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国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。
国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。
这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。
（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。
2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。
4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。
但是，国际贸易管理对贸易实践仍具有较重要的规范作用。
国际贸易实务黎孝先在国际贸易的广袤领域中，黎孝先这个名字犹如一颗璀璨的星辰，为无数从业者和学习者照亮了前行的道路。
黎孝先先生在国际贸易实务方面的研究和贡献，具有深远的影响和重要的意义。
国际贸易实务，简而言之，就是指在国际间进行商品和服务交易的具体操作流程和实践方法。
它涵盖了从贸易合同的签订、货物的运输与保险、货款的收付，到贸易纠纷的解决等一系列环节。
这一领域不仅需要深厚的理论知识，更需要丰富的实践经验和敏锐的市场洞察力。
黎孝先先生在国际贸易实务领域的成就，首先体现在他的学术著作上。
他所编写的相关教材，以其系统性、全面性和实用性而广受赞誉。
这些教材不仅深入浅出地阐述了国际贸易实务的基本概念和原理，还结合了大量的实际案例，使读者能够更好地理解和应用所学知识。
对于初学者来说，这些教材是他们踏入国际贸易领域的启蒙读物，为他们打下了坚实的基础；对于有一定经验的从业者来说，这些教材则是他们提升业务水平、解决实际问题的重要参考。
在贸易合同的签订方面，黎孝先先生的研究具有重要的指导意义。
贸易合同是国际贸易的核心文件，它规定了买卖双方的权利和义务，直接关系到交易的顺利进行和双方的利益。
黎孝先先生详细分析了合同中的各项条款，包括商品的品质、数量、价格、包装、交货期、支付方式等，指出了其中的关键要点和可能存在的风险。
他强调，在签订合同前，双方必须充分沟通，明确各自的需求和责任，以避免日后产生纠纷。
货物的运输与保险也是国际贸易实务中的重要环节。
黎孝先先生深入研究了各种运输方式的特点和适用范围，如海洋运输、铁路运输、航空运输等，并介绍了如何选择合适的运输方式和运输路线。
同时，他对货物运输保险的种类、保险责任和理赔流程进行了详细的阐述，提醒从业者要根据货物的性质和运输风险，合理选择保险险种，以保障货物的安全和自身的利益。
货款的收付是国际贸易中的关键问题之一。
黎孝先先生介绍了各种支付方式，如信用证、托收、汇付等，分析了它们的优缺点和适用场景。
黎孝先国际贸易实务案例分析一、案例简介黎孝先是一家在国际贸易领域有着丰富经验的企业，主要从事进出口贸易业务。
本文将对黎孝先公司的国际贸易实务进行案例分析，包括其市场调研、贸易合同签订、物流运输、支付结算等方面的实践经验和策略。
二、市场调研黎孝先公司在进入新的国际市场之前，首先进行了详细的市场调研。
他们通过收集和分析目标市场的经济、政治、文化等方面的信息，了解当地市场的需求和竞争情况。
同时，他们还与当地的贸易协会、商会等机构进行合作，获取更多的市场信息。
基于市场调研的结果，黎孝先能够制定出符合市场需求的产品和营销策略，从而提高贸易成功的几率。
三、贸易合同签订黎孝先公司非常重视贸易合同的签订，以确保双方权益的保护和交易的顺利进行。
在签订贸易合同之前，他们会与对方进行充分的沟通和协商，明确双方的权益和责任。
合同中会详细列出商品的规格、数量、价格、交货方式、付款方式等重要条款，并确保合同的清晰明了。
此外，他们还会与专业的律师团队合作，对合同进行法律审核，以确保合同的合法性和有效性。
四、物流运输黎孝先公司在物流运输方面也有着丰富的经验。
他们会与物流公司合作，选择合适的运输方式和航线，以确保货物能够按时到达目的地。
在物流过程中，他们会密切跟踪货物的运输情况，并及时与客户进行沟通，提供物流信息和解决方案。
此外，他们还会购买货物运输保险，以应对可能发生的意外情况，保障贸易的安全进行。
五、支付结算在国际贸易中，支付结算是一个关键的环节。
黎孝先公司会根据贸易合同的约定，选择合适的支付方式。
常见的支付方式包括信用证、托收、电汇等。
他们会与银行合作，确保支付的安全和及时性。
同时，他们还会关注汇率的波动，以降低汇率风险。
在支付结算过程中，他们会保留所有相关的支付凭证和记录，以备将来的审计和纠纷解决。
六、总结和启示通过对黎孝先公司的国际贸易实务案例分析，我们可以得到以下几点总结和启示：1. 市场调研是成功开展国际贸易的重要基础，企业应该充分了解目标市场的需求和竞争情况。
国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。
国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。
这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。
（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。
2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。
4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。
但是，国际贸易管理对贸易实践仍具有较重要的规范作用。
目 录第一篇 国际贸易术语第1章 贸易术语与国际贸易惯例第2章 适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语第3章 适用于水上运输方式的贸易术语第二篇 国际货物买卖合同第4章 合同的主体和标的第5章 国际货物运输第6章 国际货物运输保险第7章 进出口商品的价格第8章 国际货款的收付第9章 进出口商品检验第10章 争议的预防与处理第三篇 国际货物买卖合同的商订与履行第11章 国际商务谈判第12章 国际货物买卖合同的订立第13章 进出口合同的履行第14章 违约及其法律救济方法第四篇 国际贸易方式第15章 独家经销与独家代理第16章 寄售与展卖第17章 招投标与拍卖第18章 期货交易与套期保值第19章 对销贸易第20章 加工贸易第21章 电子商务与无纸贸易第一篇 国际贸易术语第1章 贸易术语与国际贸易惯例1试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用。
答：贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用可以归纳为：（1）每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，一些国际惯例对各种贸易术语也作了统一的解释和规定，这些解释与规定在国际上被广泛接受，成为从事国际贸易的行为准则。
因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在货物交接方面所应承担的风险、责任和费用。
这就大大简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商时间，从而节约了费用开支。
（2）由于贸易术语可以表示商品的价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，如运费、保险费、装卸费、关税、增值税和其他费用，这就有利于交易双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（3）买卖双方签约时，可能对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，这种情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
所以，熟练掌握国际贸易中的各种贸易术语，有利于妥善解决贸易争端。
2贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别？答：（1）国际贸易惯例与习惯做法之间的联系国际贸易业务中反复实践的习惯做法经过权威机构加以总结、编纂与解释，从而形成为国际贸易惯例。
国际贸易实务第五版黎孝先课后答案第一章案例分析题：2023年3月，A公司与B公司按照CIF条件签定了一份出口其中一种日用品的合同。
由于考虑到该商品的季节性很强，买方要求在合同中规定货物必须在4月底之前运达目的港，以保证5月初投入市场，过期买方不再接受货物。
卖方为了卖得好价钱，同意了买方的条件，并在合同中作出了明确的规定。
卖方在合同规定的装运期内发运了货物，然而载货船只在途中发生故障，修船延误了时间，结果货到目的港已是五月中旬。
买方拒绝接受货物，并提出索赔，双方为此发生了争执。
卖方认为，合同是按照CIF条件成交的，根据《INCOTERMS2023》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分，也就是说卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在运输途中发生的货物损坏，灭失以及延误的风险均由买方承担。
但买方则认为，双方在订立合同时已明确规定了期限到达，这是买方接受货物的前提条件。
现在货物抵达目的港的时间超过了规定的最后期限，买方自然有权要求解除合同。
你认为卖方主张有理，还是买方主张有理？答：我认为是买方的主张有理。
理由：虽然根据《INCOTERMS2023》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分也就是卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在之后的风险由买方承担。
在一般情况下卖方不承担因为装船之后的由于运输公司逾期到达目的港的风险责任。
但是，由于在合同中有一条对于卖方极其不理的条款：“保证在4月底之前到达目的港，过期买方不接受货物”，买方也同意签署了合同，那么就应当根据合同中的条款履行，买方可以拒绝接受逾期货物。
第二章思考题：1、EXW买卖双方的基本义务卖方基本义务：（1）在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同约定的货物置于买方的处置之下（2）承担将货物交给买方处置之前的一切费用和风险。
（3）提交商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的，证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
国际贸易实务黎孝先课后答案【篇一：国际贸易实务第一、二三章思考题答案第五版黎孝先】class=txt>答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。
国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。
