07_Key Spectroscopy Applications

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪英文Fourier Transform Infrared SpectrometerIntroduction:The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is an essential tool in the field of spectroscopy. It utilizes the mathematical technique known as Fourier transform to analyze infrared light, enabling scientists to study the molecular composition and structure of various substances. In this article, we will explore the principles behind the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer and its applications in scientific research.Principles of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy:Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is based on the interaction between infrared light and matter. When a substance is exposed to infrared radiation, the energy absorbed by the molecules causes them to vibrate. These vibrations are specific to each molecule and are dependent on the molecular bonds present within the substance.The spectrometer operates by passing an infrared beam through the sample and measuring the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths. This absorption spectrum is then transformed using Fourier analysis, producing a highly detailed and accurate representation of the substance's molecular structure.Advantages of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy:1. High Speed and Sensitivity: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy offers rapid analysis times due to its ability to gather a full range ofwavelengths simultaneously. This allows for efficient data collection, making it ideal for high-throughput applications. Additionally, the technique is highly sensitive, capable of detecting even small quantities of sample material.2. Broad Analytical Range: FTIR spectroscopy covers a wide range of wavelengths, from near-infrared (NIR) to mid-infrared (MIR). This versatility enables the analysis of various substances, including organic and inorganic compounds, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and biological samples.3. Non-destructive Analysis: One of the key advantages of FTIR spectroscopy is that it is a non-destructive technique. Samples do not require any special preparation and can be analyzed directly, allowing for subsequent analysis or retesting if required.Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers:1. Pharmaceutical Analysis: FTIR spectroscopy plays a vital role in drug discovery and development. It is used to identify and characterize the molecular composition of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients, and impurities. By comparing spectra, scientists can ensure the quality and purity of pharmaceutical products.2. Environmental Analysis: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometers are employed in environmental monitoring to analyze air, water, and soil samples. It aids in detecting pollutants, identifying unknown substances, and assessing the impact of human activities on the environment.3. Forensic Science: FTIR spectroscopy has proven to be a valuable tool in forensic science. It assists in the analysis of various evidence, such asfibers, paints, and drugs. FTIR spectra can provide crucial information in criminal investigations, helping to identify unknown substances and link them to potential sources.4. Food and Beverage Industry: The FTIR spectrometer allows for the analysis of food quality, safety, and authenticity. It can identify contaminants, detect adulteration, and verify product labeling claims. Both raw materials and finished products can be analyzed using this technique, ensuring compliance with industry regulations.Conclusion:The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer has revolutionized the field of spectroscopy by providing accurate and detailed information about a substance's molecular structure. Its speed, sensitivity, and versatility make it a crucial analytical tool in various scientific disciplines. With ongoing advancements in technology, FTIR spectroscopy continues to contribute to new discoveries and advancements in research.。

NMRNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a powerful analytical technique used to obtain detailed information about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of molecules. It is widely used in various scientific fields including chemistry, biology, and materials science. In this article, we will explore the principles, applications, and benefits of NMR.Principles of NMRAt its core, NMR relies on the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei and their interaction with an external magnetic field. When placed in a strong magnetic field, certain atomic nuclei can absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation at specific resonant frequencies. This resonance frequency is highly sensitive to the chemical environment around the nucleus, providing valuable structural and chemical information.The process of NMR involves several key steps:1.Sample Preparation: The sample of interest is dissolved in a suitablesolvent and placed in a glass tube or NMR sample holder.2.Magnetization: The sample is placed in a strong magnetic field,typically generated by a superconducting magnet. This aligns the nuclear spins with the magnetic field.3.Radiofrequency Excitation: A radiofrequency pulse is applied to thesample to perturb the aligned nuclear spins.4.Signal Detection: After the excitation, the nuclear spins return totheir original alignment and emit a detectable signal. This signal is called the Free Induction Decay (FID).5.Signal Processing: The FID signal is processed using varioustechniques to extract valuable information about the sample, such as chemical shifts, coupling constants, and relaxation times.Applications of NMRNMR has a wide range of applications across various scientific disciplines. Some of the key applications include:Structural ElucidationNMR spectroscopy is widely used for determining the structure of organic compounds, including complex natural products and synthetic molecules. By analyzing the chemical shifts and coupling patterns in the NMR spectrum,researchers can decipher the connectivity of atoms within a molecule and derive useful structural information.Drug DiscoveryNMR plays a crucial role in drug discovery and development. It is used to study the interactions between drug candidates and their target molecules, helping researchers understand the binding affinity, specificity, and mode of action of potential drugs. NMR can also be used to determine the three-dimensional structure of proteins and protein-ligand complexes, enabling structure-based drug design.MetabolomicsNMR spectroscopy is widely employed in metabolomics, which is the comprehensive analysis of the small molecules (metabolites) present in biological samples. By analyzing the NMR spectra of biological fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, researchers can gain insights into metabolic pathways, identify biomarkers of diseases, and understand the impact of external factors on metabolism.Material CharacterizationNMR is a versatile tool for the characterization of various materials, including polymers, catalysts, and solids. It can provide valuable information about the molecular structure, composition, and dynamics of materials, helping researchers optimize their properties and understand their behavior.Benefits of NMRNMR offers several significant advantages compared to other analytical techniques:1.Non-Destructive: NMR analysis is non-destructive, meaning thesample remains intact after measurement. This allows for further analysis or repeat experiments if required.2.Quantitative Analysis: NMR can provide quantitative informationabout the composition and concentration of components within a sample. By calibrating the NMR signal against known standards, precise measurements can be obtained.3.Highly Informative: NMR provides rich and detailed structuralinformation, allowing researchers to study molecular structures, dynamics, and interactions in great detail.4.Versatility: NMR can be applied to a wide range of samples, includingliquids, solids, and gases. It is also compatible with a variety of isotopes,allowing researchers to investigate different elements and isotopic labelingtechniques.5.Reliability: NMR is a well-established technique with a high level ofreliability. It has been extensively validated and is widely used in bothacademic and industrial settings.ConclusionNMR spectroscopy is a versatile and powerful analytical technique that provides valuable information about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of molecules. Its applications span across various scientific disciplines, ranging from structural elucidation and drug discovery to metabolomics and material characterization. With its non-destructive nature, quantitative capabilities, and detailed structural insights, NMR continues to play a pivotal role in scientific research and development.。

