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全球经济形势分析近年来，全球经济形势变化迅速，世界各国面临着诸多挑战和机遇。
本文将分析全球经济形势的特点、问题和趋势，并提出相关解决方案。
一、全球经济形势特点全球经济形势呈现多元化、复杂化的特点。
首先，全球市场的竞争日益激烈，国际贸易制度面临挑战。
其次，科技革命和信息技术快速发展，为全球经济注入了新的动力。
再者，跨国公司的垄断力量增强，国际资本流动频繁，导致全球经济呈现资本密集、劳动力密集和知识密集并存的格局。
此外，全球经济发展不平衡，发展中国家和发达国家之间的差距仍然存在。
二、全球经济面临的问题在全球经济中，存在着一系列问题。
首先，全球贸易摩擦和保护主义抬头，导致贸易壁垒加大，市场开放度减少。
其次，资源短缺和环境污染问题日益突出。
再者，金融风险和通货膨胀压力加大，全球金融体系存在不稳定因素。
此外，经济全球化导致社会不公平现象增加，失业率上升，贫富差距扩大。
三、全球经济的发展趋势在当前全球经济形势下，可以看出几个发展趋势。
首先，互联网经济和数字经济将成为推动全球经济增长的新引擎。
其次，新兴市场国家的崛起将改变全球经济格局。
再者，可持续发展和绿色经济将成为全球发展的主流方向。
此外，全球化的程度将继续加深，国际合作将成为解决全球经济问题的重要手段。
四、应对全球经济挑战的建议为了应对全球经济面临的诸多挑战，我们应制定相应的政策和措施。
首先，加强国际合作，推动全球贸易自由化和投资便利化。
其次，加大科技研发投入，培养创新人才和推动科技与经济深度融合。
再者，加强对环境保护的意识，提倡绿色经济和低碳发展模式。
此外，应加强金融监管，防范金融风险，保持金融体系的稳定。
五、全球经济的重要机遇尽管全球经济面临一系列挑战，但也存在着重要机遇。
首先，新兴市场国家的迅速崛起为全球经济发展提供了广阔空间。
其次，科技创新和新兴行业的发展为经济增长注入新动力。
再者，全球化的深入发展为跨国公司在全球范围内寻求合作伙伴和市场提供了更多机会。
世界面临的经济问题
1. 贸易战
贸易战是当前世界经济面临的主要问题之一。
由于和贸易保护
主义的加剧，许多国家之间的贸易关系紧张。
贸易战导致出口减少，关税增加，对各国的经济造成了严重冲击。
2. 经济不平等
经济不平等是一个全球性的问题。
在一些国家和地区，富有的
人口越来越富有，而贫困的人口则越来越贫困。
这种不平等会导致
社会稳定性下降，严重影响可持续发展。
3. 欠发达地区的经济发展
世界上一些地区仍然面临着经济发展的巨大挑战。
这些地区的
人口普遍生活水平低下，缺乏基础设施和教育资源。
如何促进这些
地区的经济发展，成为全球关注的焦点。
4. 气候变化对经济的影响
气候变化对全球经济有着重大的影响。
极端天气事件的增加导
致农业和食品安全受到威胁，能源和水资源供应的不稳定性也给经
济带来了挑战。
应对气候变化成为世界各国共同面临的任务。
5. 科技进步带来的经济转型
科技进步对全球经济带来了深刻的影响和转型。
人工智能、自
动化和互联网等技术的迅速发展改变了许多行业的运作方式，对劳
动力市场和产业结构产生了冲击。
如何应对科技进步带来的经济转型，是摆在各国政府和企业面前的重要任务。
以上是当前世界面临的一些经济问题。
这些问题不仅需要全球
各方携手合作，也需要制定切实可行的政策和措施来解决。
只有通
过合作和创新，才能为世界经济的可持续发展找到更好的解决方案。
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世界经济概念
世界经济是指全球范围内的经济活动、关系和制度的总体。
它包括了各国之间的贸易、国际金融、国际投资、国际劳动力流动等各种经济交流和交往。
以下是一些与世界经济相关的概念：
1. 全球化：全球化是指各国之间经济、社会和文化方面的联系日益紧密，世界范围内资源、市场和制度逐渐趋同的趋势。
2. 国际贸易：国际贸易是指各国之间的商品和服务交换，包括出口、进口、关税、关税壁垒等。
3. 外汇市场：外汇市场是全球货币兑换的市场，是国际贸易和国际金融活动的重要基础。
4. 经济全球化：经济全球化是指各国之间经济活动的全球网络化和一体化趋势，通过国际贸易、国际投资等形式，促进了资源的流动和分工的全球化。
5. 多边贸易体制：多边贸易体制是由各国共同参与的国际组织，旨在促进贸易自由化和公平竞争。
6. 国际金融体系：国际金融体系是全球范围内的金融组织和制度，包括国际货
币基金组织、世界银行等，旨在维护金融稳定和推动经济发展。
7. 国际分工：国际分工是指各国根据自身的资源禀赋和优势，在全球范围内进行劳动和生产的协调和合作。
8. 国际投资：国际投资是指在国境之外购买或获得资产或企业股权的行为，包括直接投资和证券投资等形式。
9. 经济发展与不平等：世界经济中存在着不同国家和地区之间的发展差距和经济不平等问题，这涉及到贫富差距、资源分配不均等方面的议题。
10. 金融危机：金融危机是指金融体系中的系统性风险爆发，导致经济疲软、金融市场动荡和经济周期波动的情况。
金融危机的影响通常会超越国家范围，对世界经济造成重大冲击。
当今世界的经济全球化趋势引言经济全球化是指各国家之间经济联系日益加深，贸易、资本流动、人员流动、技术交流等在全球范围内不断加强的现象。
随着科技和通信的发展，全球各国之间的联系变得越来越紧密，经济活动的范围也不断扩大。
本文将探讨当今世界的经济全球化趋势以及其产生的原因和影响。
经济全球化的背景经济全球化并非一天之间形成的，它是长期的积累和发展的结果。
20世纪下半叶以来，世界各国由于相互联系的需求，开始推动经济的全球化。
一方面，技术的发展使得人们可以更容易地进行贸易和资本流动；另一方面，市场的开放和国际组织的建立也促进了各国之间的经济联系。
近几十年来，全球化的进程不断加速，成为当今世界经济的主要特征之一。
经济全球化的原因资本和技术的流动资本的流动是经济全球化的重要推动力之一。
随着金融市场的发展，资本可以自由地在全球范围内流动，投资者可以在不同国家之间进行资本配置。
这使得国际间的资金更加灵活，为全球经济的发展提供了更多的机会。
技术的流动也是经济全球化的重要原因之一。
随着通讯和交通技术的发展，信息的传播和技术的转移变得更加容易。
人们可以通过互联网和其他技术手段轻松地获取来自世界各地的信息和知识，促进了科技和创新的发展。
市场的开放和贸易自由化全球化的进程推动了市场的开放和贸易自由化。
各种贸易协定和自由贸易区的建立使得各国之间的贸易更加便利。
跨国公司的兴起也促进了跨国贸易的发展，它们可以将生产环节分散到不同国家，通过更有效的供应链来降低成本。
国际组织的作用国际组织在推动经济全球化方面起着重要的作用。
例如，世界贸易组织（WTO）的成立和运作，推动了全球贸易的自由化和规则化。
国际货币基金组织（IMF）和世界银行等国际金融机构也通过提供贷款和援助来促进国际间的经济合作和发展。
经济全球化的影响经济全球化对世界各国产生了广泛的影响，其中包括以下几个方面。
经济增长和发展经济全球化促进了全球范围内的经济增长和发展。
通过贸易和投资的自由化，各国可以更好地利用资源和市场，促进经济的发展。