这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。
（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。
2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。
4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。
黎孝先国际贸易实务THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEProgrammer: Zhou MingzhiMajors applicable: International Economics and International Trade Hours planned: 48Reference books: Wang Haiyan, Liu Yingchun, The Practice of International Trade DalianMaritime University Press, first publication 2004.黎孝先《国际贸易实务》，对外贸易教育出版社，2000年。
吴百福《进出口贸易实务教程》，上海人民出版社，2001年第三版。
Preface:1( Main tasks of this courseThe main tasks of this course are studying and analyzing from both the economic and legal points of view the various practice of international commodities exchange, summerizing China’spractical experience of doing international trade, so that students are able to, after learning this course, do import and export business flexibly in the ways acceptable internationally while carrying out our foreign trade policy properly and create the best economic efficiency. 2( General goals to be achievedSpecifically, the following contents are to be mastered when studying this course: the basic procedures and methods of international trade, the contents of an import and an export contract, including thename and specification of commodity, the price and trade terms, transportation, insurance, payment terms, claim and arbitration, and force majeure clause, and ways of negotiating (offer, counter-offer and acceptance) and execution of an international contract. Building up the students’ actual operational ability of doing business and making out documents for settling payment is the basic requirement and the general goal of this course. 3( Principle of editingThis outline is based on the 2005 teaching program for the international economic and trade majors of ZZIA.4( Suggestions, This course should be preceded by western economics, international laws, internationalfinance and merchandizing, Case-analyzing teaching method and operation-mock aided teaching system should to beused in teaching process., More teaching ours should be added for this course when using the above teachingmethod5( Teaching ours’ arrangem entChapters Contents Total Remarkshours Class PracticeteachingChapter 1 Preface 2 2Chapter 2 Commodity and description 6 6Chapter 3 Trade terms and price 6 4 2Chapter 4 Transportation of goods 6 4 2Chapter 5 Insurance of goods in transit 4 4Chapter 6 Payment 6 4 2Chapter 7 Inspection, claims, arbitration 4 4and force majeureChapter 8 Business Negotiation and 6 4 2conclusion of a contractChapter 9 Performance of a contract 4 4Chapter 10 Modes of int’l trade, new int’l 2 2standards & E-commerce6( Main content of each chapterChapter 1 preface (2 hours)Aim of teaching:To provide the students with a general profile of this course by briefly introducing the development of international trade, the main contents and methods of teaching, the significances and ways of international trade, so as to arouse their interest in learning this course and lay a solid foundation for further teaching and studying.Content of this chapter:This course, the practice of international trade, is an applied course, which involves incontacts with foreign countries, thus foreign trade policies and international trade laws and practices as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods andChina’s Contract Law. So, it is much more complicated, risky, time consuming and difficult than doing domestic trade. Therefore, we should keep a keen eye on the development of both international and our country’s policies and China’s foreign trade practice. Difficult and importantpoints: the characteristics of international trade.Chapter 2 Commodity and Description (6 hours)Aim of teachingStudy the ways of describing commodities in contracts and relevant laws on description. Content of this chapter:Section 1 Name of commodity and quality, The name of the commodity in a contract must be clearly defined,in detailsand with specifications if needed, and should be in conformity with international practice., The quality of goods refers to the inner quality, constructions, chemicalcontents and its outer features as color, shape and so on. Different quality andname of commodity has different value and price. The description of goodsand their quality in the contract are the basic conditions on delivery., The subsequent consequences of violation of the contract clauses of name andquality in performing contract., Ways of specifying the quality in contract(1) Sales by sample: by the sellers’, the buyers’ or counter-sample(2) Sales by description: by specifications, standard, brand, grade, origindescription in words or diagram etc.Section 2 Quantity of commodity, The clause concerning the quantity of goods is one of the most important ones in the sales contract and serves as the