物 理 化 学 学 报Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2023, 39 (10), 2305034 (1 of 7)Received: May 17, 2023; Revised: July 9, 2023; Accepted: July 10, 2023; Published online: July 17, 2023. *Correspondingauthor.Email:*******************.hk †These authors contributed equally to this work.The project was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (11301721, TRS(T23-713/22-R)-Carbon Neutrality), ITC via the Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), and the City University of Hong Kong (9380100, 7020054, 9678272, 7020013, 1886921).香港研究资助局(11301721, TRS(T23-713/22-R)-碳中和), 创新科技署国家贵金属材料工程研究中心香港分中心(NPMM)以及香港城市大学(9380100, 7020054, 9678272, 7020013, 1886921)资助项目© Editorial office of Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica[Article] doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202305034 Epitaxial Growth of Unconventional 4H-Pd Based Alloy Nanostructures on 4H-Au Nanoribbons towards Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Methanol OxidationJie Wang 1,2,†, Guigao Liu 2,7,†, Qinbai Yun 3, Xichen Zhou 3, Xiaozhi Liu 6, Ye Chen 8, Hongfei Cheng 2, Yiyao Ge 3, Jingtao Huang 2, Zhaoning Hu 2, Bo Chen 3, Zhanxi Fan 3,4,5, Lin Gu 9, Hua Zhang 3,4,5,*1 Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering,Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China.2 Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,Singapore 639798, Singapore.3 Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.4 Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong, China.5 Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong Province, China.6 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190, China.7 National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, NanjingUniversity of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.8 Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.9 Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science andEngineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.Abstract: Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) hold great promise as clean energy conversion devices in the future. Noble metal nanocatalysts, renowned for their exceptional catalytic activity and stability, play a crucial role in DMFCs. Among these catalysts, Pt- and Pd-based nanocatalysts are widely recognized as the most effective catalysts for the electrochemical methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), which is the key half-cell reaction in DMFCs. However, due to the high cost of Pt- and Pd-based materials, there is a strong desire to further enhance their catalytic performance. One of the most promising approaches for it is to develop noble metal-based alloy nanocatalysts, which have shown great potential in improvingelectrocatalytic activity. Notably, advancements in phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN) have revealed that noble metal-based nanomaterials with unconventional phases exhibit superior catalytic properties in various catalytic reactions compared to their counterparts with conventional phases. To obtain noble metal-based nanocatalysts with unconventional crystal phases, wet-chemical epitaxial growth has been employed as a facile and effective method, utilizing unconventional-phase noble metal nanocrystals as templates. Nevertheless, epitaxially growing bimetallic alloy nanostructures withunconventional crystal phases remains a challenge, impeding further exploration of their catalytic performance in electrochemical reactions such as MOR. In this study, we utilize 4H hexagonal phase Au (4H-Au) nanoribbons as templates for the epitaxial growth of unconventional 4H hexagonal PdFe, PdIr, and PdRu, resulting in the formation of 4H-Au@PdM (M = Fe, Ir, and Ru) core-shell nanoribbons. As a proof-of-concept application, we investigate the electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized 4H-Au@PdFe nanoribbons towards MOR, which exhibit a mass activity of 3.69 A·mg Pd−1, i.e., 10.5 and 2.4 times that of Pd black and Pt/C, respectively, placing it among the best Pd- and Pt-based MOR electrocatalysts. Our strategy opens up an avenue for the rational construction of unconventional-phase multimetallic nanostructures to explore their phase-dependent properties in various applications.Key Words: Phase engineering of nanomaterials; Crystal phase; 4H phase; Pd-based alloy;Methanol oxidation reaction在4H晶相Au纳米带上外延生长非常规晶相4H-Pd基合金纳米结构用于高效甲醇电催化氧化汪婕1,2,†，刘贵高2,7,†，韵勤柏3，周希琛3，刘效治6，陈也8，程洪飞2，葛一瑶3，黄京韬2，胡兆宁2，陈博3，范战西3,4,5，谷林9，张华3,4,5,*1西华大学材料科学与工程学院，流体与动力机械教育部重点实验室，成都 6100392南洋理工大学材料科学与工程学院可编程材料中心，新加坡 639798，新加坡3香港城市大学化学系，香港4香港城市大学，国家贵金属材料工程研究中心香港分中心，香港5香港城市大学深圳研究院，广东深圳 5180576中国科学院物理研究所，北京凝聚态物理国家实验室，北京 1001907南京理工大学化学化工学院，国家特种超细粉体工程研究中心，南京 2100948香港中文大学化学系，香港9清华大学材料科学与工程系，北京国家电子显微镜中心与先进材料实验室，北京 100084摘要：Pd基合金纳米材料通常具有传统的面心立方(fcc)晶相。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：光能不能透过不透明的物体英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Can Light Pass Through Opaque Objects?Light is something we interact with every day, but have you ever stopped to think about how it behaves and what rules it follows? As a student, I've learned about the properties of light inmy science classes, and one fascinating aspect is how light interacts with different materials. Specifically, the question of whether light can pass through opaque or non-transparent objects is an intriguing one that has significant real-world implications.To understand this concept better, we first need to understand what opaque objects are and how they differ from transparent or translucent materials. An opaque object is one that does not allow any light to pass through it. When light hits an opaque surface, it is either absorbed or reflected, but none of it is transmitted through the material. Common examples of opaque objects include wood, metals, and most solid objects we encounter daily.On the other hand, transparent materials, like glass or clear plastic, allow most or all of the light to pass through them with little distortion. Translucent materials, such as frosted glass or thin fabrics, allow some light to pass through, but the light is scattered and diffused, making objects appear blurred or hazy when viewed through them.Now, back to the main question: can light pass through opaque objects? The simple answer is no, light cannot pass through truly opaque materials. This is because the atoms ormolecules in these materials are densely packed, leaving no spaces or pathways for the light to travel through. When light encounters an opaque object, the photons (particles of light) interact with the atoms or molecules in the material, causing them to vibrate and transfer their energy to the material. This energy transfer results in the absorption or reflection of the light, but no transmission.However, it's essential to note that there are exceptions and nuances to this general rule. For instance, some materials that appear opaque to the human eye may still allow certain wavelengths of light to pass through. This phenomenon is known as selective transmission or absorption.One example of this is the way certain plastics or glasses can appear opaque to visible light but still allow infrared or ultraviolet radiation to pass through. This property is exploited in various applications, such as remote controls that use infrared light to communicate with electronic devices or UV-blocking window films that protect against harmful ultraviolet rays.Another exception to the rule of opaque materials is the case of extremely thin layers or films. Even materials that are generally considered opaque can become