别类地加以编排和叙述，具有制度史、文化史和学术史的性质。

整数又称典志体史书，《四库全书总目》根据政书的内容将其分为通志、典礼、邦计、军政、法令、考工六小类。

8.汗青竹简成为文献的载体，要经过一定的工艺处理。

中古英语名词1. Renaissance (文艺复兴): A period of great cultural and artistic change in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It saw the revival of interest in classical learning, a growth in scientific exploration, and innovations in art, music, and literature.2. Industrial Revolution (工业革命): A period of major social, economic, and technological change that began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread throughout the world. It saw the development of new manufacturing processes, the growth of cities and factories, and changes in transportation, communication, and agriculture.3. Enlightenment (启蒙运动): A philosophical and intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that emphasized reason, individualism, and liberty. It sought to challenge traditional authority and promote scientific inquiry and human progress.4. Romanticism (浪漫主义): An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that emerged in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and individualism, and celebrated nature, the supernatural, and the exotic.5. Imperialism (帝国主义): A policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or economic domination. It was prevalent in the 19th and early 20th centuries as European powers sought to expand their empires and exert control over other regions and peoples.6. Modernism (现代主义): An artistic and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to the changing social, cultural, and technological landscape. It emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and the rejection of traditional forms and conventions.7. Civil Rights Movement (公民权利运动): A social and political movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s that aimed to end racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans. It was characterized by nonviolent protests, civil disobedience, and legal challenges to unjust laws and practices.8. Feminism (女权主义): A social and political movement that advocates for gender equality and women's rights. It emerged in the 19th century and has continued to evolve and expand in the20th and 21st centuries, promoting issues such as reproductive rights, equal pay, and representation in leadership positions.9. Globalization (全球化): A process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among people, businesses, and nations around the world. It has been facilitated by advances in technology, transportation, and communication, and has had both positive and negative effects on economic growth, cultural exchange, and political power dynamics.10. Climate Change (气候变化): A long-term shift in weather patterns and global temperatures caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is a significant global challenge that threatens the environment, public health, and theeconomy, and requires collective action at local, national, and international levels to mitigate and adapt to its impacts.。