世界经济的名词解释作为一个全球化时代的重要领域，世界经济中存在着许多重要的概念和术语。
这些名词不仅仅是一组符号或定义，它们扎根于全球经济的运转机制，并对我们的日常生活产生着深远的影响。
本文将从不同的视角解释一些世界经济中重要的名词，帮助读者更好地理解和把握当今经济领域的动态。
1. 全球化 (Globalization)全球化是指全球范围内经济、政治、文化等领域之间的相互联系和相互依存程度的增加。
它通过货物和服务的自由流通、资本和技术的跨国流动，以及信息和人员的全球互联网传播实现。
全球化使国家与国家之间的边界模糊，打破了贸易和投资的障碍，促进了跨国企业和组织的发展。
然而，全球化也带来了贫富差距扩大、文化冲突加剧等问题，需要更加平衡和包容的发展方式。
2. 国际贸易 (International Trade)国际贸易是指不同国家之间的商品和服务的交换。
国际贸易通过进出口以及跨国公司的直接投资等方式进行。
自由贸易政策的实施有助于提高全球经济效率，促进资源配置的优化，并推动各国经济的发展。
国际贸易也扮演着推动技术创新和经济增长的重要角色。
然而，贸易争端和保护主义倾向对国际贸易的稳定性和可持续性提出了挑战。
3. 全球价值链 (Global Value Chains)全球价值链是一种由不同国家和地区的企业在生产过程中进行合作的方式。
在全球价值链中，每个国家或地区负责生产某个环节，并将产品或服务传递给下一个环节的经营者。
通过全球价值链，企业可以根据各个环节的优势选择最适合自己的生产方式，从而提高效率和降低成本。
然而，全球价值链的不稳定性和风险也暴露了企业供应链中的脆弱性，需要更好的风险管理和合作机制。
4. 投资 (Investment)投资是指将资金用于购买资产或进行商业活动，以期获得未来的回报。
投资可以包括长期资本投资、股权投资、债券投资等形式。
它不仅对个人和企业有重要意义，也是国家经济发展的重要推动力。
投资可以刺激经济增长、创造就业机会，并为创新和技术改进提供资金支持。
世界各国的经济体制概述在当今全球化的时代，各国的经济体制多种多样，每个国家都有其独特的经济制度和运作方式。
本文将对世界各国主要的经济体制进行概述，以便更好地了解全球经济的多样性和特点。
一、市场经济制度市场经济制度是最常见的经济模式，该体制下，经济活动主要由市场力量决定，政府的干预相对较少。
市场经济制度的核心在于供求关系的调节，市场的自由竞争和市场价格的形成是其基本特征。
美国、德国、澳大利亚等国家均采用市场经济制度，市场经济的发展取决于市场的有效性和竞争的程度。
二、计划经济制度计划经济制度是另一种主要的经济体制，该体制下，政府对经济活动进行集中调控和计划安排。
国家对资源分配和生产决策拥有绝对权力，市场的作用相对较弱。
中国、古巴等国都曾长期实行计划经济制度，但近年来许多国家逐渐转向市场经济模式，加强市场的作用。
三、混合经济制度混合经济制度是市场经济和计划经济的结合体，既有市场机制的自由和竞争，又有政府的调节和干预。
许多国家在实践中采取了混合经济制度，以平衡经济效益和社会公平。
瑞典、加拿大等国就是混合经济制度的代表，政府在社会保障和公共服务领域发挥重要作用。
四、社会主义市场经济制度社会主义市场经济制度是新时期发展起来的一种经济制度，主要通过市场机制实现资源配置和经济增长，同时保持社会主义的分配机制和公有制。
中国特色社会主义市场经济就是典型的例子，政府在推动市场自由化的同时，保持国有企业的主导地位。
五、传统经济制度传统经济制度是一种基于传统文化和习俗的经济模式，主要依靠传统的生产方式和分工，决策权在家族或部落长者手中。
传统经济制度在一些非洲和南美洲的部落社区中仍然存在，但随着全球化的进展，该体制逐渐消失。
六、新兴经济制度随着科技和互联网的发展，新兴经济制度不断涌现。
共享经济、数字经济、创新经济等都属于这一范畴。
新兴经济制度以创新和技术为驱动力，以低成本、高效率和灵活性为特点，塑造了新时代的经济发展模式。
世界经济知识点近年来，随着全球化的不断深入和经济全球化的快速发展，世界经济的重要性日益凸显。
了解世界经济的知识点，对于我们认识世界、把握经济发展趋势以及决策个人投资等方面都具有重要意义。
本文将从国际贸易、全球金融市场、国际经济组织等方面介绍一些世界经济的知识点。
一、国际贸易国际贸易是指不同国家和地区之间的商品和服务的交换。
国际贸易的核心是国际货物贸易和国际服务贸易。
国际货物贸易主要包括出口和进口，而国际服务贸易则包括旅游、金融、运输等领域。
国际贸易的发展对于各国经济的增长和繁荣有着重要的影响。
1. 贸易保护主义与贸易自由主义贸易保护主义是指一国采取各种手段限制进口、保护本国产业的政策。
贸易保护主义的主要手段包括关税、配额、非关税壁垒等。
相对应的，贸易自由主义则主张开放自由的贸易环境，取消或降低贸易壁垒，促进国际贸易自由化。
贸易保护主义与贸易自由主义是国际贸易中的两种不同的理念和政策取向。
2. 世界贸易组织（WTO）世界贸易组织是一个负责管理全球贸易规则的国际组织。
其主要职责是促进国际贸易的自由化、公平化和可预测性，解决贸易争端，并制定和监督贸易规则。
世界贸易组织的成立和运作对于促进全球贸易的发展和维护各国的贸易利益起到了重要作用。
二、全球金融市场全球金融市场是指各国金融机构和金融资产在全球范围内的交易和流通。
全球金融市场的发展和变化对于全球经济的稳定和发展具有重要的影响。
1. 外汇市场外汇市场是指各国货币之间的兑换和交易市场。
外汇市场的参与者包括中央银行、商业银行、投资基金等。
外汇市场的汇率波动对于国际贸易和跨国投资有着重要的影响。
2. 股票市场股票市场是指股票的发行和交易市场。
股票市场的发展和股票价格的波动对于企业的融资和投资者的收益有着重要的影响。
全球股票市场的互联互通和国际投资者的参与使得全球股票市场更加紧密地联系在一起。
三、国际经济组织国际经济组织是指为促进全球经济合作和协调而成立的国际组织。
世界各国的经济发展状况和特点一、经济发展水平分类1.发达国家：指经济高度发达、工业化水平高、人均收入水平高的国家，如美国、加拿大、英国、法国、德国、日本、澳大利亚等。
2.发展中国家：指经济相对落后、工业化水平较低、人均收入水平较低的国家，主要分布于亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲，如中国、印度、巴西、南非等。
二、经济发展特点1.发达国家：经济结构多元化，服务业比重较大，科技创新能力强，社会福利制度完善，贸易壁垒较高。
2.发展中国家：经济结构单一，农业和初级产品比重较大，工业发展滞后，科技水平较低，社会福利制度不完善，贸易壁垒较低。
三、经济发展模式1.发达国家：以市场为导向，私有制为主体，政府干预较少，强调自由竞争和创新驱动。
2.发展中国家：以发展为导向，公有制和私有制并存，政府干预较多，强调基础设施建设、产业升级和改革开放。
四、世界经济组织1.世界银行（World Bank）：提供发展性资金和技术援助的国际金融机构。
2.国际货币基金组织（IMF）：维护国际金融稳定和国际汇兑秩序的国际组织。
3.世界贸易组织（WTO）：负责国际贸易规则制定和贸易争端解决的国际组织。
4.经济合作与发展组织（OECD）：由主要发达国家组成的经济合作与协调机构。
