2019精品建筑结构设计图及材料估算之自动化研究英语

Aacceptable?quality 合格质量acceptance?lot 验收批量aciera 钢材admixture 外加剂against?slip?coefficient?between?friction?surface?of?high-strength?bol ted?connection 高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数aggregate 骨料air?content 含气量air-dried?timber 气干材allowable?ratio?of?height?to?sectional?thickness?of?masonry?wall?or?co lumn 砌体墙、柱容许高厚比allowable?slenderness?ratio?of?steel?member 钢构件容许长细比allowable?slenderness?ratio?of?timber?compression?member 受压木构件容许长细比allowable?stress?range?of?fatigue 疲劳容许应力幅allowable?ultimate?tensile?strain?of?reinforcement 钢筋拉应变限值allowable?value?of?crack?width 裂缝宽度容许值allowable?value?of?deflection?of?structural?member 构件挠度容许值allowable?value?of?deflection?of?timber?bending?member 受弯木构件挠度容许值allowable?value?of?deformation?of?steel?member 钢构件变形容许值allowable?value?of?deformation?of?structural?member 构件变形容许值allowable?value?of?drift?angle?of?earthquake?resistant?structure 抗震结构层间位移角限值amplified?coefficient?of?eccentricity 偏心距增大系数anchorage 锚具anchorage?length?of?steel?bar 钢筋锚固长度approval?analysis?during?construction?stage 施工阶段验算arch 拱arch?with?tie?rod 拉扞拱arch—shaped?roof?truss 拱形屋架area?of?shear?plane 剪面面积area?of?transformed?section 换算截面面积aseismic?design 建筑抗震设计assembled?monolithic?concrete?structure 装配整体式混凝土结构automatic?welding 自动焊接auxiliary?steel?bar 架立钢筋Bbackfilling?plate 垫板balanced?depth?of?compression?zone 界限受压区高度balanced?eccentricity 界限偏心距bar?splice 钢筋接头bark?pocket 夹皮batten?plate 缀板beam 次梁bearing?plane?of?notch 齿承压面(67)bearing?plate 支承板(52)bearing?stiffener 支承加劲肋(52)bent-up?steel?bar 弯起钢筋(35)block 砌块(43)block?masonry 砌块砌体(44)block?masonry?structure 砌块砌体结构(41)blow?hole 气孔(62)board 板材(65)bolt 螺栓(54)bolted?connection (钢结构)螺栓连接(59)bolted?joint (木结构)螺栓连接(69)bolted?steel?structure 螺栓连接钢结构(50)bonded?prestressed?concrete?structure 有粘结预应力混凝土结构(24)bow 顺弯(71)brake?member 制动构件(7)breadth?of?wall?between?windows 窗间墙宽度(46)brick?masonry 砖砌体(44)brick?masonry?column 砖砌体柱(42)brick?masonry?structure 砖砌体结构(41)brick?masonry?wall 砖砌体墙(42)broad—leaved?wood 阔叶树材(65)building?structural?materials 建筑结构材料(17)building?structural?unit 建筑结构单元(building?structure 建筑结构(2built—up?steel?column 格构式钢柱(51bundled?tube?structure 成束筒结构(3burn—through 烧穿(62butt?connection 对接(59butt?joint 对接(70)butt?weld 对接焊缝(60)Ccalculating?area?of?compression?member 受压构件计算面积(67) calculating?overturning?point 计算倾覆点(46)calculation?of?load-carrying?capacity?of?member 构件承载能力计算(10) camber?of?structural?member 结构构件起拱(22)cantilever?beam? 挑梁(42)cap?of?reinforced?concrete?column 钢筋混凝土柱帽(27)carbonation?of?concrete 混凝土碳化(30)cast-in—situ?concrete?slab?column?structure? 现浇板柱结构cast-in—situ?concrete?structure 现浇混凝土结构(25)cavitation 孔洞(39)cavity?wall 空斗墙(42)cement 水泥(27)cement?content 水泥含量(38)cement?mortar 水泥砂浆(43)characteriseic?value?of?live?load?on?floor?or?roof 楼面、屋面活荷载标准值(14)characteristi?c value?o?fwindload 风荷载标准值(16)characteristic?value?of?concrete?compressive?strength 混凝土轴心抗压强度标准值(30)characteristic?value?of?concrete?tensile?strength 混凝土轴心抗拉标准值(30)characteristic?value?of?cubic?concrete?compressive?strength 混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值(29)characteristic?value?of?earthquake?action 地震作用标准值(16) characteristic?value?of?horizontal?crane?load 吊车水平荷载标准值(15) characteristic?value?of?masonry?strength 砌体强度标准值(44) characteristic?value?of?permanent?action· 永久作用标准值(14) characteristic?value?of?snowload 雪荷载标准值(15)characteristic?value?of?strength?of?steel 钢材强度标准值(55) characteristic?value?of?strength?of?steel?bar 钢筋强度标准值(31) ? characteristic?value?of?uniformly?distributed?live?load 均布活标载标准值(14)characteristic?value?of?variable?action 可变作用标准值(14) characteristic?value?of?vertical?crane?load 吊车竖向荷载标准值(15) charaeteristic?value?of?material?strength 材料强度标准值(18) checking?section?of?log?structural?member·，原木构件计算截面(67) ? chimney 烟囱(3)circular?double—layer?suspended?cable 圆形双层悬索(6)circular?single—layer?suspended?cable 圆形单层悬索(6) circumferential?weld 环形焊缝(60)classfication?for?earthquake—resistance?of?buildings· 建筑结构抗震设防类别(9)clear?height 净高(21)clincher 扒钉(0)coefficient?of?equivalent?bending?moment?of?eccentrically?loaded?steel ?memher(beam-column)? 钢压弯构件等效弯矩系数(58)cold?bend?inspection?of?steelbar 冷弯试验(39)cold?drawn?bar 冷拉钢筋(28)cold?drawn?wire 冷拉钢丝(29)cold—formed?thin—walled?sectionsteel 冷弯薄壁型钢(53)cold-formed?thin-walled?steel?structure·‘ 冷弯薄壁型钢结构(50) cold—rolled?deformed?bar 冷轧带肋钢筋(28)column?bracing 柱间支撑(7)combination?value?of?live?load?on?floor?or?roof 楼面、屋面活荷载组合值(15)compaction 密实度(37)compliance?control 合格控制(23)composite?brick?masonry?member 组合砖砌体构件(42)composite?floor?system 组合楼盖(8)composite?floor?with?profiled?steel?sheet 压型钢板楼板(8)composite?mortar 混合砂浆(43)composite?roof?truss 组合屋架(8)compostle?member 组合构件(8)compound?stirrup 复合箍筋(36)compression?member?with?large?eccentricity· 大偏心受压构件(32) compression?member?with?small?eccentricity· 小偏心受压构件(32) ? compressive?strength?at?an?angle?with?slope?of?grain 斜纹承压强度(66) compressive?strength?perpendicular?to?grain 横纹承压强度(66) concentration?of?plastic?deformation 塑性变形集中(9)conceptual?earthquake—resistant?design 建筑抗震概念设计(9)concrete 混凝土(17)concrete?column 混凝土柱(26)concrete?consistence 混凝土稠度(37)concrete?floded—plate?structure 混凝土折板结构(26)concrete?foundation 混凝土基础(27)concrete?mix?ratio 混凝土配合比(38)concrete?wall 混凝土墙(27)concrete-filled?steel?tubular?member 钢管混凝土构件(8)conifer 针叶树材(65)coniferous?wood 针叶树材(65)connecting?plate 连接板(52)connection 连接(21)connections?of?steel?structure 钢结构连接(59)connections?of?timber?structure 木结构连接(68)consistency?of?mortar 砂浆稠度(48)constant?cross—section?column 等截面柱(7)construction?and?examination?concentrated?load 施工和检修集中荷载(15) continuous?weld 连续焊缝(60)core?area?of?section 截面核芯面积(33)core?tube?supported?structure 核心筒悬挂结构(3)corrosion?of?steel?bar 钢筋锈蚀(39)coupled?wall 连肢墙(12)coupler 连接器(37)coupling?wall—beam? 连梁(12)coupling?wall—column... 墙肢(12)coursing?degree?of?mortar 砂浆分层度(48)cover?plate 盖板(52)covered?electrode 焊条(54)crack 裂缝(0)crack?resistance 抗裂度(31)crack?width 裂缝宽度(31)crane?girder 吊车梁()crane?load 吊车荷载(15)creep?of?concrete 混凝土徐变(30)crook 横弯(71)cross?beam 井字梁(6)cup 翘弯curved?support 弧形支座(51)cylindrical?brick?arch 砖筒拱(43)Ddecay 腐朽(71)decay?prevention?of?timber?structure 木结构防腐(70)defect?in?timber 木材缺陷(70)deformation?analysis 变形验算(10)degree?of?gravity?vertical?for?structure?or?structural?member· 结构构件垂直度(40)degree?of?gravity?vertical?forwall?surface 墙面垂直度(49)degree?of?plainness?for?structural?memer 构件平整度(40)degree?of?plainness?for?wall?surface 墙面平整度(49)depth?of?compression?zone 受压区高度(32)depth?of?neutral?axis 中和轴高度(32)depth?of?notch 齿深(67)design?of?building?structures 建筑结构设计(8)design?value?of?earthquake-resistant?strength?of?materials 材料抗震强度设计值(1design?value?of?load—carrying?capacity?of?members· 构件承载能力设计值(1designations?0f?steel 钢材牌号(53design value?of?material?strength 材料强度设计值(1destructive?test 破损试验(40detailing?reintorcement [BAIKE1]构造配筋[/BAIKE1](35detailing?requirements [BAIKE1]构造要求[/BAIKE1](22diamonding 菱形变形(71)diaphragm 横隔板(52dimensional?errors 尺寸偏差(39)distribution?factor?of?snow?pressure 屋面积雪分布系数dogspike 扒钉(70)double?component?concrete?column 双肢柱(26)dowelled?joint 销连接(69)down-stayed?composite?beam 下撑式组合粱(8)ductile?frame 延性框架(2)dynamic?design 动态设计(8)Eearthquake-resistant?design 抗震设计(9：earthquake-resistant?detailing?requirements 抗震[BAIKE1]构造要求[/BAIKE1](22)effective?area?of?fillet?weld 角焊缝有效面积(57)effective?depth?of?section 截面有效高度(33)effective?diameter?of?bolt?or?high-strength?bolt· 螺栓(或高强度螺栓)有效直径(57)effective?height 计算高度(21)effective?length 计算长度(21)effective?length?of?fillet?weld 角焊缝有效计算长度(48)effective?length?of?nail 钉有效长度(56)effective?span 计算跨度(21)effective?supporting?length?at?end?of?beam 梁端有效支承长度(46) ? effective?thickness?of?fillet?weld 角焊缝有效厚度(48)elastic?analysis?scheme 弹性方案(46)elastic?foundation?beam 弹性地基梁(11)elastic?foundation?plate 