古典文献学专业词汇英文Classical Philology.Classical philology is the study of the ancient Greek and Roman languages, literatures, and cultures. It is a subfield of the humanities that employs a variety of methods to interpret and understand the texts and artifacts of the ancient world. Classical philologists use linguistic, historical, and literary analysis to examine the works of ancient authors, such as Homer, Plato, and Cicero. Theyalso study the material culture of the ancient world, including art, architecture, and epigraphy.Etymology.The term "philology" comes from the Greek words "philos" (love) and "logos" (word). It was originally usedto refer to the study of language, but it has since been expanded to include the study of literature and culture. Classical philology is the study of the ancient Greek andRoman languages, literatures, and cultures. It is asubfield of the humanities that employs a variety of methods to interpret and understand the texts and artifacts of the ancient world.History.The study of classical philology has a long history, dating back to the Renaissance. During this period, scholars began to rediscover and study the works of ancient Greek and Roman authors. This led to a renewed interest in the ancient world and its culture. In the 19th century, classical philology became a more formalized discipline, with the establishment of university departments and the publication of scholarly journals.Methods.Classical philologists use a variety of methods to interpret and understand the texts and artifacts of the ancient world. These methods include:Linguistic analysis: Classical philologists study the ancient Greek and Roman languages in order to understand the meaning of texts. They also use comparative linguistics to trace the development of these languages over time.Historical analysis: Classical philologists study the history of the ancient world in order to understand the context of texts. They also use archaeology to examine the material culture of the ancient world.Literary analysis: Classical philologists study the literature of the ancient world in order to understand its themes, style, and structure. They also use literary theory to interpret texts.Applications.Classical philology has a variety of applications. It can be used to:Interpret ancient texts: Classical philologists can help us to understand the meaning of ancient texts. Theycan also provide us with information about the history and culture of the ancient world.Translate ancient texts: Classical philologists can translate ancient texts into modern languages. This makes these texts accessible to a wider audience.Teach ancient languages: Classical philologists can teach ancient languages to students. This allows students to read and understand the works of ancient authors intheir original languages.Conclusion.Classical philology is a valuable discipline that can help us to understand the ancient world. It can be used to interpret ancient texts, translate ancient texts, and teach ancient languages. Classical philology is also afascinating subject that can provide us with a deeper understanding of our own culture and history.。

