Analysis of Alcohols in Breath

论酒精和烟草对成年人的影响英文作文Alcohol and tobacco are two of the most commonly consumed substances among adults worldwide. However, the effects of these substances on adults can be detrimental to their health and overall well-being. In this essay, we will discuss the impacts of alcohol and tobacco on adults.Alcohol is a depressant that affects the central nervous system, resulting in impaired judgment, coordination, and reaction time. Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver disease, heart disease, and various types of cancer. Additionally, alcohol abuse can also contribute to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. For adults, the impact of alcohol on their physical and mental health can be severe, affecting their ability to lead a productive and fulfilling life.On the other hand, tobacco is a highly addictive substance that contains harmful chemicals such as nicotine and tar. Smoking tobacco can lead to various health issues, including lung cancer, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the physical health consequences, smoking tobacco can also impact an adult's social life and relationships. The smell of smoke on their clothes and breath can be off-putting to others, leading to isolation and social stigma.While both alcohol and tobacco have significant negative effects on adults, it is important to note that moderate consumption of alcohol and avoiding tobacco altogether can minimize these risks. Adults should be aware of the potential consequences of consuming these substances and make informed choices about their usage. Seeking support from healthcare professionals and quitting programs can also help adults reduce their consumption and improve their overall health.In conclusion, alcohol and tobacco have negative effects on adults, impacting their physical, mental, and social well-being. It is crucial for adults to be aware of these risks and take steps to minimize their consumption of these substances. By making healthier choices and seeking support when needed, adults can improve their quality of life and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol and tobacco on their health.。

抹香鲸呼吸英语作文Title: The Breath of the Sperm Whale: A Unique Physiology of Respiration.The sperm whale, a majestic creature of the deep seas,is renowned for its immense size, powerful jaws, and captivating social behaviors. However, it is its unique respiratory system that truly sets it apart from other cetaceans. This essay delves into the fascinating world of sperm whale respiration, exploring the anatomy, physiology, and adaptations that allow this remarkable mammal to thrive in its aquatic habitat.The sperm whale's respiratory system is remarkable for its efficiency and adaptability. Unlike terrestrial mammals, which rely on lungs to extract oxygen from the air, the sperm whale has evolved to extract oxygen from water. This adaptation is crucial for survival in the deep sea, whereair pockets are scarce and water is the primary source of oxygen.The sperm whale's respiratory system begins with its nostrils, which are located on the top of its head in apair of slits known as "blowholes." When the whale needs to breathe, it rises to the surface, opening its blowholes to allow air to flow into its lungs. This process is remarkable for its efficiency; the whale can inhale and exhale in just a few seconds, ensuring that it spends as little time as possible at the surface, where it is vulnerable to predators.Once air enters the lungs, the sperm whale'srespiratory system takes on an even more remarkable feat. Unlike most mammals, which have alveoli in their lungs to increase the surface area for oxygen exchange, the sperm whale's lungs are filled with spongy tissue. This tissue is rich in blood vessels, allowing for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange even in the absence of alveoli. This unique anatomy allows the whale to extract oxygen from water even while diving deep, where oxygen levels are significantly lower than at the surface.In addition to its anatomical adaptations, the sperm whale's respiratory system is also physiologically flexible. The whale can adjust its breathing rate and depth according to its needs, allowing it to conserve energy while cruising at depth or to increase oxygen intake during periods ofhigh activity. This flexibility is crucial for survival in the demanding environment of the deep sea.Moreover, the sperm whale's respiratory system is intricately connected to its social and reproductive behaviors. Pods of sperm whales often synchronize their breathing patterns, rising to the surface together to breathe and then descending back into the depths. This synchronized breathing is thought to enhance social bonding within the pod and may also serve as a communication mechanism, allowing whales to stay in touch even in the dark, deep sea.In conclusion, the sperm whale's respiratory system isa marvel of evolutionary adaptation and physiological efficiency. Its unique anatomy and physiology allow it to thrive in the oxygen-poor environment of the deep sea,extracting oxygen from water and adjusting its breathing patterns to meet the demands of its lifestyle. This remarkable system is not only crucial for the whale's survival but also serves as a fascinating window into the world of cetacean biology and evolution. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the deep sea, the sperm whale's respiratory system remains a fascinating and essential component of our understanding of this remarkable mammal and its remarkable habitat.。