partially transparent when their thickness is reduced to the nanometer scale. This is due to thefact that at such small scales, the behavior of light and matter is governed by quantum mechanics, and different phenomena come into play.For instance, researchers have observed that thin films of gold, which is typically an opaque metal, can appear greenish and allow some light to pass through when the film is only a few nanometers thick. This phenomenon, known as the "extraordinary optical transmission," has potential applications in fields such as optical computing, sensing, and spectroscopy.Additionally, there are instances where light can seemingly "pass through" opaque objects, but this is not due to transmission through the material itself. Instead, it is a result of diffraction or scattering effects. For example, when light encounters a small hole or aperture in an opaque material, it can bend around the edges and create a diffraction pattern on the other side. This effect is commonly observed in phenomena like the pinhole camera, where an inverted image is formed on the opposite side of a small aperture.Similarly, if an opaque material contains small particles or irregularities, light can be scattered in various directions, creating the illusion that some light has passed through the material. This scattering effect is responsible for the appearance of materialslike milk or fog, where light is scattered by the suspended particles, giving them a whitish or hazy appearance.In summary, while light cannot truly pass through opaque materials in the conventional sense, there are exceptions and nuances to this rule based on the specific properties of the material, the wavelength of light, and the thickness or structure of the material. These exceptions have led to fascinating discoveries and applications in fields such as optics, materials science, and nanotechnology.As a student, learning about these concepts has not only deepened my understanding of the behavior of light but has also opened my eyes to the incredible complexity and beauty of the natural world. It has taught me that even seemingly simple phenomena can have intricate underlying mechanisms and that scientific exploration often leads to unexpected discoveries and innovations.Moving forward, as technology continues to advance and our ability to manipulate and observe materials at the nanoscale improves, it is likely that we will uncover even more exceptions and nuances to the interaction of light with opaque objects. Who knows, perhaps one day we will find a way to truly control the transmission of light through materials that are currentlyconsidered opaque, unlocking new possibilities in fields like optical computing, imaging, and energy transmission.For now, I am content to continue learning and exploring these fascinating concepts, knowing that the study of light and its interactions with matter holds the key to unraveling many of the mysteries of the universe and paving the way for future scientific breakthroughs.篇2Can Light Pass Through Opaque Objects?Light is an intriguing phenomenon that has captivated scientists, philosophers, and curious minds for centuries. It is a fundamental aspect of our universe, responsible for illuminating the world around us and enabling us to perceive the vibrant colors and intricate details of our surroundings. However, despite its ubiquity, the behavior of light can sometimes seem paradoxical, particularly when it comes to its interaction with different materials.One question that often arises is whether light can pass through opaque objects. At first glance, the answer may seem obvious: opaque materials are defined as those that do not allowlight to pass through them. However, upon closer examination, the reality is more nuanced and complex than it initially appears.To understand this phenomenon, we must first delve into the nature of light itself. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space. It exhibits properties of both particles (photons) and waves, a duality that has perplexed scientists since the early days of quantum mechanics.When light encounters a material, several interactions can occur. It can be reflected, refracted (bent), absorbed, or transmitted (passed through). The outcome of these interactions depends on the properties of the material, such as its atomic structure, density, and the wavelength of the incoming light.Opaque materials, by definition, do not allow the transmission of visible light. This is because the atoms or molecules within these materials are closely packed together, preventing the photons from passing through unimpeded. Instead, the light is either absorbed or scattered by the material, resulting in the opaque appearance we observe.However, it is important to note that the term "opaque" is not absolute. A material's opacity can vary depending on the wavelength of the incident light. For example, some materialsthat appear opaque to visible light may be transparent to other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays or infrared radiation.Furthermore, even materials considered opaque can exhibit fascinating phenomena when exposed to intense light sources or under specific conditions. One such phenomenon is known as the "skin effect," where a thin layer of an opaque material can become partially transparent due to the evanescent wave created by the interaction of light with the material's surface.Another intriguing concept is the idea of "optical tunneling," which suggests that under certain circumstances, photons can effectively "tunnel" through a barrier that would typically be considered opaque. This phenomenon, although rare and highly dependent on specific conditions, challenges our conventional understanding of the behavior of light and matter.In addition to these theoretical considerations, there are also practical applications where light is purposefully transmitted through materials that would typically be considered opaque. One example is the use of fiber optics, where light is guided through thin glass or plastic fibers over long distances. While the core material is transparent, the cladding surrounding it is oftenopaque, preventing light from escaping and ensuring efficient transmission.Similarly, in the field of photolithography, which is crucial for the fabrication of integrated circuits and microelectronic devices, light is used to pattern and etch materials that are initially opaque. By carefully controlling the wavelength, intensity, and exposure time of the light, these materials can be selectively modified to create intricate patterns and structures.Beyond the realm of science and technology, the interaction of light with opaque materials has also captured the imagination of artists and designers. Techniques such as stained glass, where colored glass is used to create stunning visual effects, or the use of translucent materials in architecture, demonstrate the creative potential of manipulating light's behavior with diverse materials.In conclusion, while opaque materials are generally defined as those that do not allow visible light to pass through, the reality is far more nuanced and fascinating. By exploring the fundamental properties of light and its interactions with matter, we can uncover intriguing phenomena that challenge our conventional understanding and open new avenues for scientific exploration and practical applications. Whether through theoretical investigations, technological advancements, orartistic expressions, the study of light's behavior with opaque objects continues to captivate and inspire us, reminding us of the incredible complexity and beauty of the natural world.