汉语言文学专业英语词汇分析解析汉语言文学专业词汇（英文版）felix2021-01-0716:31:09现代文学：contemporaryliterature大众文学：popularliterature报告文学：reportage批判主义：criticism伊索寓言：aesop`sfables希腊文化：hellenism形而上学：metaphysis孔子学说：confucian喜怒哀乐：pleasureangersorrowjoy发源地：source爱美剧：amateur修辞学：rhetoric语音学：phonetic助动词：auxiliaryverb感叹词：interjection连接词：linkword逻辑词：logicalword里程碑：milestone拉丁语：latin田园诗：idyl无名氏：annymousperson真善美：truthgoodnessbeauty英语分类词汇：文学有关词汇classicalliterature古典文学contemporaryliterature现代文学popularliterature大众文学lightliterature通俗文学folklore民间文学saga(river)novel长篇小说shortnovel,longshortstory中篇小说shortstory短篇小说lovestory爱情小说deterctivestory侦破小说mysterystory怪诞小说whodunit推理小说humorousstory幽默小说historicalnovel历史小说essay随笔bookoftravels游记reportage报告文学criticism评论bestseller畅销书anthology全集copyright版权,著作权deluxebinding精装flatstitching平装smythsewed线装humanities人文学科writer作家book书volume卷thethreeunities三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间)playwright编剧act幕scene场plot情节appendix1aglossaryoflinguistictermsaabbreviation[]n.简写.简写词.科唇ablative[]n.动名词a.动名词的absolute[]a.单一制的.单一制成分absoluteclause单一制从句abstractnouns抽象名词adjective[]n.形容词a.形容词的adjunct[]n.附加语.修饰语.修饰成分adnominal[]a.（定语）修饰名词的.形容词的.形容名词的adverb[]n.副词；状语adverbial[]a.副词的,作副词用的adversative[]a.反意的.相反的n.反义字(转折语)affirmative[]n.肯定词.肯定语affix[]n1.附加物.添加物2.字缀.词缀(affixhopping词缀跳跃)affixation[]n.附加.附加法.词缀附加法affricate[]n.塞擦音agent(agentive)施事agreement[]n.(人称.性别.数.格的)一致airstream[]n.气流alliteration[]n.头韵(法)allomorph[]n.同质异形体.词.语素变体allophone[]n.同位音.音位变体allophonicvariation音位变体alveolar[]n.齿龈音，齿槽音.alveolarridge齿龈ambiguity[ambiguous歧义的anacoluthon[]n.含混，歧义]n.发生改变观点.错格.句法结构前后不一anadiplosis[]n.反复法.顶真analogical[]a.类似的.类推的analogicalcreation类推造字anapaest[]n.抑抑扬格.弱弱强格.短短长格anaphora[]n.复指.首语(句)重复法annotation[]n.注释.注解antecedent[]n.(关系代词的)先行词antithesis[]n.1.对立面;矛盾2.(修辞学)对语,对偶,对句antonomasia[]n.代称，称谓替代antonym[]n.反义词,反义现象aphorism[]n.格言.警句.箴言aposiopesis[]n.话语中断，骂人中断法apostrophe[]n.1.呼语2.竖钩号3.省略符号4.所有格符号appellative[]a.1.名称的2.俗称的n.俗称名词.普通名词apposition[]n.1.同位语2.棘劫appropriateness[]n.庄重.适宜.适度.为重arbitrariness[]n.任意性archaism[]n.古体，拟古，古语argot[]n.行语，暗语，黑话article[]n.冠词articulation[]n.(确切的)发音.收到的(辅)音.发音动作articulator[]n.1.发音确切的人或物2.发音器官articulatory[]a.发音准确的.与发音有关的aside片头，私语，离题话aspect[]n.(动词的)体.时态.时间aspirated[]a.伴有h音的.送气音的.吐气.送气assimilation[]n.同化aureate[]a.绚丽的（--diction,绚丽辞令cstyle绚丽体）assonance[]n.1.谐音2.(诗的)准押韵.半谐音attributive[]a.1.归属的.属性的2.定语的n.定语auxiliary[]a.辅助的.附属的.从属的n.助词auxiliaryverb助动词bback-formation逆构词法baseform基础形式behaviouralprocess行为过程behaviourism行为主义bilabial[]a.双唇音的n.双唇音bilabialnasal双唇鼻音bilateral[]a.双边的.双边音bilateralopposition双边对立。

汉语言文学专业词汇（英文版）FELIX2015-01-07 16:31:09文学思潮：Literature current of thought文学革命：Literature revolution古典文学：Classic literature维新运动：Reformist movement启蒙运动：Enlighten the sport价值领域：worth a realm外国文学：Foreign literature知识分子：Educated person浪漫主义：Romanticism唯美主义：Aestheticism百科全书：Cyclopeadia文艺复兴：Revival of learing发音器官：Speech organs功能名词：Function noun专有名词：Proper noun普通名词：Commen noun集合名词：Collective noun抽象名词：Abstract noun复合谓语：Compound predicate楔形文字：Arrowheaded character语法范畴：Grammatical category汉藏语系：Sino-Tibetan上层建筑：Superstructure意识形态：Ideology现代文学：Contemporary literature大众文学：Popular literature报告文学：Reportage批判主义：Criticism伊索寓言：Aesop`s Fables希腊文化：Hellenism形而上学：Metaphysis孔子学说：Confucian喜怒哀乐：Pleasure Anger Sorrow Joy发源地：Source爱美剧：Amateur修辞学：Rhetoric语音学：Phonetic助动词：Auxiliary verb感叹词：Interjection连接词：Link word-逻辑词：Logical word里程碑：Milestone拉丁语：Latin田园诗：Idyl无名氏：Annymous person真善美：Truth Goodness Beauty英语分类词汇：文学相关词汇classical literature 古典文学contemporary literature 现代文学popular literature 大众文学light literature 通俗文学folklore 民间文学saga (river) novel 长篇小说short novel, long short story 中篇小说short story 短篇小说love story 爱情小说deterctive story 侦破小说mystery story 怪诞小说whodunit 推理小说humorous story 幽默小说historical novel 历史小说essay 随笔book of travels 游记reportage 报告文学criticism 评论best seller 畅销书anthology 选集the complete works(of) 全集edition, printing 版masterpiece 杰作copyright 版权, 著作权deluxe binding 精装flat stitching 平装smyth sewed 线装humanities 人文学科writer 作家book 书volume 卷-theatre 戏剧(美作:theater)drama 话剧comedy 喜剧tragedy 悲剧farce 滑稽剧play 剧本the three unities 三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间)playwright 编剧act 幕scene 场plot 情节Appendix 1 A Glossary of Linguistic TermsAabbreviation []n. 