bases of delivering and accepting., Legal consequences of violating the quantity clause of thecontract by the sellers., Measuring units commonly used in contracts of internationalsales: the British system, American system, metric system and the international system., Ways of measuring goods by weight: gross weight, net weight,conditioned weight and theoretical weight., Quantity tolerance: approximate, more or less in quantity and price.Section 3 Packing1. Packing has the following functions: protecting cargo,facilitating handling and transportation and promoting sales. Packing can be divided into transportation packing and sales packing according to the purpose of packing. On the surface of packing, there are usually marks which are classified into shipping marks, indicative marks and warning marks. The standard shipping marks recommended by the ISO.2. Main content of the packing clause in a sales contract: packing materials, methods of packing and packing fees. The cost pf packing is usually included in the price of the goods quoted, but, if the buyer has special requirements in excess of the usual packing, the extra fees are usually born by the buyer and the contract should be so stipulated.Important and difficult points:Quality tolerance and quality latitude: conditioned weight, approximate weight and quantity latitude, shipping marks and neutral packing.Chapter 3 Trade Terms and Pricing (6hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Trade terms are important points in this course. Students are required to master at least the most frequently used three terms: FOB, CFR and CIF in international trade and other three newer terms: FCA, CPT and CIP which are becoming more and more popular in world trade. Students should be able to use these terms freely and make offers correctly in accordance with the international trade practices.Main content of this chapterSection 1 definition of trade terms and the relevant international practices1. trade terms are used to divide the risk liabilities between the buyer and the seller,determine the bearers of fees and the time and place of transferenceof the title tothe goods.2. the most influential international trade practices on trade terms.(1) Warsaw- Oxford Rules 1932. It was worked out and revised by the InternationalLaw Association to explain CIF term with details on the essence ofthe CIFcontract; risks, liabilities and fees born by both parties, and waysof transferenceof title to the goods.(2) the Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941. It includes six trade termsand defined FOB in detail with six different definitions. It has a certain influencein North America and Latin America.(3) International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000-InternationalCommercial Terms for Short (Incoterms2000). This is the most frequently usedand most popular international practice in the world today. It is the latest revisionby the International Chamber of Commerce. It includes 13 trade terms that areusually divided into four groups namely the E, F, C, D group which stand forDeparture, Main carriage unpaid, Main carriage paid and Arrival respectively. Section 2 Main trade termsThis section mainly introduces six main terms: FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT and CIP of the Incoterms 2000. Under the first three terms the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment while under the last three ones the seller delivers the goods when they are handed over to the carrier nominated by him. The important points are the first three terms which are usually called “the old three terms”,but the last three ones are becoming increasingly important with the development of containerization and combined modes of transportation in international trade. 1. the three most popular terms: FOB, CFR and CIF We should pay attention to their definitions, variation forms and their difference with the explanations of FOB term in the Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941.When using FOB term special attentions should be paid to thedefinition of “pass theship’s rail”, the connection of goods with the carrying vessel and the problem of bearing the fees of loading when chartering a ship.Under CFR, as the seller delivers the goods at named the port of shipment, the problem as to who bears the unloading charges should be made clear under a chartering party, and it is of vital importance for the seller to notice the buyer the exact time of shipment when completed so that the buyer won’t lost time to effect insurance for the goods delivered.With CIF, the coverage of insurance, booking shipping space, bearing of unloading fees under voyage charter party and symbolic delivery are important issues that must be clarified to both parties.2. three commonly used trade terms under which the seller deliversto the carriernominated by him.Definitions of FCA, CPT