05 Plant breeding -The business and science of crop improvement(I)

农业科学专业英语词汇大全了解农业科学领域的专业术语和农作物栽培技术农业科学专业英语词汇是农业科学领域重要的学术资源，它包括了丰富的农作物栽培技术和农业领域的专业术语。

本文将为读者介绍一些常用的农业科学专业英语词汇，以帮助读者更好地理解和掌握农业科学领域的知识。

一、农业科学专业英语词汇1. Agricultural science/agronomy 农业科学/农学2. Crop cultivation 农作物栽培3. Soil fertility 土壤肥力4. Crop rotation 农作物轮作5. Pest control 害虫防治6. Irrigation 灌溉7. Weed management 杂草管理8. Plant breeding 植物育种9. Genetic engineering 基因工程10. Fertilizer application 施肥11. Harvesting 收获12. Silage making 青贮制作13. Livestock breeding 畜牧养殖14. Dairy farming 奶牛养殖15. Poultry farming 家禽养殖16. Aquaculture 水产养殖17. Veterinary medicine 兽医学18. Agribusiness 农业经营19. Sustainable agriculture 可持续农业20. Organic farming 有机农业二、农作物栽培技术1. Soil preparation 土壤准备Soil preparation involves clearing the land, removing weeds and debris, and loosening the soil to improve its structure and drainage.2. Seed selection 种子选择Seed selection is an important step in crop cultivation. Farmers should choose high-quality seeds that are resistant to diseases and pests, and have high yield potential.3. Planting 种植Planting refers to the process of sowing seeds or transplanting seedlings into the soil. It is essential to provide the right spacing and depth for optimal plant growth.4. Fertilization 施肥Fertilization is the application of nutrients to the soil to provide essential elements for plant growth. It can be done through organic or inorganic fertilizers, depending on the specific nutrient requirements of the crop.5. Weed control 杂草防治Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Effective weed control methods include manual weeding, the use of herbicides, and mulching to suppress weed growth.6. Pest management 害虫管理Pests can cause significant damage to crops. Integrated pest management techniques, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the judicious use of pesticides, help minimize pest damage while protecting the environment.7. Disease prevention 病害预防Crop diseases can reduce yield and quality. Disease prevention involves crop rotation, use of disease-resistant varieties, proper sanitation, and timely application of fungicides if necessary.8. Irrigation 灌溉Irrigation is essential for crop growth in areas with insufficient rainfall. It involves providing the right amount of water at the right time to ensure optimal plant health and productivity.9. Harvesting 收获Harvesting is the process of gathering mature crops for consumption or further processing. It involves careful timing to ensure maximum yield and quality.10. Storage and processing 储存和加工Proper storage and processing ensure that harvested crops remain fresh and maintain their nutritional value. This may involve drying, curing, canning, or freezing, depending on the specific crop.结语本文介绍了一些常用的农业科学专业英语词汇和农作物栽培技术，希望能帮助读者增加对农业科学领域的理解和掌握。

关于袁隆平的英语作文50五年级Yuan Longping the Father of Hybrid RiceYuan Longping is a renowned Chinese agronomist who is widely known as the "Father of Hybrid Rice". He is a pioneer in the development of high-yield hybrid rice varieties that have transformed the lives of millions of people around the world. Through his groundbreaking research and innovative approach to rice cultivation, Yuan has made an indelible mark on the global fight against hunger and food insecurity.Born in 1930 in Hainan province, China, Yuan Longping grew up in a farming family, instilling in him a deep appreciation for the importance of agriculture and food production. From a young age, he was fascinated by the science of plant breeding and the potential to improve crop yields. After completing his education, Yuan joined the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, where he began his pioneering work on hybrid rice.Hybrid rice is a type of rice that is produced by crossing twogenetically distinct parent lines. This process results in offspring that exhibit enhanced traits, such as increased growth, disease resistance, and higher yields. However, developing successful hybrid rice varieties was no easy task, and Yuan faced numerous challenges and setbacks along the way.One of the key obstacles he encountered was the lack of genetic diversity in the available rice varieties. Most commercial rice cultivars at the time were grown from inbred lines, which had limited genetic variation. This made it difficult to create the necessary genetic differences required for successful hybridization. Undeterred, Yuan and his team set out to scour the world for rare and diverse rice germplasm, traveling to remote regions and collecting thousands of rice samples.Through their tireless efforts, Yuan and his team were able to identify several wild rice varieties that possessed the desired genetic traits for hybridization. They then embarked on a meticulous process of cross-breeding and selection, carefully analyzing the performance of each hybrid line and selectively breeding the most promising ones.After years of painstaking work, Yuan's efforts finally paid off in 1973 when he and his team successfully developed the first high-yielding hybrid rice variety, known as "Ⅲ You 62". This breakthrough was a game-changer in the world of agriculture, as the new hybrid ricevariety was capable of producing significantly higher yields than traditional inbred rice cultivars.The impact of Yuan's achievement cannot be overstated. Hybrid rice quickly gained widespread adoption throughout China, and its cultivation rapidly expanded to other parts of the world. In the decades that followed, Yuan and his team continued to develop even more advanced hybrid rice varieties, each with higher yields and improved performance.Today, hybrid rice accounts for more than 50% of the total rice cultivation area in China, and it has also been widely adopted in other rice-producing countries, such as India, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The widespread adoption of hybrid rice has played a crucial role in increasing global rice production, helping to alleviate hunger and improve food security for millions of people.Yuan's contributions to the field of agriculture have been widely recognized and celebrated. He has received numerous prestigious awards and honors, including the World Food Prize, the Wolf Prize in Agriculture, and China's highest scientific honor, the Nobel Prize for Science and Technology.But Yuan's impact goes beyond just the scientific achievements. He is also widely admired for his humility, dedication, and unwaveringcommitment to improving the lives of people around the world. Throughout his career, he has been a tireless advocate for the importance of agriculture and food production, tirelessly working to inspire and mentor the next generation of scientists and farmers.Today, at the age of 92, Yuan Longping continues to be actively involved in the field of agriculture, sharing his knowledge and expertise with researchers and policymakers around the world. His legacy as the "Father of Hybrid Rice" is a testament to the power of innovation, dedication, and the incredible impact that a single individual can have on the world.As the global population continues to grow and the threat of climate change looms large, the work of pioneers like Yuan Longping will become increasingly crucial in ensuring that we are able to feed the world's growing population. Through his groundbreaking research and unwavering commitment to improving food security, Yuan Longping has left an indelible mark on the world, and his legacy will continue to inspire generations of scientists and farmers to come.。