弹性地基板(12)elastically?supported?continuous?girder· 弹性支座连续梁(u) elasticity?modulus?of?materials 材料弹性模量(18)elongation?rate 伸长率(15)embeded?parts 预埋件(30)enhanced?coefficient?of?local?bearing?strength?of?materials· 局部抗压强度提高系数(14)entrapped?air 含气量(38)equilibrium?moisture?content 平衡含水率(66)equivalent?slenderness?ratio 换算长细比(57)equivalent?uniformly?distributed?live?load·等效均布活荷载(14) etlectlve?cross—section?area?of?high-strength?bolt· 高强度螺栓的有效截面积(58) ·、ettectlve?cross—section?area?of?bolt 螺栓有效截面面积(57)euler's?critical?load 欧拉临界力(56)euler's?critical?stress 欧拉临界应力(56)excessive?penetration 塌陷(62)Ffiber?concrete 纤维混凝仁(28)filler?plate 填板门2)fillet?weld 角焊缝(61)final?setting?time 终凝时间()finger?joint 指接(69)fired?common?brick 烧结普通砖(43)fish?eye 白点(62)fish—belly?beam 角腹式梁(7)fissure 裂缝(0)flexible?connection 柔性连接(22)flexural?rigidity?of?section 截面弯曲刚度(19)flexural?stiffness?of?member 构件抗弯刚度(20)floor?plate 楼板(6)floor?system 楼盖(6)four?sides(edges)supported?plate 四边支承板(12)frame?structure 框架结构(2)frame?tube?structure 单框筒结构(3)frame?tube?structure 框架—简体结构(2)frame?with?sidesway 有侧移框架(12)frame?without?sidesway 无侧移框架(12)frange?plate 翼缘板(52)friction?coefficient?of?masonry 砌体摩擦系数(44)full?degree?of?mortar?at?bed?joint 砂浆饱满度(48)function?of?acceptance 验收函数(23)Ggang?nail?plate?joint 钉板连接()glue?used?for?structural?timberg 木结构用胶glued?joint 胶合接头glued?laminated?timber 层板胶合木(¨)glued?laminated?timber?structure 层板胶合结构‘61)grider 主梁((㈠grip 夹具grith?weld 环形焊缝(6÷))groove 坡口gusset?plate 节点板(52)Hhanger 吊环hanging?steel?bar 吊筋heartwood? 心材heat?tempering?bar 热处理钢筋(28)height?variation?factor?of?wind?pressure 风压高度变化系数(16) heliral?weld 螺旋形僻缝high—strength?bolt 高强度螺栓high—strength?bolt?with?large?hexagon?bea 大六角头高强度螺栓high—strength?bolted?bearing?type?join 承压型高强度螺栓连接，high—strength?bolted?connection 高强度螺栓连接high—strength?bolted?friction—type?joint 摩擦型高强度螺栓连接high—strength?holted?steel?slsteel?structure 高强螺栓连接钢结构hinge?support 铰轴支座(51)hinged?connection 铰接(21)hlngeless?arch 无铰拱(12)hollow?brick 空心砖(43)hollow?ratio?of?masonry?unit 块体空心率(46)honeycomb 蜂窝(39)hook 弯钩(37)hoop 箍筋(36)hot—rolled?deformed?bar 热轧带肋钢筋(28)hot—rolled?plain?bar 热轧光圆钢筋(28)hot-rolled?section?steel 热轧型钢(53)hunched?beam 加腋梁()Iimpact?toughness 冲击韧性(18)impermeability 抗渗性(38)inclined?section 斜截面(33)inclined?stirrup 斜向箍筋(36)incomplete?penetration 未焊透(61)incomplete?tusion 未溶合(61)incompletely?filled?groove 未焊满(61)indented?wire 刻痕钢丝(29)influence?coefficient?for?load—bearing?capacity?of?compression?member 受压构件承载能力影响系数(46)influence?coefficient?for?spacial?action? 空间性能影响系数(46)initial?control 初步控制(22)insect?prevention?of?timber?structure 木结构防虫(o)inspection?for?properties?of?glue?used?in?structural?member 结构用胶性能检验(71)inspection?for?properties?of?masnory?units 块体性能检验(48) inspection?for?properties?of?mortar 砂浆性能检验(48)inspection?for?properties?of?steelbar 钢筋性能检验(39)integral?prefabricated?prestressed?concrete?slab—column?structure 整体预应力板柱结构(25)intermediate?stiffener 中间加劲肋(53)intermittent?weld 断续焊缝(60)Jjoint?of?reinforcement 钢筋接头(35)Kkey?joint 键连接(69)kinetic?design 动态设计(8)knot 节子(木节)(70)Llaced?of?battened?compression?member 格构式钢柱(51)lacing?and?batten?elements 缀材(缀件)(51)lacing?bar 缀条(51)lamellar?tearing 层状撕裂(62)lap?connectlon 叠接(搭接)(59)lapped?length?of?steel?bar 钢筋搭接长度(36)large?pannel?concrete?structure 混凝土大板结构(25)large-form?cocrete?structure 大模板结构(26)lateral?bending 侧向弯曲(40)lateral?displacement?stiffness?of?storey 楼层侧移刚度(20)lateral?displacement?stiffness?of?structure· 结构侧移刚度(20) lateral?force?resistant?wallstructure 抗侧力墙体结构(12)leg?size?of?fillet?weld 角焊缝焊脚尺寸(57)length?of?shear?plane 剪面长度(67)lift—slab?structure 升板结构(25)light?weight?aggregate?concrete 轻骨料混凝土(28)limit?of?acceptance 验收界限(23)limitimg?value?for?local?dimension?of?masonry?structure· 砌体结构局部尺寸限值(47)limiting?value?for?sectional?dimension 截面尺寸限值(47)limiting?value?for?supporting?length 支承长度限值(47)limiting?value?for?total?height?of?masonry?structure· 砌体结构总高度限值(47)linear?expansion?coeffcient 线膨胀系数(18)lintel 过梁(7)load?bearing?wall 承重墙(7)load-carrying?capacity?per?bolt 单个普通螺栓承载能力(56) load—carrying?capacity?per?high—strength?holt 单个高强螺桂承载能力(56)load—carrying?capacity?per?rivet 单个铆钉承载能力(55)log 原木(65)log?timberstructure 原木结构(64)long?term?rigidity?of?member 构件长期刚度(32)longitude?horizontal?bracing 纵向水平支撑(5)longitudinal?steel?bar 纵向钢筋(35)longitudinal?stiffener 纵向加劲肋(53)longitudinal?weld 纵向焊缝(60)losses?of?prestress ‘预应力损失(33)lump?material 块体(42)Mmain?axis 强轴(56)main?beam· 主梁(6)major?axis 强轴(56)manual?welding 手工焊接(59)manufacture?control 生产控制(22)map?cracking 龟裂(39)masonry 砌体(17)masonry?lintel 砖过梁(43)masonry?member 无筋砌体构件(41)masonry?units 块体(43)masonry—concrete?structure 砖混结构(¨)masonry—timber?structure 砖木结构(11)mechanical?properties?of?materials· 材料力学性能(17)melt—thru 烧穿(62)method?of?sampling 抽样方法(23)minimum?strength?class?of?masonry 砌体材料最低强度等级(47)minor?axls· 弱轴(56)mix?ratio?of?mortar 砂浆配合比(48)mixing?water 拌合水(27)modified?coefficient?for?allowable?ratio?of?height?to?sectionalthickne ss?of?masonry?wall? 砌体墙容许高厚比修正系数(47)modified?coefficient?of?flexural?strength?for?timber?curved?mem—弧形木构件抗弯强度修正系数(68)modulus?of?elasticity?of?concrete 混凝土弹性模量(30)modulus?of?elasticity?parellel?to?grain 顺纹弹性模量(66)moisture?content 含水率(66)moment?modified?factor 弯矩调幅系数monitor?frame 天窗架mortar 砂浆multi—defence?system?of?earthquake—resistant?building· 多道设防抗震建筑multi—tube?supported?suspended?structure 多筒悬挂结构Nnailed?joint 钉连接，net?height 净高lnet?span 净跨度net?water／cementratio 净水灰比non-destructive?inspection?of?weld 焊缝无损检验non-destructive?test 非破损检验non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙non—uniform?cross—section?beam 变截面粱non—uniformly?distributed?strain?coefficient?of?longitudinal?tensile? reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数normal?concrete 普通混凝土normal?section 正截面notch?and?tooth?joint 齿连接number?of?sampling 抽样数量Oobligue?section 斜截面oblique—angle?fillet?weld 斜角角焊缝one—way?reinforced(or?prestressed)concrete?slab‘‘ 单向板open?web?roof?truss 空腹屋架，ordinary?concrete 普通混凝土(28)ordinary?steel?bar 普通钢筋(29)orthogonal?fillet?weld 直角角焊缝(61)outstanding?width?of?flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57)outstanding?width?of?stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57)over-all?stability?reduction?coefficient?of?steel?beam· 钢梁整体稳定系数(58) ?overlap 焊瘤(62)overturning?or?slip?resistance?analysis? 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10)Ppadding?plate 垫板(52)partial?penetrated?butt?weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61)partition 非承重墙(7)penetrated?butt?weld 透焊对接焊缝(60)percentage?of?reinforcement 配筋率(34)perforated?brick 多孔砖(43)pilastered?wall 带壁柱墙(42)pit· 凹坑(62)pith 髓心(o)plain?concrete?structure 素混凝土结构(24)plane?hypothesis 平截面假定(32)plane?structure 平面结构(11)plane?trussed?lattice?grids 平面桁架系网架(5)plank 板材(65)plastic?adaption?coefficient?of?cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic?design?of?steel?structure 钢结构塑性设计(56)plastic?hinge· 塑性铰(13)plastlcity?coefficient?of?reinforced?concrete?member?in?tensile?zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数(34)plate—like?space?frame 干板型网架(5)plate—like?space?truss 平板型网架(5)plug?weld 塞焊缝(60)plywood 胶合板(65)plywood?structure 胶合板结构(64)pockmark 麻面(39)polygonal?top-chord?roof?truss 多边形屋架(4)post—tensioned?prestressed?concrete?structure 后张法预应力混凝土结构(24)precast?reinforced?concrete?member 预制混凝土构件(26)prefabricated?concrete?structure 装配式混凝土结构(25)presetting?time 初凝时间(38)prestressed?concrete?structure 预应力混凝土结构(24)prestressed?steel?structure 预应力钢结构(50)prestressed?tendon 预应力筋<29)pre—tensioned?prestressed?concrete?structure· 先张法预应力混凝土结构(24)primary?control 初步控制(22)production?control 生产控制(22)properties?of?fresh?concrete 可塑混凝土性能(37)properties?of?hardened?concrete 硬化混凝土性能(38)property?of?building?structural?materials 建筑结构材料性能(17)purlin“—””—檩条(4)Qqlue?timber?structurer 