and CIPPoints to note using FCA, CPT and CIP:Different places of delivery under different modes of transportation, transfer of risks, fees and responsibilities relating to delivery under FCA;Places of transferring risks from the seller to the buyer,clarification of fees and responsibilities, difference between CPT and CFR under CPT; andCorrect understanding of risks and insurance, reasonable pricing and the difference between CIP and CIF.Section 2 Other seven trade termsThey are EXW, FAS, DAF, DES, DEQ, DEU and DDP, out of which 5 belong to arrival terms, i.e. delivered at a place in the importing country, such as the frontier, port or an inland place of the buyer’s cou ntry. They are less popular than the previous sixones although they can meet some of the needs of the dealers, and therefore not the important points of this unit.Section 3 The price clause in a sales contractImportant points: principles of pricing i n our country’s foreign trade, currencyselection, value protection, ways of pricing, fixed price and non-fixed price, adjustment of price and trade terms selection.Section 4 Formation and evaluation of cost, commission and discount of import and exportFormulas used in evaluation of the cost of a product ( profit rate, foreign exchange earning cost rate); commission and rebate, commission included price and net price. Key and difficult points:The six most commonly used trade terms—FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT and CIP; pricechanges with the use of different trade terms; evaluation of cost of import and export.Chapter 4 International cargo transportation (6hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Transportation is one of the most key procedures in international trade. Students are require to learn in this chapter knowledge about different modes of transportation, calculation of freight, shipping documents and procedures in effecting international trade.Main content:Section 1. Modes of transportation and their featuresMarine transport, railway transport, transport by air, by container and multimode transport.Section 2 Marine transportLiner transport, charter transport; ways and standard of calculating liner freight. Section 3 Shipping documentsDifferent shipping documents and their characteristics underdifferent modes of transport; the essence, classification and characteristics of ocean bill of lading. Key points: on board B/L, clean B/L, direct B/L, to order B/L, ante-dated B/L and advanced B/L Section 4 The transportation clause in a foreign trade contract.Shipping and delivery, symbolic delivery, port/place of loading and port/place of discharge(or port/place of shipment and port/place of destination); shipping validity and shipping advice; demurrage and discharge money.Key and important points:Liner transport and charter transport, liner’s freight, demurrage and discharge money,ocean B/L, actual and symbolic delivery.Chapter 5 International Cargo Transportation Insurance( 4hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Insurance is one the indispensable key links in international trade. Contents to be mastered in this chapter are: the character of insurance, different liabilities of different coverage of risks, procedures of taking insurance and premium calculation. Main content:Risks covered by marine transportation insurance; loses and fees; insurance categories undertaken by PICC; premium calculation, warehouse to warehouse clause. Section 2 Insurance of other modes oftransportationOverland transportation, aviation transportation insurance post parcel insurance Section 3 Insurance documents and practices Insurance policy and insurance certificate, open policy andinsurance clause in a contract.Key and difficult points:Risks and loses, CIC and ICC insurance clauses, warehouse to warehouse clause and insurance documents.Chapter 6 International Payment (8hrs)Aim of teaching and requirement:Payment of proceeds is another key part of this chapter. So, after learning this chapter, students are required to have a thorough knowledge of the different terms of payment, including theircharacteristics and usual practices as well as the stipulations of a payment clause in a contract.Main content:Payment is one the most important concerns of both parties to a contract. Contents in this part include payment documents, types of payment and time of payment. Section 1 Payment tools (documents) International payment and settlement are usually conducted through transference of commercial and/or financial documents (rather than by the flow of cash) and among those financial documents draft is the most popular one.Definition of draft, indispensable parts of a draft, circulation of a draft, transfer, discount, dishonor and recourse of a draft, document law and international trade practices are important parts of this chapter.A brief introduction of promissory note and checksSection 2 