【优化方案】高考英语二轮复习 第二部分 题型专题突破 二 阅读理解 第五讲 篇章结构题跟踪训练

第4讲题型破解——主旨大意题主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象，既考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。

考点1 标题归纳题辨明题类标题归纳题要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。

设问形式常有：(1)What is the best title for this passage?(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text?(3)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(4)The most suitable title of this passage is “”．最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括精准而简洁。

②针对性强，标题外延与文章内容恰好相符。

③醒目，能引发读者阅读欲望。

技法点拨1．一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。

2．所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。

标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。

为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。

真题体验(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷B)Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids．And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools．The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles．Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores．“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says．“They come to us thinking vegetables are a wful, dirt is awful, insects are awful．” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new．Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden．Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools．Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes．“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently，” Jaramillo says．She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition．Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens．Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues．“They get outside，” she says, “and they feel successful．”27．What can be a suitable title for the text？A．Rescuing School GardensB．Experiencing Country LifeC．Growing Vegetable LoversD．Changing Local Landscape【解题示范】第一步：阅读文章，概括文章大意：文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo 等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目，让学生通过体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远；第二步：分析各选项，进行斟酌判断，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨：根据第一段“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools．The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles．(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了Urban Sprouts学校花园项目。

考点3 段落大意题辨明题类段落大意题主要考查文章某一段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。

考生要用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。

设问形式常有：(1)What is the first paragraph mainly about?(2)What is Paragraph 1 mainly about?(3)What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?技法点拨1．定位段落主题句，做到首尾兼顾做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。

一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高。

2．通过暗示揣摩段落大意有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。

真题体验(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷D)On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect．The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate．This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down．But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon．The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number ofindependent individuals．For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals．In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion．Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn't the dominant response．Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”．Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error．Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous．32．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？A．The methods of estimation．B．The underlying logic of the effect．C．The causes of people's errors．D．The design of Galton's experiment．【解题示范】第一步：阅读题干，找出关键词：Paragraph 2，快速将解题信息定位到文章的第二段；第二步：根据段落的内容，分析选项，判断概括准确的选项：根据“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down．(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。

第一讲宏观把握——阅读理解题型特点和读文指导一、阅读理解考法研究[命题特点]由左表不难看出，高考英语阅读理解试题的命题思路充分体现了在稳中求发展，在发展中求创新的理念。

阅读理解A篇基本上固定为应用文，B、C、D三篇以说明文和记叙文为主，议论文为辅。

从文章难度方面看，每年的文章难度以简单和适中为主，仅有一篇难度相对较大。

从题目设置方面看，以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾主旨大意题和词义猜测题。

二、阅读理解读文技法(一)读文方式上——2大方式灵活自选方式1文章——问题——文章即先粗读文章，然后看问题，最后再通过精读文章来解答问题。

这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式，其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。

但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。

方式2问题——文章——问题即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去阅读文章，最后答题。

其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。

上面这两种读文方式的采用因人而异，无优劣之分。

当然，题型不同，读文的方式也应有所不同。

但无论采用哪种方式，一旦选定适合自身的方式，应持之以恒，形成读文做题的习惯。

(二)读文侧重点上——关注8大常考处阅读理解的命题点有一定规律可寻，掌握命题规律，能帮助考生明确阅读时应该重点关注的内容，抓阅读的“敏感点”，提高阅读的针对性，快速、准确锁定信息区间，为准确解题圈定信息源。

1．段首、段尾处常考无论是议论文还是说明文，一篇文章往往分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每个段落一般都是一个部分或者一个层次。

英美作者写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的主旨句，也是出题的重点区域。

2．转折处常考文章的转折处也是体现作者观点和文章主题的地方。

作者经常会通过先抑后扬的方法在转折词之后才明确提出自己的观点。

转折词前后的意思一般来说都是相反的，而作者会偏重其中的某一方。

第2讲题型破解——推理判断题推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题,一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。

在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。

考点1 细节推断题辨明题类细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，就某具体细节进行推断，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。

一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。

一般题干中经常会出现六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论，推断出)和assume(假定，设想)。