五、全球经济发展趋势1.经济全球化：各国经济相互依存，贸易、投资、技术交流和人员往来日益密切。
2.新一轮科技革命和产业变革：以信息技术、生物技术、新材料技术等为代表的新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重塑全球经济格局。
3.可持续发展：在全球范围内，重视环境保护、资源节约和可持续发展战略的实施。
六、我国经济发展状况和特点1.经济快速发展：改革开放以来，我国经济持续高速发展，成为世界第二大经济体。
2.经济结构调整：逐步由传统的农业和初级产品为主向工业化、服务业为主转变。
3.科技创新能力增强：我国在航天、高铁、5G等领域取得重要突破和成果。
4.对外开放：积极参与全球经济合作与竞争，推动一带一路倡议和人民币国际化。
1.什么是世界经济？促进战后世界经济发展的主要因素有哪些？世界经济：是指由不同水平的国家和国家集团组成的，相互依赖相互联系的共同运动的经济有机体。
主要因素有：1.科学技术的进步是战后世界经济持续快速发展的动力源；2.相对稳定的和平环境为世界经济的发展提供了必要的条件3.跨国公司的飞速发展促进了经济的发展4.国际组织的协调为其营造了有利的外部环境2.如何理解经济全球化？经济全球化：生产要素在全球范围内广泛流动形成资源最佳配置主要表现为：全球贸易自由化的迅速发展；金融国际化的过程明显加快；生产的网络化；投资外向化日益明显；区域集团化。
经济全球化在哪些方面影响世界：1.导致了世界各国相互依赖关系加深2.增强了国际组织等行为主体的政治协调功能3.削弱了传统意义上的国家主权的功能4.是国际政治关系笼罩着浓厚的经济色彩5.促进各国共同参与国际事务并以合作协商方式解决国际争端6.有利于推进世界多极化过程和国际关系民主化融合，促进人类文明进步与发展3.什么叫世界政治？战后世界的政治的主要特点是什么？世界政治：即国际社会中国家行为体与非国家行为体之间的相互关系与矛盾运动特点：1.行为主体增多，使国际政治变得更为复杂2.欧洲丧失了世界政治中心的地位，美苏关系主导的战后世界政治的走向3.两种社会制度两种意识形态的对立在世界政治中占有突出地位4.冷战长期存在，核军备竞赛激烈4.当代世界的主题是什么？时代主题转换的客观条件和科学依据是什么？当代世界的主题：和平与发展时代主题转换的客观条件：1.美苏两个超级大国的战略均势制约了战争的爆发2.世界和平力量的增长超过了战争因素的增长3.国际竞争的重点日益转向经济与科技的领域4.科学技术取代战争，成为获取经济利益的重要手段5.世界经济的纽带把各国利益紧密联系在一起6.关系全球经济发展各国共同繁荣的南北问题日益突出时代主题转换的科学依据：1.资本主义国家的社会内部矛盾缓解2.帝国主义国家之间的矛盾发生变化（由军事竞争转为全方位竞争与合作）3.帝国主义国家和殖民地国家的矛盾发生变化，转化为发达国家与发展中国家之间的矛盾5经济全球化对国际关系的调整主要表现在哪些方面？6什么叫新经济？新经济在美国持续繁荣的因素是什么？新经济指的是：20世纪90年代在美国出现的以知识经济的迅猛发展为基础；以科技创新为动力，经济增长突破传统模式，可保持持续增长的新型经济。
HND Economics 2: The World Economy Candidate name: Ye OUYANG Student ID: 115016989Tutor:Title: The World EconomyWorld count: 27541.0 IntroductionThis report is talk about the international trade theory application, the balance of payments and the developing of the world economic. First of all, international trade theory application includes free trade, protectionism and international organizations. Analyze the international trade theory; it is easy to know that absolute and comparative advantage. Secondly, balance of payments analyzes and exchange rates and the composition of the balance of payments. The last is about illustrated NIC and LDCs. The developing of world economic and facing some problems.2.0 Findings2.1 International trade and the role of trade organizations2.1.1Three gains from world tradeFree trade, now sometimes termed international trade, had the original intention that goods and services could be exchanged freely between countries with no barriers to this exchange.There are three gains from international trade. Firstly, international trade is injection to the circular flow. For example, the increased AD leads an increase in GDP. Secondly, it allows products to be imported which cannot be produced in the country. This could be explained by the case that Japan would import the asparagus which it could produce very few from China. Thirdly, it would improve economic welfare. For example, Coke-Cola established the economic of scale by the international trade.2.1.2 The meaning of free tradeFree trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. Free trade has the feature that Trade ofgoods and services without taxes (including tariffs) or other trade barriers.For example: the Free Trade Agreement between New Zealand and China ( NZ-China FTA entered into force on 1 October 2009) this means New Zealand and China have entered into a agreement that allows mutually beneficial concessions in the area of trade of goods, services and investment.2.1.3 Absolute and comparative advantageAbsolute advantageIn economics, absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources. If a party has an absolute advantage when using the same input as another party, it can produce a greater output. Since absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productivities, it is possible for a party to have no absolute advantage in anything. It can be contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage which refers to the ability to produce a particular good at a lower marginal or opportunity cost.Comparative advantageIn economics, the law of comparative advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, a firm, or a country) to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party. It is the ability to produce a product most efficiently given all the other products that could be produced. It can be contrasted with absolute advantage which refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good at a lower absolute cost than another.This is a worked example of absolute advantage: The American computers are 100/50 labors, the ceramics are 50/50 labors. The Chinese computers are 50/50 labors, the ceramics are 100/50 labors. America has the absolute advantage on computers. Chinahas the absolute advantage on ceramics. So America should export the computers and import the ceramics. China should export the ceramics and import the computers. It increased output. Before trade, the outputs of computers are 100+50=150. After trade, the outputs are 100+100=200. Before trade, the outputs of ceramics are 100+50=150. After trade, the outputs are 100+100=200.This is a worked example of comparative advantage: The American computers are 100/50 labors, the cars are 100/50 labors. The Chinese computers are 50/50 labors, the cars are 60/50 labors. American opportunity cost of producing one labor of computer is one labor of car. Chinese opportunity cost of one labor of computer is 1.2 labors of cars. America has a comparative advantage in computer production, because of its lower opportunity cost of production with respect to China, while China has a comparative advantage in cars production, because of its lower opportunity cost production with respect to America.Comparative advantage explains how trade can create value for both parties even when one can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other. The net benefits of such an outcome are called gains from trade.2.1.4 Reasons for trade protectionismProtectionism is through the tariff and non-tariff barriers to restrict imports, in order to protect domestic industries from foreign commodity competitive international trade theory or policy. There are some main theories include: to protect an infant industry theory, prevent dumping, increase