Remittance and collectionRemittance, collection and L/C are the three main payment methods commonly use d in our country’s foreign trade apart from a minor part by inter-government accounts on the bases of payment settlement agreements between our country and a few other countries.Remittance is a one- way method, which means that the draft flowsthe same direction as the money. In this way, the buyer take the initiative to remit the money directly to the seller. Remittance belongs to commercial credit. It includes mail transfer(M/T),telegraphic transfer(T/T) and demand d raft(D/D). In international trade, it is usually used to remit advance payment, down payment, sample fees and commission, etc. Collection is a return method which means that the creditor (usually the seller) issues a draft and entrusts a local bank to send it to a relative bank or its bran ch in the debtor’s country to collect the money from the debtor (usually the buyer). It also belongs to commercial credit.Collection should be conducted in compliance with the Uniform Rules for Collection, ICC Publication No.522 (URC 522).Documentary collection is more popular than clean collection in international trade and documents against acceptance (D/A) is riskier than documents against payment (D/P) to the seller.Section 3 Letter of CreditLetter of credit (L/C) payment is also a return method. In L/C payment the issuing bank takes the primary liabilities for payment and thus L/C payment belongs to bank credit. There might be eight parties to an L/C.The basic procedure of L/C paymentThe characteristics of L/C payment: the issuing bank has the primary and independent liabilities for payment; an L/C is a self-sufficient instrument although it is issued on the bases of a sales contract; anL/C is simply a document transaction; documents must be strictly incompliance with the relevant L/C with each other.Ls/C can be classified into many different types based on their characteristics, forms, time of payment and usages.Main contents of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 1993 Revision (ICC Publication No.500)Content of L/C payment clause: time of issuing, type of L/C, date of payment, amount of L/C, expiry place etc.Section 4 Banker’s Letter of Guarantee (L/G) and Standby L/CDefinition of banker’s L/G, parties to an L/G, main content of it, its utilization and characteristics;Characteristics of standby L/C;The differences between banker’s L/G and standby L/C;The differences between standby L/C and documentary L/C;Section 5 other payment methods and utilization of payment methodsin a contract Other payment methods include factoring and deferred paymentIn order to facilitate a successful conclusion of a transaction, flexible utilization of payment terms and a combination of two or more payment methods can be used, such as a combination of L/C with remittance, L/C wi th collection and remittance with banker’s L/G etc.Section 6 International factoringDefinition of factoring; content of international factoring; types of international factoring; procedures of international factoring; export factoring agreement. Key or difficult points:Payment instruments and methods, financial documents and utilizationof financial documents, L/C and banker’s L/G. International factoring Chapter 7 Inspection , claims, arbitration and Force Majeure (4hrs) Aim of teaching and requirements:To introduce to the students the provisions and some knowledge on inspection, claims arbitration and Force Majeure which are usually included in the sales contract as clauses.Main content:Section 1 Inspection of commoditiesIn international trade, inspection refers to inspection or authentication conducted by a third qualified party as arranged on the goods sold or to be sold so as to determine their quality, quantity and packing as to whether they are up to the standard or provisions in the sales contract. Documents issued by the inspection party can be used as evidences of delivery, payment or claims and settlement of claims.Contents of an inspection clause in the international sales contract: Provisions on the title of inspection, time and place of inspection and reinspection, inspection institutions, inspection certificates, inspection standard and method. In an international sales contract, the inspection clause usually stipulates that inspection be conducted in the seller’s country and reinspection in the buyer’s country.A brief introduction of the Inspection Law of the People’s Republicof China on theImport and Export Commodities.Section 2 Claims and settlement of claimsClaim refers to the act of the affected party asks the liability party for compensation for the loses he sustained while settlement of claims refers to the act of accepting the claims.There are two kinds of claims in international sales contract: oneis discrepancy and claim clause, mainly including evidences and validity of