与植物有关的科普类英文读物如下：1. "The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World" by Michael Pollan这本书通过几个关键植物物种的历史来探讨人类与植物的关系，包括苹果、郁金香、大麻和马铃薯。

2. "The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate" by Peter Wohlleben本书由一位德国林务官撰写，介绍了树木如何通过类似于神经系统的网络进行交流，并展示了森林的复杂社会结构。

3. "Plant Breeding: The Science of Crop Improvement" by J.W. Rucker and C.A. Huffaker这是一本关于作物改良科学的专业书籍，适合那些对植物育种感兴趣的读者。

4. "Botany for Gardeners" by Brian Capon这本书将植物学知识应用到园艺实践中，帮助园丁更好地理解他们种植的植物。

5. "The Drunken Botanist: The Plants That Create the World's Great Drinks" by Amy Stewart作者探索了各种饮料背后的植物来源，包括啤酒的啤酒花、威士忌的大麦，以及葡萄酒的葡萄。

6. "Plant Physiology and Development" by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger这是一本广泛用于高等教育的教科书，详细介绍了植物生理和发展的现代理论。

7. "We Are the Ants" by Shaun David Hughson这本书通过一个昆虫的视角来讲述生态和环境问题，虽然主要角色是昆虫，但其中也涉及了很多关于植物及其与环境之间关系的内容。

Plant Genetic Engineering植物基因工程Key Notes: 要点The concept: 概念Genetic manipulation involves inserting foreign genes or modifying the activity of existing genes. Methods to insert foreign genes are coupled with the methods of plant tissue culture to regenerate identical populations of plants with novel characteristics.基因操作涉及插入外源基因或者改变原有基因的活性。

插入外源基因和植物组织培养技术相结合可再生出具有新特征的纯一的植物群体。

Basic genetic manipulation methods: 基因操作的基本方法Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a soil bacterium with a plasmid that inserts foreign DNA into a plant. The plasmid contains a T-DNA transferred into the plant and a VIR region that facilitates transfer of the T-DNA. Binary vectors for genetic engineering consist of one plasmid containing the VIR region and a second containing the T-DNA including the foreign DNA. Where the Agrobacterium system cannot be used, direct gene transfer techniques may be employed, for instance using a DNA particle gun.农杆菌是一种土壤细菌，它含有一个将外源DNA插人植物体的质粒。