篇3Can Light Pass Through Opaque Objects?Light is all around us, illuminating our world and allowing us to see the colors, textures, and details of everything in our environment. But have you ever stopped to think about how light behaves when it encounters different materials? Can it pass through all objects, or are there some things that block its path? In this essay, I'll explore the fascinating question of whether light can travel through opaque objects.To understand this concept, we first need to define what we mean by an opaque object. Essentially, an opaque material is one that does not allow light to pass through it. When light rays hit an opaque surface, they are either absorbed or reflected back, preventing them from continuing their journey to the other side.Some common examples of opaque objects include wood, metal, concrete, and most solid materials we encounter in our daily lives. When you shine a flashlight onto a wooden door or a solid brick wall, the light does not penetrate through to the otherside. Instead, it is either absorbed by the material or reflected back, creating shadows and illuminating the surface.But what about transparent and translucent materials? These allow light to pass through to varying degrees. Transparent objects, such as clear glass or pure water, permit light to travel through them with little to no obstruction or distortion. On the other hand, translucent materials like frosted glass or thin fabrics diffuse and scatter the light, creating a softer, more diffused effect on the other side.So, if opaque objects block light, does that mean light can never pass through them? Not necessarily. There are certain conditions and exceptions where light can actually penetrate and travel through materials that we typically consider opaque.One such exception is when the opaque material is extremely thin or has microscopic pores or gaps. For example, some types of paper or thin plastic films may appear opaque to the naked eye, but when held up to a bright light source, you can see a faint glow or silhouette on the other side. This is because the material is thin enough to allow some light to pass through the tiny spaces between its fibers or molecules.Another way light can penetrate opaque materials is through a process called "light piping." This phenomenon occurs whenlight enters an opaque material at a specific angle and is guided or "piped" through the material by undergoing multiple internal reflections. This principle is used in fiber optic cables, where light can travel through the opaque glass or plastic fibers over long distances without significant loss or distortion.Additionally, certain advanced materials and technologies can manipulate light in ways that allow it to pass through traditionally opaque objects. For instance, researchers have developed "metamaterials" that can bend and guide light around obstacles, essentially making the obstacles appear transparent to the light waves.In the field of imaging and microscopy, techniques like X-ray imaging and electron microscopy rely on the ability of certain high-energy forms of radiation or particles to penetrate and reveal the internal structures of opaque materials like metals, rocks, and biological tissues.While these exceptions and advanced technologies are fascinating, it's important to remember that in most everyday situations, light cannot pass through opaque objects. This fundamental property of light and matter is crucial to our understanding of the world around us and has numerous practical applications.For example, opaque materials are essential for creating shadows, which are vital for depth perception, visual contrast, and artistic expression. Imagine trying to read a book or appreciate a painting without the interplay of light and shadow created by opaque objects.Opaque materials also play a crucial role in various industries and technologies. They are used for insulation, shielding, and protective barriers against light, heat, and other forms of radiation. Buildings, vehicles, and protective equipment rely on opaque materials to create safe and controlled environments.In conclusion, while there are exceptions and specialized techniques that allow light to penetrate or manipulate opaque materials, in most everyday situations, light cannot pass through objects that are truly opaque. This fundamental property of light and matter is essential for our perception of the world, artistic expression, and various practical applications. Understanding the behavior of light and its interactions with different materials is crucial in fields ranging from physics and engineering to art and design.。

幻灯片1Spectroscopy of Coordination Chemistry幻灯片2The frequency of the absorbed radiation is related to the energy of the transition by Plank’s Law:Efinal-Einitial =E=hν= hc/λWhen exists, the radiation can be absorbed;When does not satisfy the Plank expression, then the radiation will be transmitted.A plot of the frequency of the incident radiation vs.some measure of the percent radiation absorbedby the sample is the absorption spectrum of thecompound.幻灯片3The type of absorption spectroscopy depends onthe type of transition involved and accordingly onthe frequency range of the electromagneticradiation absorbed.If the transition is from one rotation energy level toanother, microwave spectroscopy;Vibrational energy level to another, infrared spectroscopy;If the transition alters the configuration of the valence electrons in the molecule,Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy幻灯片4幻灯片53.1 Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)Beer’s Law states that:A = εbc3.1.1 Electronic TransitionsThere are three types of electronic transition :1. Transition involving π,σand n electrons;2. charge-transfer electrons3. d and f electrons.幻灯片63.1.2 Absorbing Species Containing π,σand n electronsSince there are superposition of different transition,a continuous absorption band appears.幻灯片7●σσ* Transitions●Transition from a bonding σorbital to the corresponding antibonding orbital (energyis generally large).●CH4 (125 nm) not seen in typical UV-Vis region (200-700 nm).●n σ* Transitions●Saturated compounds containing atoms with lone pairs (non-bonding electrons) arecapable of this type of transitions. In the range of 150-250 nm.●n π* and ππ* Transitions●Most organic compounds have the transitions of n or πelectrons to●the π* excited state and fall in the range of 200-700 nm.●Unsaturated groups providing the πelectrons.●ε= 10 to 100 L·mol-1·cm-1 for n π* transitions.●ε= 1000 to 10000 L·mol-1·cm-1 for ππ* transitions●Solvent effects: blue shift for n π* transitions and red shift for●ππ* transitions with increasing solvent polarity.幻灯片8幻灯片9Charge-Transfer AbsorptionA number of inorganic compounds show charge-transfer absorption.For a complex, if one of its components has electron donating properties and another component can accept electrons.The absorption involves the electron transitions from donor orbital to acceptor orbital. ε> 10000 L·mol-1·cm-1for examples: KMnO4, K2Cr2O7.3.1.3 Electronic Absorption Spectrum of Coordination ComplexThree kinds of electronic transitions: d d transition; MLCT andLMCT(metal-to-ligand charge transfer and ligand-to-metal charge transfer); LC (ligand centered transitions).幻灯片10● d d transitions●According to the selection rules, some transitions are strong (Td●complexes), and others are weak (Oh complexs).●Taking the hydrogen atom as an example:In which the 1s 2p transition is allowed,whereas the 1s 2s transition is “symmetryForbidden”. The reason is that the hydrogen atom possesses a center of inversion.The SALC (Symmetry Adapted Linear Combination)stated that if there is a inversion centre, we require the initial and final states have different parity.Then for a Oh complex, which has an inversion centre, the d d transition is forbidden. Meanwhile, for a Td compound, the d d transition is allowed. Therefore, the d d adsorption intensity of Td complexes is much higher than in Oh complex.We can still observe some d d adsorption in Oh complexes, this is due to the break of Oh symmetry.幻灯片11For example, when a Oh complex vibrate and in some cases the inversion centre does not exist. When this asymmetry is present, a weak absorption is present.This weak relaxation of the Laporte selection rule is known as vibronic（振动） coupling because it arises from the interaction of vibrational modes with the electronic transition modes.This weak absorptions fall in the visible region, which can be used in the explanation of coordination complexes’ colors.(2) MLCT or LMCT transitionThese transitions generally occur in the complexes which involved the metal centered dπground state and ligand π * states and the transitions can be observed in the visible region.For example, for a d6 octahedral metal complex, the molecularorbital diagram is in the following:幻灯片12From the Fig. 3.4, it is clear that the HOMO orbital is predominantlymetal dπorbital based and the LOMO orbital is predominantly ligandπ* orbital based. Normally, π-acceptors ligands will present a low-lying π* orbital and in the same time stabilize the dπorbital centeredon the metal by retro-coordination.Light absorber molecule.