claim, and the other is penalty clause which stipulates if one party fails to fulfill its obligation, he must pay an appointed amount of penalty to the other party. Penalty clause primarily applies to cases as the seller’s delay in delivery, the buyer’s delay in opening the L/C and inpayment.Section 3 ArbitrationThere are generally four ways in settling international disputes: friendly negotiation, mediation, arbitration and lawsuit.International arbitration is conducted on the bases of an agreement between both parties in which stipulates that they are willing to submit to the arbitration institution in case of a dispute arises and cannot be settled through friendly negotiation, and that the arbitration award is final and binding upon both parties.Arbitration agreement is the basis on which the arbitrationinstitution accepts the case. It can be made in advance in the form of an arbitration clause in the contract or after a dispute has occurred. Main contents of an arbitration clause includes: place of arbitration,selection of arbitrators and arbitration institution, arbitration procedures,authentication of arbitration and bearing of arbitration fees.Execution of an arbitration award; the UN Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.Section 4 Force Majeure clause in the contractForce Majeure refers to those accidents or natural calamities happened after the conclusion of the contract that not for the reason of the negligence or mistakes of the party but because of those natural or social forces that cannot be controlled, anticipated, or overcome by the party, and on account of which the contract cannot be executed further or completely. In this case, the affected party is exempted from bearing liabilities of executing the contract.Content of Force Majeure clause in the contract:The range of Force Majeure, the consequence of it, period and method of notification of such a case to the other party, evidential documents required and institutions issuing such documents.Key or difficult points:The authentication of inspection, claims and settlement of claims, Force Majeure clause.Chapter 8 Business Negotiation and Conclusion ofinternational sales contract (8hrs)Aim of teaching and requirements:Students are required to learn the techniques and skills of business negotiation and all the legal procedures and practices in concluding an international sales contract. Main contents:Business negotiation involves profound knowledge in politics, strategies and technology andthus should get well prepared before starting one. Preparation may include selection of negotiationgroup members, clients, market, making out operation and negotiation plans.Section 1 business negotiationBusiness negotiation can be carries out through face to face talk or exchange of correspondence like letters, faxes, phone calls and e-mails or through a combination of both. Contents of business negotiation include all the business terms and conditions in regard to the sales contract (quality, quantity, packing, price, shipment, insurance, payment, inspection, claims, arbitration and Force Majeure). The negotiation procedures generally consists of enquiry, offer, counter-offer and acceptance, in which offer and acceptance are indispensable.1. offer:Conditions for an offer, the implications of offer, its legal effect and ways of expressing, validity of offer, withdrawal or cancellation of offer; implication of counter-offer, its legal effect and ways of making counter-offers.2. acceptance:Definition of acceptance, conditions for acceptance, conditioned acceptance andacceptance with non-critical variation of conditions, going into effect of acceptance and withdrawal of acceptance.Section 2 Award of contractContent s of a written form of contract and contract’s roleKey or difficult points:Offer and acceptance.Chapter 9 Execution of import and export contract (4hrs)Aim of teaching and requirements:Students are required to learn skills and knowledge about the contents of procedures and methods in execution of import and export contract.Main contents:Section 1 Execution of export contractIn doing international trade, it is preferable for the seller to conclude the contract under CIF or CFR terms and payment by L/C. Executing an export contract can be divided into the following four steps: getting the goods ready (including having the goods inspected ), opening the L/C (including urging the buyer to open the L/C, checking the L/C and amendment of it), arranging shipment and settlement of payment(including making out documents and presenting to the bank for negotiation).Section 2 Executing an import contractIf the import contract is concluded under FOB term and payment byL/C, which is usually followed in our import trade, the procedures of executing it should include the following steps: opening L/C, arranging shipment, i.e. to book shipping space or send a ship or ships