胶合木结构(㈠)quality?grade?of?structural?timber 木材质量等级(0)quality?grade?of?weld 焊缝质量级别(61)quality?inspection?of?bolted?connection 螺栓连接质量检验(63)quality?inspection?of?masonry 砌体质量检验(48)quality?inspection?of?riveted?connection 铆钉连接质量检验(63) quasi—permanent?value?of?live?load?on?floor?or?roof，楼面、屋面活荷载准永久值(15)Rradial?check 辐裂(70)ratio?of?axial?compressive?force?to?axial?compressive?ultimate?capacit y?of?section 轴压比(35)ratio?of?height?to?sectional?thickness?of?wall?or?column 砌体墙柱高、厚比(48)ratio?of?reinforcement 配筋率(34)ratio?of?shear?span?to?effective?depth?of?section 剪跨比(35) redistribution?of?internal?force 内力重分布(13)reducing?coefficient?of?compressive?strength?in?sloping?grain?for?bolt ed?connection 螺栓连接斜纹承压强度降低系数(68)reducing?coefficient?of?liveload 活荷载折减系数(14)reducing?coefficient?of?shearing?strength?for?notch?and?tooth?connecti on 齿连接抗剪强度降低系数(68)regular?earthquake—resistant?building 规则抗震建筑(9)reinforced?concrete?deep?beam 混凝土深梁(26)reinforced?concrete?slender?beam 混凝土浅梁(26)reinforced?concrete?structure 钢筋混凝土结构(24)reinforced?masonry?structure 配筋砌体结构(41)reinforcement?ratio 配筋率(34)reinforcement?ratio?per?unit?volume 体积配筋率(35)relaxation?of?prestressed?tendon 预应筋松弛(31)representative?value?of?gravity?load 重力荷载代表值(17)resistance?to?abrasion 耐磨性(38)resistance?to?freezing?and?thawing 抗冻融性(39)resistance?to?water?penetration· 抗渗性(38)reveal?of?reinforcement 露筋(39)right—angle?filletweld 直角角焊缝(61)rigid?analysis?scheme 刚性方案(45)rigid?connection 刚接(21)rigid?transverse?wall 刚性横墙(42)rigid?zone 刚域(13)rigid-elastic?analysis?scheme 刚弹性方案(45)rigidity?of?section 截面刚度(19)rigidly?supported?continous?girder 刚性支座连续梁(11)ring?beam 圈梁(42)rivet 铆钉(55)riveted?connecction 铆钉连接(60)riveted?steel?beam 铆接钢梁(52)riveted?steel?girder 铆接钢梁(52)riveted?steel?structure 铆接钢结构(50)rolle?rsupport 滚轴支座(51)rolled?steel?beam 轧制型钢梁(51)roof?board 屋面板(3)roof?bracing?system 屋架支撑系统(4)roof?girder 屋面梁(4)roof?plate 屋面板(3)roof?slab 屋面板(3)roof?system 屋盖(3)roof?truss 屋架(4)rot 腐朽(71)round?wire 光圆钢丝(29)Ssafety?classes?of?building?structures 建筑结构安全等级(9) safetybolt 保险螺栓(69)sapwood 边材(65)sawn?lumber+A610 方木(65)sawn?timber?structure 方木结构(64)saw-tooth?joint?failure 齿缝破坏(45)scarf?joint 斜搭接(70)seamless?steel?pipe 无缝钢管(54)seamless?steel?tube 无缝钢管(54)second?moment?of?area?of?tranformed?section 换算截面惯性矩(34) second?order?effect?due?to?displacement 挠曲二阶效应(13) secondary?axis 弱轴(56)secondary?beam 次粱(6)section?modulus?of?transformed?section 换算截面模量(34) section?steel 型钢(53)semi-automatic?welding 半自动焊接(59)separated?steel?column 分离式钢柱(51)setting?time 凝结时间(38)shake 环裂(70)shaped?steel 型钢(53)shapefactorofwindload 风荷载体型系数(16)shear?plane 剪面(67)shearing?rigidity?of?section 截面剪变刚度(19) shearing?stiffness?of?member 构件抗剪刚度(20) short?stiffener 短加劲肋(53)short?term?rigidity?of?member 构件短期刚度(31) shrinkage 干缩(71)shrinkage?of?concrete 混凝干收缩(30)silos 贮仓(3)skylight?truss 天窗架(4)slab 楼板(6)slab—column?structure 板柱结构(2)slag?inclusion 夹渣(61)sloping?grain ‘斜纹(70)slump 坍落度(37)snow?reference?pressure 基本雪压(16)solid—web?steel?column 实腹式钢柱(space?structure 空间结构(11)space?suspended?cable 悬索(5)spacing?of?bars 钢筋间距(33)spacing?of?rigid?transverse?wall 刚性横墙间距(46) spacing?of?stirrup?legs 箍筋肢距(33)spacing?of?stirrups 箍筋间距(33)specified?concrete 特种混凝上(28)spiral?stirrup 螺旋箍筋(36)spiral?weld 螺旋形焊缝(60)split?ringjoint 裂环连接(69)square?pyramid?space?grids 四角锥体网架(5) stability?calculation 稳定计算(10)stability?reduction?coefficient?of?axially?loaded?compression 轴心受压构件稳定系数<13)stair 楼梯(8)static?analysis?scheme?of?building 房屋静力汁算方案(45)static?design 房屋静力汁算方案(45)statically?determinate?structure 静定结构(11)statically?indeterminate?structure 超静定结构(11)sted 钢材(17)steel?bar 钢筋(28)steel?column?component 钢柱分肢(51)steel?columnbase 钢柱脚(51)steel?fiber?reinforced?concrete?structure· 钢纤维混凝土结构(26) steel?hanger 吊筋(37)steel?mesh?reinforced?brick?masonry?member 方格网配筋砖砌体构件(41) steel?pipe 钢管(54)steel?plate 钢板(53)steel?plateelement 钢板件(52)steel?strip 钢带(53)steel?support 钢支座(51)steel?tie 拉结钢筋(36)steel?tie?bar?for?masonry 砌体拉结钢筋(47)steel?tube 钢管(54)steel?tubular?structure 钢管结构(50)steel?wire 钢丝(28)stepped?column 阶形柱(7)stiffener 加劲肋(52)stiffness?of?structural?member 构件刚度(19)stiffness?of?transverse?wall 横墙刚度(45)stirrup 箍筋(36)stone 石材(44)stone?masonry 石砌体(44)stone?masonry?structure 石砌体结构(41)storev?height 层高(21)straight—line?joint?failure 通缝破坏(45)straightness?of?structural?member 构件乎直度(71)strand 钢绞线(2，)strength?classes?of?masonry?units 块体强度等级(44)strength?classes?of?mortar 砂浆强度等级(44) ”strength?classes?of?structural?steel 钢材强度等级(55)strength?classes?of?structural?timber 木材强度等级(66)strength?classes(grades)?of?concrete 混凝土强度等级(29)strength?classes(grades)?of?prestressed?tendon 预应力筋强度等级(30) strength?classes(grades)?of?steel?bar? 普通钢筋强度等级(30)strength?of?structural?timber?parallel?to?grain 木材顺纹强度(66) strongaxis 强轴(56)structural?system?composed?of?bar ”杆系结构(11)structural?system?composed?of?plate 板系结构(12)structural?wall 结构墙(7)superposed?reinforced?concrete?flexural?member 叠合式混凝土受弯构件(26) suspended?crossed?cable?net 双向正交索网结构(6)suspended?structure 悬挂结构(3)swirl?grain 涡纹(1)Ttensile(compressive)?rigidity?of?section 截面拉伸(压缩)刚度(19)tensile(compressive)?stiffness?of?member 构件抗拉(抗压)刚度(20)tensile(ultimate)?strength?of?steel 钢材(钢筋)抗拉(极限)强度(18)test?for?properties?of?concrete?structural?members 构件性能检验(40)：thickness?of?concrete?cover 混凝土保护层厚度(33)thickness?of?mortarat?bed?joint 水平灰缝厚度(49)thin?shell 薄壳(6)three?hinged?arch 三铰拱(n)tie?bar 拉结钢筋(36)tie?beam，?‘ 系梁(22)tie?tod 系杆(5)tied?framework 绑扎骨架(35)timber 木材(17) ?，timber?roof?truss 木屋架(64)tor-shear?type?high-strength?bolt 扭剪型高强度螺栓(54)torsional?rigidity?of?section 截面扭转刚度(19)torsional?stiffness?of?member 构件抗扭刚度(20)total?breadth?of?structure 结构总宽度(21)total?height?of?structure 结构总高度(21)total?length?of?structure 结构总长度(21)transmission?length?of?prestress 预应力传递长度(36)transverse?horizontal?bracing 横向水平支撑(4)transverse?stiffener· 横向加劲肋(53)transverse?weld 横向焊缝(60)transversely?distributed?steelbar 横向分布钢筋(36)trapezoid?roof?truss 梯形屋架(4)triangular?pyramid?space?grids 三角锥体网架(5)triangular?roof?truss 三角形屋架(4)trussed?arch 椽架(64)trussed?rafter 桁架拱(5)tube?in?tube?structure 筒中筒结构(3)tube?structure 简体结构(2)twist 扭弯(71)two?hinged?arch 双铰拱(11)two?sides(edges)?supported?plate 两边支承板(12)two—way?reinforced?(or?prestressed)?concrete?slab 混凝土双向板(27) Uultimate?compressive?strain?of?concrete’” 混凝土极限压应变(31) unbonded?prestressed?concrete?structure 无粘结预应力混凝土结构(25) undercut 咬边(62)uniform?cross—section?beam 等截面粱(6)unseasoned?timber 湿材(65)upper?flexible?and?lower?rigid?complex?multistorey?building· 上柔下刚多层房屋(45)upper?rigid?lower?flexible?complex?multistorey?building· 上刚下柔多层房屋(45)Vvalue?of?decompression?prestress? 预应力筋消压预应力值(33)value?of?effective?prestress 预应筋有效预应力值(33)verification?of?serviceability?limit?states·?” 正常使用极限状态验证(10)verification?of?ultimate?limit?states? 承载能极限状态验证(10) vertical?bracing 竖向支撑(5)vierendal?roof?truss 空腹屋架(4)visual?examination?of?structural?member 构件外观检查(39)visual?examination?of?structural?steel?member 钢构件外观检查(63) visual?examination?of?weld 焊缝外观检查(62)Wwall?beam 墙梁(42)wall?frame 壁式框架(门)wall—slab?structure 墙板结构(2)warping 翘曲(40)，(71)warping?rigidity?of?section 截面翘曲刚度(19)water?retentivity?of?mortar 砂浆保水性(48)water?tower 水塔(3)water／cement?ratio· 水灰比(3g)weak?axis· 弱轴(56)weak?region?of?earthquake—resistant?building 抗震建筑薄弱部位(9) web?plate 腹板(52)weld 焊缝(6[))weld?crack 焊接裂纹(62)weld?defects 焊接缺陷(61)weld?roof 焊根(61)weld?toe 焊趾(61)weldability?of?steel?bar 钢筋可焊性(39)welded?framework 焊接骨架()welded?steel?beam 焊接钢梁(welded?steel?girder 焊接钢梁(52)welded?steel?pipe 焊接钢管(54)welded?steel?strueture 焊接钢结构(50)welding?connection· 焊缝连接(59)welding?flux 焊剂(54)welding?rod 焊条(54)welding?wire 焊丝(54)wind?fluttering?factor 风振系数(16)wind?reference?pressure 基本风压(16)wind—resistant?column 抗风柱()wood?roof?decking 屋面木基层(64)Yyield?strength?(yield?point)?of?steel 钢材(钢筋)屈服强度(屈服点)。