幻灯片13The major electronic transition that occur in d6 metal complexeswith unsaturated ligands are ligand based n π*, ππ*, MLCT and LF( ligand field transition) (Fig. 3.5).The intensity of a transition is determined by selection rule.both Laporte and spin rules.(1)Ligand ππ* transition and MLCT are both rules allowed, theεis 103 ~105 L·mol-1·cm-1.(2) LF is spin allowed but Laporte forbidden,εis 102 ~103 L·mol-1·cm-1.幻灯片14The compound [Ru(bpy)3]2+ is a photostable compound(τ=640 nsand emission quantum yield Φ= 0.062). The electronic absorptionspectrum of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ is:幻灯片153.1.4 InstrumentUV-Vis spectrometer:Lamp: a deuterium discharge lamp for UV measurement and a tungsten-halogen lamp for visible and NIR measurements.a normal UV-Vis 190~900 nm. Nitrogen, vacuum detector.幻灯片163.2 Infrared Spectroscopy● 3.2.1 Several types of molecular motion●Translational motion●move through space in some arbitrary direction with a particular velocity.●Rotational motion●rotate about some internal axis.●Vibrational motion●the molecule may vibrate. As shown in Fig. 3.9, a polyatomic molecule has total3N freedom. When abstracting the 3 translational and 3 rotational degrees of freedom, the vibrational freedom is 3N-6.幻灯片17For water molecule, the vibrational freedom is 3*3 –6 = 3.Each of the vibrational motions of a molecule occurs with a certainFrequency, which is characteristic of the molecule and of the particularvibration. The energy involved in particular vibration is characterizedby the amplitude of the vibration, so that the higher the vibrationalEnergy, the larger the amplitude of the motion.Since most vibrational motions in molecules occur at 1014 sec-1. thenLight of wavelength = 3μm will be required to cause transition fromone vibrational energy level to another. This wavelength lies in the so-called infrared region of the spectrum. So, IR spectroscopy deals withvibrational motion of the molecules. Vibrational spectroscopy.幻灯片18● 3.2.2 Application of IR●IR spectrum of organic molecules could be divided into three regions: ●4000 ~ 1300 cm-1 (specific functional groups and bond types);●1300~ 909 cm-1 (the fingerprint region);●909 ~ 605 cm-1( the presence of benzene rings).幻灯片19幻灯片20Here, we consider the IR spectroscopy of inorganic compounds.For example: KNO2, in its lattice, the K+ and NO2- is independently arranged. Therefore, we consider only the NO2- anion (the K+ ionhas no vibrational motion).the nitrite anion has 3 vibrational freedom.One is symmetric stretch at 1335 cm-1,Another is asymmetric stretch at 1250 cm-1,The last one is bending vibration at 830cm-1. and their frequencies are almostSame regardless of the counter ion. So, it can be used for the diagnosis the presence of nitrite ions in a compound.幻灯片21For another salt, NaNO3, it is more complex.For another salt, NaNO3, it is more complex.It should have 3x4-6 = 6 vibrational modes.But its IR spectra exhibit only threeabsorption band centered at 831, 1405 and692 cm-1. it is that the symmetricstretching is not IR active. The reason forthis is that this type of motion gives no rise to the change of thedipole moment of the ion.Among the remaining 5, there are two sets of doubly degeneratevibrations, that is each 2 motions has one band in IR.The IR spectra for some of the more common ions are listed in thefollowing table.幻灯片22幻灯片23The IR absorption bands listed in the above table are for the free ions. When they coordinated with metal ions, the absorption peaks will move. For nitrite anion, it has at least two coordination modes:When coordinated, there willbe an increase of the vibrationalfrequency for the nitrite ionin the order: N-single bondedO (in O-bonded) < NO (in N-bonded) < N-double bond-O(in O-bonded) .幻灯片24In agreement with this, it has been found that in complexes in which NO2- is bonded through oxygen, the two N-O stretching frequencies lie in the ranges 1500~1400 cm-1 for N=O and 1100-1000 cm-1 for N-O.In complexes in which NO2- is bonded through nitrogen, the bands occur at similar frequencies which are intermediate between the range above; namely, 1340~1300 cm-1 and 1430 ~1360 cm-1. Thus it is relatively easy to tell whether a nitrite ion is coordinated through O or N on the basis of IR whether it is coordinated.幻灯片25For nitrate complexes, the nitrate can coordinated with metal atomin the following ways:In the free nitrate ion, thethree oxygen atoms areidentical, but no longeridentical in the coordinatednitrate ion.In all three cases, two of theoxygen atoms are identicaland the third one is unique.we say that the AB3 typeion is to change to an AB2C type species. Then the IR inactive symmetric stretching mode for the free nitrate ion (AB3) type becomes IR active when coordinated to metal atoms(AB2C).幻灯片26Similarly, the doubly degenerated asymmetric stretch in AB3becomes two asymmetric stretch with different energy in AB2C.Free nitrate ion: single band; coordinated nitrate ion: two bands.The more symmetrical a molecules or ion is, the fewer the number of bands that will appearin the IR spectrum.幻灯片27principle of Raman spectroscopyRayleigh散射：弹性碰撞；无能量交换，仅改变方向；Raman散射：非弹性碰撞；方向改变且有能量交换；Rayleigh散射Raman散射E0基态，E1振动激发态；E0 + h0 ，E1 + h0 激发虚态；获得能量后，跃迁到激发虚态.（1928年印度物理学家Raman C V 发现；1960年快速发展）幻灯片28基本原理E0E1 V=1V=0- 激发虚态1. Raman 散射Raman 散射的两种跃迁能量差： E=h(0 - )产生stokes 线；强；基态分子多； E=h(0 + ) 产生反stokes 线；弱； Raman 位移：Raman幻灯片29 2. Raman 位移对不同物质：对同一物质： -转能级的特征物理量；定性与结构分析的依据；Raman 散射的产生：光电场E= E 分子极化率； 幻灯片30E0E1V=1V=0-ANTI-STOKES-RayleighSTOKES诱导偶极矩 = E非极性基团，对称分子；拉曼活性振动—伴随有极化率变化的振动。

物 理 化 学 学 报Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2024, 40 (3), 2304040 (1 of 19)Received: April 24, 2023; Revised: May 19, 2023; Accepted: May 22, 2023; Published online: May 31, 2023. *Correspondingauthors.Emails:**********.cn(F.L.)******************.cn(S.Z.)The project was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFB1505800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21925404, 22075099, 21991151).国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1505800)和国家自然科学基金(21925404, 22075099, 21991151)资助项目© Editorial office of Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica[Review] doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202304040 Application and Development of Electrochemical Spectroscopy MethodsYue-Zhou Zhu 1, Kun Wang 1, Shi-Sheng Zheng 2,*, Hong-Jia Wang 1, Jin-Chao Dong 1, Jian-Feng Li 1,*1 State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China.2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China.Abstract: The theoretical and experimental technologies used for electrochemical characterization methods, which are essential for determining surface structures and elucidating electrochemical reaction mechanisms, have been significantly improved after more than two centuries of development. Traditional chemical methods like cyclic voltammetry (CV) can provide the exact electrochemical reaction rate in different potential ranges, which is beneficial for identifying the electrochemical performance of electrocatalytic materials. However, traditional chemical methods alone are often inadequate when it comes to achieving a deep understanding of reaction mechanisms. In this regard, spectroscopic methods, whichare powerful tools to identify the active sites and intermediate species during electrochemical reactions, are widely applied to elucidate the electrochemical mechanism at a molecular or even atomic level. In this review, three molecular-vibration-spectroscopy-based electrochemical characterization technologies, viz., infrared (IR) spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, are comprehensively reviewed and discussed. IR, SERS, and SFG are all non-destructive spectroscopic techniques with ultra-high surface sensitivity and are indispensable when detecting surface species during electrochemical reactions. Consequently, researchers have strived to combine these spectroscopic techniques with basic electrochemical instruments. In fundamental electrochemical research, detecting