to pick the goods, covering insurance, clearing customs and taking delivery of goods, having the goods inspected and transferred to the end users, lodge a claim or submit for arbitration if any disputes arise and cannot be settled through friendly negotiation.Key or difficult points:Knowledge and skills on the execution of import and export contract.Chapter 10 Modes of international tradeAim of teaching and requirements:This chapter offers other modes of international trade apart fromthe most popular and traditional buying and selling method, so that learners of international trade will have a broader mind in developing trade in the future.Main content:Section 1 Exclusive salesDefinition of exclusive sales, relationship between the two parties to the contract of exclusive sales, the nature of such a contract, main contents of exclusive agreement and pros and cons of this method.Section 2 AgencyDefinition of agency, relationship between the agent and the principal, types of agency,exclusive agency, general agency and commission agency, maincontents of agency agreement.Section 3 Open Account sales (O/A)Definition and characteristics of O/A, difference between O/A and agency, main contents of an O/A agreement.Section 4 Tender and biddingDefinitions of tender and bidding, general procedures of tender and bidding, main contents of tender and bidding documents.Section 5 AuctionDefinition and characteristics of auction, general procedures of auction, way of bidding.Section 6 HedgingCharacteristics and nature of hedging in international trade, types of hedging, hedging and price transfer risks.Section 7 Barter tradeDefinition of barter trade and its development, modes of barter trade: exchange of goods, counter purchasing, compensation trade.Section 8 Processing supplied material and assembling supplied parts and components.Processing supplied or imported material and assembling supplied or imported parts and components and then export the finished products is a kind of labour trade through which the processing and assembling party receives the processing and assembling fees only. The pros and cons of this kind of trade.Section 9 Introduction to ISO9000, ISO14000, SA8000 and E-commerce Key and difficult points:The difference between traditional way of trading and those flexible ways of trading.。
国际贸易实务第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例1.国际贸易惯例含义：国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则。
2.国贸惯例与习惯的区别与联系：联系：国贸惯例是在国贸习惯做法的基础上产生的。
区别：国际贸易惯例层次高于贸易习惯；惯例被编撰成文的规则，未成文的习惯不是惯例；国贸惯例必须是国际上普遍接受和广为使用的规则。
3.国贸惯例的作用、性质和法律地位：性质：具有国际社会民间性质的行为规范地位：不是法律，不具有强制性；不可随意修改；一写进合同就具有法律效力，强制性。
作用：减少贸易争端；提高效率；弥补法律的不足；规范贸易行为。
4.国贸遵循准则：（密切联系和特征履行)恪守合同；缔约自由；诚实信用；当事人法律地位平等；遵守法律；公平交易5.贸易术语（1）概念：长期国贸实践中产生的，表明商品价格构成，交接过程中有关责任风险和费用划分问题的专门用语。
（2）作用：简化交易手续，缩短时间，节约费用开支；有利妥善解决贸易争端。
有利交易双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
6.国际贸易惯例及其性质和作用：惯例：（1）《1932年华沙—牛津规则》，国际法协会专门为解释CIF合同而制定。
（2）《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》，EXW/FOB/FAS/CFR/CIF/DEQ（3）《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》扩大适用范围（注：2010通则对2000的变化：术语删改；改变分类标准；使用说明；排列方法调整）第二章适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语第三章适用于水上运输的贸易术语*选用贸易术语应该考虑的因素：运输条件、货源、运费、风险、结关手续。
第四章合同的主体与标的1.约定合同当事人条款注意事项：合同当事人具有缔约能力；名称表述准确；地址正确详细。
2.品名条款主要内容：无统一格式，名称、商标、规格、等级、型号。
3.约定品名条款注意事项：需妙用处根据需要约定商品名称；合理描述商品；正确使用成交商品名称；内容具体清楚明确。
4.关于产品的质量体系评审和认证制度：（1）ISO9000系列标准：国际标准化组织为适应国贸发展制定的品质管理和品质保证标准。
1象征性交货:是指在买卖双方不直接接触的情况下，卖方按合同规定的时间和地点将货物装上运输工具或交付承运人后，并向买方提供包括物权证书在内的有关单证,凭承运人签发的运输单据及其他商业单据履行交货义务,而无须保证到货.CIF是一个典型的象征性交货术语. 象征性交货的特征①卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款②卖方履行交单义务。
只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据，即使货物在运输途中损失或灭失，买方也必须履行付款义务。
如果卖方提供单据不符合要求，即使货物完好无损运达目的地，买方仍可拒绝付款③卖方履行交货义务。
如果货物运达目的地时，不符合要求，即使买方已经付款，仍可据合同规定向卖方提出索赔。
2为什么不宜将CIF价格称作“到岸价”在实际业务部门，有些人习惯称CIF为“到岸价”，这种叫法容易使人产生误解，误以为在CIF条件下卖方要承担将货物运到目的港的所有责任、费用和风险，其实，按CIF条件成交时，卖方仍是在装运港完成交货，卖方承担的风险也是在装运港装船时，货物越过船舷以前的风险，越过船舷以后的风险仍由买方承担。
还有，货物装船后产生的除运费、保险费以外的费用也要由买方承担。
3请比较FCA、CPT和CIP的异同点。
按照<2000年通则)的解释，按照FCA、CPT和CIP这三种术语成交时，卖方都是在合同约定的地点将货物交给第一承运人控制时完成交货义务；卖方承担的风险都是以第一承运人控制货物时转移给买方；它们都是适用于各种运输方式；卖方承担出口通关的，责任和费用，买方承担进口通关的责任和费用。
但在运输和保险的安排上却存在着差别。
FCA条件下，运输和保险由买方自行安排，卖方没有责任；CPT 条件下，卖方负责签订运输合同，支付运费，保险由买方自行安排；CIP条件下，运输合同和保险合同均由卖方负责签订，并承担运费和保险费。
由此可见，向承运人交货的这三种贸易术语在交货地点、风险划分界限、适用的运输方式以及出入境通关的责任负担方面也都是完全相同的，区别只是在于有关运输保险的责任和费用的承担方面。
国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。
国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。
这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。
（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。
2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。
4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。
但是，国际贸易管理对贸易实践仍具有较重要的规范作用。
国际贸易实务-黎孝先-课后答案-最全————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。
国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。
这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。