抹香鲸呼吸英语作文English:Whales are majestic creatures of the ocean, and their breathing process, particularly that of the sperm whale, is intriguing. Sperm whales, also known as cachalots, possess a blowhole located on the top of their heads. When they surface to breathe, they exhale forcefully through this blowhole, creating a spout of misty air and water vapor. This exhalation can reach heights of several meters. After exhaling, they inhale deeply, filling their lungs with oxygen-rich air before diving back into the depths. Remarkably, sperm whales can hold their breath for up to 90 minutes, thanks to physiological adaptations such as increased oxygen storage capacity in their muscles and blood. During these deep dives, their heart rate slows down to conserve oxygen, and blood is redirected primarily to vital organs, ensuring their survival in the depths. This remarkable ability to regulate their breathing allows them to forage for food in the ocean's depths, where they hunt for squid, their primary prey. As they ascend back to the surface, they repeat the process of exhaling and inhaling, continuing their rhythmic dance with the ocean's currents. Understanding the breathing patterns of whales not onlyprovides insights into their physiology but also highlights the incredible adaptations that enable them to thrive in their underwater realm.Translated content:抹香鲸是海洋中雄伟的生物，它们的呼吸过程，尤其是抹香鲸的呼吸过程，非常引人入胜。

关于呼吸的英文阅读Respiration is a vital process that enables living organisms, including humans, to exchange gases with their environment. In humans, respiration primarily involves the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the body and the air.There are two types of respiration: external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration occurs in the lungs, where oxygen is taken in from the air and carbon dioxide is released. The exchange of gases takes place across the thin walls of the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs.Internal respiration, on the other hand, occurs at the cellular level. Oxygen, which was taken in during external respiration, is transported by the blood to body tissues and cells. Inside the cells, oxygen is utilized in the process of cellular respiration, where it is combined with glucose to produce energy for the body's functions. During this process, carbon dioxide is also generated as a waste product, which is then transported back to the lungs to be exhaled during external respiration.The process of respiration is controlled by the respiratory system, which includes the lungs, airways, and respiratory muscles. When we breathe in, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity and causing air to be drawn into the lungs. When we breathe out, these muscles relax, and air is pushed out of the lungs.Respiration is essential for the survival of all aerobic organisms. Without it, cells would be deprived of oxygen, and metabolic processes would cease, leading to death. Maintaining healthy respiratory function is crucial for overall well-being and quality of life. Regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and maintaining good air quality can help support optimal respiratory health.译文：呼吸（Respiration）是一种关键的生命过程，使得包括人类在内的生物能够与环境交换气体。