该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the text that ．(2)What can we infer/learn from．．．?(3)We can learn from the passage that ．(4)The passage/story．．．indicates/suggests/implies that ．技法点拨第一步：定位关键细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息，即推理的依据；第二步：正确理解推断——对原文中的信息细读理解其字面意义，然后结合语境，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。

【特别提醒】(1)如果某个选项是文章中的一个细节内容，则不能作为推理的结论。

(2)切勿把脱离原文的个人看法、主观臆断作为答案。

真题体验(2022·全国乙卷B)In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N．Y．—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse．The girls had gone to Smith College．They wore expensive clothes．So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo．to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise．Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff'sgranddaughter．Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful．Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken．They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning．Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold．In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice．In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead．A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms．The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn．Wickenden is a very good storyteller．The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing．Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them．Then a full moon rose．The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter．”25．What can we learn about the girls from Paragraph 3？A．They enjoyed much respect．B．They had a room with a bathtub．C．They lived with the local kids．D．They suffered severe hardships．【解题示范】第一步：确定题干中的关键信息：learn about，Paragraph 3；第二步：在确定推理依据的位置或范围第三段之后，再进行推理判断：根据“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning．(她们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，并且和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。

满分练(二)阅读理解+七选五(限时:40分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2023安徽蚌埠三模)Discover world-class culture on a walking tour of four of the German capital’s best museums.DDR MUSEUMBegin on the banks of the River Spree at the brilliant DDR Museum,which provides a unique look into everyday life in former East Germany.Visitors are encouraged to get hands-on with the exhibits,many of which have come from private households.Niitors eanJgo for a drive in a model Trabant—the cars were nicknamed ‘Trabis’—or explore a detailed reconstruction of a flat in an East Berlin tower block.HUMBOLDT FORUMHead over Karl-Liebkheeht Bridge to Museum Island and the new HumboldtForum.Built on the footprint of the 18th century Royal Palace,badly damaged in the Second World War,the building c ombines the palace’s reconstructed baroque(巴洛克) architecture with contemporary style.As well as an exhibition showing the site’s history,the Humboldt Forum houses the Berlin State Museums’ collections of global art.PERGAMON MUSEUMWalk past the Altes Museum to the Pergamon Museum,which displays ancient Roman,Greek and Middle Eastern art and archaeology.The three-winged complex houses a wealth of treasures and splendid reconstructions of architectural monuments,including the vivid blue,sixth-century Ishtar Gate of Babylon and the 170 BC Pergamon Altar (note that the hall housing the latter is closed for reconstruction until 2025).GEMALDE GALERIEWalk along Berlin’s central avenue,Unter den Linden,all the way to the Brandenburg Gate.From there,head southwest across leafy Tiergarten park and you’ll emerge at the modernist Berlin Kulturforum.Here you’ll find the Gemalde Galerie—the Gallery of Old Masters—one of the world’s most important collections of European paintings.Take time to admire masterpieces by the likes of Caravaggio,Rembrandt and Raphael.1.What can visitors do in DDR Museum?A.Experience royal life.B.Drive a real Trabant car.C.Explore rebuilding of a tower.D.Operate the exhibits with hands.2.Which museum houses worldwide artworks?A.DDR Museum.B.Humboldt Forum.C.Pergamon Museum.D.Gemalde Galerie.3.What do the four museums have in common?A.They were reconstructed.B.They display modern art.C.They are located in Berlin.D.They provide driving tours.B(2023福建漳州三模)Mary had struggled to find the right words to convey her thoughts and feelings ever since she was a child.She was often told that she was “too quiet” or “too shy”,and as she grew older,she became increasingly self-conscious about her inability to articulate herself.It wasn’t that she didn’t have anything to say—far from it.Mary’s mind was constantly racing with ideas and observations,but no matter how hard she tried,she just couldn’t seem to get the words out.“Mary,I need to talk to you,” Mr.Thompson,the boss of Mary’s new co mpany,said one day,his voice serious.Mary’s heart sank.“Don’t worry,” Mr.Thompson said,noticing Mary’s panic.“It’s not that kind of conversation.I just want to talk to you about something that’s been on my mind lately.”He paused for a moment,collecting his thoughts.