（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。
2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。
3、《2010通则》与《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》有哪些主要区别1941 2000公布组织美国对外贸易协会国际商会术语分组六种四组适用范围主要在美洲国家范围最广4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。
国际贸易实务第三版黎孝先主编导论一、国际贸易的含义和分类：国际贸易和对外贸易：国际贸易是指国际间的商品和劳务的交换活动。
对外贸易是指一个国家（或地区）与别国（或地区）间的商品和劳务交换活动。
对外贸易与国内贸易的区别：从事对外贸易的难度大于国内贸易、对外贸易业务程序多于国内贸易、对外贸易风险大于国内贸易。
以不同标准对国际贸易的分类：按商品的形态，可分为有形贸易和无形贸易。
有形贸易是指贸易双方所进行交易的商品是有形的、看得见的，也称有形商品贸易。
无形贸易也称无形商品贸易，是指无实物形态的贸易，目前主要指运输、保险、金融、国际旅游、技术转让、劳务输出入等等。
按贸易方式的不同，可分为现汇贸易和易货贸易。
现汇贸易又称自由结汇贸易，是指在国际买卖中，以货币作为偿付工具的贸易方式。
易货贸易又称换货贸易，是指一国（或地区）与另一国（或地区）间货物互换的贸易方式。
按贸易收支平衡范围，可分成双边贸易和多边贸易双边贸易是指发生在两国（或地区）间的贸易，其基本特点是，双方保持贸易收支平衡。
多边贸易是指三个或三个以上国家（或地区）作为一个整体，相互间发生并保持贸易收支平衡。
按贸易过程中有否使用单证等商业文件，可分为有证贸易和无证贸易。
有证贸易是指在国际买卖中，通过单证等商业文件的交接进行结算支付的一种贸易方式。
无证贸易即电子数据交换，是一种将贸易、运输、保险、海关、银行等部门的电子计算机联网，对商务信息按国际统一标准进行格式化处理，并把这些数据通过计算机联网，相互交换和自动处理，在不使用纸单证的情况下完成询问、订单、托运、投保、报关、结算等业务手续的一种使用现代化通讯管理方式的新型贸易。
按贸易是否有第三者参加，可分为直接贸易和间接贸易。
直接贸易是指商品直接从生产国销往消费国，不通过第三个国家而进行的贸易。
间接贸易是指商品生产国与消费国通过第三国（或地区）进行商品买卖的行为。
间接贸易按照第三国是否拥有所有权又可分为过境贸易与转口贸易。
国际贸易中若干常用名词：出口与进口出口与进口是指因外销或外购而运出或运入国境的商品和劳务的活动，他们是一国对外贸易的两个组成部分。
总对外贸易与专门贸易总对外贸易：以国境为标准，凡进入国境的商品，一律列为进口，凡离开国境的商品一律列为出口，前者叫总进口，后者叫总出口，两者相加即为一国的总对外贸易。
以日本、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国为代表。
专门贸易：以关境为标准，当外国商品进入国境后，暂时存放在保税仓库，尚未进入关境，一律不列为进口；只有从外国进入关境的商品以及从保税仓库提出，才列为专门进口。
对于从国内运出关境的本国产品以及进口后未经加工又运出关境的商品，则列为出口，即为专门出口，两者相加即为专门贸易。
以美国、德国、意大利、瑞士为代表。
贸易差额与国际收支贸易差额：是指一国在一定时期（如一年或半年）内出口值与进口值之间的差额。
包括顺差（出超）和逆差（入超）。
国际收支：是指一国在一定时期内（通常为一年）对外国的全部经济交易所引起的收支总额对比。
包括顺差（黑字）、逆差（赤字）和平衡三种情况。
进口替代与出口导向进口替代：属于一种经济发展战略，是指一个国家发展本国生产的工业品（即国产品）来替代原先依靠进口的工业品。
出口导向：是指一个国家发展本国生产的工业品出口，以便替代原先初级产品的出口，如棉布替代棉花出口、石油制品替代原油出口，也称出口升级。
国际贸易商品结构和国际贸易地理方向国际贸易商品结构：是指各类商品在各国（地区）进出口贸易或世界贸易中所占的比例。
国际贸易地理方向：是指各洲、各国（地区）在国际贸易中所占的地位，即各洲、各国（地区）参加国际商品流通的水平。
对一个国家而言，对外贸易地理方向是指该国进出口贸易总值的国别和地区分布，表明该国同世界各国的经济贸易联系程度。
对外贸易依存度：又称对外贸易系数，是指该国对外贸易额在该国国民生产总值中所占比重。
国际贸易值和国际贸易量贸易值：又称贸易额，是用货币表示的反映贸易规模的指标，各国一般都用本国货币表示。
贸易量：是指统计对象以数量、重量、长度、面积、体积、容量等计量单位来表示进出口商品的规模。
二、国际贸易的产生与发展：国际贸易的产生、国际贸易的发展1、奴隶社会时期的国际贸易；2、封建社会时期的国际贸易；3、资本主义时期的国际贸易；4、当代国际贸易新发展：国际贸易功能多元化；国际贸易商品结构高档化、智能化和软性化；货物、技术、服务三足鼎立；贸易集团化趋势加强；跨国公司已成为国际贸易主力军，市场竞争；向综合化、全方位方向发展；国际保护主义更加隐蔽化、管理化；贸易手段规范化；交易方式电子化。
第一篇国际贸易术语第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例第一节贸易术语的概念及其发展一、贸易术语的含义和作用贸易术语：实践中产生的用来表明商品价格构成、货物交接过程的风险、责任和费用划分问题的用语。
作用：简化交易手续;缩短洽商时间;节约费用开支;二、贸易术语的产生和发展（略）第二节国际贸易惯例及其性质与作用一、关于贸易术语的国际贸易惯例●华沙—牛津规则（1932）→统一了对CIF的解释。
●美国对外贸易定义(1941) →解释了贸易术语Ex, FOB,FAS, C&F, CIF, Ex Dock美洲国家采用，与国际商会的解释有明显的差异。
●2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（国际商会）二、国际贸易惯例的性质与作用：惯例不是法律；也不是习惯做法；不具有强制性；合同采用的惯例具有强制性；第二章《2000通则》中的E组、F组和C组贸易术语只包括一种贸易术语，EXW: EX Works (…named place),即工厂交货（…指定地点）一、买卖双方的义务卖方义务：1）按合同要求备货→置于买方的处置之下。
2）承担买方的处置之前的一切费用和风险。
3）提交商业发票或同等作用的电子信息。
买方义务：1）按合同要求备货；2）按合同要求受领买方提交的货物并付货款；3）自负费用风险，办理货物进出口以及许可证手续。
二、应注意的问题：货物交接；包装和装运；办出口手续第二节F组贸易术语一、FCA术语FCA术语的含义：FCA: Free Carrier (… named place)→货交承运人（……指定地点）卖方义务：1）按合同要求备货→置于买方指定的承运人控制下，并及时通知买方。
2）承担承运人控制之前的一切费用和风险。
3）自付费用风险，办理货物出口以及许可证手续。
4）提交商业发票或同等作用的电子信息，自费提供交货凭证。
买方义务：1）将承运人情况通知卖方。
2）受领卖方提交的货物并付货款。
3）承担受领之后的一切费用和风险。
4）自负费用风险，办理货物进口以及许可证手续。
使用FCA术语应注意的问题：1）承运人、交货地点2）FCA条件下风险转移的问题3责任和费用划分问题二、FAS术语FAS术语的含义：FAS:Free Alongside Ship (… named port of shipment)→船边交货（…指定装运港）卖方义务：1）按合同要求备货→置于买方所派船只旁边（船帮交货或船边交货），并及时通知买方。
2）承担置于买方所派船只旁边之前的一切费用和风险。
3）自负费用风险，办理货物出口以及许可证手续。
4）提交商业发票或同等作用的电子信息，自费提供交货凭证。
买方义务：1）支付运费，将船的情况通知卖方。
2）受领卖方提交的货物并付货款。
3）承担受领之后的一切费用和风险。
4）自负费用风险，办理货物进口以及许可证手续。
使用FAS术语应注意的问题：1）对FAS的不同解释。
（有时可指其他运输工具）2）出口手续。
（卖方应对方请求，代办性质）3）船货衔接。
（买方及时通知）三、FOB术语FOB术语的含义：FOB:Free on Board (… named port of shipment)→船上交货（…指定装运港）卖方义务：1）按合同要求备货→置于买方所派船上，并及时通知买方。
2）承担置于买方所派船上之前的一切费用和风险。
3）自负费用风险，办理货物出口以及许可证手续。
4）提交商业发票或同等作用的电子信息，自费提供交货的清洁单据。
买方义务：1）支付运费，将船的情况通知卖方。
2）受领卖方提交的货物并付货款。
3）承担受领之后的一切费用和风险。
4）自负费用风险，办理货物进口以及许可证手续。
使用FOB术语应注意的问题：1）船舷为界。
2）船货衔接。
3）个别国家对FOB的不同解释。
（有些地区可指内陆运输）案例2 FOB租船纠纷案：案情：我某公司以FOB条件出口一批冻鸡。
合同签订后接到买方来电，称租船较为困难委托我方代为租船，有关费用由买方负担。
为了方便合同履行，我方接受了对方的要求。
但时至装运期我方在规定装运港无法租到合适的船，且买方又不同意改变装运港。
因此，到装运期满时货仍未装船，买方因销售季节即将结束便来函以我方未按期租船履行交货义务为由撤销合同。
试问：我方应如何处理。
分析：我方应拒绝买方撤销合同的无理要求。
按FOB条件成交的合同，按常规由买方负责租船定舱。
卖方可以接受买方的委托代为租船定舱，但卖方不承担租不到船的责任。
就本案例来讲，因卖方代为租船没有租到，买方又不同意改变装运港，因此，卖方可不承担因租不到船而延误装运的责任，买方也不能因此要求撤销合同。
一、CFR术语：含义：CFR: Cost and Freight (… named port of destination)→成本加运费（…指定目的港）卖方义务：1）按合同要求装船，置于船上，支付至目的港的运费，装船后及时通知买方。
2）承担越过船舷之前的一切费用和风险。
3）自负费用风险，办理货物出口以及许可证手续。
4）提交商业发票或同等作用的电子信息，自费提供提货的运输单据。
买方义务1）接受单据、受领货物、支付货款。
2）承担越过船舷之后的一切风险。
3）自负费用风险，办理货物进口和许可证手续以及支付其他费用。
使用CFR术语应注意的问题：1）卖方的装运义务。
2）装船通知的重要作用。
二、CIF术语含义：CIF :Cost Insurance & Freight (… named port of destination) →成本加保险费、运费（…指定目的港）卖方义务：1）支付至目的港的运费，装船后及时通知买方。
2）承担越过船舷之前的一切费用和风险。
3）自费办理海运保险。
4）自负费用风险，办理货物出口以及许可证手续。
5）提交商业发票或同等作用的电子信息，自费提供提货的运输单据和保险单据。
买方义务：1）接受单据、受领货物、支付货款。
2）承担越过船舷之后的一切风险。
3）自负费用风险，办理货物进口和许可证手续以及支付其他费用。
使用CIF术语应注意的问题：1）保险险别。
（代办；按最低保险限别；）2）租船订舱。
（按卖方通常习惯和惯常路线）3）象征性交货。