TECHNICAL NOTEBarry K.Logan,1Ph.D.;Sandra Distefano,1B.S.;and Glenn A.Case,1B.S.Evaluation of the Effect of Asthma Inhalers and Nasal Decongestant Sprays on a Breath Alcohol TestREFERENCE:Logan BK,Distefano S,Case GA.Evaluation of not be negative throughout the exhalation and therefore may not the effect of asthma inhalers and nasal decongestanat sprays on a be detected as invalid.breath alcohol test.J Forensic Sci1998;43(1):197–199.We recently evaluated the effects of a number of inhalers anddecongestant nasal sprays on an evidential breath test conducted ABSTRACT:The effects of eight prescription and non-prescrip-on an infrared breath test instrument(DataMaster,National Patent tion asthma inhalers and four over-the-counter nasal decongestantsAnalytical Systems,Mansfield,OH).The tests were performed on the DataMaster,an evidential breath alcohol instrument,wereunder extreme conditions,such that the smallest ethanol effect evaluated.Subjects self administered the medication,and breathalcohol tests were administered immediately after use and following whatsoever could be observed if it existed.Breath samples were a15min waiting period.The only preparation which produced any provided immediately(within10s)after use of the product,and effect on the instrument was Primatene Mist which contains34%again15min later.No foreign objects or substances were intro-ethyl alcohol.The alcohol was,however,eliminated from the breathduced into the mouth or nose during this deprivation period,as in the usual pattern of mouth alcohol elimination,and after5minwould be required in a real evidential test under most administra-there was no longer any effect.The inclusion of a15min deprivationperiod prior to an evidential breath test,during which time nothing tive procedures.is introduced into the mouth,is an adequate safeguard against inter-ference with the test caused by alcohol containing inhalers.MethodsKEYWORDS:forensic science,forensic toxicology,breath alco-Eight asthma medications were evaluated Azmacort(Rorer,PA) hol,inhalers,asthma(200␮g triamcinolone acetonide per actuation(oral));Vanceril(Schering,NJ)(beclomethasone dipropionate,42␮g per dose(oral));Vancenase(Schering,NJ)(beclomethasone dipropionate, Concerns are frequently raised over the potential for false posi-42␮g per dose(nasal));Ventolin(Allen and Hanbury’s,NC)(al-tive or mouth alcohol“results from an evidential breath alcohol”buterol,90␮g per dose(oral));Beclovent(Allen and Hanbury’s, test following use of nasal decongestant sprays,or bronchodilatoryNC)(beclomethasone dipropionate,42␮g per dose(oral));Beco-inhalers used in the treatment of asthma.Since some of these prod-nase(Allen and Hanbury’s,NC)(beclomethasone dipropionate, ucts contain ethanol,there is a legitimate reason to evaluate the42␮g per dose(oral));Rhinocort(Astra MA)(budesonide,32␮g possibility that their use might effect the results of a breath test.per dose(nasal)),and Primatene Mist(Whitehall,NJ)(epinephrine, Furthermore,most inhalers also contain volatile halocarbon propel-0.2mg epinephrine per dose(oral)).All these medications are lants,whose effects have not been investigated on infrared breath dispensed from a pressurized aerosol dispenser.Beconase,Beclo-test instruments.vent,Vancenase,Vanceril,and Ventolin use trichloromonofluoro-The use of a15or20min observation/alcohol deprivation period methane and dichlorodifluoromethane as a propellant,and contain to allow dissipation of any exogenous alcohol in the mouth prior oleic acid.Rhinocort uses trichloromonofluoromethane,dichloro-to the administration of a breath alcohol test is a standard compo-tetrafluoromethane,and dichlorofluoromethane,as propellants. nent of all responsible evidential breath alcohol programs,and Azmacort uses dichlorodifluoromethane and contains1%w/w de-should be retained even with instruments that have mouth alcohol hydrated ethanol,and Primatene Mist uses unspecified fluorocar-detection capabilities.The principle of mouth alcohol detection in bons as propellant,and contains34%ethanol(1,2).Primatene Mist the DataMaster relies on identification of an abnormal(negative)is the only non-prescription product in this group.slope,inconsistent with equilibrium expired air.The latter should Four non-prescription decongestant nasal spray preparations have a positive slope throughout the exhalation.At low levels of were evaluated;4-way Nasal Spray(Bristol Meyers,NY)(Oxy-mouth alcohol,(less than about0.03),the slope of the curve may metazoline hydrochloride,0.05%);Duration12Hour nasal spray(Schering Plough,NJ)(Oxymetazoline hydrochloride,0.05%);Afrin Nasal Spray(Schering Plough,NJ)(Oxymetazoline hydro-1Washington State Toxicology Laboratory,Department of Laboratorychloride,0.05%);and Vicks Inhaler(Richardson-Vicks,OH)(1-Medicine,University of Washington,Seattle,WA.desoxyephedrine,camphor,lavender oil,menthol).None of these Received21Feb.1997;and in revised form30April1997;accepted5May1997.products contains any ethyl alcohol.197Copyright © 1998 by ASTM International198JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCESTo test the asthma medications,an asthmatic female(SD)who corticosteroids for control of their