结构设计专用英语capture[英] [ˈkæptʃə] [美] [ˈkæptʃɚ]生词本vt.俘获；夺取；夺得；引发（注意、想像、爱好）n.捕捉；占据；direction[英] [diˈrekʃən] [美] [dɪˈrɛkʃən, daɪ-]生词本n.方向，指南；指挥，指导module[英] [ˈmɔdju:l] [美] [ˈmɑdʒul]生词本n.模块；组件；（宇宙飞船上各个独立的）舱；测量流水等的单位Port端口； [人名] [英格兰人姓氏] 波特地貌名称，城门或职业名称，守门人来源于中世纪英语，含义是“门口，人口”(gateway，entrance)； [人名] [英格兰人姓氏] 波特地貌名称，来源于中世纪英语，含义是“口岸，集镇”(analog[英] [ˈænəˌlɔ:g, -ˌlɔg] [美] [ˈænəˌlɔɡ, -ˌlɑɡ]生词本n.类似物，同源语； <电脑>模拟adj. (钟表)有长短针的；directional[英] [diˈrekʃənəl] [美] [dɪˈrɛkʃənəl, daɪ-]生词本adj.方向的microphone[英] [ˈmaikrəfəun] [美] [ˈmaɪkrəˌfon]生词本n.扩音器，麦克风；话筒available[英] [əˈveiləbl] [美] [əˈveləbəl]生词本adj.可用的；有空的；可会面的； (戏票、车票等)有效的常见度：•description[英] [disˈkripʃən] [美] [dɪˈskrɪpʃən]生词本n.描述；形容；种类；类型常见度：•feature[英] [ˈfi:tʃə] [美] [ˈfitʃɚ]生词本n.特点，特点；面貌，面貌；（期刊的）特辑；故事片vt.使有特色；描述……的特点；以……为号召物vi.起要紧作用；作重要角色mount[英] [maunt] [美] [maʊnt]生词本vt.& vi.登上；骑上vi.增加；上升vt.安装，架置；镶嵌，嵌入；预备上演；成立（军队等）n.山峰；攀，登；运载工具；底座configuration[英] [kənˌfiɡjuˈreiʃən] [美] [kənˌfɪɡjəˈreʃən]生词本n.组合，布置；结构，构造； [化]（分子中原子的）组态，排列； [物application[英] [ˌæpliˈkeiʃən] [美] [ˌæplɪˈkeʃən]生词本n.适用，应用，运用；申请，请求，申请表格；勤勉，用功；敷用，敷用药mechanical[英] [miˈkænikəl] [美] [mɪˈkænɪkəl]生词本adj.机械的，机械学的；呆板的；体力的；手工操作的specification[英] [ˌspes ifiˈkeiʃən] [美] [ˌspɛsəfɪˈkeʃən]生词本n.规格；详述；说明书acoustic[英] [əˈku:stik] [美] [əˈkustɪk]生词本adj.听觉的；声material[英] [məˈtiəriəl] [美] [məˈtɪriəl]生词本n.材料，原料；素材；布，织物；适当人选adj.物质的；肉体的；重要的，决定性plating[英] [ˈpleitiŋ] [美] [ˈpletɪŋ]生词本n.电镀，被覆金属v.镀( plate的此刻electrical[iˈlektrikəl]生词本adj.用电的usable[英] [ˈju:zəbəl] [美] [ˈjuzəbəl]生词本adj.可用的；合用的；便于利用的assignment[英] [əˈsainmənt] [美] [əˈsaɪnmənt]生词本n.分给，分派；任务，工作，（课外）作业； <美>录用；指定，委派常见度：•recommend[英] [ˌrekəˈmend] [美] [ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd]生词本vt.推荐；劝告；使显得吸引人；拜托vi.推荐；建议layout[英] [ˈleiaut] [美] [ˈleˌaʊt]生词本n.布局，安排，设计；布置图，计划图welding[英] [ˈweldɪŋ]生词本n.焊接法，定位焊接；粘结vt.熔接；锻接；使结合vi.焊牢，能被焊接v.焊接( weld的此刻分pattern[英] [ˈpætən] [美] [ˈpætən]生词本n.模式；花腔，样品；图案；表率，典范vt.仿照；以图案装饰vi.形成图案prohibit[英] [prəˈhibit] [美] [proˈhɪbɪt]生词本vt.禁止，阻止，plug[英] [plʌɡ] [美] [plʌɡ]生词本n.塞子；插头；消防栓；（内燃机的）火花塞vt.& vi.插上插头vt.以（塞子）塞住；插入；〈俚〉枪击，殴打vi.填塞，堵；〈俚〉勤苦工作，用schematic[英] [ski:ˈmætɪk, skɪ-] [美] [skiˈmætɪk, skɪ-]生词本adj.纲要的；示意的；严谨的；有章法的n.图表，(尤指)电常见度：•assembly[英] [əˈsembli] [美] [əˈsɛmbli]生词本n.装配；集会； [军]集合号，集合鼓，集合； [机]装配，装配车间，供装配的零件style[英] [stail] [美] [staɪl]生词本n.风格；时尚；说话的态度，文体；仪表，品位vt.设计；称号；为……造型vi.使符合流行式样；用刻刀作装饰画contact[英] [ˈkɔntækt] [美] [ˈkɑnˌtækt]生词本n.接触；触点； [医]（传染病）接触人；路子vt.使接触；与……联系；与……通信（或通话）vi.联系，接触rating[英] [ˈreitiŋ] [美] [ˈretɪŋ]生词本n.品级；评估，评判；极限；收听率，收视率v.估价（ rateattached[英] [əˈtætʃt] [美] [əˈtætʃt]生词本adj.附加的，附属的；依恋的；倾心的v.贴上，系，附上carton[英] [ˈkɑ:tən] [美] [ˈkɑrtn]生词本n.尤指装食物或液体的）硬纸盒；塑料盒；硬纸盒（或塑料盒）所装物品；纸板盒vt.用盒包装export[英] [eksˈpɔ:t] [美] [ɪksˈpɔrt]生词本vt.& vi.出口，输出vt.传播，输出（思想或活动）[ˈekspɔ:t]n.输出，出口；输出[出口]物layer[英] [ˈleiə] [美] [ˈleɚ]生词本n.层，层次；膜； [植]压条；放置者，打算者vt.把……分层堆放；借助压条法；生根繁衍；将（头发）剪成不同层次vi.形成或分成层次； [植]通过压条法而生根housing[英] [ˈhauziŋ] [美] [ˈhaʊzɪŋ]生词本n.房屋；供给住宅；掩护；外罩scale[英] [skeil] [美] [skel]生词本n.规模；比例（尺）；鱼鳞；级别vt.测量；攀登；刮去……的鳞片vi.衡量；攀actuator[英] [ˈæktjueitə] [美] [ˈæktʃuˌetɚ]生词本n.鼓励者； [电脑]执行机构； [电](电磁铁)螺线管； [机]促动器point[英] [pɔint] [美] [pɔɪnt]生词本n.点；要点；得分；标点vt.（意思上）指向；削尖；加标点于；指路vi.说明；指向常见度：•applicable[英] [ˈæplikəbl] [美] [ˈæplɪkəbəl, əˈplɪkə-]生词本adj.适当的；可应用的bezel[英] [ˈbezəl] [美] [ˈbɛzəl]生词本n.凿的刃角，宝石的斜面； (相框、电脑屏幕等的)边框opening[英] [ˈəupəniŋ] [美] [ˈopənɪŋ]生词本n.揭幕，开始；空缺的职位； [商]开盘，交易开始时刻；（职位的）空缺adj.第一次的，开始的v.（打）开（ open的此刻分词）；detail[英] [ˈdi:teil] [美] [dɪˈtel, ˈdiˌtel]生词本简明释义更多资料n.详述；（照片、绘画等的）细部；细目，琐碎；各类细节vt.详述，认真汇报；选派；清楚地说明；给manufacturer[英] [ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərə] [美] [ˌmænjəˈfæktʃəɚ]生词本n.制造商，制造symbol[英] [ˈsimbəl] [美] [ˈsɪmbəl]生词本•n.象征；标志；符号；记号vt.用符号代表combo[英] [ˈkɔmbəʊ] [美] [ˈkɑmbo]生词本<美口>套餐，如色拉、三明治、饮料等的组合食物n.小型爵士乐队，小型伴舞乐队working hight工作高度aluminum[英] [əˈlu:mənəm] [美] [əˈlumənəm]生词本n. <美>铝PS•abbr. postscript附言；1.（信末签名后的）附笔，又及 You write PS to introduce something that you add at the end of a letterafter you have signed it.PS. Please show your friends this letter and the enclosed leaflet.附:请把这封信和内装的小册子给你的朋友们看看。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Structure in Design of ArchitectureAnd Structural MaterialWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic,preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic considerations .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic ofhis or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasiswill be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specificform of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile forcewhich, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a power. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond─ the force that unites them─ that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting.A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel materialbetween them under high heat.Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestess’s concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material.Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.建筑中的结构设计及建筑材料建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。