electrochemical reactions in model single-crystal systems and determining the structure of interfacial water molecules have been two major research topics in recent years. Single-crystal surfaces are important in fundamental electrochemical research because of their defined atom arrays and energy states, serving as model systems to help bridge experimental results and theoretical calculations. Meanwhile, the structure of interfacial water influences most electrochemical reaction processes, and as such, probing interfacial water structures is a challenging but valuable target in fundamental electrochemical research. Additionally, the application of electrochemical spectroscopic methods to analyze fuel cells has become important, and this review covers recent SERS studies of oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR) in hydrogen fuel cells. Concurrently, electrochemical IR and SFG studies on the electrooxidation of small organic molecules are discussed. Finally, owing to the significance of lithium-ion batteries, studies of electrochemical spectroscopic methods on solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) are becoming increasingly important and are introduced here. In conclusion, recent advances and the future developments of electrochemical spectroscopy methods are summarized in this review article.Key Words: Electrochemical spectroscopy; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy;Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy; Sum-frequency generation spectroscopy电化学谱学表征方法的应用与发展朱越洲1，王琨1，郑世胜2,*，汪弘嘉1，董金超1，李剑锋1,*1厦门大学化学化工学院，固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室，福建 厦门 3610052北京大学深圳研究生院，新材料学院，广东深圳 518000摘要：经历两个多世纪的发展，电化学表征方法的理论和实验研究不断完善，在表界面精细结构表征、电化学反应机理研究等方面起到重要作用。

Software Quick Start GuideOceanView operates on 32- and 64-bit Windows, Macintosh and Linux operating systems. The software can control any Ocean Insight USB spectrometer.A complete OceanView Installation and Operation Manual can be found on our website at .Getting StartedMinimum System RequirementsMonitor Resolution 1024 X 768 or higher RAM1.5 GB or higherProcessor******************************************************************************************************************************************HD Space300 MB free spaceCaution:Do NOT connect the spectrometer to the computer until you install theOceanView software. Follow the instructions below to properly connect and configure your system.InstallationWindows InstallationThe total download is approximately 64 MB (32-bit) or 71 MB (64-bit).1. Download OceanView from software downloads at .2. Close all other applications running on the computer.3. Start Internet Explorer.4.Navigate to the link you received to the OceanView software in your email. Click on the OceanView software appropriate for your Windows operating system.5. Save the software to the desired location. The default installation directory is \ProgramFiles\Ocean Optics\OceanView .NOTEMost processors produced in 2010 and later work well with OceanView. OceanView does not run on tablets with ARM processors.6.The installer wizard guides you through the installation process. The OceanView iconlocation is Start | Programs | Ocean Optics | OceanView | OceanView and the desktop of the current user.Device Driver IssuesHardware device driver installation is seamless on Microsoft Windows operating systems when you connect your spectrometer to your computer. However, some Windows systems require a bit more care when connecting your spectrometer for the first time.If your spectrometer is not recognized by OceanView running on your computer, you need to manually install the spectrometer drivers using the procedure below.Windows Driver Installation ProcessUse this procedure when connecting your spectrometer to a Windows 64-bit system. Steps may vary slightly depending on the version of Windows.1.Open the Control Panel. Click DeviceManager.2.Right-click on the Ocean Insightspectrometer under Other devices. Chooseupdate driver software. This screen appears:3.Choose Browse my computer for driversoftware.4.Navigate to C:\Program Files\OceanOptics\OceanView\SystemFiles. Click OK.Then click Next.5.Choose Install this driver software anywayon this screen.The software will recognize your spectrometer if the driver installation is successful.Mac InstallationYou must be logged on as an administrative user to install OceanView on your Mac. The total download is approximately 35 MB.1. Download OceanView from software downloads at .2. Double-click the OceanView Setup_Mac.dmg file to mount the disk image. A newOceanView icon that looks like a disk drive appears on your desktop. The new icon should open automatically (if not, double-click it).3. Drag the OceanView .app icon to the Applications folder icon to install OceanView . Thenyou can launch OceanView from the Applications folder. Double-click the Applications folder and drag the OceanView icon from Applications to the Dock to be able to launch it faster.4. Drag the OceanView drive icon to the trash can once the installation has finished.Linux InstallationThe total download is approximately 75 MB (32-bit) or 67 MB (64-bit).1. Start a terminal window. Enter the following commands:a. chmod 755 ~/Desktop/OceanView Setup_Linux64.binb. sudo ~/Desktop/OceanView Setup_Linux64.binThe software prompts for your password. This allows you to execute the setup as root. Contact your system administrator if you do not have the password. If the sudo command does not work (it may not be set up for your user account), then enter the following:a. sub. (enter password for root)c. ~/Desktop/OceanView Setup_Linux64.binThe Linux version of OceanView requires some libraries that may not be installed by default, depending on the Linux distribution. The following libraries are required and are not provided as part of OceanView :• libstdc++ version 6 or newer • libXp version 6 or newer • libusb version 0.1.10Make sure that the linux libusb-0.1 exists in the system. Run either of these commands to verify that it exists:• dpkg-query -l | grep -i libusb –or NOTENewer versions of MacOSX do not ship with Java. You may need to manually install a recent Java release before installing OceanView. Instructions to download a recent Java release for different versions of OSX are here:/kb/HT5648There is also a direct link for the Java for OSX 10.7.3 and newer at:/en/download/manual.jsp#macNOTEThe example below is for a 64 bit installer downloaded to the desktop. Change 64 to 32 and the file location (if needed) for your installation.•sudo apt list –installed | grep -i liIf not found then install the library using this command (this is in Debian, and other Linux systems may have a different method to install library):a.sudo apt-get install libusb-0.12.It may be necessary to modify SELinux (Security Enhanced Linux) restrictions beforeOceanView will run. It is possible to remove SELinux auditing by running 'setenforcePermissive' as root or by customizing your SELinux policies. The OceanView installerdoes not modify system security settings.NOTEThe example below is for a 64-bit installer downloaded to the desktop. Change 64 to 32 and the file location (if needed) for the default installation directory is/usr/local/OceanOptics/OceanView.A symbolic link is put in /usr/bin so that you can enter OceanView on any command line to start the program.Product ActivationLicenseYou can activate your OceanView software conveniently online. Select Help --> Licensing. Enter the product key in the OceanView Licensing dialog box that you received when you purchased the software.If you do not have an Internet connection, click Offline Registration to display the Product Activation wizard. Use this wizard to save an activation request file and send it to Ocean Insight via an Internet-connected device. Ocean Insight will then reply with your Activation Request file. Use this in Step 3 of the Product Activation wizard.Start Your 30-Day Free TrialAll data and projects saved during your 30-day free trial will be available when the software is activated using a valid product key. Contact ********************* to purchase OceanView licenses.Double-click the OceanView icon on your Desktop to start the software. Click the Cancel button in the OceanView Product Activation