bronchospasm(3).These drugs takes or has taken the medications described above under directions do not reverse acute bronchospasm,rather,they help avoid bron-from her doctor,volunteered to take each drug,on separate occa-chospasm and must be used for several days before any symptom-sions,and blow into a DataMaster.In addition,two healthy male atic relief is seen.Vancenase,Rhinocort and Beconase are used subjects tested the Primatene Mist,which is available without pre-in the relief of symptoms of seasonal or perennial rhinitis,and scription and also contains the highest amount of ethanol.Institu-must be used in the same way.Ventolin is used to bring acute tional review for this and related projects was granted by the relief from bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive Human Subjects Committee at the University of Washington,and airway disease and in the prevention of exercise induced broncho-all subjects gave informed consent.The asthmatic subject did not spasm.None produced any effect on the breath test.have an asthmatic attack at any the time during the testing,and at Primatene Mist which contains34%ethanol,is also used for no time was unable provide samples sufficient for analysis by the the treatment of acute bronchospasm,and was the only product DataMaster.which affected the breath test.It’s use immediately prior to provid-All subjects were given a preliminary breath test on the Data-ing a breath sample,caused the instrument to register an invalid Master to ensure that they were alcohol-free.Each of these prod-sample on the first exhalation on all three subjects,as a result of ucts was used in the manner described by its manufacturer and the detection of an apparent“mouth alcohol”exhalation curve the subject was tested immediately on a DataMaster instrument to(4,5).Had the sample not been rejected as invalid,the alcohol determine the result.Subjects were also re-tested after15min.equivalent result would have been around0.12g/210L.The rate of Each product was tested by at least two subjects.disappearance of alcohol from the breath was monitored in the two The administration of each product was performed according to male subjects,by having them provide a continuous series of breath the directions of its manufacturer,which typically involved one samples,after using the Primatene inhaler.An example of the alco-or two applications delivered into the mouth or nose during inspira-hol elimination curve is shown in Fig.1.There was no measurable tion,followed by a10s breath hold.The subject then exhaled alcohol on the breath of this subject after265s(41/2 directly into the DataMaster.Following an air blank,an external min).There was no effect in any of the three subjects after the15standard simulator test,and second air blank,a second breath sam-min deprivation period was observed.An asthmatic subject,havingple was supplied by the volunteer approximately2min after the an attack such that Primatene or other acute therapies must befirst.To replicate an actual evidential breath test,the subject was administered during that period,would not be a suitable subjectthen observed for15min and instructed not to eat,drink,smoke,for a breath test,and should be offered a blood alcohol test whereor place anything in their mouth during that interval.A second local regulations permit.duplicate test was then conducted,without any further administra-Azmacort,which contains1%ethanol,produced no apparenttion of inhaler or spray.The instrument test protocol includes an alcohol result on the DataMaster.It should be noted that eachoptical filter test to check calibration,optics and software,four actuation of the dispenser produces only about20␮L of liquid,blank tests,and two subject samples.The accuracy of the instru-that is to say0.2␮L of ethanol,which is apparently dissipatedment was determined prior to the evaluation of any medications,rapidly.Azmacort is not used for acute treatment of asthma attacks,by the use of a0.10g/210L quality control simulator standard.and there is,therefore,no need for it to be used during that depriva-tion period.Other workers have previously evaluated this issue with other Results and Discussioninstruments and inhaler products.Gomm et al.(6)tested20differ-ent aerosol inhalers,and5nasal sprays available in the United The results of the initial and15min breath tests for each medica-Kingdom,on both screening and evidential,infrared and fuel cell, tion are shown in Table1.None of the nasal decongestant spraysbreath test instruments.Their methods did not,however,involve produced any reading on the DataMaster.the use of a human subject,rather introducing the inhalers into a Of the asthma medications tested,Vanceril,Beclovent,and Az-macort are used by patients who require chronic treatment with moisturized air stream from a compressed air tank.Unfortunately,TABLE1—Breath test results following use of the inhalers.Data shows the results of duplicate breath readings,immediately following use of theinhaler(Time1)and after15min(Time2).All readings are in g/210L.Product Active Ingredient Ethanol Content Time1Time2Asthma MedicationsAzmacort triamcinolone acetonide1%0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Primatene