“I’ve noticed that you’ve been struggling a bit lately.It seems like you’re having a tough time communicating with customers.I hear that you’re proficient at writing.So why not join our Advertising Department?Besides,I have another suggestion...”Mary kept nodding,unable to find the words to express her gratitude.Following Mr.Thompson’s suggestion,Mary joined a writing competition.She had always been a talented writer,and she knew that she had the potential to create somethingtruly special.So she set to work,pouring her heart and soul into her essay.The words started flowing,and Mary found herself writing with a newfound sense of clarity and purpose.The judges of the competition were amazed by Mary’s essay,and they selected it as the winner.Mary was thrilled,and she was grateful to have finally found the right way to do a good job.4.What does the underlined word “articulate” mean in paragraph 1?A.Teach.B.Express.C.Behave.D.Encourage.5.Why did Mr.Thompson have a talk with Mary?A.To point out her mistakes.B.To advise her to quit the job.C.To offer her some help.D.To comfort her struggles.6.What was Mary’s feeling when creating her essay?A.Confident.B.Determined.C.Inspired.D.Relaxed.7.What can best describe Mary’s experience?A.Actions speak louder than words.B.All things are easy that are done willingly.C.Loses on one side and gains on the other.D.Diligence can make up for lack of intelligence.C(2023广东江门二模)New words emerge in English all the time.In fact,in recent years more new words and phrases are entering the language than ever before,partly due to the increased willingness of lexicographers (词典编纂者) to include them in the dictionaries.John Algeo who studies the history of language says,“As our culture changes,the language changes.American culture is going through a time of rapid change.”Technology is moving fast,which has a big effect on language.The computer world produces hundreds of new words.New terms also come from business,medicine,and other fields.Many new English words come from other languages.David Jost helps create the American Heritage Dictionary.“We constantly borrow words from other cultures,” he says.“This will go on forever in cultures.”“People in many parts of the world speak English now.That is another reason why so many new words are entering the language,” says Algeo.The American Dialect Society has a contest each year.The society selects a “new word of the year”,which gains high level of popularity on media for some st year the winner was “information superhighway”,referring to a whole set of electronic network of information and people getting access to this network by computer.New words often come in several forms,such as the back-formation (like enthuse from enthusiasm),the clipping (like zoo from zoological garden),and the compounding,etc.Over time,one form tends to win out.Take the compounding for instance.“Domestic partners” has been growing popular lately,even though many terms have been used to describe couples who live together but are not married.“A new word rarely can be traced to one source,” says Algeo.“Several people tend to create a new word when a need for one exists.”“Most new words have a limited life ‘span’,” say language experts.Only a few will survive through the next 100 years.8.What might have least effect on English language?A.Culture.B.Technology.C.Other languages.nguage contests.9.What does the writer want to demonstrate by mentioning “domestic partners”?A.It is a compounding word.B.New words often come in several forms.C.Over time,one form tends to win out.D.A new word rarely can be traced to one source.10.What can we learn from the passage?A.New words occur all of a sudden.B.New words will become old or extinct.rmation technology helps the American Dialect Society.D.American culture changes rapidly as well as English language.11.What’s the best title of this passage?A.New Words Developing NaturallyB.English Language Changing RapidlyC.English Vocabulary in a State of DevelopmentD.New Words Influencing English LanguageD(2023河北张家口二模)A new study found some primates (灵长类) are leaving their tree homes and spending more time on the ground.Led by Timothy Eppley,Ph.D.,scientists studied nearly 50 species of monkeys and lemurs (狐猴) to look at the reason behind these changes.About 15 years ago,Eppley worked with southern bamboo lemurs,which were known to spend most of their days in the trees,feeding on bamboo leaves.However,he was surprised to find these lemurs were spending most time on the ground and had an incredibly diverse diet.He wondered whether habitat reduction and limited food resource availability were driving them move to the ground.This inspired him to begin this study.He reached out to every researcher he could find who may have significant data on primates from Madagascar or the Americas,the two places with almost all tree-dwelling primates.Eppley examined more than 150,000 hours of data observed on 32 monkey species and 15 lemur species at 68 sites.He found that they spent an average of only 2.5% of their time on the ground each month.But the findings showed some interesting differences.