dialog box that opens to start your 30-day free trial with a fully functional version of OceanView.Using Your Product Key to Activate Your SoftwareNOTEAn Internet connection is required to activate your software using a valid product key. If an Internetconnectionisnotavailable,*************************************************** procedure.1.Double-click the OceanView icon () on your desktop to start the software.2.Click Next in the OceanView Product Activation dialog box to enter your product key.3.Copy the product key from the email you received. Paste it into the product key box.4.Click the Register Software button to validate your product key.5.Click Finish to complete the software registration.If you see the message below, check your Internet connection. Then click the Register Software button again. If the computer is connected to the Internet and you still cannot register your software, contact ********************* for assistance.There is a problem with Licensing.Contact Ocean Insight for help.Quick Start GuideWhen you start OceanView, a Welcome screen appears. It asks what you want to do.Select from the following tasks:•Quick View -- Displays thespectrum in Quick Viewmode showing raw,unprocessed data. This isuncorrected for instrumentresponse vs. wavelength.Quick View shows you alive shot of what thespectrometer is “seeing.”From Quick View you canconstruct modes for different techniques.•Load a Saved Project– Loads a previously saved project. Click Restore Last Session to reload the schematic and views as they were when the software was last closed.•Spectroscopy Application Wizards– Use these functions to set up a measurement using the simple step-by-step wizards. A range of applications is available.NOTEOceanView has context sensitive help. Click the Help button in any dialog box for more details. Tooltips are available by hovering over a button or window for more information.Help is also available with the Help option in the top menu.Quick ViewSelect Quick View on the welcome screen to display spectra for all the attached devices in a raw, unprocessed data view. This mode was previously referred to as Scope mode in OceanInsights’ SpectraSuite software. This is the raw signal from the detector and is proportional to the voltage induced by the light falling on the detector.It is very important to realize that this is uncalibrated data and that a counts signal does not represent a particular power or energy from one wavelength to the next.Load a Saved ProjectOceanView can save and reload projects. You can quickly enter a processed mode by reloading a previously saved project.Spectroscopy Application WizardsThe Spectroscopy Wizards are the gateway to making measurements. Each wizard takes the user through a series of setup windows.Select the appropriate wizard to manage your measurement. This immediately enters the wizard sequence, taking you through the necessary steps to optimize your acquisition and enter the desired processing mode.The Wizard selection screen can also be accessed with the Create a new spectroscopy application button () or via the File |Create a new spectroscopy applicationmenu item.Measurement InterfaceAfter the completion of a measurementwizard, the Measurement Interface islaunched. This consists of the AcquisitionGroup window, the Graph window and theSchematic View window.Acquisition Group WindowAll acquisition controls are in theAcquisition Group Window. You can alsoselect between connected spectrometersvia the tabs at the top of the window.Click the Add/Remove Controls tab to seeand select additional features. Check theboxes next to the desired feature. This addsthe additional acquisition controls to the Main Controls tab. When the boxes are checked, the controls for these features will show on the Main Controls tab. Unchecking a feature does not disable the feature, it only hides the controls on the Main Controls tab. The spectrometer type determines which controls are available in the Add/Remove Controls tabGraph WindowThe Graph Window actively graphs spectraaccording to the selections made in theAcquisition Group window.Active graphs relating to the acquisition (e.g.,view, view-background etc.) are indicated on tabsabove the graph pane.These active graphs can be toggled between or dragged around the screen to customize the layout.Directly above the graph there are a selection of controls for sizing and scaling the axis, capturing and deleting overlay spectra, saving spectra, repeating dark and reference, and other graph functions like peak finding. Hover over the icons to indicate functionality.NOTEIf a smaller subset of functions is visible, then the operating interface is in EZ () mode.The operator can switch to advanced mode (where all icons are active), by clicking on the enter advanced mode () icon at the top left of the screen.Save SpectraSaving spectra is performed by first configuring the save , and then clicking on to perform the action that has been configured. There are various options available. The default setting is ‘save every scan’ and ‘stop after one scan,’ which takes the ac tion of saving a single scan to the designated file location.Peak FindingClick the View Spectrum Peaks button () in Graph View to find the peaks in your spectrum. The Configure Peak Metrics wizard guides you through a few quick steps to set up your peak finding parameters.1.Set the baseline level.2.Choose your peak finding method. Set peak finding criteria and optional spatial filtering.3.Select which peak parameters to display on the graph, in a table, or both.4.Make adjustments to peak finding parameters and criteria in the new Peak menu thatopens.5.Close the peak menu.6.Click the View Spectrum Peaks button () to remove peak information from thegraphQuestions?Chat with us at .*********************•US +1 727-733-2447EUROPE +31 26-3190500 • ASIA +86 21-6295-660010 MNL-1008 Rev A。

AbstractThe system described is a self-contained unit that calculates and displays the coordinates of a diver's position in real time. Each position is measured in terms of the flight times of acoustic pulses between a unit carried by the diver and a long baseline array of hydrophones or transponders on the sea bed. The calculations are done by a microprocessor programmed with a novel algorithm.AbstractAn experimental Dutch keyboard-to-speech system has been developed to explor the possibilities and limitations of Dutch speech synthesis in a communication aid for the speech impaired. The system uses diphones and a formant synthesizer chip for speech synthesis. Input to the system is in pseudo-phonetic notation. Intonation contours using a declination line and various rises and falls are generated starting from an input consisting of punctuation and accent marks. The hardware design has resulted in a small, portable and battery-powered device. A short evaluation with users has been carried out, which has shown possibilities for such a device but has also indicated some problems with the currentpseudo-phonetic input.AbstractThe development of a portable multichannel analyzer for gamma spectroscopy applications is described. The developed unit is based on the Intel 8751 single chip microcontroller and has CRT and liquid crystal displays, preamplifying and amplifying sections, high voltage supply, built-in printer and runs on rechargeable batteries. The design uses standard off the shelf components, minimizes chip count by using all the microcontroller's resources and implementing most functions in software, and this results in a low cost system with good performance. Hardware and software design along with their integration are discussed.AbstractA lightweight portable instrument is described that provides rapid readings of the concentration of sulphur dioxide in polluted atmospheres. The instrument is battery powered, weighs 3 kg and measures 25 cmwide, 25 cm high and 10 cm deep. Air enters via a jet impinger and the SO2 is absorbed in an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide in a conductivity cell. Each observation takes 2 min to complete and at least 100 readings can be taken before the solution needs to be changed. The change in conductivity of the cell is displayed and stored on a liquid crystal panel meter, providing a direct reading in terms of the