epinephrine34%Invalid sample0.000,0.000 Vancenase beclomethasone dipropionate none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Vanceril beclomethasone dipropionate none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Beclovent beclomethasone dipropionate none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Beconase beclomethasone dipropionate none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Rhinocort budesonide none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Ventolin albuterol none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Decongestant sprays4Way oxymetazoline hydrochloride none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Duration oxymetazoline hydrochloride none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Afrin oxymetazoline hydrochloride none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000 Vicks1-desoxyephedrine none0.000,0.0000.000,0.000LOGAN ET AL.⅐INHALERS AND BREATH TESTING 199upper respiratory tract.This makes the documentation of the 15min deprivation period all the more critical when using these methods.On a related topic,Gomm et al.(8)evaluated the blood/breath ratio of alcohol in human subjects,before and after the use of a salbutamol (albuterol)bronchodilator.They found no significant difference in this ratio between asthmatic subject and controls,or in asthmatic subjects before and after inhaler use,suggesting that breath test on asthmatic subjects able to fulfill the sampling require-ments are likely to be valid.In view of the results obtained by us,and those noted by other workers,several points are evident.Firstly,the only constituent of inhaler medications which might exert an effect on the DataMaster is ethanol,which is present in only a few such products.Secondly,even when alcohol is present,a relatively high concentration is required (33%)to have any effect,which in any event may be detected by the instrument as mouth alcohol.Thirdly,we confirm that the observation of a 15min deprivation period prior to the test will eliminate any possibility of interference from alcohol pres-FIG.1—Sequential breath samples from one male subject after adminis-ent in an inhaler medication.tration of Primatene Mist,showing peak breath alcohol concentration (BrAC)on each exhalation.After 265seconds,there was no measurable alcohol in the breath sample provided.References 1.Physicians Desk Reference,Medical Economics Data,NJ,1996.they do not indicate whether any of the products they tested con- 2.Physicians Desk Reference for nonprescription drugs,Medical Eco-nomics Data,NJ,1996.tained alcohol.They did not find an apparent ethanol reading from 3.Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeu-any of the inhalers with either breath test technology.tics,9th Ed,Hardman et al.,editors,McGraw Hill,New York,1996.In a more extensive study,Westenbrink and Sauve (7)evaluated, 4.Harding PM,McMurray MC,Laessig RH,Simley DO,Correll PJ,using human subjects,the effects of asthma inhalers on fuel cell,Tsunehiro JK.The effect of dentures and denture adhesives on wet chemistry,and gas chromatography (GC)based instruments.mouth alcohol retention.J Forensic Sci 1992;37(4):999–1007.5.Gullberg RG.The elimination rate of mouth alcohol:Mathematical They did not evaluate infrared instruments.They noted that in non-modeling and implications in breath alcohol analysis.J Forensic ethanol containing inhalers,no apparent ethanol was observed on Sci 1992;37(4):1363–72.any instrument employing fuel cell or wet chemistry techniques. 6.Gomm PJ,Weston SI,Osselton MD.The effect of respiratory aero-They did,however,find that the presence of freon 114,used as a sol inhalers and nasal sprays on breath alcohol testing devices used propellant in some of the products,did cause interference with the in Great Britain.Med Sci Law 1990;30(3):203–6.7.Westenbrink W,Sauve LT.The effect of asthma inhalers on the GC instrument when a 15min deprivation period was not observed A.L.E.R.T.J3A,Breathalyzer 900A and mark IV G.C.Intoximeter.immediately before the test.When observed,however,the depriva-Can Soc Forens Sci J 1991;24(1):23–35.tion period allowed the dissipation of all freon.They also found 8.Gomm PJ,Osselton MD,Broster CG,Johnson NM,Upton K.The that in ethanol-containing inhalers,with an ethanol content of 33%,effect of salbutamol on breath alcohol testing in asthmatics.Med any effect from ethanol had dissipated within 2–8min (mean 3.6Sci Law 1991;31(3):226–8.min)following use,meaning that no effect would be observed providing that the inhaler was not used during the 15min depriva-Additional information and reprint requests:Barry K.Logan,Ph.D.tion immediately preceding the test.Washington State Toxicology Laboratory Importantly,the three technologies evaluated by Westenbrink Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sauve (7)(wet chemistry,fuel cell,and gas chromatography)University of Washington do not have any slope detector technology which monitors the 2203Airport Way S.exhalation profile in real time,and can therefore distinguish be-Seattle,WA 98134e-mail:logan@ tween true breath alcohol and alcohol coming from the mouth or。