government revenue, nation Self-esteem.For example, on 11th, September, 2010, Obama announced that a punitive tariff on tires of three years on Chinese implement. According to Los Angeles Times report Saturday, within 15 days, the US would add a duty of 35 percent in the first year, 30 percent in the second and 25 percent in the third on passenger vehicle and light-truck tires from China. Chinese tire exports to US in 2008 only rose 2.2 percent from 2007.2.1.5 Two barriers to tradeBarrier to trade is to the foreign goods services between drawer set artificial limits, mainly is the guidance one country labor services for foreign goods imported practiced by various restrictions. It can be divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.Tariffs are taxes or customs duties placed on foreign goods to raise their prices. Taxes may be ad valorem, that is a percentage of the prices of goods or services. Specific Tariffs are a tax per unit of weight or physical quantity. For example: USA carry out a punitive tariff on tires on China’s export.The features of Non Tariffs are Quota- Physical limitation on quantity of imports, Embargoes- Complete ban on some goods or services, V oluntary Export Restrains- Successful importer agrees to restriction on quantity,. Import Deposits- Reduce importer liquidity by seeking deposit. For example: In order to protect domestic producers the government of U.S.A a additional duty on the import of iron.2.1.6 The role of WTOWorld Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international trade organization that develops international commerce rules and mediates trade disputes among its members. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.For example: The World Trade Organization has dealt with the US a significant blow in a key trade battle by ruling that subsidies to its cotton farmers were unfair. Brazil said Amer ica’s unfair cotton policy led to its farmers to lose sales worth 600 million dollars, because US farmers could sell cotton at less than cost price.There are some roles of the WTO in world trade and development. It is providing aforum for negotiations and for settling disputes. In addition, it is dealing with regulation of trade between participating countries.2.1.7 The role of EU in promoting tradeThe European Union or EU is a supranational organisation of European countries, which currently has 27 member states. The European Union's activities cover all policy areas, from health and economic policy to foreign affairs and defense.The aim of EU is to associate with countries outside to increase trade, establish free movement of people, services, goods, and capital between members, and develop common foreign, security and defense.EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, and ensures the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, including the abolition of passport controls by the Schengen Agreement between 22 EU states and 3 other European states. Sixteen member states have adopted a common currency, the euro, constituting the euro zone.The diagram below