土木工程英语翻译
翻译
1、土木工程可分为许多分支，如结构工程、交通工程、环境工程和岩土工程等。
Civil Engineering can be divided into many branches, such as structural engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering and geotechnical engineering.
2、与其他土木工程分支不同，在岩土工程中，很难明确定义边界条件
And other civil engineering branch, in geotechnical engineering, it is difficult to clearly define the boundary conditions.
3、结构工程涉及计算结构中的应力和内力等作用效应，以及确定结构构件的材料、尺寸和外形等。
Structural engineering involves computing architectures such as stress and internal force action effect, as well as to determine the structural components of the material, size and shape.
4、采用GPS和激光扫描技术可精确测量角度、水平和垂直距离等。GPS and laser scanning technology can accurately measure the angle, horizontal and vertical distance.
5、过去卫生工程基本不涉及当今环境工程所包括的危险废物处理。Sanitary engineering in the past do not involve hazardous waste
treatment, including environmental engineering today.
6、当所有力的合力和某一点所有弯矩的合力矩等于零时，力系处于平衡状态。
A system of forces is said to be in equilibrium when the resultant of all the forces and the resultant of all the moments at one point are equal to zero.
7、如果未知量超过三个，就不能完全求解平衡方程，系统为静不定。If there are more than three unknowns,the equations cannot be completely solved and the system will be statically indeterminate.
8、反力必需能够抵抗施加在结构上的任何很小的位移和转动。The reaction must be able to resist applied to the structure of any small displacement and rotation.
9、为了计算，假设荷载作用在一点是足够精确的。
In order to calculate, assuming that the load point is sufficiently accurate.
10、可以看出，稳定问题和反力的确定必需独立于施加在结构上的实际荷载。
It can be seen that the stability and reaction to determine the required independent of the actual load imposed structure.
11、对于大多数设计情况，规范规定的是静力荷载的大小。
For most designs, the specification is the size of the static load.
12、对于风作用，许多现象使设计复杂化。
Design for wind effects is complicated by a number of phenomena.
13、类似地，单个构件承担的楼板面积越大，在整个面积上，规范活荷载以全部强度出现的概率就越小。
Similarly,the greater the floor area that is to be supported by a single member,the smaller will be the probability that the code live load will appear with its full intensity over the entire area.
14、然而，与其他结构荷载相比，恒载变化是相对较小的，实际平均值与规范规定的值很接近。
However,compared to the other structural loads,the dead load variations are relatively small,and the actual mean values are quite close to the code-prescribed data.
15、至少在理论上，结构上的恒载被认为是保持不变的。
In theory,at least,the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant.
16、混凝土受拉区出现裂缝就意味着混凝土与钢筋之间已经出现滑移。
A crack in the tension zone of concrete implies that some slip has occurred between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete.
17、如果测量混凝土应变的标距包括数个裂缝，则伯努利原理可适用于平均拉应变。
If the concrete strain is measured over a gauge length that includes several cracks,it is found that Bernoulli's principle applies to this average