PASAR结构专业英汉对照一、规范或图集《建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准》：Unified standard for reliability design of building structures《建筑结构荷载规范》：Load code for the design of building structures《钢结构设计规范》：Code for design of steel structures《建筑抗震设计规范》：Code for seismic design of buildings《混凝土结构设计规范》：Code for design of concrete structures《建筑地基基础设计规范》：Code for design of building foundation《门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构技术规程》：Technical specification for steel structure of light-weight Buildings with gabled frames《钢筋混凝土筒仓设计规范》：Code for design of reinforced concrete silos《砌体结构设计规范》：Code for design of masonry structures《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》：Technical specification for concrete structures of tall building《高层民用建筑钢结构技术规程》：Technical specification for steel structure of tall buildings《混凝土结构加固设计规范》：Design code for strengthening concrete structure 《钢结构加固技术规范》：Technical specification for strengthening steel structures 《工业建筑防腐蚀设计规范》：Code for Anticorrosion Design of IndustrialConstructionsPermanent load：恒载Live load: 活载Snow load:雪荷载Snow region : 雪压分布区Reference snow pressure:基本雪压Wind load：风荷载Wind region:风压分布区Reference wind pressure:基本风压Terrain roughness:地面粗糙度Crane load:吊车荷载Seismicity 6 points：地震烈度6点（不能简单认为中国规范6度）二、常用语1、混凝土结构Concrete structure :混凝土结构（包括素砼结构、钢筋砼结构、预应力砼结构）Plain concrete structure:素混凝土结构Reinforced Concrete structure :钢筋混凝土结构Prestressed Concrete structure :预应力混凝土结构Cast-in-situ Concrete structure :现浇混凝土结构Structural joint:结构缝（分割混凝土结构间隔的总称）Expansion joint:伸缩缝Deep beam:深梁Steel bar :普通钢筋Reinforcing bar ：钢筋（通常指受力钢筋）Reinforcing rod：钢筋（在钢筋混凝土中使用的各种钢筋）Hoop reinforcement:箍筋（螺旋形箍筋除外）Stirrup:箍筋spacing of stirrups:箍筋间距spiral reinforcements:螺旋筋fabric reinforcements:钢筋网Transverse reinforcement:横向钢筋（垂直纵向受力钢筋的箍筋或间接钢筋）Hot rolled deformed bars :热轧带肋钢筋Hot rolled plain round bars :热轧光圆钢筋Anchorage length:锚固长度Concrete cover：混凝土保护层Topping:面层(也可指砂浆)Bar diameter:钢筋直径Foundation:基础Concrete wall:混凝土墙（泛指用混凝土做的墙体）Frame beams:框架梁Frame columns:框架柱Columns of bent:排架柱Columns supporting structural transfer member:框支柱Shear walls and coupling beams:剪力墙和连梁Cantilever beam:悬臂梁Slab:板（泛指混凝土板及其他板）Slab on ground：地面上的混凝土板Suspended slabs:楼面板Ratio of reinforcement:配筋率Embedded parts:预埋件Lap length：搭接长度Rejointing :勾缝，填缝Fist pour:第一期浇灌Second pour：第二期浇灌Fine aggregate concrete:细石混凝土Concrete with strength level is no lower than C30:混凝土强度等级不低于C30（《建筑地基基础设计规范》描述）The concrete strength grade shall not be less than C30: 混凝土强度等级不低于C30（《混凝土结构设计规范》描述）The stressed steel bars adopt the HRB400,Stirrups adopt HRB300:受力钢筋采用HRB400，箍筋采用HRB300Anchorage of steel reinforcement:钢筋的锚固The impermeability grade of concrete:混凝土抗渗等级2、地基基础Earth work:地基工程Ground(foundation soils):地基Retaining wall：挡（土）墙Gravity Retaining wall：重力式挡墙Pedestals：设备底座Characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity:地基承载力特征值Ground treatment(ground improvement):地基处理Strip footing under column:柱下条形基础Pile foundation:桩基础End-bearing pile :端承桩50 thick concrete blinding：50厚混凝土基础垫层Concrete blinding C15 : C15混凝土垫层C15 plain concrete:C15 素混凝土Residual soil：原积土Design grade of foundation:基础设计等级Grade A：甲级Anti-floating checking：抗浮验算Rock, gravelly soil, sandy soil, silty soil, cohesive soil, artificial fill:岩石，碎石土，砂土，粉土，黏性土，人工填土Plain fill:素填土Compacted fill:压实填土Miscellaneous fill:杂填土Compacted coefficient:压实系数Embedded depth of foundation:基础埋置深度3、钢结构Steel work:钢结构工程Steel structure:钢结构Pure frames:(无支撑)纯框架Braced frames:有支撑框架Wind column:抗风柱Wind beam:抗风梁或抗风系杆Brackets:牛腿Connector（Connecting pieces）:连接件Supports(bearings):支座Hinged bearing：铰支座，铰支承Composite steel and concrete beam:钢与混凝土组合梁Beam:梁Column:柱Leaning column：摇摆柱（框架内两端为铰接不能抵抗侧向荷载的柱）Purlin :檩条Girt:围梁，也可指墙面檩条Manhole：人孔Eot crane: 电动桥式起重机Underslung crane:悬挂吊车Crane rail:吊车轨道Crane stop :吊车车挡Crane girders(Crane beam &Crane runway):吊车梁Planed and tightly fitted:刨平顶紧Cantrex rail clip:吊车轨道固定夹10 PL. Stiffener: 10厚加劲板PL 10: 10厚钢板6 Gap: 6mm缝隙Column web：柱腹板Web plate:腹板Column flange:柱翼缘板Flange plate:翼缘板Web stiffener:腹板加劲板(Column )cap plate: (柱)顶板(Column) base plate: (柱)底板M20 bolt: M20螺栓4 Holes φ20：4个φ20孔High strength bolt(H.D bolt)：高强螺栓Commercial bolt：普通螺栓4M20 anchor bolts: 4M20 地脚螺栓4M16 Chemical anchors: 4M16化学螺栓Bolt property grade:螺栓的性能等级（8.8级或10.9级）Stud:栓钉Stair tread：楼梯踏步Handrail：扶手栏杆Platform:平台（一般的操作或检修平台）50 Grouting：50厚灌浆层（还指钢平台上铺的混凝土板）32 Grating :32厚钢格栅Corrugated steel plate(Checkered plate)：花纹钢板Vertical brace:竖直支撑（垂直剪刀撑）Horizontal brace:水平支撑Ties:系杆Sag rod:直拉条Angle brace：隅撑The lace on built-up members:组合构件的缀条Shear resistant key(Shear key):抗剪件Cable tray support：电缆槽支架Pipe support:管道支架Stiffener both sides:两边布置加劲板Splice:拼接（钢构件设置的拼接）Plate 10:10厚钢板（PL 10）Filler plate:填板Check nut （locknut）:防松螺母（可指地脚螺栓柱脚钢板上的第二颗螺母）Truss:桁架Truss member:桁架杆件Web member:腹杆Chord :弦杆，也可指拱的跨度End post:（桁架）端部受压杆Weld:焊接Weld tube :焊接管Weld:焊缝Butt weld:对接焊缝Fillet weld:角焊缝Groove:坡口The quality level of welds shall not be lower than class 2:焊缝质量等级不低于2级Full penetration:全熔透Topping coat：外涂层，面漆Finishing coat：面漆Primer:底漆Priming:上底漆Blast cleaning:喷砂清洗，喷砂除锈Dry film :干膜Slip coefficient at friction interface:摩擦面的抗滑移系数Fire protection coating:防火涂料Beam-to-beam connection:梁梁连接节点Beam-to-column connection:梁柱连接节点Rigid connection:刚接Hinged connection：铰接H-section:H型截面box-section:箱型截面The inserted column base:插入式柱脚The encased column base：埋人式柱脚The encasing column base：外包式柱脚Span:跨度Bay:开间Bay spacing:柱距Slope:坡度Roof slope 5°: 屋面坡度5度Eaves:屋檐Eaves gutter(gutter):天沟Canopy:雨棚，挑棚Detailing requirements:构造要求4、改造工程Strengthening work:加固工程Existing：现有的，列如：Existing foundation:现有基础Existing structure member:原构件Strengthening of existing structures:对已有结构加固Structure member strengthening with reinforced concrete:增大截面加固法Structure member strengthening with externally bonded steel frame:外粘型钢加固法Structure member strengthening with externally bonded reinforced materials:复合截面加固法unloading:卸载Hacking:凿毛Bonded rebars:植筋4M16 Chemical anchors: 4M16化学螺栓Structrual adhesives:结构胶Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP):纤维复合材Polymer nirtar:聚合物砂浆polymer mortar：复合砂浆Corrosion inhibitor：阻锈剂Reshoring:临时支撑（原始的支撑拆除后，用于模板或整体结构的临时支撑）the interface of new and existing shall be hacking , and cleaning, then cast in concrete.:新旧砼交接处，应先凿毛、并清洗干净，再浇筑砼。

