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英语国家概况-Land and peopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island：England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。
Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。
英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, Great Britain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are they different?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There is another country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder of Ireland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
Chapter 01 Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsThe British Isles refer to two large islands and hundreds of small ones.The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.Britain, which is the larger of the two islands, forms the United Kingdom together with Northern Ireland.So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国).This mouthful name is often shortened as Britain, the United Kingdom or U.K, and its capital is London.The smaller island on the British Isles forms the Republic of Ireland, which has been an independent republic since 1949, and its capital is Dublin.There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain：England, Scotland and Wales.England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section.So people tend to use "England" and "English" when they mean "Britain" and "British".Britain, which used to be a large empire with one fourth of the world's people and one fourth of the world's land areas, declined as a result of the two world wars.In 1931 the British empire was replaced by the British Common Wealth(英联邦).The Commonwealthis a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.II.Geographical FeaturesBritain is an island country.It is surrounded by the sea.It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east.The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across.In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that the two countries could be connected together.After eight years of hard work this channel, which is called "Chunnel", was open to traffic in May 1994.The Chunnel facilitates(促进) commercial, social, and cultural exchange between Great Britain and the Continent to an unprecedented degree.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands.The east and southeast are mostly lowlands.England occupies the largest, being situated in the southern part of Britain with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north.The Pennines, which are a range of hills running from North Midlands to the Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.The highest peak of England is Scafell, in the Lake District in north-west England.There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands (苏格兰从地理上被分为三部分：北部的高地，中部低地和南部高原).Ben Nevis (1343m), the highest mountain in Britain is located in Scotland.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.Wales is in the west of Great Britain.Snowdonia in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales.The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ⅲ.Rivers and LakesIn Britain, rivers do not freeze in winter.They play a very important role in the country's economy.The longest river is the Severn Rive r which is only 338 km long.The second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River (336km).Oxford is also on the Thames, in which the boat racing between the Oxford University and Cambridge University is world famous.River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.There are many lakes in Britain especially in northern Scotland.The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland, which covers an area of 396 square kilometers.The Lake District, which is in north-west England and North Wales, is one of the popular tourist attractions in Britain.It is well known for its wild and beautifulscenery and 15 lakes.It was also the home of the Lake poets(湖畔派诗人) William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey of the 19th century Britain.IV.ClimateThough it seems that people are always complaining about the weather in Britain because it is rainy and so changeable and unpredictable, the climate in Britain is in fact a favorable one.It has a favorable maritime climate(海洋性气候)-winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.Three Factors that Influence the Climate:There are three factors that influence the climate in Britain: (1)The surrounding waters that balances the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer.(2)The prevailing south-west winds which blow over the country all the year round bring warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperature moderate.(3)The North Atlantic Drift(北大西洋暖流), which is a warm current, passing the western coast of the British Isles.Since Britain's climate is of the maritime type, it is characterized by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms.It changes from day to day, and this makes it difficult to forecast.Even the most reliable of the English weather experts find it hard to give a correct and reliable weather forecast.Day may break as a fine spring morning; an hour later black clouds may come from nowhere and bring a heavy rain.At midday it may be as cold as winter.Then in the later afternoon the sky will be clear and sunny.The uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character.It tends to make him cautious.For example, you may laugh when you see an Englishman going out on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a rain coat and carrying an umbrella.Soon, you will realize that your laughing is too soon to be reasonable.The British people are sensitive to privacy.They don't like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather.Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like.Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.But this habit has something to do with the changeability of the English weather, for people generally show great interest in what is uncertain.Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1000mm.Much of the rain comes down in drizzle(毛毛细雨).It takes a lot of time for so much rain to come down.As a result, more than half of the days of the year are rainy days.In Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre(夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》), we find: "It was a cold winter.The wind had brought dark clouds and heavy rain." This shows England has much rainfall even in winter.Generally speaking, as a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.V.The PeopleThe United Kingdom has a population of 59.6 million (2001), with an average population density of 244 persons per square kilometer.People in Britain are unevenly distributed.90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural, i.e.most people live in the cities and towns and only a few live in the country.There is a great concentration of population in England.The English are Anglo-Saxons(盎格鲁撒克逊人), but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts(凯尔特人).The Celts came to Britain after 700 ter they were conquered by the Romans.During the fifth century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic Angles and Saxons invaded and conquered Britain.The Germanic conquerors give England its name "Angle" land.It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and English language were born.(正是由于诺曼征服者和被打败的盎格鲁撒克逊人的结合，才产生了英国人和英语。
主要英语国家概况第一章国土与人民Ⅰ英国的不同名称及区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称：不列颠，大不列颠，英格兰，不列颠群岛，联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗？还是有所区别？严格地讲，不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠群岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部---北爱尔兰---构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但是一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK，这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年开始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大，人口最多，一般说来也是最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是“英格兰人”，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲、和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前（1991年），英联邦有50个国家。
Ⅱ英国的地方特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。
Chapter 1 Land and people教学课时：4H教学目标和要求：了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候特点以及影响气候的因素，英国的人口结构及其特点教学方法：通过提问引出所讲内容；先由学生根据课前预习回答问题，然后由教师进行补充、修正和总结；同时，通过地图和其他图片展示，使学生对英国的地理位置、不同的行政区划及名称有直观了解教学手段：主要通过课件演示教学重点和难点：1、different names for Britain and its parts;2、geographical features3、climate4、the people课堂讨论：Typical characteristics of the English people考核目标：1、different names for Britain and its parts2、major geographical features of Britain3、major rivers and the lake district4、Britain’s climate and major influencing factors5、national characteristics of the English6、composition of the British population7、Eisteddfodau教学过程及内容：I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts1.What are the names that come to your mind when people refer to 英国?(1) Britain(2) Great Britain(3) England(4) The British Isles(5) The United Kingdom or the U.K.2.What are these names exactly refer to?Great Britain, the United Kingdom and the British Isles do not mean the same thing.Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain, and England are geographical names.G reat B ritainE ngland is part of an island called Great Britain, the largest island in Europe. Great Britain is the official name given to the the two kingdoms of England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. It also includes the small adjacent islands except the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Sometimes people use the shorten name Britain instead of Great Britain.The term "Great Britain" was used for the first time when England and Scotland became a single kingdom under King James VI of Scotland who became King James I of England in 1603.U nited K ingdomT he United Kingdom consists of Great Britain - the main island made up of England, Scotland and Wales - and Northern Ireland.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) was formed in on January 1 1801 and constitutes the greater part of the British Isles. The largest of the islands is Great Britain, which comprises England, Scotland and Wales. The next largest is Ireland, comprising Northern Ireland, whichT he B ritish I slesThe British Isles include the UK, Great Britain, and other islands such as Ireland and the Channel Islands.The British Isles consists of:∙Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales)∙The whole of Ireland∙The Orkney and Shetland Islands∙The Isle of Man∙The Inner and Outer Hebrides∙The Isle of Wight∙Scilly Islands∙Lundy Island∙The Channel Islands∙Plus many other offshore islandsSummery:EnglandGreat Britain ScotlandWales U.K.2 large islandsNorthern IrelandBritish Isles IrelandRepublic of IrelandHundreds of (1949)small islands3.What is the official name of Britain?(1) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island(2) For short: Britain, the United Kingdom or U.K.*The Union Jack--refers to the Union Flag or the National flag of the United Kingdom--It is called the Union Flag because it represents the emblems of the four countries united under one Sovereign - the kingdoms of England and Wales, of Scotland and of Ireland (although since 1921 only Northern Ireland has been part of the United Kingdom).--Although the name "Union Jack" is the popular name by which the flag is known to the world, it should strictly, perhaps, only be used for the flag when it is flown as a jack (a small flag flown at the bow of a ship); government documents generally prefer "union flag" as the more universally correct term4.Why do people often use “England” and “English” to refer to “Britain” and“British”?England is the largest, post populous, and the richest.Largeness Size Pop.England biggest 60% 85%Britain Scotland 2nd largest 30% 1/10Wales smallest 9% 5%5.British imperial expansion“The sun never sets on the British Empire”(1) Ruled 1/4 of the world‟s population and 1/4 of world‟s land(2) Had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa, Austrialia6.British Commonwealth (Commonwealth of Nations)The term …Commonwealth‟ has been used to replace the word …Empire‟ to describe collectively the independent countries associated under the British crow(1) A free association of countries used to be English colonies(2) 53 member countries at present(3) Functions: active in a number of areas including development, democracy, debtmanagement and trade.II. Geographical features1.Geographical positionThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.