Plant breeding - The business and science of crop improvement(IV) Testing plant varietiesBefore any new crop variety can be placed on the market, it must undergo statutory testing under a process known as National Listing. Successful varieties are placed on a National List or register of varieties approved for marketing.National Listing rules are determined on a European basis, and apply to all the major agricultural and vegetable crop species. Official trials are conducted, in most cases for a minimum of two years, to test each new variety for a range of characteristics which together determine its uniqueness, its genetic uniformity, and its value to growers and the rest of the food chain.National Listing is extremely rigorous – the majority of varieties entered do not complete the process. In winter wheat, for example, only a quarter of varieties entered for National Listing during the 1990s were finally approved.National Listing – DUSAll varieties entered for National Listing are assessed for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS). In the case of cereals, some 30 individual characteristics of the plant are inspected to verify that it is distinct, ie clearly distinguishable from other varieties, that its characteristics are uniform from one plant to another,and that the variety is stable in that it breeds true to type from one generation to the next.National Listing – VCUFor agricultural crops, National Listing also involves trials to establish a variety’s V alue for Cultivation and Use (VCU). This provides an assurance to growers that only varieties with improved performance or end-use quality can be officially approved for sale.Recommended & Descriptive ListsOnce a new variety has been added to the National List, it is cleared for marketing. However, its success in the market place is by no means guaranteed. Further independent trials are conducted each year to compare the performance and quality of the best varieties. These trials provide the basis for detailed information and advice to growers and their customers.As shown in the following illustration for winter wheat, the process of statutory and commercial evaluation can take up to five years. Only a handful of varieties clear all these hurdles, which are in addition to the many ye ars spent testing and selecting in the breeder’s own trials programme. Genetically Modified VarietiesIn addition to the tests described above, varieties produced using genetic modification must also pass through a separate process of regulatory scrutiny. European law, applied in the UK by Governmentdepartments and their expert advisory committees, specifies that that no GM crops can be marketed until they have been assessed and approved in terms of human health, food safety and the environment.The cross-border movement of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is regulated at a global level under the internationally agreed Biosafety Protocol.Variety maintenance and identity preservationAs well as developing new varieties, plant breeders maintain the genetic purity of existing lines and pre-commercial seed supplies year by year. This process is costly and time-consuming, but essential to maintain the quality and performance of each variety.For cereals, variety maintenance begins after a few years of selection trials, when the promise of a variety is just emerging. At that stage, all that exists of what may become a widely grown variety is a single row containing around 100 plants.The breeder then bulks up supplies of the purified lines of breeder’s s eed into pre-basic and then basic seed. Each year specialist seed growers are used to grow basic seed for the first generation of certified seed – or C1 seed. After one more year this becomes C2 seed, the main source of certified seed used by farmers. The plant breeder continuously maintains breeder’s seed for the process of multiplication through pre-basic, basic, C1 and C2 seed to ensure the variety’s performance and quality year after year.Greater emphasis is now being placed on preserving the identity of individual varieties after harvest, both to conserve quality characteristics and to meet consumer demands for assurances about the integrity and traceability of their food.Seed certificationSeed of an approved variety can only be marketed if it meets strict quality criteria. Seed quality standards are laid down in UK and EU law, and policed by agencies appointed by Government.The UK’s official seed certification system offers an independent assurance of quality to growers. Minimum standards apply for varietal identity, purity and germination capacity. In addition, strict limits apply to seed-borne diseases, and the presence of physical impurities such as weed seeds.Around 9% of the UK arable area is used to multiply the pure lines of seed from the plant breeder into certified seed. Several thousand individual crops are involved, each grown under specific management regimes to ensure the purity and integrity of the resulting seed is maintained. To gain certification, every seed crop must undergo crop inspection and seed testing.Seed certification underpins the health and purity status of the major arable crops in Britain. It offers an independent benchmark of quality on which buyers of seed and their customers depend.。

2025届浙江省镇海中学高考仿真卷英语试卷注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Hot the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.A．although B．while C．as D．however2．In spring, the scene on the top of the hill is so appealing that it is ________ my words.A．above B．overC．beyond D．off3．—Why does he wear a raincoat on sunny days?—Nor do I understand. He is ________.A．a wet blanket B．a lazy boneC．a black sheep D．an odd fish4．Their flight ______ due to bad weather. They would like to know when the flight will take off.A．had been delayed B．was delayedC．has been delayed D．will be delayed5．He was offered a position at the local church school, _____ he went to the Cambridge.A．after when B．since whichC．after which D．since when6．It’s _______ for people to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life.A．reasonable B．availableC．accurate D．cautious7．As a child, I was _________to keep quiet when my parents were discussing something, while parents nowadays often ask for their children’s opinions.A．demanded B．hoped C．forbidden D．required8．--I feel nervous when taking an exam.-- and you can do it well.A．Take it w easy B．Take your time C．Good luck D．It’s up to you9．Without our team’s great effort, the art exhibition last week ______ such a great success.A．wouldn’t be B．won’t be C．wouldn’t have been D．won’t have bee n10．Y ou should first explore your talents and get to know yourself so as to make a list of _________ you think your real interests lie.A．that B．whatC．where D．how11．The affairs of each country should be by its own people.A．elected B．settledC．developed D．contained12．It is not how much money you will give us but that you are present at the ceremony ______ really matters. A．which B．it C．what D．that13．He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing ______.A．had happened B．happenedC．would happen D．would have happened14．The Mid-Autumn Festival is ________ special holiday for most Chinese when ________ whole family will get together.A．the; the B．a; the C．a; a D．the; a15．It was so noisy that we hear ourselves speak.A．couldn’t B．shouldn’tC．mustn’t D．needn’t16．(2013·天津，9)No one________ be more generous；he has a heart of gold.A．could B．must C．dare D．need17．The use of computers has made ______ possible for more people to work at home.A．it B．that C．which D．what18．____ the player I came across in the stadium spoke, I hadn’t realized she was foreign.A．Until B．Unless C．Since D．Although19．It is widely acknowledged in foreign companies that employees should be ________ in terms of innovation capability. A．examined B．evolvedC．evaluated D．encouraged20．Soon after getting off his horse, the captain appeared at the second-floor windows, ______ he could see nothing but trees.A．where B．from whereC．which D．from which第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