shows the GDP of European Union.Both EU GDP and Global GDP are increased in the last thirty years. The increased speed of Global GDP is fast than the increased speed of EU GDP. This situation would happen because the world economic grows fast.2.2 The balance of payments and exchange rate2.2.1 The composition of the Balance of paymentsA country’s balance of payment is an account of all the economic transactions between the country and the rest of the world. It includes three main sections include current account, capital and financial account and net errors and omissions.Current Account including three points: products and service, income, and current transfer.Trade in Goods covers the exports and imports of goods. Trade in Services will be the result of exporting services against the import of services. For example, there are a lotof people prefer buy luxury abroad. It may lead to a large number of foreign exchange outflows from China. China is debit.Income comes to a very small extent from compensation for employees and the profit from investment. It includes the direct investment income and the portfolio investment income. For example, Glance set a manufacture in Brazil. This is the profit in foreign country. It may lead to a large number of foreign exchange inflows to China. China is credit.Current transfer consists of payments and receipts where there is no corresponding exchange of a good or service. For example, The Chinese government provide up 50 million to Indonesia when the tsunami happened. The money would outflow from China. China is debit.The capital account has two categories: the capital transfers and the acquisition and disposal of non produced or financial assets. The financial account has four categories: direct investment, portfolio investment, and oil investment and reserve assets.Portfolio investment main include stock, finds and other investment products. Share would be discussed in detail. That information about share was referenced by a skilled investor on December 17th, 2010. According listed exchange divide into A shares (RMB), B shares (USD/HKD), H shares (HKD), blue chip and red chip. Government supply is very important. The policy of government may influence the ups and downs of shares. The risk and the profit are high. For example, British people buy the Chinese shares should recorded in financial account.The net errors and omissions swing has also fluctuated although as it is the balancing item this will clearly reflect what is occurring in the four areas which together form the structural elements of the Balance of Payment.The diagram below shows UK’s Balance of Payment in 2009.2.2.2 The current balance over the last 30 yearsThe trends in the UK economy over the last 30 years show a marked increase in the Balance of Trade Deficit. The trade in services has little change from 1976 to 2001. From 2001 to 2009, UK change its economic structure, it has the obvious increase. However, the trade in services and goods has decreased from 1976 to 2009. This would happen because the trade in goods has