基于 IFC的建筑结构施工图设计信息模型描述研究摘要：IFC标准(Industry Foundation Classes)是针对建筑工程特性，专为BIM 技术制定的数据交换标准，是现代建筑结构设计领域的参照基础。

本文以IFC框架下建筑结构施工图设计信息模型描述为主要研究对象，针对建筑结构施工图设计信息模型的应用优势以及在实际施工作业的价值和意义，开展多角度、多层次、多内容的论述和分析，结合笔者多年从事建筑结构施工图设计领域的实践经验，提出一系列行之有效的应用举措和实践办法。

关键字：IFC标准；建筑结构；施工图设计引言：随着我国建筑领域的创新发展,IFC标准成为当前国内建筑领域创新发展的重要基础和前提，需要借助IFC标准的实质内容，构建以BIM模型为框架的施工图设计，助力工程施工作业的创新化和高效化，同时结合当前BIM模型构建的研究内容，进行深层次的探索和论述。

1.建筑结构施工图设计的数据基础建筑结构施工图设计，是建筑工程施工作业必不可少的重要环节，同时施工图设计随着现代建筑工程施工技术的发展，得到颠覆性的改变和创新，特别是借助BIM模型的应用技术，有效改变传统施工图设计领域的弊端和问题。

通常，建筑结构施工图设计的数据基础，主要是对现有工程设计的信息为主要设计基础，通过对种类繁多的信息进行汇总和梳理，结合现代社会的发展和变化，对施工图数据的主要信息进行信息化整合，有效实现信息数据的高效处理模式，能够为施工图设计人员提供一揽子施工作业解决方案，有助于提升施工图设计基础数据准确性和有效性，为后续施工作业内容的开展提供了重要的帮助和支持。

1.基于IFC的BIM模型创建研究1.BIM模型的特点和价值基于IFC标准下BIM模型，能够实现施工图设计的可视化操作，结合传统的CAD施工图制作软件，能够进一步提高设计工作的效率和质量。

一方面，传统的施工图设计，存在一定的局限性和单一性，无法对立面结构进行快速的联动设计，需要进行单一模式的设计和分析，应用BIM模型能够有效解决传统设计的弊端和问题，另一方面，在全场景化的设计体系中，BIM模型框架的建立，能够有效降低施工图设计工作的难度和压力，能够快速对施工图设计内容进行调整和纠正，以立体化的设计形式，降低设计人员重复设计工作，实现设计内容的立体化管控，符合现代设计领域发展的基本需求。