缩写.缩写词.略语ablative []n.夺格 a.夺格的absolute []a.独立的.独立成分absolute clause 独立从句abstract nouns 抽象名词accent []n.口音.重音.(诗歌中词或音节的)重读accidence []n.1.词形变化.字形变化 2. (学科的)初步.入门accommodation []n.调适.接纳accusative []a.直接宾格的n.直接宾格(受格)acoustic []a.听觉的.音响的.声学的（---feature/cue声学特征）acquisition []n.获得.习得acronym []n.首字母缩略字.缩略词active []n.主动语态actor []n.动作者.行动者（actor—action—goal）addition []n. 加.附加.添加address []n. 称呼(forms/terms of address 称呼语)addressee []n. 受话人，收信人，收件人addresser []n. 发话人，发言人，发信人.adjacency pair 相邻语对adjective []n.形容词 a.形容词的adjunct []n.附加语.修饰语.修饰成分adnominal []a.（定语）修饰名词的.形容词的.形容名词的adverb []n. 副词；状语adverbial []a. 副词的,作副词用的adversative []a.反意的.相反的n.反义字(转折语) affirmative []n.肯定词.肯定语affix []n1.附加物.添加物 2.字缀.词缀(affix hopping 词缀跳跃) affixation[]n. 附加.附加法.词缀附加法affricate []n.塞擦音agent (agentive) 施事agreement []n. (人称.性别.数.格的)一致airstream []n.气流alliteration []n.头韵(法)allomorph []n.同质异形体.词.语素变体allophone []n.同位音.音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体alveolar []n. 齿龈音，齿槽音.alveolar ridge 齿龈ambiguity []n.含混，歧义ambiguous歧义的anacoluthon []n.改变说法.错格.句法结构前后不一anadiplosis []n.反复法.顶真analogical []a.类似的.类推的analogical creation 类推造字anapaest []n.抑抑扬格.弱弱强格.短短长格anaphora []n. 复指.首语(句)重复法annotation []n. 注解.注释antecedent []n. (关系代词的)先行词antithesis []n. 1. 对立面;对立 2. (修辞学)对语,对偶,对句antonomasia []n. 代称，称呼替换antonym []n. 反义词,反义现象aphorism []n.格言.警句.箴言aposiopesis []n.话语中断，说话中断法apostrophe []n. 1.呼语 2.撇号 3.省略符号 4.所有格符号appellative []a.1.名称的 2.通称的n.通称名词.普通名词apposition []n. 1.同位语 2.并置appropriateness []n. 得体.适合.适当.相称arbitrariness []n. 任意性archaism []n.古体，拟古，古语argot []n.行语，暗语，黑话article []n.冠词articulation []n. (清楚的)发音.发出的(辅)音.发音动作articulator []n. 1.发音清楚的人或物 2.发音器官articulatory []a.发音清晰的.与发音有关的aside 旁白，私语，离题话aspect []n. (动词的) 体. 时态. 时间aspirated []a.伴有h音的.送气音的.吐气.送气assimilation []n.同化aureate []a.绚丽的（-- diction,绚丽辞令– style绚丽体）assonance []n. 1. 谐音 2. (诗的)准押韵.半谐音attributive []a. 1.归属的.属性的 2.定语的n.定语auxiliary []a. 辅助的.附属的.从属的n.助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bback-formation 逆构词法base form 基础形式base component 基础部分basic form 基本形式behaver 行为者behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial []a.双唇音的n. 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral []a.双边的.双边音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism [] n.双语现象binary []a. 二元的.由二部分构成的(-- feature 二分特征) binomial []a. 二项式的n.二项式blade []n.舌叶.舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗bleaching []n.词义淡化blending []n.混合.混成法.裁切block language 块语、标题式语言(有限语境中使用缩略结构如No smoking) borrow(ing) 借用.借词bound clause粘附句bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 界限理论bracketing 括号法broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Ccalque []n.语义转借.译借vt.转借(语义).仿造语cardinal[]n基数词cardinal vowel 基本元音category []n范畴(categorical component 范畴成分)causative []a.使役的n.使役动词cavity []n.腔clause 小句.从句click 吸气音.咂音clipping []n.缩略closure []n.关闭.