毛额市鹌鹑阳光实验学校2016高考英语短文语法填空一轮练习（11）语法填空。

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

【辽宁卷题型】Ryan：Did you have a good vacation, Katie?Katie：Yeah! It was__1__(excite)？Probably my__2__ exciting vacation ever!Ryan：Wow! What did you do?Katie：I took a nature__3__(冒险) tour.For the first part, we went__4__(hike)．It was so much fun! We hiked all the way__5__these beautiful waterfalls.I took lots of pictures.Ryan：Sounds great.So, what else did you do on the tour?Katie：Well, the best part was at the end of the trip.We went skydiving. Can you believe it? I jumped__6__an airplane.Ryan：Wow!Katie：Yeah, it was just a fantastic vacation.How did you spend your break, Ryan?Ryan：Oh, I__7__(drive) to visit my relatives.Katie：Oh­huh.Did you have a good time?Ryan：Well, it was pretty boring，__8__.It rained every day __9__we had to stay inside.We just stayed home and watched TV a lot.Katie：Oh, that's too bad.Ryan：No, that's OK.It really was very relaxing，__10__it was a little boring.1．______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______6．______ 7.______ 8.______ 9.______ 10.______答案：1．exciting 考查形容词。

中石油职称英语阅读材料中石油职称英语阅读材料吸烟对人体的健康有严重的危害，研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素。

下面是店铺分享的中石油职称英语阅读练习，文章的内容是关于吸烟和癌症的关系的，希望能对大家有所帮助!moking and Cancer 吸烟和癌1. Americans smokesix thousand millioncigarettesevery year(1970figures). This isroughlythe equivalent of 4,195 cigarettesa year for every personin the country of18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smokecompared with34% of Americanwomen.1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。

这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。

据估计(it is estimated that)，美国有51%的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34%。

2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studieshave beenconducted to determine whether smoking isa health hazard.Thetrend of the evidencehas been consistent and indicates that there isa serious health risk. Researchteams have conducted studies that show beyond allreasonabledoubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarettesmoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。

雅思阅读练习题：Is alcohol actually bad for you?Any study suggesting a glass or two a day can keep the doctor away is greeted with disproportionate(一边倒的) enthusiasm by the media and general public. But it is a complex task to determine whether or not alcohol in moderation(适量饮酒)has health benefits.One of the earlier studies drawing a link between alcohol consumption and health was performed by the late,great Archie Cochrane ; the godfather of evidence-based medicine. In 1979, Cochrane and two colleagues tried to work out what exactly was responsible for the differing rates of death from heart diseaseacross 18developed countries, including the US, UK and Australia. (1979 年，Cochrane 和两位同事一起，试图弄明白到底是什么因素导致心脏病的不同死亡率，他们的研究横跨 18 个发达国家，包括美国、英国和澳大利亚。

)Their analysis came up with a clear and significant link between increasing alcohol consumption –specifically of wine –and decreasing rates of is chaemic(缺血的) heart disease (heart disease caused by the build-up of fatty deposits[沉淀物] inside the blood vessels[血管] supplying the heart).Citing earlier studies that had found an association between alcohol consumption and lower rates of deaths from heart attack, Cochrane and colleagues suggested that the aromatic(芳香烃)and other compounds in alcohol –recently hypothesised to be antioxidants(抗氧化物)such as plant-based polyphenols(多酚类) – were likely responsible for the benefits,rather than the alcohol itself. (之前的研究已经发现，饮酒与更低的心脏病死亡率之间有某种关联，Cochrane 和同事们引用这些研究，指出带来这些好处的可能是酒精中的芳香烃及其他化合物——最近有人提出，这些化合物是抗氧化物，类似植物中的多酚类——，而不是酒精本身。