concentration of SO2 in air, with two ranges, 100–1999μg m−3 and 100-6000μg m−3. AbstractComputer display height and desk design are believed to be important workstation features and are included in international standards and guidelines. However, the evidence base for these guidelines is lacking a comparison of neck/shoulder muscle activity during computer and paper tasks and whether forearm support can be provided by desk design. This study measured the spinal and upper limb muscle activity in 36 young adults whilst they worked in different computer display, book and desk conditions. Display height affected spinal muscle activity with paper tasks resulting in greater mean spinal and upper limb muscle activity. A curved desk resulted in increased proximal muscle activity. There was no substantial interaction between display and desk.Article OutlineA palm portable mass spectrometer (PPMS) has been developed with a weight of 1.48 kg (3 lb) and a size of 1.54 L (8.2 × 7.7 × 24.5 cm3) that can be operated with an average battery power of 5 W. A miniaturized ion trap has been used as a mass analyzer that consists of four parallel disks with coaxial holes. A rf voltage of 1500 V p-p at 3.9 MHz has been used for scanning ion mass of up to m/z 300. An ion-getter pump serves for high vacuum of the PPMS. Sample gas was introduced in pulse mode. An embedded microcomputer has been developed for system control. Detection of organic gases diluted in the air has been demonstrated up to 6 ppm for toluene and 22 ppm for dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). Performance results suggest usefulness of the PPMS as a personal mobile device for detection/identification of chemical warfare agents in the field.AbstractThis paper describes the design of a recording echo sounder which has a depth range of 6 m and can be used in shallow lakes and rivers to determine submerged plant heights and water depths. The instrument uses mainly digital techniques, has a liquid crystal display, and records echoes on standard audio cassettes. These are returned to the laboratory for analysis, using a microcomputer to produce various maps of the data. This system has been successfully used to map plant populations at several sites, the data for which are given.The system described is a self-contained unit that calculates and displays the coordinates of a diver's position in real time. Each position is measured in terms of the flight times of acoustic pulses between a unit carried by the diver and a long baseline array of hydrophones or transponders on the sea bed. The calculations are done by a microprocessor programmed with a novel algorithm.AbstractFor a long time, computer games were limited to input and output devices such as mouse, joystick, typewriter keyboard, and TV screen. This has changed dramatically with the advent of inexpensive and versatile sensors, actuators, and visual and acoustic output devices. Modern games employ a wide variety of interface technology, which is bound to broaden even further. This creates a new task for game designers. They have to choose the right option, possibly combining several technologies to let one technology compensate for the deficiencies of the other or to achieve more immersion through new modes of interaction. To facilitate this endeavor, this chapter gives an overview on current and upcoming human–computer interface technologies, describes their inner workings, highlights applications in commercial games and game research, and points out promising new directions.AbstractElectronics and Information Technology are playing a role of growing importance in the automotive market, also for the integration of in-car information systems with the external world. The consequent increasing range of services provided to drivers and passengers requires the study and development of human–machine interfaces able to manage multimedia streams according to criteria of safety and simplicity of use. We have implemented a library of Java components that faithfully reproduce the typically analog look of current instrument clusters, introducing runtime configurability and a limited degree of interactivity on the user's part. Components have been designed to support integration into more complex multimedia systems. The paper presents the issues we tackled in the design anddevelopment of mission-critical software and the related solutions. We show the structure and the functionality of the library and the performance analysis of a sample program, proposing a system architecture and discussing problems related to the in-car deployment of Java dashboard applications.To illustrate how modern experimental study relies heavily on digital technology, representative results are presented for a number of fluid flow problems that have been investigated using advanced forms of optical instrumentation—namely laser light sheet visualisation, three-component laser Doppler anemometry (LDA), and particle image velocimetry (PIV). These examples are used to emphasise the importance of digital methods for data capture and analysis, with samples of the reduced results being presented in the form of multi-functional colour graphs and images. The discussion shows how the processed data can yield improved understanding, revealing complex three-dimensional flow features that probably could not have been identified, and certainly could never have been quantified, in previous years.Colour, specifically, is shown to have emerged with increasing prominence in the last few decades, and its various uses are now seen to be crucial for the modern experimentalist. These aspects are comprehensively discussed.Article OutlineSummaryInternet smart handheld devices (SHDs) provide direct Internet access using an add-on or integrated modem. Vendors that have announced Internet SHDs include Palm Computing, Dell Computer, Nokia, Sony, Samsung, and Hewlett-Packard, with numerous others following suit. Over the last few years, SHDs have been the hottest and largest growth segment in the consumer market.AbstractThis article investigates the extent to which electronic modes of text expression affect the way writers produce their work. The following issues are addressed: (a) does word processing, with its utilities, influence the actual composition of a written work, or merely provide an efficient, expedient method ofproducing a hard copy (printed) or electronic manuscript; (b) to what extent does the―tele-communicability‖ of electronic text bring into being and facilitate group production of text; (c) which writers—those in business, technical communications and journalism, or those in more artistic or educational endeavors such as fiction, criticism, and academic research—are more influenced by the innovations these tools offer; (d) how do the innovations of hypermedia and hypertext figure in the evolution of text creation?AbstractThis bibliography lists journal publications, conference papers, research technical reports, and articles from trade journals on automated visual inspection for industry which were published during the years from 1981 to 1987. More than 600 references are included. References are organized into 13 categories according to subject matter. The categories are (1) books, (2) conferences and workshops, (3) general discussions and surveys, (4) inspection of printed circuit patterns, (5) inspection of solder joints, (6) inspection of microcircuit photomasks, (7) inspection of integrated circuits and hybrids, (8) inspection of other electrical and electronics components, (9) surface inspection, (10) X-ray inspection, (11) other inspection applications, (12) system components, and (13) inspection algorithms. References listed in each category are arranged in chronological order. The purpose is primarily to provide a complete bibliography for those interested in automated visual inspection. Some general observations have been made for the above areas of activity summarizing the advances that have taken place and the problems that remain to be solvedPRC Invention Application Publication (Source: SIPO)Publication No. CN 1432991 published on 30-Jul-2003Application No. CN 03100998.0 filed on 14-Jan-2003Inventors禹��ApplicantsLG电子株式会社韩国汉城Abstract (Chinese)所披露的是控制液晶显示(LCD)器件功率的设备和方法，可以在维持LCD器件亮度的同时减小由LCD器件所消耗的功率。