闭塞cluster []辅音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda []n.节尾.韵尾code 语码.信码cognate []n.同源词.同根词.同系语言cognitive psycholinguistics 认知心理语言学cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 连贯.相关.关联cohension 衔接collapse [] 叠合collective []n.集合名词colligation []n. 概括.搭连collocation []n.组合.搭配command []命令（句）commissive 承诺语common普通的.共同的（--- core 共核）（--- noun 普通名词）comparative [] a比较的.比较级的-competence []n.语言能力complement(ation) 补语complementary互补.相反component 组成部分，成分componential 组成部分的composition 组构compound(ing) 复合；复合词(句)conative []a. 意动的concord []n. 协调.一致（关系）conditional []n.条件句.条件语congruence []n.重合conjugate []vt.列举(动词)的词形变化conjunct []a. 连接副词conjunction []n.连词.连接词connotation []n.含蓄.言外之意【逻】内涵consonant[]n.辅音.辅音字母 a.辅音的constative []a. 陈述的.表述的constituent []n.成分.结构成分construction (construct) 构建content (ive) 内容.实义(词)contrast(ive) 对立.对比convention(al) 常规；规约conversation 会话conversationalconversion 类转.变换coordinate /coordination/coordiative 并列copula []n.系词copulative []a.连系的.作系词的n.系词co-referential(ity) 同指coronal []n.舌冠（音）.舌尖音corpus []n. 1.文集.全2..躯体(尤指尸体) 3.语料语料库.素材corpora[] (corpus的复数)correlative []a.相关的n.关联词count [] 可数的，countable/uncontable 可/不可数名词couplet []n. 对句.双韵covert []隐性的Ddactyl []n. (英诗的)扬抑抑格.长短短格dative []a.与格的n.与格.与格语dative movement 与格移动declarative []a. 1. 宣言的.布告的.申报的.陈述的 2.陈述的decode []vt. 译解(密码)deductive []a. 推论的.演绎的defeasibility 消除可行性definite []a.1. 明确的.确切的 2. 一定的.肯定的 3. 限定的deictic []a. 直证的.直指的（deixis）denotation []n. 1. 意义.本义2. 表示3. 名称.符号dental []a. 齿音的n.齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation []n.诱导.来历.起源调查.语言derivational []a.诱导的. 衍生的;引出的determiner []n.限定词deviant []a. 越轨的n.不正常者.变异物.变体deviation 偏离；变异devoice []vt.使(有声之音)变为无声之音devoicing 清音化diachronic []a.历时的diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diacritic []a.有区别的.能区分的.辨别的n.区别发音符号dialect []n. 方言.土话dialectology 方言学diphthong []n.双元音.复合元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech直接言语discourse []n.语段.语篇；话语discrete []a. 1. 分离的.不连接的 2.抽象的disjunction []n. 分离.分裂displacement []n.移位.置换.取代dissimilation []n. 1. 异化 2.异化作用 3.异化distinguish []vt.区别.识别把...区别分类distinguisher 辩义成分domain []n. 领域.范围dorsal []a.背部的.背侧的舌背音.舌中音dorsum []n.背.背状部分.舌面(舌尖以后之部分)dual []n. 1. 双数 2. 双数词dualistic []a. 二元的.二元论的duality 二重性Eejective []a. 喷出的.外射的n.外爆音ellipsis []n.省略.省略部分elliptic(al) []a. 1. 椭圆的 2.省略的encode []vt. 1. 把...译成电码(或密码)endocentric []a.向心的.内向的epenthesis []n.增音.插入字母epithet []n. 1. 表示特征的修饰词 2. (描述性的)称号equipollent []a.相等的n. 相等物equivalence 相等equivoque []n. 双关语.模棱两可的词句.语义双关euphemism []n.. 婉转说法.委婉(词)语euphony []n. 声音的和谐.谐音.悦耳语音exocentric []a. 外心的exocentric construction 外向结构extensive []引申的；扩展的Ffeasibility []n.可行性.可能性feature []n. 特征.特色felicity []n. 1. 幸福 2. (措辞等的)得体.巧妙.恰当的语句feminine []a.阴性的figurative []a. 1. 比喻的.象征的 2. (文章等)多比喻的figurative language 比喻性语言；象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段；修辞格finite []a. 1. 有限的 2.有穷的 3.限定的n. 有限.有限之物flap [] 闪音flexibility []n. 易曲性.适应性.灵活性.弹性fricative []a. 摩擦的n. 摩擦音friction 摩擦function 功能fusion []n.溶合fuzzy []a. 1. 有绒毛的 2. 模糊不清的Ggender []n. 1.【语】性 2.性别gender difference 性别差异generalization []n. 普遍化.概括.综合.归纳generative []a.生殖的.有生产力的generative grammar 生成语法genitive []a.属格的n.属格global []a. 1. 球状的 2. 全世界的 3. 总体的global task 整体任务glottal []a. 1.声门的 2. 用声门发声的.喉音glottal stop 喉塞音gradable []a. (形容词)有比较级和最高级的grammar []n. 语法grammatical []a. 语法的group []n.群.组.类词组guttural []a.