continuously decreased and the financial crisis.2.2.3 The relationship between exchange rate and the balance of paymentsThe Exchange Rate is the price of a currency in terms of other currencies. Its effect on Balance of Payments will depend upon its relationship with other currencies and howits value will change.Direct Exchange Rate: （England）The home currency price of one unit of a foreign currency. Indirect Exchange Rate: The foreign currency price of one unit of the home currency.There is some special factors affect exchange rate. They are price, tariff, export and import demand, and trade. Price rise, exchange rate will down; price down, exchange rate will rise. Tariff rise, exchange rate will down; tariff down, exchange rate will rise. Export demand rise, exchange rate will rise; import demand rise, exchange rate will down. Deficits make exchange rate drops; surpluses make exchange rate rises.Exchange rate affect economic: For imports and exports, exchange rate drops will boost exports and control imports. For the price, exchange rate drops will cause the increase of domestic price level. In addition, exchange rate rises could curb inflation. For the capital flow, exchange rate rises will result in capital inflows and exchange rate drops will result in capital outflows.For example, the exchange rate of the pound continues to drop in recent year, many people choose to go to UK for study. The exchange rate directly affects these students’ family education investment. Study abroad is a capital inflow of UK government. In this process, the British provide education services. Services belongs to the Current Account, UK export services and achieve capital inflow.2.2.4 The advantages and disadvantages of EuroThere are many advantages of single currency. It is significant savings for business by the reduced cost of transactions. For example, an Italy company imports some machines from France, under the single currency, Italy should not convert into Euro to paid. The Italy Company may save money. It is easier to measure cost of goods between Euro zone countries. For example, a Spain company operates a manufacture.The manager of the manufacture would easily find the cheapest resource under the single currency. This can reduce costs.There are also some disadvantages of single currency. It is loss of independent monetary and fiscal policy increase the risk of higher unemployment. For example, a Germany manufacture employs lots of cheaper labours from other countries. There are some higher labor in Germany can be not employed. It may lead to the risk of higher unemployment. It is inability to devalue independently. For example, in December 13, 2010, the Irish occurred debt crisis. It influences Greece, Spain and Portugal.2.2.5 Two effects on businesses and individuals of the EuroThe effects on individuals:Cultural exchanges: Before to another country the populations not need to change. This will increase the exchange of different countries. Good for tourism: There is no currency conversion cost for holiday market. The cost of travel will