设计方案动词针对设计方案动词，以下是一个包含700字的设计方案动词列表：1. 分析 (Analyze)2. 研究 (Research)3. 设计 (Design)4. 创造 (Create)5. 开发 (Develop)6. 实现 (Implement)7. 测试 (Test)8. 优化 (Optimize)9. 改进 (Improve)10. 评估 (Evaluate)11. 调整 (Adjust)12. 完善 (Refine)13. 集成 (Integrate)14. 配置 (Configure)15. 梳理 (Streamline)16. 自动化 (Automate)17. 应用 (Apply)18. 整合 (Incorporate)19. 标准化 (Standardize)20. 预测 (Anticipate)21. 优化 (Enhance)22. 管理 (Manage)23. 调节 (Calibrate)24. 支持 (Support)25. 反馈 (Feedback)26. 落实 (Execute)27. 促进 (Facilitate)28. 统一 (Unify)29. 协助 (Assist)30. 强化 (Reinforce)31. 审查 (Review)32. 追踪 (Track)33. 安排 (Schedule)34. 简化 (Simplify)35. 确认 (Validate)36. 抵消 (Offset)37. 包装 (Package)38. 预测 (Forecast)39. 调查 (Survey)40. 管控 (Control)41. 整理 (Organize)42. 维护 (Maintain)43. 发布 (Release)44. 插入 (Insert)45. 下载 (Download)46. 删除 (Delete)47. 留存 (Retain)48. 合并 (Merge)49. 扩展 (Expand)50. 提升 (Elevate)51. 解决 (Resolve)52. 强调 (Emphasize)53. 加速 (Accelerate)54. 收集 (Collect)55. 监控 (Monitor)56. 纠正 (Correct)57. 整合 (Integrate)58. 优化 (Enhance)59. 减少 (Reduce)60. 采购 (Procure)61. 跟进 (Follow up)62. 缩短 (Shorten)63. 提供 (Provide)64. 及时 (Prompt)65. 规划 (Plan)66. 增长 (Grow)67. 加强 (Strengthen)68. 生成 (Generate)69. 整编 (Reorganize)70. 活化 (Vitalize)71. 移动 (Move)72. 革新 (Revolutionize)73. 推进 (Advance)74. 实施 (Execute)75. 引导 (Guide)76. 持续 (Sustain)77. 适应 (Adapt)78. 沟通 (Communicate)79. 提醒 (Remind)80. 执行 (Carry out)81. 整合 (Consolidate)82. 准备 (Prepare)83. 应用 (Apply)84. 制定 (Formulate)85. 纠错 (Rectify)86. 参与 (Participate in)87. 推广 (Promote)88. 改革 (Reform)89. 代理 (Delegate)90. 使用 (Utilize)91. 发现 (Discover)92. 提出 (Propose)93. 协调 (Coordinate)94. 增加 (Increase)95. 引入 (Introduce)96. 调查 (Investigate)97. 识别 (Identify)98. 计划 (Schedule)99. 关注 (Focus on) 100. 重视 (Value) 101. 加密 (Encrypt) 102. 插入 (Insert) 103. 展现 (Showcase)104. 获取 (Obtain) 105. 分配 (Allocate) 106. 固定 (Fix)107. 获得 (Acquire) 108. 诊断 (Diagnose) 109. 编码 (Code)110. 调整 (Align)111. 复制 (Duplicate) 112. 指导 (Instruct) 113. 修复 (Fix)114. 管理 (Administer) 115. 监测 (Monitor) 116. 脱离 (Detach) 117. 解决 (Solve)118. 追溯 (Trace)119. 评估 (Assess) 120. 整理 (Sort)121. 分配 (Assign) 122. 重现 (Reproduce) 123. 编译 (Compile) 124. 迭代 (Iterate) 125. 验证 (Verify) 126. 调试 (Debug) 127. 维修 (Repair) 128. 更新 (Update) 129. 重新设计 (Redesign) 130. 进行 (Conduct)131. 录入 (Input)132. 调整 (Tweak) 133. 细化 (Refine) 134. 扩展 (Extend) 135. 升级 (Upgrade) 136. 批准 (Authorize) 137. 异步 (Asynchronize) 138. 刷新 (Refresh) 139. 计算 (Compute) 140. 优化 (Fine-tune) 141. 组织 (Organize) 142. 聚焦 (Focus) 143. 编写 (Write)144. 删除 (Remove) 145. 合并 (Combine) 146. 分发 (Distribute) 147. 接收 (Receive) 148. 恢复 (Recover) 149. 发布 (Publish) 150. 定位 (Position) 151. 整理 (Arrange) 152. 调整 (Realign) 153. 强调 (Highlight) 154. 确认 (Confirm) 155. 融合 (Fuse)156. 搜索 (Search) 157. 清理 (Clean)158. 验证 (Validate)159. 反馈 (Provide feedback) 160. 实施 (Enforce)161. 监控 (Survey)162. 评估 (Appraise)163. 调查 (Investigate)164. 升级 (Elevate)165. 上线 (Go live)166. 下线 (Go offline)167. 传输 (Transfer)168. 提示 (Prompt)169. 数据分析 (Analyze data) 170. 项目管理 (Manage projects) 171. 交流 (Communicate) 172. 协作 (Collaborate)173. 验收 (Accept)174. 推行 (Implement)175. 分割 (Split)176. 归档 (Archive)177. 批处理 (Batch process) 178. 增强 (Boost)179. 链接 (Link)180. 登录 (Log in)181. 登出 (Log out)182. 存储 (Store)183. 加载 (Load)184. 写入 (Write)185. 读取 (Read)186. 拆分 (Break down)187. 建立 (Establish)188. 判定 (Determine)189. 填写 (Fill out)190. 录制 (Record)191. 检查 (Inspect)192. 链接 (Connect)193. 安装 (Install)194. 运行 (Run)195. 上传 (Upload)196. 下传 (Download)197. 复制 (Copy)198. 剪贴 (Cut)199. 粘贴 (Paste)200. 版本控制 (Version control)以上是一个包含700字的设计方案动词列表。

外文翻译结构设计结构设计Augustine J.Fredrich摘要：结构设计是选择材料和构件类型，大小和形状以安全有用的样式承担荷载。

一般说来，结构设计暗指结构物如建筑物和桥或是可移动但有刚性外壳如船体和飞机框架的工厂稳定性。

设计的移动时彼此相连的设备（连接件），一般被安排在机械设计领域。

关键词：结构设计；结构分析；结构方案；工程要求Abstract: Structure design is the selection of materials and member type ,size, and configuration to carry loads in a safe and serviceable fashion .In general ,structural design implies the engineering of stationary objects such as buildings and bridges ,or objects that maybe mobile but have a rigid shape such as ship hulls and aircraft frames. Devices with parts planned to move with relation to each other(linkages) are generally assigned to the area of mechanical .Key words: Structure Design ；Structural analysis ；structural scheme ；Project requirementsStructure DesignStructural design involved at least five distinct phases of work: project requirements, materials, structural scheme, analysis, and design. For unusualstructures or materials a six phase, testing, should be included. These phases do not proceed in a rigid progression , since different materials can be most effective in different schemes , testing can result in change to a design , and a final design is often reached by starting with a rough estimated design , then looping through several cycles of analysis and redesign . Often, several alternative designs will prove quite close in cost, strength, and serviceability. The structural engineer, owner, or end user would then make a selection based on other considerations.Project requirements. Before starting design, the structural engineer must determine the criteria for acceptable performance. The loads or forces to be resisted must be provided. For specialized structures, this may be given directly, as when supporting a known piece of machinery, or a crane of known capacity. For conventional buildings, buildings codes adopted on a municipal, county , or , state level provide minimum design requirements for live loads (occupants and furnishings , snow on roofs , and so on ). The engineer will calculate dead loads (structural and known, permanent installations ) during the design process.For the structural to be serviceable or useful , deflections must also be kept within limits ,since it is possible for safe structural to be uncomfortable “bounce”Very tight deflection limits are set on supports for machinery , since beam sag can cause drive shafts to bend , bearing to burn out , parts to misalign , and overhead cranes to stall . Limitations of sag less than span /1000 ( 1/1000 of the beam length ) are not uncommon . In conventional buildings, beams supporting ceilings often have sag limits of span /360 to avoid plaster cracking, or span /240 to avoid occupant concern (keep visual perception limited ). Beam stiffness also affects floor “bounciness,” which can be annoying if not controlled. In addition , lateral deflection , sway , or drift of tall buildings is often held within approximately height /500 (1/500 of the building height ) to minimize the likelihood of motion discomfort in occupants of upper floors on windy days .Member size limitations often have a major effect on the structural design. For example, a certain type of bridge may be unacceptable because of insufficient under clearance for river traffic, or excessive height endangering aircraft. In building design,ceiling heights and floor-to-floor heights affect the choice of floor framing. Wall thicknesses and column sizes and spacing may also affect the serviceability of various framing schemes.Materials selection. Technological advances have created many novel materials such as carbon fiber and boron fiber-reinforced composites, which have excellent strength, stiffness, and strength-to-weight properties. However, because of the high cost and difficult or unusual fabrication techniques required , they are used only in very limited and specialized applications . Glass-reinforced composites such as fiberglass are more common, but are limited to lightly loaded applications. The main materials used in structural design are more prosaic and include steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete, wood , and masonry .Structural schemes. In an actual structural, various forces are experienced by structural members , including tension , compression , flexure (bending ), shear ,and torsion (twist) . However, the structural scheme selected will influence which of these forces occurs most frequently, and this will influence the process of materials selection.Tension is the most efficient way to resist applied loads ,since the entire member cross section is acting to full capacity and bucking is not a concern . Any tension scheme must also included anchorages for the tension members . In a suspension bridge , for example ,the anchorages are usually massive dead weights at the ends of the main cables . To avoid undesirable changes in geometry under moving or varying loads , tension schemes also generally require stiffening beams or trusses.Compression is the next most efficient method for carrying loads . The full member cross section is used ,but must be designed to avoid bucking ,either by making the member stocky or by adding supplementary bracing . Domed and arched buildings ,arch bridges and columns in buildings frames are common schemes . Arches create lateral outward thrusts which must be resisted . This can be done by designing appropriate foundations or , where the arch occurs above the roadway or floor line , by using tension members along the roadway to tie the arch endstogether ,keeping them from spreading . Compression members weaken drastically when loads are not applied along the member axis , so moving , variable , and unbalanced loads must be carefully considered.Schemes based on flexure are less efficient than tension and compression ,since the flexure or bending is resisted by one side of the member acting in tension while the other side acts in compression . Flexural schemes such as beams , girders , rigid frames , and moment (bending ) connected frames have advantages in requiring no external anchorages or thrust restrains other than normal foundations ,and inherent stiffness and resistance to moving ,variable , and unbalanced loads .Trusses are an interesting hybrid of the above schemes . They are designed to resist loads by spanning in the manner of a flexural member, but act to break up the load into a series of tension and compression forces which are resisted by individually designed tension and have excellent stiffness and resistance to moving and variable loads . Numerous member-to-member connections, supplementary compression braces ,and a somewhat cluttered appearance are truss disadvantages .Plates and shells include domes ,arched vaults ,saw tooth roofs , hyperbolic paraboloids , and saddle shapes .Such schemes attempt to direct all force along the plane of the surface ,and act largely in shear . While potentially very efficient ,such schemes have very strict limitations on geometry and are poor in resisting point ,moving , and unbalanced loads perpendicular to the surface.Stressed-skin and monologue construction uses the skin between stiffening ribs ,spars ,or columns to resist shear or axial forces . Such design is common in airframes for planes and rockets, and in ship hulls . it has also been used to advantage in buildings. Such a design is practical only when the skin is a logical part of the design and is never to be altered or removed .For bridges , short spans are commonly girders in flexure . As spans increase and girder depth becomes unwieldy , trusses are often used ,as well as cablestayed schemes .Longer spans may use arches where foundation conditions ,under clearance ,or headroom requirements are favorable .The longest spans are handled exclusively by suspension schemes ,since these minimize the crucial dead weight andcan be erected wire by wire .For buildings, short spans are handled by slabs in flexure .As spans increase, beams and girders in flexure are used . Longer spans require trusses ,especially in industrial buildings with possible hung loads . Domes ,arches , and cable-suspended and air –supported roofs can be used over convention halls and arenas to achieve clear areas .Structural analysis . Analysis of structures is required to ensure stability (static equilibrium ) ,find the member forces to be resisted ,and determine deflections . It requires that member configuration , approximate member sizes ,and elastic modulus ; linearity ; and curvature and plane sections . Various methods are used to complete the analysis .Final design . once a structural has been analyzed (by using geometry alone if the analysis is determinate , or geometry plus assumed member sizes and materials if indeterminate ), final design can proceed . Deflections and allowable stresses or ultimate strength must be checked against criteria provided either by the owner or by the governing building codes . Safety at working loads must be calculated . Several methods are available ,and the choice depends on the types of materials that will be used .Pure tension members are checked by dividing load by cross-section area .Local stresses at connections ,such as bolt holes or welds ,require special attention . Where axial tension is combined with bending moment ,the sum of stresses is compared to allowance levels . Allowable : stresses in compression members are dependent on the strength of material, elastic modulus ,member slenderness ,and length between bracing points . Stocky members are limited by materials strength ,while slender members are limited by elastic bucking .Design of beams can be checked by comparing a maximum bending stress to an allowable stress , which is generally controlled by the strength of the material, but may be limited if the compression side of the beam is not well braced against bucking .Design of beam-columns ,or compression members with bending moment ,mustconsider two items . First ,when a member is bowed due to an applied moment ,adding axial compression will cause the bow to increase .In effect ,the axial load has magnified the original moment .Second ,allowable stresses for columns and those for beams are often quite different .Members that are loaded perpendicular to their long axis, such as beams and beam-columns, also must carry shear. Shear stresses will occur in a direction to oppose the applied load and also at right angles to it to tie the various elements of the beam together. They are compared to an allowable shear stress. These procedures can also be used to design trusses, which are assemblies of tension and compression members. Lastly, deflections are checked against the project criteria using final member sizes.Once a satisfactory scheme has been analyzed and designed to be within project criteria, the information must be presented for fabrication and construction. This is commonly done through drawings, which indicate all basic dimensions, materials, member sizes, the anticipated loads used in design, and anticipated forces to be carried through connections.结构设计结构设计包含至少5个不同方面的工作：工程要求，材料，结构方案，分析和设计。