喉咙的.喉音的n. 喉音.喉音字腭音Hhead []n.中心词；中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter []n.七音步 a. 七音步的hierarchical []a.等级制度的.等级体系的hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy []n.等级制度.统治集团.级系.阶系holophrastic []a.表句词的.单词句的holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym []n.同音异义字.同形同音异义字.同形异义字homophony []n. 同音异义hyperbole []n. 1.修辞的夸张法 2.夸张的语句hypercorrection []n.矫枉过正hyponym []n.下位的名称.下义词hypothesis []n.假说. 前提.假设Iiamb []n.抑扬格.短长格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行idiom []n1. 惯用语.成语.习惯语 2. 方言.土话.(个人特有)用语ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary []a.发语词内的.语内表现行为的illocutionary act 话中行为；施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用；施为作用immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative []a.祈使法的.祈使语气.命令的implicate []vt.意味着.暗指n. 包含的事物.暗含的论断implication 蕴涵；含义implosive []a.闭塞音的n.内爆发音inanimate []a.无生命的indefinite []a.不定的.未定的indicative []a.陈述的n.陈述语气.陈述语气的动词形式inference []n. 推论.推断[inferential []a. 推理的.推论的infinitive []n.不定式 a.不定式的infix []n. 插入词.中缀inflection []n. 1. 变音.转调 2. 弯曲.向内弯曲innateness []n. 天生.天赋intensifier []n. 1. 增强器.增强剂 2. 加强者 3.强调成分intensive []a. 加强的.密集的.加强语意的n.强调成分interdental []a. 在牙齿间的 2.齿间音的n.齿间音interface []n. 界面.分界面interjection []n. 感叹词.感叹语interlanguage []n. 国际语言Interlingua []n.人工国际语之一interlocutor []n. 对话者internal []a. 内的.内部的international phonetic alphabet. IPA 国际音标interpersonal []a. 人与人之间的interpersonal function 人际功能interrogative []a. 疑问的.质问的n.疑问词intonation []n. 语调.声调intransitive []a.不及物的n.不及物动词intrinsic []a.本身的.本质的.固有的.内在的invariable []a. 不变的.恒定的.一律的inversion []n.反向.倒置.倒转 2.倒装法IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号J K Ljargon []n.黑话；行语kernel []n.核心.要点keyword关键词label []n. 标记.符号. 称号.绰号labial []a. 唇的.唇音的n. 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language []n.语言larynx []n.喉lateral []a.旁流音的.侧音的lateral sounds侧音lax []a. (元音)松弛的n.松弛的元音lax vowel 松元音letter []n字母level []n. 层，级，平面lexeme []n. 词汇.语汇单位.词位；词素lexical []a. 1. 词汇的.语词的 2. 词典的.词典编纂的lexicon []n. 1. 词典 2. 语汇 3. 词素lexis []n. (某一语言的)词语(层)liaison [] 连音linear []a. 线的.直线的linguistic []a.. 语言的.语言学的lip rounding 圆唇化literal []a. 照字面的.原义的loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词Mmacro []a. 1. 巨大的.大量的 2. 宏观的.main clause 主句manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine []a. 1. 男性的.男子的2阳性的maxim []n. 格言.箴言.座右铭manner maxim 方式准则meaning 意义meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移mental (processs) 思维过程；心理过程mentalism []n.心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis []n. 1.音位转换 2.交换反应.置换metonymy []n.转喻metre []n.格律.韵律.拍子metrical patterning 韵律格式9.3.3mind 思维minimal []a.最小的.极微的n.极简抽象派艺术(或其作品) mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal []a. 1.形态上的.形式的 2.语气的.情态的 3.典型的modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality []n. 1. 形式.情态程序 3.物理疗法 4. 主要的感觉modification []n.修饰.变异modifier []n.1. 修改者 2. 修饰词语 3.修饰基因 4.改性剂monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的mood 语气morpheme []n.语素.词素(语言中最小的字义单位)morphemic []a.词素的.语素的morphological []a.形态学的.形态的morphology []n.形态学morphophonemics []n词素音位结构 2. 词素音位学mother tongue 母语；本族语motivation 动因；动机multilingualism 多语制；多语现象Nnasal []a.1. 鼻的2. 鼻音的n.. 鼻音.鼻音字母nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化negation []n. 1. 否定 2. 反对.反驳 3. 不存在 4. 对立面negative []a.否定的.否认的. 反面的.消极的n.