“As habitats are degraded and the climate worsens,primates that are flexible enough to adapt because of their diverse diets or live in larger groups may be more likely to shift to life on the ground,” Eppley says.“However,other species that rely on fruit diets or live in small groups are less adaptable and are less willing to leave the tree.For these species,we will still need to enforce fast and effective conservation strategies to ensure their survival.”Although moving to the ground has some advantages in certain situations,primates can face problems when they leave the trees.They can become victims of other animals and diseases.Besides,they will be faced with finding appropriate food resources on the ground,thus having a broad or flexible diet is important.Primates are important seed spreaders within their forest habitats.The loss of primates would lead to negative effects on the ecosystem.12.Why did Timothy Eppley begin his study?A.To try to make primates more adaptive.B.To study how monkeys differ from lemurs.C.To figure out the reason for the loss of bamboo.D.To find out why primates are turning to the ground.13.How did Timothy Eppley carry out his research?A.By doing experiments.B.By observing in the wild.C.By studying collected data.D.By interviewing the locals.14.Which kind of primates are more likely to come down from trees?A.Those eating diverse diets.B.Those with a large size.C.Those feeding mainly on fruits.D.Those living in small groups.15.What will become a concern according to the study?A.Animals will become less adaptive.B.The forest ecosystem will become worse.C.More natural habitats will be lost.D.More animal-related diseases will appear.Ⅱ.七选五(2023河北保定一模)Gardening can be a fun and rewarding activity for people of all ages,but it can be especially beneficial for children.Gardening enhances children’s senses and motor skil ls.In addition to being able to touch the soil,use various tools and seeds,children can also spot the differences between different plants,and hear sounds of different insects.1.Gardening activities likedigging,planting,watering,and weeding can stimulate movements of the body,particularly arms and hands,and help children learn about the natural world.2.Children’s curiosity about plants starts with the first seed they sow.They learn about natural process by observing the growth and fruit ripen.They also come to appreciate the vital role of insects and worms for plants and recognize that everything in nature is connected.Plant care fosters (培养) patience and responsibility.3,and children learn what it means to be responsible for something to help ensure its health.Gardening also teaches children about caring for the environment,fostering a love and respect for nature.Gardening promotes nutrition and healthy choices for kids.Planting and cultivating (培育) plants,picking vegetables and fruit,and involving kids in cooking with what they grew will certainly result in a wish to try and consume the food they prepared.They will gladly try vegetables and fruit they planted and cultivated themselves.4.Gardening gives your family bonding time.Bonding with your family is so important,but it can be hard to realize with the digital age.5,which contributes to parent-child relationship.A.Plants need regular and consistent careB.Gardening gives you a chance to dial this backC.Children get a head start on learning about scienceD.Gardening involves scientific observations and creativityE.It provides good,healthy outdoor activity for the whole familyF.This helps children to nurture self-confidence and healthy diet habitsG.Interacting with the surrounding nature encourages the learning process答案：满分练(二)阅读理解+七选五Ⅰ.A[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。

考点3 数字计算题辨明题类既然是阅读理解题，数字计算题并不是真正考查考生的数学计算能力，主要仍是考查考生对文中涉及一些数字的某部分和题干的理解能力，数学计算方面是很基础的，简单的。

技法点拨1．审明题干要求，提取题干中的关键词寻读原文，同时标记数字、时间、年代等相关信息。

2．弄清题干询问数据与原文数据的逻辑关系，并进行加减乘除计算。

3．特殊信息词应注意：(1)特殊数字：decade十年；fortnight两周；double两倍；couple两个；score二十；dozen十二。

(2)特殊词汇：off削价，减价；discount折扣。

真题体验(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷A)Bike Rental & Guided ToursWelcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike．You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights．You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam．Why MacBikeMacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam．With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you．We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children's bikes．PricesHand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears1 hour 7．50 5．003 hours 11．00 7．50 1 day (24 hours) 14．75 9．75 Each additional day 8．00 6．00The 2．5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more．The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 100 pm every day．You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online．22．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？A．15．75．B．19．50．C．22．75．D．29．50．【解题示范】第一步：阅读题干，找出题干关键词：pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days；第二步：根据文中信息源：Prices。