现代农林英语课文英汉对照硕水保163班2016年12月29日contentsUnit 1 Urban Agriculture (I)Unit 2 Forestry Management (III)Unit 3 Biodiversity (VI)Unit 4 Wetlands ............................................................................... V III Unit 5 Agricultural High Technology . (XI)Unit 6 Low-Carbon Agriculture ........................................................ X IV Unit 7 Urban Planning .................................................................... X VI Unit 9 Landscape Gardens .. (XX)Unit 10 Ecological Literature (XXII)现代农林英语英汉对照Unit 1 Urban AgricultureCurrent Situation and IssuesThe United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) has warned that the 12 megacities (+10 million population) will experience increasing difficulty in feeding themselves. London’s ‘ecological footprint’ is estimated to extend to 125 times the capital’s surface area with food accounting for around 40% of this. London’s residents, visitors and workers consume 2.4 million tons of food and produce 883,000 tons of organic waste per year. The food industry makes a significant contribution to London’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with around 11% of all jobs found in the food sector.联合国粮食及农业组织警告说12个拥有千万人口的超大城市将要在养活自己上遭遇越来越多的困难。

四川省乐山四校2024学年高三第一次调研测试英语试卷考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。

选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。

2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。

3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．________ themselves in the community services, students can gain experience for growth.A．Involved B．To involveC．Having been involved D．Involving2．—Why are you so upset?—I had my computer repaired yesterday, but it ________ work again.A．doesn’t B．didn’tC．won’t D．wouldn’t3．It is reported the housing prices in some big cities fall in different degrees.A．which B．whatC．that D．where4．. Jenny was sad over the loss of the photos she shot in Canada, _________ this was a memory she especially treasured. A．if B．when C．as D．where5．The high-anxiety focus on reading score may have narrowed student________to knowledge about the world that can improve their reading.A．idea B．aid C．belief D．access6．—John, do you know why the suspect was set free?—For lack of ________ evidence.A．solid B．apparentC．ambiguous D．concrete7．What is your main reason for choosing one restaurant another?A．over B．ofC．from D．for8．Tom is the only one of the students who a scholarship since last year.A．has won B．have won C．is winning D．wins9．Parents often tell their children that they __________ take candy from strangers.A．needn't B．wouldn't C．shouldn't D．daren't10．More than one doctor _____ involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake．A．was B．is C．were D．are11．The Japanese people keep up cheerful spirits ________ the world that they can get over the crisis caused by theterrible tsunami（海啸）.A．being convinced B．convinced C．to convince D．having convinced12．--- My God! I haven’t prepared the files for the new project yet!--- _______. The boss won’t need it until next Friday.A．There’s no doubt B．There’s no panic C．Good luck D．Sounds good13．“ ________ I went through ups and downs in life，” Gordon said, “I never found the importance of b eingself­disciplined as well as the significance of life.”A．If B．SinceC．Until D．Unless14．—Have you seen Jiang Wen’s movie Let the Bullets Fly recently?—Yes. I it twice last week, At home and in the theatre.A．had enjoyed B．enjoyed C．have enjoyed D．was enjoying15．––You seem to be familiar with this city.—I ______ here for three years. It’s so great to be back.A．lived B．had livedC．have lived D．live16．Nature is understandable in the sense ______ she will answer truly and reward with discoveries when we ask her questions via observation.A．that B．whereC．how D．what17．When ________ questions in class, one should answer them as clearly as possible.A．asking B．to ask C．to be asked D．asked18．It wasn't easy having my friends talk about their freshman years ________ I wasn't a part of．A．whom B．when C．that D．what19．What the country did _____ the international trade regulations, for which it was widely condemned. A．approved B．violated C．bothered D．interrupted20．I really don’t know _________ she gets by on such a modest salary.A．what B．whyC．how D．that第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