否定语negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neutralize []vt. 1. 使无效.抵消2. 使中立化neutralizable opposition 可中立对立node []n. 1. 结.节2. 中心点.交叉点nominal []a.名词性的n. 名词性的词nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative []a.主格的n.主格.主格词non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞octametre 八音步诗行onomatopoeia []n. 1.拟声.象声词 2.拟声法onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography []n.1. 正字法.拼字法 2. (几何)正射影(法) ostensive communication 直示交际overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalate []n. 1.上颚 2. 味觉 3. 趣味.嗜好palatal []a.上颚(音)的.颚(音)的n. 上颚音.颚音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization []n.腭音化paradigm []n.1.范例 2. (名词或动词)词形变化(表) paradigmatic []a.1.范例的 2.词形变化(表)的paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase []n. 1. 释义.意译.改述vt. vi.. 释义.意译participant 参与者particle []n.虚词(包括某些副词.冠词.介词.连词等).字首.字尾partitive []a. 1. 区分的 2.表示部分的n.表示部分的词passive []n.被动语态被动态的动词pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual []a.感知的.知觉的perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performative (verb) 行事性动词person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal []a.1.咽部的 2.喉音的n.喉音pharynx []n.咽头phatic []a. 交流感情的.应酬的phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈；phoneme []n.音素.音位phonetic []a. 1.语音的.语音学的 2. 语音差异的phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics []n. (用作单)语音学phonologic []a.音位学的.语音体系的phonological process 音位过程phonology []n. 音位学.语音体系phrase []n. 短语.词组pidgin []n.1. (并用两种或多种语言的)混杂语.洋泾浜语 2.事儿plosion []n】爆破发音.爆破plosive []n.a.破裂音(的)plural []a.复数的pluralism []n.1.兼职.兼任 2.多重性.多元论plurality []n.1. 复数.多数.多重性 2.复数(形式) polysyllabic []a. 多音节的Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive []a.1.拥有的.占有的 2.所属关系的.所有格的postdeterminer 后限定词pragmatic []a.1. 实际的.实干的 2. 实用主义的pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate []n..谓语.述部 a.谓语的.述部的prefix []n.字首.前缀(人名前的)称谓premodifier 前修饰语preposition []n.1.介词.前置词prepositional []a.. 介词的.前置词的prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive []a. 规定的.因时效而获得的presupposition []n.预想.假定.前提primary []a. 首要的.主要的priva principle []n. 原则.原理process 过程pro-form 代词形式；替代形式pronominal []a. 代词的pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典proposition 命题prosodic []a. 作诗法的.韵律学的psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法pulmonic []a. 肺病的pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话Qquality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantity 数量-quantity maxim 数量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quatrain []n. 四行诗quirk []n.1. 突然的转变 2. 字的花体 3. 怪癖 4. 借口Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义realisation 体现received pronunciation. RP 标准发音receiver 受话者；信息接受者recency effectrecognition 识别recursion []n.【数】递回.递回式.循环.可溯recursive []a.】递归的.可溯的；还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential []a.1 指示的所指的reflexive []n..反身动词.反身代词 a.反身的regional dialect 地域方言register []n.语域regressive []a.1.后退的.逆行的.退化的 2. 回归的relative clause 关系分句.关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility 相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复residue []n.残余.剩余.剩余成分restricted []a. 受限制的.被限定的restricted language 限制性语言retrieval []n.1. 取回.恢复 2. 纠正.补偿检索retroflex []a.1. 反折的.后翻的 2. 卷舌(音)的n. 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨rhyme 韵；韵角；压韵rhythm 韵律；节奏role 角色root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit []n. 