(1) Northwest of Europe(2) North Atlantic Ocean(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel2.Geographical features(1) An island country, surrounded by sea(2) Highlands in the north and west(3) Lowlands in the east and southeastA. Part of the great European PlainB. Level land and fertile soilC. farming(4) 3 natural zones in ScotlandA. the highlands in the northB. the central lowlandsC. the southern uplandsIII. Rivers and LakesImportant role of rivers in the country‟s economy1.Important Rivers(1)the Severn RiverA.the longest in the countryB.only 338 kilos long(2)the Thames RiverA.the 2nd longestB.the most important riverC.336 kilos longD.Oxford and London are on the river(3)River ClydeA.the most important in ScotlandB.important commercial waterway2.the Lake District(1)in northwest England and North Wales(2)popular tourist attractions(3)the home of the Lake PoetsA.William WordsworthB.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Robert SoutheyIV. Climate1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.A maritime type of climate(1)rainy---abundant rainfallThe uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantlysunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret hislaughter later in the day!”(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or solater black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down.At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about eightdegrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sunwill begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.”(3)Mild: no extremesIn England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.temperature: 4-6℃in winter, 12-17℃in summer2.Factors influencing the climate(1)the surrounding waters(2)the prevailing south-west winds(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)3.Rainfall(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year(2)uneven distribution of rainA. a water surplus in the north and westB. a water deficit in the south and eastV. The People1.Population of Britain: characteristics(1)Densely populatedVery large population for such a small country.(2)Highly urbanized90% of the population is urban and only 10% rural(3)Unevenly distributedThe population is made up mainly of (composition of British population)A.the English (81.5%)B.the Scottish (9.6%)C.the Welsh (1.9%)D.the Irish (2.4%)2.Different ancestors(1)the English----the Anglo-Saxons(2)the Scots, Welsh, and Irish----the Celts3.Differences in character and speech between southern and northern England(1)Southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC EnglishGenerally speaking, southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English.They do not have a special accent except the Cockneys from the East End of London.(2)Northerners speak broader EnglishHowever, the northerners speak broader English than the southerners, and often leaveout the article “the” and the possessive adjectives“my”, “your”, “their”, etc.4.The way the Welsh keep their language and culture aliveThrough Eisteddfodau (Eisteddfod)(1)The Eisteddfod (literally 'sitting') is a Welsh festival of literature, music, and song. Thetradition of such a meeting of Welsh artists dates back to at least the 12th century.The most important eisteddfod is the National Eisteddfod, held annually and usuallyalternating between North and South Wales, and taking place entirely in the Welshlanguage.(2)The Welsh are music lovers and are proud of their past.(3)Throughout the year they have festivals of song, dance and poetry called Eisteddfod(au),hold competitions in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art to keep the Welsh languageand culture alive.课后讨论、思考题：1、Answer the following questions:1) What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdomand the British Commonwealth?2) Describe the distribution of Britain‟s population.3) What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?4) What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England?5) How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive?2、Explain the following terms:1) The United Kingdom2) the British Commonwealth3) Eisteddfod(au)教后附记：---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
《英美文化与国家概况》课程教学大纲学分：3.0学时：52适用专业：商务英语、应用英语一、课程性质（定位）与任务课程性质：商务英语专业的必修专业技能基础课程，是一门素质拓展课。
通过本课程的学习，达到开阔学生视野，扩大学生知识面的目的。
课程目标：通过介绍英国和美国这两个最有代表性的英语国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育及其文化传统，使学生对西方思想的形成有进一步的认识，扩展自身人文知识，为学生在英语学习中扫除缺乏背景知识的障碍，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。
前导课程：综合英语后续课程：商务英语、商务英语翻译二、课程目标知识目标：通过教学，使学生了解英、美两国的国家地理、历史、人文特征、经济、宗教、社会、教育与文化等基本情况以及传统的风俗习惯等。
理解西方思想的根源，包括英、美两国社会的思想意识的根源与形成；理解英国历史发展对其现今社会、宗教与政治制度的影响，以及美国社会、文化结构多元化的历史渊源，掌握英、美两国经济、文化和社会等方面的知识要点，还要求学生通过听讲、阅读、讨论等方式提高英语语言应用能力。
技能目标：能够运用学到的知识解释英语学习中遇到的有关问题，提高阅读能力及学生的英语语言水平、跨文化交际能力及文化思考能力。
素质目标：以认识和解读英语国家文化为切入点，深化语言学习与文化学习的内涵关联，提升学习语言的实效和在真实世界中的应用能力。
在提高学生文化意识的基础上，提高学生的文化观察能力、文化思索能力、文化甄别能力和文化探索能力。
三、教学内容及具体要求Chapter 1 Land and People of the UK授课学时：4教学内容：英国的国土和人民基本要求：通过教学使学生对英国国家的组成、地理、气候、旅游名胜等有一个初步的了解，熟悉英国的主要民族及英国人的性格特点。
Chapter 2 The Origins and Shaping of the Nation授课学时：6讲授内容：英国国家起源和形成基本要求：通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，掌握主要历史事件及人物。
I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官⽅正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛-⼤不列颠岛（较⼤的⼀个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔⼠。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部，是，⼈⼝最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠的北部。
第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中大不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。
Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。
英语国家概况(汉英对照)Isles consist of two large islands and several hundred small islands。
The two large XXX larger and is the home of England。
Scotland。
XXX is also part of the United Kingdom and is locatedin the northern part of XXX。
the official name of the country isthe United Kingdom of Great XXX。
due to its length。
people often refer to it as Britain。
the United Kingdom。
or simply the UK。
The UK is a country located on the island of Great Britain。
with its capital in London。
Another country。
the Republic of Ireland or simply Ireland。
is also located on the island of Ireland。
It occupies the rest of the island。
in the south。
It gained independence in 1949 and its capital is Dublin.Ⅱ.英国的地理和气候2.Geography and Climate of the UK英国位于欧洲西北部，是一个由四个国家组成的岛国。
英格兰、苏格兰和XXX占据了大不列颠岛的大部分面积，而北爱尔兰则位于爱尔兰岛的东北部。
英国地形多样，有山地、丘陵、平原、海岸等。
英国的气候温和而多雨，因为受到暖流的影响，所以冬季不会太冷，夏季也不会太热。