2021年6月英语四级真题及参考答案完整版四六级试卷采用多题多卷形式，大家核对答案时，请找具体选项内容，忽略套数。

注：对题目和选项内容，不要纠结套数、ABCD顺序的问题无忧考网搜集整理了各个版本(有文字也有图片，图片可以自由拉伸)，仅供大家参考。

网络综合版：听力NEWS1And finally in tonight's news,a nine-year-old boy named Joe told not to draw in class wins a job decorating a restaurant with his drawings rather than shutting down the habit of drawing in his school's workbook.(1)Joe's parents decided to encourage his creativity by sending their son to an after-school art class.His teacher recognized Joe's talent and posted all his work online,which led to something pretty wonderful.(2)A restaurant named Number4in Newcastle contacted Joe's teachers to ask if the nine-year-old could come and decorated the dining room with his drawings.Every day after school,Joe's dad drives him to theOY restaurant, so he can put his ideas straight on the wall.Once he's all done,the work will remain there permanently.Joe's dad says, Joe is a really talented little boy.He's excellent at school.He's great at football,but drawing is definitely what he is most passionate about.Q1.What did Joe's parents decide to do?Q2.what did the restaurant,Number4,do?NEWS2Christine Marshall,a-34-year-old mum of one posted a tearful video on social media,Wednesday,begging for the safe return of her beloved pet dog.Aftercombing through the security video outside a global’s shop,(3)Christine has now posted an image of a man suspected of stealing the dog.The image appears to show a man carrying the dog in his arms.Christine also believes the video obtained from the shop shows the dog being stolen by a man before driving off in a car,which had been waiting nearby.(4)The family is now offering a5,000pound reward for the safe return of the dog after launching a social media campaign to find the thief,the dog is six and a half years old and was last seen wearing a red collar. Christine said“We will pay that to anyone who brings him home,as long as they are not responsible for his disappearance,please on investigating the incident”.Q3What is Christine Marshall trying to do?Q4What does the news report say about Christine Marshall's family?NEWS3London's eggs and bread cafe offers a boiled eggs,toast,jam,and bacon,as well as tea,coffee,and orange juice.But at the end of the meal,customers don't have to worry about the bill.Hungry customers can pay whatever amount they can afford to eat at the cafe or nothing at all.(5)Owner Guy Wilson says his cafe aims to build community rather than profits.He wants to provide a bridge for people to connectWANGYI in an area that has been divided by class and wealth,by providing affordable breakfast.(6)The cafe is open in the mornings every day of the year.And has two members of staff or supervisors on shift every day.The cafe doesn't use volunteers,but pays its staff to ensure consistency in its service.It doesn't take donations and doesn't want to be seen as a charity.Mr.Wilson says when people start to know other people around them,(7)they realize they're not that different and whatever their financial background or their educational background,most people will havesomething in common with each other.He says it's important that his cafe can offer his customers security and permanenceQ5What does Guy Wilson say his cafe aims to do?Q6What does the news report say about eggs and bread cafe?Q7What happens when people start to know each other according to Guy Wilson?CONVERSATION1M:So what time do you think we should have the party on Saturday?W:How about inviting people to come at6:00PM then we'll have the afternoon to prepare food and drink and stuff like that?M:Yes.I was thinking that around six would be good too.What food should we provide?W:Well,I had thought about baking a cake and some biscuits,and now I think we should prepare some sandwiches and snacks and some other kinds of food so that people can just help themselves rather than getting everyone to sit down at the table to eat a meal.I think that's a bit too formal.It's better to let people walk around and talk to each other or sit where they like.M:Yes,that sounds good.I'll go to the supermarket to get some drinks.I think I might try that big new supermarket on the other side of town,see what they have.I've not been there before.I think we should get some beer and wine and some fruit juice and other soft drinks.What do you think?W:Sounds great.I think those drinks will be enough.And I heard that the new supermarket offers some big discounts to attract customers,so going there should be a great idea.What should we do about music?M：Maybe we should also ask Pual to bring his computer and speakers so that we can play some music.He has a great collection of different stuff.Yes. All right.Q8.What are the speakers mainly talking about?Q9.Why does the woman say it is a good idea to serve foods that guests can help themselves too?Q10.What does the woman say about the new supermarket?CONVERSATION2W:I’m thinking of buying a car.I wouldn't need to use it every day,but I think it would be very convenient to have one for the weekends.M:That's exciting.Would this be your first car?W:Nope.M:I actually owned a car for a little while when I lived in Miami.You see, in America,many cities don't have good public transport.So most people need their ownOY car to get around.W:I see.M:So have you got your mindset on a specific model?W:No,not really.(13)I've heard that German cars are very reliable,but I haven't decided on a specific model yet.I'd also like it to be small so that it's easy to drive in the city.M:I have a friend who sells secondhand cars.In fact,I think his family owns the business.He's a really nice guy and he knows a lot about cars.I could give you his phone number if you want,and you could call him and ask him questions.W:Hmm.That's nice of you,but I don't want to feel obliged to buy one of his car.M:Oh no.He's not like that.He's a good friend of mine and he would never try to pressure you.W:Well,if you trust him,then I guess it should be okay.To be honest,I could use some help in deciding what type of vehicle would best suit my needs. Speaking to an expert would be a good idea.M:Exactly.You have nothing to worry about.He's a lovely guy and he'll be happy to help.Q13.What does the woman say about German cars?Q14.What does the man recommend the woman do?Q15.What do we learn about the Loinbo's friend from the conversation?PASSAGE1Passage one.Pigs are not native to north America.They were first introduced to California by Spanish and Russian explorers and settlers many centuries ago.In the early times,pigs were allowed to wander freely and search a food.This practice also allowed many pigs to escape from farms and live in the wild,which became a problem.In