梵文.梵语 a. 梵文的.梵语的Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema []n.1. 轮廓.概要.略图2.先验图式 3.图式second language acquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment []n.语流中的一个音素(或单个音)selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic []a.. 语义的.语义学的semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic []a.1.符号学的 2.症状的semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant []a.1.丝丝作响的 2.发丝音的n.1.丝丝音 2.发丝音辅音sign 符号signified 所指.受指signifier 能指.施指simile []n. (修辞)直喻.明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数slot 空缺soft palate 软腭sonnet 十四行诗sonorant []n..响音sonority []n.1. 响亮 2. (声音的)响亮程度sound 语音Spanish 西班牙语Speaker 说话者speech 言语spelling 拼写.拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language 口语spondee []n.扬扬格spoonerism []n.斯本内现象(即字音的无意互换现象) Standard English 标准英语standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stratification []n.成层.阶层的形成stress 重音structure 结构stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjectivity 主观性subjunctive []a.虚拟的n.虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征syllabic []a.1. 音节的.构成音节的n.音节主音syllabification []n.1. (语音)分音节 2. 分音节法syllable []n. 音节syllabus []n. 教学大纲.课程大纲 2.要目syllogism []n.1.三段论.演绎推理 2.推断 3.诡辩.狡辩symbol 符号synchronic []a. 同时的.共时的synonym []n. 同义字.类义字(分类学中的)同物异名synonymous []a. 同义的.同义词性质的synonymy []n. 同义.同义词研究syntax []n.语法.句法 2. (组成部分的)有条理(或系统)的排列syntactic []a. 按照句法的.句法的Ttacit []a1. 缄默的.不说话的 2. 不明言的.默示的tacit knowledge 默契的知识tagmeme []n.法位.序位tagmemics 法位学tautology []n. 同义反复.重复.赘述template []n. 模块tense vowel 紧元音tense 时态tetrameter []n. 四音步诗行text 语篇textual 语篇功能theme []n. 1.论题.话题.题目 2.主题.主题思想.题材 3.词干.主位tone 声调.音调tongue height 舌高tongue position 舌位tongue tip 舌尖topic 主题trace theory 轨迹论transcription []n. 1.抄写.誊写 2.副本音标.标音transfer 移转transformation 转换transitivity []n.动词的及物性trill []n.颤音trochee []n.扬抑格.长短格trope []n.转义.比喻truth condition 真值条件truth value 真值tu/vous distinction 你/您区别turn length 话语轮次长度turn quantity 话语轮次数量turn-taking 依次发言two-place predicate 二位谓语two-word utterance 二词话语typology 类型学UUnaspirated 不松气的underlying form 底层形式underlying representation 底层表达uninterruptibility 非中断性universal quantifier 普遍限量词universal 普遍现象universality 普遍性universals of language 语言的普遍现象unmarked 未标记的unrounded vowel 非圆元音urban dialectology 都市方言学utterance []n.1.发声.表达 2.说话方式.语调3言辞.言论.话语utterance meaning 语句意义uvula []n. 悬雍垂.小舌uvular []a.小舌的.小舌音的Vvalidity 效度variable 可变化的variable word 可变化词variation变异variety 变体；语体velar []a.1膜的 2.软颚音的n. 软颚音velarization 腭音化velum []n.1.软颚 2.菌膜.缘膜verb 动词verb phrase 动词短语verbal communication 言语交际verbal process 言语过程verbiage []n.1. 废话.冗词 2. 用语.措词vernacular []n.本国语.本地话.方言.行话.日常用语.白话vernacular language education 本地化教育vocabulary 词汇vocal []a.声的.声音的.元音的.浊音的n.元音.浊音vocal cord 声带vocal organ 发音器官vocal tract 声道vocative []a. 称呼的.呼格的n.呼格voice 语态voiced consonant 浊辅音voiced obstruent 浊塞音voiced (sound) 浊音voiceless consonant 清辅音voiceless obstruent 清塞音voiceless(sound) 清音voicing 浊音化，有声化vowel []n. 1.元音 2. 元音字母vowel glide 元音音渡WWh-interrogative 特殊疑问句women register 女性语域-word 词word class 词类word formation 词语形成word group 词组word meaning 词义word order 词序word recognition 词语识别word formation 词语形成word-for-word 逐词翻译wording []n. 措辞.用语written language 书面语written text 篇章XY ZYes--no interrogative 是非问句yes--no question 是非问句zero 零.零形式zeugma []n. 轭式搭配，轭式修饰法欢迎下载21。