decrease which push up the development of tourism.The effects on Businesses:Increase competition: To use same monetary makes the customer easier to compare the different countries’ price on similar products, and t hen the competition will go up. Expansion opportunities within the EU: There is some company because of the exchange rate risk not investment. Single currency makes this problem disappear, which will increase the investment opportunities.2.3 The world economies2.3.1 Two characteristics of LDCsIn the less developed countries, there are low living standards. For example, Brazil’s death rate is 18.62 deaths per 1,000 populations. Infant mortality rate is 120.37 deaths per 1,000 populations. Life expectancy at birth is 45.89 years. Population below poverty line is 42%.There is also some low level of productivity. For example, North Korea’s GDP is $42 billion in 2010. Its GDP per capita is $1,970 in 2010.2.3.2 Two problems facing a LDCThe LDCs faced current issues include: Their debt burden; the impact of fluctuating prices on LDCs in the tea, coffee and copper market; the impact of developing a tourist industry. e.g. because of military confrontation, no one chooses tourism to North Korea at present; Some LDCs rely on a single products exporting, fluctuating prices will make a great impact for LDCs’ economy.2.3.3 Two impacts of multinationals on LDCs and NICsA multinational corporation (MNC), also called a transnational corporation (TNC), or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country.Transfer pricing refers to the setting, analysis, documentation, and adjustment of charges made between related parties for good, services, or use of property (including intangible property).Multinationals would have some advantages. It would create local employment andtraining. It would improve local infrastructure. It is also a knowledge spilt over to local companies.There are also some disadvantages. Profit would be more important than societies’ and ind ividuals’ well-being. Tax avoidance through the use of transfer pricing which internally set by senior managers of parent company to achieve higher pricing at subsidiary.For example, Wal-Mart has the subsidiary company in Shanxi Province, China. It create local employment and training, bring some convenient for local customers. However, it may lead to the tax avoidance through transfer pricing.3.0 ConclusionThere are many theory and issues in the world economy. This report would help people easier understand the theory. By using the world economy theory, many issues would be solved. In addition, it would help people do the investment better.4.0 Reference/definition/Free_trade/wiki/Free_trade#Features_of_free_trade/topic/absolute-advantage-1/definition/comparative-advantage.html/definition/protectionism.html/definition/World-Trade-Organization-WTO.html/definition/European_unionSQA, Economics 2: the World Economy, China Modern Economic Publishing House, 1st ed /wiki/Transfer_pricing/htmlnews/2005/09/13/822914.htm/wiki/Least_Developed_Country/wiki/Multinational_corporation。