fact,as one of the most damaging invasive species on the continent,wild pigs caused millions of dollars in crop damage yearly.TheyOY also harbored dozens of diseases that threaten both humans and farm animals.Forest patcheswith wild pigs have been found to have considerably reduced plant and animal diversity.In addition to either eating other animals or their food supply,wild pigs damaged native habitats by reaching up crosses and rubbing on trees.Their activities may also create opportunities for invasive plants to colonize these areas.Wild pigs will eat almost anything containing calories.Mice,deer, birds,snakes and frogs are among their victims.They can also harm other wild species through indirect competition rather than eating them or shrinking their food supply.On one particular United States island,wild pigs themselves became an attractive food source for a species of mainland eagle.Eagles began breeding on the island and also feeding on a species of native fox.The foxes were almost wiped out completely.Q16.What do we learn about early pigs in north America?Q17.Why are wild pigs a threat to humans?Q18.What does the passage say about the native foxes on a U.S.island? PASSAGE2(19)A pair of entrepreneurs are planning to build and launch a spacecraft that would carry and roast coffee beans in outer space.The craft will use the heat of re-entry to roast coffee beans,as they float inside it in a pressurized tank.The effect would be to roast the beans all over and produce perfect coffee.(20)The businessmen say that on earth,beans can easily break apart and get burned in the roaster.But if gravity is removed,the beans float around and heated oven,received360degrees of evenly distributed heat and roast to near perfection.The spacecraft will reach a height of around200kilometers.The beans would WANGYI then be roasted and the heat generated by the crafts20minute re-entry into earth's atmosphere.Temperatures and the pressurized tank will be kept to around200degrees Celsius.Once back on earth,the planet's first space roasted beans would be used to make coffee that would be sold for the first time in Dubai.This is where the Pairs company is based.It is not clear how much they would charge for a cup.Surprisingly, the space roaster concept should it go ahead will not be the first attempt to take coffee into space.(21)In2015,two Italian companies collaborated on the construction of a similar type of spacecraft,which was the first coffee machine designed for use in space.Q19.What are a pair of entrepreneurs planning to do?Q20.What does the passage say about coffee beans roasted on earth?Q21.What did the two Italian companies do in2015?PASSAGE3Passage threeIn cold and snowy Alaska,there’s a village called Takotna.It has a population of a mere49adults.Each March,this tiny village swells up in numbers because it is located in the middle of a race that takes place every year.It is a seven-day race called“The Iditarod Trail”.And participants stop at Takotna for the obligatory24hour rest.Lucky for them,Takotna is famous OY for its delicious fruit pies.Weeks before the competitors arrive,the residents of Takotna start preparing what is without question their biggest event of the year.The whole village chips in to help,including the kids,who end up developing their baking skills at an early age.Exhausted and hungry racers are greeted with delightful pies of all kinds,such as apple,orange,lemon,or banana.They consume the pies and a stomach warming race fuel.The toughness of the race allows for racers to eat pretty much whatever they want.The more calories, the better.Takotna has gained a reputation for its dessert-based hospitality since the1970s.It started with one person,Jane Newton.Jane moved from Iditarod with her husband in1972and opened a restaurant.A rich and filling fruit pies quickly got the races attention,and the village gained some fame as a result.Proud residents then started to refer to Jane as queen of Takotna.Questions22to25,or based on the passage,you have just heardQ22.Why do a lot of people come to the village of Takotna every March?Q23.What is the village of Takotna famous for?Q24.Who comes to help with the event of the year?Q25.What does the passage say about Jane Newton?第一套答案：SectionA1.C)Send him to an after-school art class.2.D)Contacted Joe to decorate its dining-room.3.A)Get her pet dog back.4.B)It is offering a big reward to anyone who helps.5.D)Help people connect with each other.6.B)It does not use volunteers7.A)They will find they have something in commonSectionB8.D)Preparations for Saturday's get-together.9.A)It enables guests to walk around and chat freely.10.B)It offers some big discounts.11.D)Bring his computerand speakers12.C)For convenience at weekends.13.B)They are reliable.14.C)Seek advice from his friend15.A)He can be trusted.SectionC16.D)Many escaped from farms and became wild.17.A)They carry a great many diseases.18.B)They fell victim to eagles.19.C)Roast coffee beans in outer space.20.A)They can easily get burned.21.B)They collaborated on building the first space coffee machine.22.C)A race passes through it annually.23.D)It’s tasty fruit pies.24.A)The entire village.25.C)She helped the village to become famous.第二套答案SectionA1.A)See the Pope.2.D)He ended up in the wrong place.3.C)Glasgow has pledged to take the lead in reducing carbon emissions in the UK.4.A)Glasgow needs to invest in new technologies to reach its goal.5.B)It permits employees to bring cats into their offices.6.B)Rescue homeless cats.7.C)It has let some other companies to follow suit.SectionB8.A)Find out where is Jimmy.9.B)He was working on a project with Jimmy.10.C)He was involved a traffic accident.11.D)He wanted to conceal something from his parents.12.B)Shopping online.13.D)Getting one's car parked.14.C)The quality of food products.15.A)It saves moneySectionC16.D)They have strong negative emotions towards math.17.B)It affects low performing children only.18.A)Most of them have average to strong math ability.19.C)Addiction to computer games is a disease.20.A)They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.21.D)There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease.22.C)They are a shade of red bordering on brown.23.D)They must follow some common standards.24.B)They look more official.25.D)For security.​​​快速阅读1What happens when a language has no words for numbers?36.[E]It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively（在认知方面）normal，well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries.37.[H]Compared with other mammals,our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many assume.38.