总体设计General design设计依据Design basis建筑红线Building line建筑系数Coefficient of building occupation 界区Battery limited有效面积Effective area使用面积Usable area结构面积Structural area建筑面积Building area建筑面积密度Density of building area竖向布置Vertical planning高程Altitude等高线Contour line相对标高Relative elevation绝对标高Absolute altitude地震基本烈度Basic earthquake intensity抗震设防烈度Fortification intensity风玫瑰Wind rose建筑朝向Building orientation 建筑间距Building distance公顷Hectare指北针North arrow测北Geophical north建北Plant north气象Meteorology日照Sunshine天然采光Natural lighting人工照明Artificant light; artificial illumination 照度Degree of illumination通风Ventilation正压通风Positive ventilating噪声Noise隔声Sound insulation吸声Sound absorption保温隔热Heat insulation露点Dewpoint冷桥Cold-bridge遮阳Sunshade恒温恒湿Constant temperature & constant humidity 消声Noise elimination; noise reduction防振antivibration4.2 建筑一般词汇Conventional terms of architecture方案Scheme; draft草图Sketch透视图Perspective drawing建筑构图Architectural composition坐标Coordinate纵坐标Ordinate横坐标Abscissa跨度Span开关Bay进深Depth层高Floor height净高Clear height; headroom横数Module; modulus裙房Skirt building 楼梯Stair梯段Stair slab楼梯平台Stair landing安全出口Safety exit疏散楼梯Escape staircase楼梯间Stair well封闭楼梯间Enclosure staircase防烟楼梯间Smoke prevention stair well消防电梯间Emergency elevators well自动扶梯Escalator中庭Atrium疏散走道Escape corridor; escape way耐火等级Fire-resistive grade生产类别Classification of production耐火极限Duration of fire-resistance防火间距File-break distance泄压面积Area of pressure release闷顶Mezanine; mezzanine砖标号Grade of brick; strength of brick承重墙Bearing wall非承重墙Non-bearing wall挡土墙Retaining wall填充墙Filler wall围护墙Curtain wall; cladding wall; enclosure wall 女儿墙Parapet wall隔墙Partition（浴室、厕所）隔断Stall窗间墙Pier墙垛Pillar过梁Lintel圈梁Gird; girt; girth防潮层Damp-proof course勒脚Plinth横梁Transverse beam纵横Longitudinal wall山墙Gable; gable wall防火墙Fire wall压顶Coping 勾缝Pointing砖砌平拱Brick flat arch预埋件Embedded inserts直抓梯Ladder栏杆Railing防腐蚀Corrosion resistant; Anticorrosion 化学溶蚀Chemical erosion膨胀腐蚀Expansion corrosion化学腐蚀Chemical corrosion电化学腐蚀Electro-chemical corrosion晶间腐蚀Intergranular corrosion气相腐蚀Gaseous corrosion液相腐蚀Liquidoid corrosion固相腐蚀Solid corrosion腐蚀裕度Allowance for corrosion锈蚀rusting4.3 建筑材料Building materials级配砂石Graded sand & gravel素土夯实Rammed earth灰土Lime-soil素混凝土Plain concrete钢筋混凝土Reinforced concrete(R.C)细石混凝土Fine aggregate concrete轻质混凝土Lightweight concrete加气混凝土Aerocrete; Aerocrete concrete 陶粒混凝土Ceramsite concrete水泥膨胀珍珠岩Cement & expended pearlite 岩棉Mineral wool; mine wool沥青asphalt卷材Felt玛蹄脂Asphalt mastic粘土砖Clay brick釉面砖Porcelain enamel brick空心砖Hollow brick砌块Block缸砖guarry brick锦砖mosac地面砖paving brick 防滑地砖non-slip brick耐酸砖（板）acidbrick (acidtile)胶泥mastic粘土瓦Cloy tile玻璃瓦enamelled tile波形镀锌钢板galvanized corrugate steel sheet玻璃钢瓦glass-fiber reinforced plastic tile彩色压型钢（铅）板coloured corrugate steel (aluminium) plat; profiuing coloured stccl (aluminium) plat 石棉水泥瓦ashestos-cement sheet水磨石terrajjo水刷石granite plaster花岗石granite磨光花岗石polished granite剁斧石artificial stone大理石marble水泥砂浆抹面cement plaster石灰砂浆抹面lime plaster水泥石灰砂浆抹面cement-lime plaster刀灰打底hemp-cut and lime as base原木Log方木square timber板材plank胶合板plywood三夹板3plywood五夹板5plywood平板玻璃flat glass浮法玻璃float-process glass磨砂玻璃ground glass; frosted glass起玻璃prism glass夹丝玻璃Wire glass夹层玻璃sandwich glass中空玻璃hollow glass钢化玻璃reinforced glass镀膜玻璃coating glass有机玻璃organic glass4.4 建筑构造及配件Building construction & component 铺砌paving 地坪grade基层bedding素土夯实rammed earth垫层base结合层bonding course面层Covering隔离层insulation course活动地板raising floor; movable floor; access floor篦子板grating地面提示块ground prompt遮阳板sunshade窗套Window moulding护角curb guard防水层water-proof course找平层Leveling course隔热层heat insulation course保温层thermal insulation course檩条purlin天窗skylight天棚ceiling吊顶suspending ceiling吊顶龙骨ceiling joist雨水口drain gulley水斗Lead head雨水管Leader; downspout天沟Valley挑檐overhanging eave檐口eave泛水flashing分水线watershed檐沟eave gutter汇水面积catchment area雨罩canopy散水apron坡道ramp台阶entrance steps保温门thermal insulation door 隔声门（窗）sound insulation door (window); acoustical door (window)防火门（窗）fire door (window)冷藏门freezer door安全门exit door防护门（窗）protection door (window)屏蔽门（窗）Shield door (window)防风砂门radiation resisting door (window) 密闭门（窗）weather tight door泄压门（窗）pressure release door (window) 壁柜门closet door变压器间门transformer room door围墙门gate车库门garage door保险门safe door引风门ventilation door检修门access door平开门（窗）side-hung door推拉门（窗）sliding door弹簧门swing door折迭门folding door卷帘门rolling door转门revolving door夹板门plywood door拼板门FLB door (framed, Ledged and battened door);matchboard door实拼门solid door镶板门panel door镶玻璃门glazed door玻璃门glass door钢木门steel & wooden door百页门shutter door连窗门door with side window传递窗delivery window观察窗observation window换气窗vent sast上悬窗top-hung window中悬窗center-pivoted window下悬窗bottom-hung window 立转窗vertically pivoted window固定窗fixed window单层窗single window双层窗double window百页窗shutter带形窗continuous window子母扇窗attached sash window组合窗composite window落地窗French window玻璃幕墙glazed curtain wall门（窗）框door (window) frame拼樘料transom （横），mullion （竖）门（窗）扇door (window) leaf(平开窗扇casement sash)纱扇screen sash亮子transom, fanlight门心板pancl披水板weather board贴脸板trim筒子板Lining窗台板sill plate防护铁栅barricade; iron grille; grating 合页butts; hinges; butt hinges执手knob撑档catch滑道sliding track插销bolt拉手pull推板push plate门锁mortice lock; door lock执手锁mortice lock with knob4.5 建筑结构Building structure4.5.1 荷载Load活荷载Live load静荷载，恒载Dead load静力荷载Static load移动荷载Moving load动力荷载Dynamic load冲击荷载impact load附加荷载Superimposed load规定荷载（又称标准荷载）Specified Load集中荷载Concentrated Load分布荷载Distributed Load设计荷载Design Load轴向荷载Axial Load偏心荷载Eccentric Load风荷载Wind Load风力、风压Wind force、Wind Pressure 雪荷载Snow Load屋面积灰荷载Roof ash Load（吊车）最大轮压Maximum Wheel Load吊车荷载Crane Load安装荷载Erection Load施工荷载Construction Load不对称荷载Unsymmetrical Loading重复荷载Repeated Load刚性荷载Rigid Load柔性荷载Flexible Load临界荷载Critical Load容许荷载Admissible Load, Allowable Load safe Load 极限荷载Ultimate Load条形荷载Strip Load破坏荷载Failure Load, Load at failure地震荷载Seismic Load; Earthquake load荷载组合Combination of load4.5.2 地基和基础Soil and foundation地基(Bed)soil天然地基Natural ground人工地基Artificial ground混凝土基础Concrete foundation; Concrete footing毛石基础Rubble masonry footing;(Rubble) stone footing砖基础Brickwork footing桩基础Pile foundation设备基础Equipment foundation机器基础Machine foundation独立基础Individual footing, Isolated foundation Pad foundation联合基础Combined footing大块式基础Massive foundation条形基础Strip foundation; Strip footingStrap footing; Continuous footing方形基础Square footing杯形基础Footing socket板式基础Slab-foundation; Mat footing阶梯形基础Stepped foundation; Benched foundation (Stepped footing)扩展基础spread footing扩底基础Under-reamed foundation浮伐基地Raft foundation; Buoyant foundation Floating foundation沉箱（井）基础Caisson foundation构架式基础Frame foundation深基础Deep foundation基础Footing Foundation基槽Foundation ditch; Foundation trench基坑Foundation pit基础板Foundation slab基础梁Foundation beam Footing beam基础底面Foundation base基础底板Foundation mat基础垫层Foundation-bed基础埋置深度Depth of embedment foundation地下连续墙Undelground continuous wall打桩Pile driving打桩机Pile engine; Pile driver; Ram mactuine 钢桩Steel pile水桩Wood pile; Timber pile钢筋混凝土桩Reinforced concrete pile砂桩Sand pile石灰桩Lime pile; Lime column; Quicklime pile 单桩Single pile群桩Pile group; Pile cluster斜桩Batter pile预制桩precast pile灌注桩In-situ pile; Cast-in-place pileCast-in-situ pile; Filling pile板桩sheet pile拆密桩Compaction pile挤密砂桩Sand compaction pile灰土挤密桩Line-soil compaction pile钻孔桩Bored pile打入桩Driuen pile摩擦桩Friction pile; Buoyant pile端承桩End bearing pile; Point bearing pile; Column pile (柱桩）支承桩Bearing pile抗拔桩Tension pile; Uplift pile;抗滑桩Anti-slicle pile桩承台Pile cap桩帽Pile cap; pile couel桩头Pile crown; pile head桩端Pile tip桩身Pile shaft桩距Pile spacing桩钢筋笼Pile cage试桩Test pile桩荷载试验Pile load test桩的动荷载试验Dynamic load test of pile桩的侧向荷载试验Lateral pile load test桩的极限荷载Ultimate pile load桩承载能力Pile capacity; Bearing capacity of a pile Carrying capacity of a pile土压力Earth pressure主动土压力Active earth pressure被动土压力Passive earth pressure静止土压力Earth pressure at rest容许地耐力Allowable bearing strength冰冻深度Frozen depth; Frost depth;Frost penetration depth of frost penetration 防冻深度Frost-proof depth粘土类土Clayey soil轻亚粘土Sandy loam亚粘土Sandy clay; Loam砂质土Sandy soil砂砾石Sandy gravel stratum膨胀土Expansive soil 硬质土，硬盘岩，硬土层Hard pan液限Liquid limit塑限Plastic limit塑料指数Index of plasticity松软土Mellow soil; spongy soil回填土Backfill Refilling杂填土Miscellaneous fill地表水Surface water;地下水Groundwater地下水位Groundwater eltualion; Groundwater level; Groundwater table 容重Unit weight干容重Dry unit weight湿容重Wet unit weight饱和容重Saturated unit weight不均匀沉降Unequal settlement;Differential settlement地基处理Ground treatment地基加固Ground stabilization; soil improvement 土质查勘Soil exploration地质勘察Geological exploration沉陷Settlement倾斜obliquity; Inclination滑移Sliding夯实土Compacted soil夯实填土Compacted fill夯实回填土Tamped backfill夯实分层厚度Compacted lift持力层Bearing stratum; Supporting; Course 管道与基础相碰Pipeline interferes with foundation 4.5.3 一般结构用语Terms for general structures建筑结构Building structure建筑物Building结构形式Structural type混凝土（砼）结构Concrete structure砌体结构Masonry structure砖砌结构Brick structure石砌结构Stone structure砖砼结构Brick and concrete structure 钢结构Steel structure结构型钢Shape steel木结构Timber structure组合结构Composite structure框架结构Frame structure梁板结构Beam and slab structure 构件Member承重构件Load-bearing member 结构构件Structure member肋形屋盖Ribbed roof肋形楼板Ribbed floor slab无梁楼板Flat plate; Flat slab桁架；屋架Truss; Roof truss三角形屋（桁）架Triangular truss梯形屋（桁）架Trapezoidal truss拱形屋架Arch roof truss折线形屋架Segmental roof truss弓形桁架Bowstring truss框架Frame排架Bent frame刚架Rigid frame门架Portal frame抗风构架Wind frame抗震构架Aseismic frame梁Beam; Girder大梁Girder主梁Principal beam; Primary beam 次梁Secondary beam加腋梁Haunched beam筒支梁Simply beam固端梁Fixed beam悬臂梁Cantilever beam连续梁Continuous beam托梁Spandrel圈梁girth过梁Lintel曲梁Curved beam bow beam基础梁Foundation beam 吊车梁Crane girderT形梁T-beam柱Column组合柱Combination column立柱Post吊车柱Crane column抗风柱End panel column墙wall板slab plate承重墙Bearing walls柱网Column grid支撑系统Brace system柱间支撑Portal bracing between columns 屋石支撑Roof bracing垂直支撑Vertical bracing水平支撑Horizontal bracing剪刀撑Cross bracing临时顶撑,支撑Shoring桁架式支撑Trussed bracing斜撑Kneel-brace上弦Top chord下弦Bottom chord节间Panel节点Panel point压杆Compression member; strut 拉杆Tension member; Tie-beam 腹杆Web member斜杆Diagonal member斜腹杆Diagonal web member吊杆Hanged rod; sag rod系杆，拉杆Tie bar; sag rod天窗架Skylight frame天窗Monitor; Skylight托座、牛腿Bracket檀条Purlin连接Connection接点Joint铰接点Hinged point固接点Fixed Joint安装接点Erection joint拼接接点Splice joint节点板、连接板Gusset plate; connecting plate 加劲板Stiffener plate支撑板Bearing plate填隙板Filler plate梁柱接头Beam-column connections截面Cross section拱Arch壳Shell伸缩缝Expansion joint沉降缝Settlement joint施工缝Construction joint防震缝Aseismic joint4.5.4 结构理论用语Terms for theory of slructures a) 设计方法术语Terms for design method结构设计Structure design按极限强度设计Ultimate strength design按许可应力设计Working stress design按承载能力设计Loading capacity design按稳定性设计Design according to stability按变形设计Design according to deformation 结构分析Structural analysis结构计算Structural calculation静定结构Statically determinate structures 超静定结构Statically indeterminste structures 精确计算Rigorous calculation近似计算Approximate calculation安全等级Safety classes极限状态Limit states摩擦系数Coefficient of friction质量密度Mass density重力密度Weight (Force) densityb) 结构的作用效应术语轴向力Normal force剪力Shear force弯矩Bending moment扭矩Torque水平推力Horizontal thrust水平拉力Horizontal pull水平（垂直）分力Horizontal (vertical) component合力Resultant正应力Normal stress剪应力Shear stress主应力Principal stress次应力Secondary stress预应力Prestress位移Displacement挠度Deflection变形Deformation弯曲Bending; Flexure扭转Torsionc) 材料性能、结构抗力术语Terms of property of material and resistamle of structure抗力Resistancc抵抗力矩Resistante moment强度Strength刚度Stiffness; Rigidity抗裂度Crack resistance抗压强度Compressiue strength抗拉强度Tensile strength抗剪强度Shear strength抗变强度Flcxural strength抗扭强度Torsional strength抗裂强度Cracking strength屈服强度Yield strength疲劳强度Fatigue strength弹性模量Modulus of elasticity剪切模量Shear modulus变形模量Modulus of deformation稳定性Stabilith泊松比Poisson ratiod) 几何参数术语Terma of geometry parameter 截面高度Height of section 截面有效高度Effective depth of section载面宽度Breadth of section截面厚度Thickness of section截面面积Area of section截面面积矩First moment of area截面惯性矩Second moment of area截面抵抗矩模量规范中用词Section modulus回转半径Radius of gyration偏心距eccentricity长度Length跨度Span矢高Rvse长细比Slenderness ratio4.5.5 砖石结构Masonry construction砖砌体Brickwork砌筑Laying砖标号Grade of brick; Strength of brick 毛石砌体Rubble masonry毛石砼砌体Grouted rubble masonry水泥砂浆Cement mortar石灰砂浆Lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆cement-lime mortar砂浆找平Mortar leveling4.5.6 钢筋砼结构Reinforced concrete structure素混凝土Plain concrete钢筋混凝土Reinforced concrete预应力砼Prestressed concrete砼标号Grade of concrete钢号Grade of steel整体式结构Monolithic structure装配式结构Assembled structure预制构件Precast element; Fabricated element 现浇Cast-in-site; Placed-in-site浇灌砼Concreting; Costion; Pouring; Placing 一次浇灌At one pouring分二次浇灌Pours in two operations二次灌浆Final grouting钢筋保护层Reinforcement protective course 模板Formwork; shuttering拆模Form stripping预埋件Embedded inserts预留槽（洞）Groove (Hole) to be provided垫层Bedding course找平层Leveling course; Trowelling course 4.5.7 配筋Reinforcement配筋率Percentage of reinforcement主筋Main reinforlement分布筋Distributing reinforcement腹筋Web reinforcement开口箍筋U-stirrups闭口箍筋Closed stirrups环筋Hoops弯起钢筋Bent-up bar附加钢筋Additional reinforcement搭接接头Lapped splice焊接接头Welded splice钢筋间距Spacing of reinforcement吊筋Suspender双向配筋Two-way reinforced螺旋筋Spiral bar温度筋Temperature reinforcement锚固长度Anchor length埋入长度Built-in length螺孔直径Diameter of bolt hole螺孔中心线Center line of bolt hole锚栓、地脚螺栓Anchor bolt基础螺栓Foundation bolt安装螺栓Erection bolt普通螺栓Common bolt高强螺栓High strength bolt4.5.8 焊接Welding电弧焊Electric arc welding气焊，氧—乙炔焊Gas welding; oxy-acetylene welding 焊条Welding electrode; Welding-rod手工焊Manual welding自动焊Automatic welding 车间焊接Shop-welding现场焊接（工地焊接）Field-welded满焊Full weld搭接焊Lap weld贴角焊Fillet weld点焊Spot weld对接焊Butt weld仰焊Overhead weld双面贴角焊Flat fillet weld in front and back 连续贴角焊Continuous fillet weld间断贴角焊Intermittent fillet weld安装焊缝Erection weld单V形对接焊Single V butt weld双V形对接焊Double V butt weld4.5.9 特种结构Special structures水塔Water tower高烟筒Tall chimney冷却水塔Cooling tower油罐Oil tank蓄水池Water reservoir 管廊Pipe rack管架Pipe support球罐Spherical tank 裂解炉cracking furnace 起重机、吊车Crane; Hoist。