英国文化概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英美国家概况课后习题答案Chapter 1 land and people1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.2.Describe the geographical position of Britian?Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why?Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too.5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?The factors which influence the climate in Britain are thefollowing three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall,while the south-eastern corner is the driest.6.Des cribe the distribution of Britain’s population.Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated, with an average of7.What do you know about king Alfred ? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”?Alfred was the king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached an agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while Alfred ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christains.Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy” as he founded a strong fleet to beat the Danes at sea, to protect the coasts and to encourage trade. He recogonized the Saxon army to make it more efficient. He even translated Bede’s Ecclesiastial History of the English people from Latin to English. He also establish schools and formulated a legal system. All this makes him worthy of his title”Alfred the Great”.8.Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?It was said the king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So , William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killedhim. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.9.what were the consequences of the Norman conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history, It brought about many consequences.William confiscated almost the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxons rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal system was conpletely established in England. Relations with the continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Normand-French culture,language,manners,and architecture were introduced.The church was brought into closer connection with Roma,and the courts were separated from the civil courts.10.Why do we say that the English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different orgins?The population of Britain is made up of the English ,the Scotish,the Welsh,the Irish,the Northern Irish and other peoples. The formation is complicated because England was invaded by different races at various times from Europe.Besides the early settles,the Iberians,and the Celts,including Gaels and Britons, Roman。
目 录第1卷（英国）第1章 土地和人民1.1 复习笔记1.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第2章 英国历史2.1 复习笔记2.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第3章 政治、政府及教育3.1 复习笔记3.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第4章 补充材料4.1 复习笔记4.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第2卷（美国）第1章 总 括1.1 复习笔记1.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第2章 美国的历史2.1 复习笔记2.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第3章 政府形式和社会生活3.1 复习笔记3.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第4章 补充材料4.1 复习笔记4.2 典型题（含考研真题）详解第1卷（英国）第1章 土地和人民1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The British Isles and Great Britain1. Full name2. Constituents3. Introduction of Each Part4. Physiographic Features5. Climate and W eather6. Factors Influencing English W eather7. Inland W ater8. The English LanguageⅡ. People and the State1. People2. Party Politics3. Central Government4. Local Governments5. Law6. Reform of the Law Court7. Legal Profession8. Police Force9. Religion10. Characteristics of the English PeopleⅢ. National Economy1. General Survey2. Company Law and Framework of Industry3. Heavy and Light Industries4. Textile Industries5. Agriculture6. Transportation and Communication7. British Disease and Thatcher’s Medicine8. CitiesⅠ. The British Isles and Great Britain (不列颠群岛及大不列颠)1. Full name (全称)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents (组成部分)(1)The Island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and W ales大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)Northern Ireland北爱尔兰3. Introduction of Each Part (各部分简介)(1)England (英格兰)England is the largest and most developed of all the three political divisions.英格兰是三个中最大的和最发达的政治分区。
Chapter 1 Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the l arger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Centrallowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。
首府：爱丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。
首府：加的夫(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。
首府：贝尔法斯特。
5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。
它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced farmers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood. They were ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 克尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。
他们还打造铁器。
苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
1、 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave was the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave was the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave was the Belgae-came about 150 BC. 第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年）1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5thcentury to the beginning of the 6th century. ③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。
这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。
居住在日德兰半岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。
一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王。
后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人口上。
这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。
2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (异教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。
除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。
公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。
公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。
但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。
3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation) 早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they ①divided the country into s hires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeve, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field ②farming system which continued to the 18thcentury. Thirdly, they also ③established the manorial system(庄园制). Finally, they ④created the Witan （council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.盎格鲁—撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。