[E]It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively（在认知方面）normal，well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries.39.[B]But,in a historical sense,number-conscious people like us are the unusual ones.40.[K]Research on the language of numbers shows,more and more,that one of our species'key characteristics is tremendous linguistic（语言的）and cognitive diversity.41.[D]This and many other experiments have led to a simple conclusion:When people do not have number words,they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me.42.[G]None of us,then,is really a"numbers person."We are not born to handle quantitative distinctions skillfully.43.[A]Numbers do not exist in all cultures44.[I]So,how did we ever invent"unnatural"numbers in the first place?The answer is,literally,at your fingertips.45.45.[F]This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.快读阅读2The start of high school doesn't have to be stressful36.[E]ln addition,studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan.37.[G]ln one recent study,we examined360adolescents'beliefs about the nature of"smartness"-that is,their fixed mindsets about intelligence.38.[J]These findings lead to several possibilities that we are investigating further.39.[C]In the new global economy,students who fail to finish the ninth grade with passing grades in college preparatory coursework are very unlikely to graduate on time and go on to get jobs.40.[H]We also investigated the social side of the high school transition.41.[E]n addition,studies find the first year of high school typically shows one of the greatest increases in depression of any year over the lifespan.42.[D]The consequences of doing poorly in the ninth grade can impact more than students'ability to find a good job.43.[A]This month,more than4million students across the nation will begin high school.44.[I]Experiment results showed that students who were not taught that people can change showed poor stress responses.45.[F]Given all that's riding on having a successful ninth grade experience, it pays to explore what can be done to meet the academic,social and emotional challenges of the transition to high school.快读阅读3Science of setbacks:How failure can improve career prospects36.[G]One straightforward reason close losers might outper-form narrow winners is that the two groups have comparable ability.37.[D]Others in the US have found similar effects with National Institutes of Health early-career fellowships launching narrow winners far ahead of close losers.38.[K]ln sports and many areas of life,we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better.39.[B]one way social scientists have probed the effects of career setbacks is to look at scientists of very similar qualifications.40.[I]He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money.41.[F]In a study published in Nature Communications,North-western University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than1,100scientists who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between1990and2005.42.[J]For his part,Wang said that in his own experience,losing did light a motivating fire.43.[C]A2018study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,for example,followed researchers in the Netherlands.44.[I]He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money.45.[E]This is bad news for the losers.仔细阅读1-题源What happens when a language has no words for numbers?Numbers do not exist in all cultures.There are numberless hunter-gatherers embedded deep in Amazonia,living along branches of the world’s largest river tree.Instead of using words for precise quantities,these people rely exclusively on terms analogous to“a few”or“some.”In contrast,our own lives are governed by numbers.As you read this,you are likely aware of what time it is,how old you are,your checking account balance, your weight and so on.The exact(and exacting)numbers we think with impact everything from our schedules to our self-esteem.But,in a historical sense,numerically fixated people like us are the unusual ones.For the bulk of our species’approximately200,000-year lifespan,we had no means of precisely representing quantities.What’s more,the7,000 or so languages that exist today vary dramatically in how they utilize numbers.Speakers of anumeric,or numberless,languages offer a window into how the invention of numbers reshaped the human experience.In a2017book,I explored the ways in which humans invented numbers,and how numbers subsequently played a critical role in other milestones,from the advent of agriculture to the genesis of writing.Cultures without numbers,or with only one or two precise numbers,include the Munduruku and Pirahãin Amazonia.Researchers have also studied some adults in Nicaragua who were never taught number words.Without numbers,healthy human adults struggle to precisely differentiate and recall quantities as low as four.In an experiment,a researcher will place nuts into a can one at a time,then remove them one by one.The person watchingis asked to signal when all the nuts have been removed.Responses suggest that anumeric people have some trouble keeping track of how many nuts remain in the can,even if there are only four or five in total.This and many other experiments have converged upon a simple conclusion:When people do not have number words,they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me.While only a small portion of the world’s languages are anumeric or nearly anumeric, they demonstrate that number words are not a human universal.It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively normal, well-adapted to the environs they have dominated for centuries.As the child of missionaries,I spent some of my youth living with anumeric indigenous people,the aforementioned Pirahãwho live along the sinuous banks of the black Maici River.Like other outsiders,I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the riverine ecology we shared.Yet numberless people struggle with tasks that require precise discrimination between quantities.Perhaps this should be unsurprising.After all,without counting,how can someone tell whether there are,say,seven or eight coconuts in a tree?Such seemingly straightforward distinctions become blurry through numberless eyes.This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies.Prior to being spoon-fed number words,children can only approximately discriminate quantities beyond three.We must be handed the cognitive tools of numbers before we can consistently and easily recognize higher quantities.In fact,acquiring the exact meaning of number words is a painstaking process that takes children years.Initially,kids learn numbers much like they learn letters.They recognize that numbers are organized sequentially,but have little awareness of what each individual number means.With time,they start to understand that a given number represents a quantity greater by one than the preceding number.This“successor principle”is part of the foundation of our numerical cognition,but requires extensive practice to understand.None of us,then,is really a“numbers person.”We are not predisposed to handle quantitative distinctions adroitly.In the absence of the cultural traditions that infuse our lives with numbers from infancy,we would all struggle with even basic quantitative distinctions.Number words and written numerals transform our quantitative reasoning as they are coaxed into our cognitive experience by our parents,peers and school teachers.The process seems so normal that we sometimes think of it as a natural part of growing up,but it is not.Human brains come equipped with certain quantitative instincts that are refined with age,but these instincts are very limited.For instance,even at birth we are capable of distinguishing between two markedly different quantities–for instance,eight from16things. But we are not the only species capable of such pared to chimps and other primates,our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many presume.We even share some basic instinctual quantitative reasoning with distant nonmammalian relatives like birds.Indeed,work with some other species,including parrots,suggests they too can refine their quantitative thought if they are introduced to the cognitive power tools we call numbers.The birth of numbersSo,how did we ever invent“unnatural”numbers in the first place?The answer is,literally,at your fingertips.The bulk of the world’s languages use base-10,base-20or base-5number systems.That is,these smaller numbers are the basis of larger numbers.English is a base-10or decimal language, as evidenced by words like14(“four”+“10”)and31 (“three”x“10”+“one”).We speak a decimal language because an ancestral tongue,proto-Indo-European, was decimally based.Proto-Indo-European was decimally oriented because,as in so many cultures,our linguistic ancestors’hands served as the gateway to realizations like“five fingers on this hand is the same as five fingers on that hand.”Such transient thoughts were manifested into words and passed down across generations.This is why the word“five”in many languages is derived from the word for“hand.”Most number systems,then,are the by-product of two key factors:the human capacity for language and our propensity for focusing on our hands and fingers. This manual fixation–an indirect by-product of walking upright on two legs–has helped yield numbers in most cultures,but not all.Cultures without numbers also offer insight into the cognitive influence of particular numeric traditions.Consider what time it is.Your day is ruled by minutes and seconds,but these entities are not real in any physical sense and are nonexistent to numberless people.Minutes and seconds are the verbal and written vestiges of an uncommon base-60number system used in Mesopotamia millennia ago.They reside in our minds,numerical artifacts that not all humans inherit conceptually.Research on the language of numbers shows,more and more,that one of our species’key characteristics is tremendous linguistic and cognitive diversity.While there are undoubtedly cognitive commonalities across allhuman populations,our radically varied cultures foster profoundly different cognitive experiences.If we are to truly understand how much our cognitive lives differ cross-culturally,we must continually sound the depths of our species’linguistic diversity.答案Educators and business leaders have more in common than it may seem46.C)They help students acquire the skills needed for their future success.47.A)By blending them with traditional,stimulating activities.48.B)By playing with things to solve problems on their Own.49.C)Encourage them to make things with hands.50.B)Develop students′creative skills with the resources available. Being an information technology,or IT,worker is not a job I envy.51.B)It does not appeal to him.52.C)Many employees are deeply frustrated by IT.53.D)Employees become more confident in their work.54.D)Think about the possible effects on their employees.55.A)By designing systems that suit their needs.仔细阅读2-题源Sugar shocked.That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that,50years ago,the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that downplayed sugar's role in heart disease—and put the spotlight squarely on dietary fat.What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry.Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food."Roughly90%of nearly170studiesfavored the sponsor's interest,"Nestle tells us via email.Other,systematic reviews support her conclusions.For instance,studies funded by Welch Foods—the brand behind Welch's100% Grape Juice—found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function.Another,funded by Quaker Oats,concluded,as a Daily Mail story put it,that"hot oatmeal breakfast keeps you full for longer."While these examples might induce chuckles,the past year has seen several exposes that have raised serious concerns about the extent of industry's influence on food and nutrition research outcomes.Last year,The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding high-profile scientists and organizations promoting a message that,in the battle against weight gain,people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink.In the aftermath of that investigation,Coca-Cola released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between2010and2015,from the Academy of Family Physicians to the American Academy of Pediatrics.All told,Coca-Cola says it gave$132.8million toward scientific research and partnerships.And earlier this summer,the Associated Press released an investigation that looked at research funded by the National Confectioners Association,a trade group whose members include the makers of Tootsie Rolls,Hershey's kisses and Snickers bars.One study the group funded concluded that kids who eat candy tend to weigh less than those who don't.In an email to her co-author,the AP reported,one of the scientists behind that study wrote that the finding was"thin and clearly padded."Nonetheless,the paper was published in a journal called Food&Nutrition Research."It's definitely a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,"says Bonnie Liebman,director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest,a nonprofit advocacy group."When the food industry pays for research,it often gets what it pays for."And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.。