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《大学英语二》1、交际用语复习提示：（从以下选取15小题）：1）—Is it OK if I take this seat? —Sorry, _________ C. it’s taken2）—Can I ask you a few questions? —_________ D. Certainly.3）—Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the bus stop?—_A. Yes, go straight down this way to the end.4）—Let’s go to the library this afternoon.— ________. D That’s a good idea5）-Hi, is Mary there, please? - ________A Hold on. I’ll get her.6）—Do you think I could borrow your dictionary? —_________.D. Yes, help yourselves7）-Madam, do all the buses go downtown? - ________.D Sorry, I’m new here8）—You haven't paid for it yet. — A Oh, I'm really very sorry.9）— Bring me the bill, please. —________. B. Please wait for a moment, sir10）—Hey, Linda. You look so pale. What's the matter? —?C I'm just getting over the flu.11) —Can I have a look at your letter, please? —________. B. I’m afraid you can’t12) —You've got the first prize in the dancing contest. — ____ B Oh, really? I can't believe my ears!.13) —You've been busy, haven't you? —_B Yes, I've been working hard on my paper.14) —Paul, _ B. who’s talking over there? —Oh, that’s my father! And beside him, my mother.15) —Would you mind if I turned the radio up? —_________B No, go right ahead.16) —Sorry, I couldn’t come to the party. I was sick that day. —________.B That’s all right17) —Where is the Loan Department, please? —_________B This way, please.18) —This is a challenging job. Who wants it? — _____A I'll take it.19)Susan is absent from today’s writing class.A How come? As far as I know,she has never missed a class.20) Unbelievable! I have failed the driving test again! — . This is not the end of the world. BCheer up 21）—Could you help me put up the signs on the wall? —_____A. No problem22) —____ C. How are you getting on with your English __? —Quite well. Thank you.23) —We are going to have a singing party tonight. Would you like to join us?— ________. A I’m afraid not, because I have to go to an important meeting24)—What’s the problem with your bike? — ________. C Nothing serious25)—Would you mind if I turned the radio up? —_.B. No, go right ahead26) Are you getting a new flat this year?B. You must be joking I can’t afford to pay my bills, let alone buy a new flat.27) —Wow! This is a marvelous room! I’ve never known you’re so artistic. —_ C Thank you for your compliments28) —Could I ask you a rather personal question? —Of course, _________.D. go ahead29) —________? —He teaches physics in a school. A. What does your father do30) — Are you going on holiday for a long time? — _________. C. No, only a couple of days第一部分：交际用语—Can I ask you a few questions? —_________ D. Certainly.—Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the bus stop? —_____A. Yes, go straight down this way to the end.—Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?—_________.D. Yes, help yourselves— Bring me the bill, please. —________.B. Please wait for a moment, sir—Can I have a look at your letter, please? —________. . B. I’m afraid you can’t— Are you going on holiday for a long time? — _________. C. No, only a couple of days—Could I ask you a rather personal question? —Of course, _________.D. go ahead—Are you getting a new flat this year?—_________, I can’t afford to pay my bills, let alone buy a new flat.B. You must be joking—Doctor, I don’t feel well. —_________C. What’s the matter?—Could you help me put up the signs on the wall? —_________.A. No problem11. —I’m terribly sorry that I’ve spilled some coffee on the carpet.—________ .B. It doesn’t matter12. —Tomorrow is my birthday.— ________.C. Many happy returns of the day!13. —You speak English very good.—________.C. Thank you14. —I’m sorry to trouble you. Can I borrow a pen, please?—________.B. Certainly! It is here15. —I was born in Boston, but I studied in New York. ________?—I was born in New York, but studied in Boston. B. And you第二部分：阅读理解A: Concerning money or anything else, conflicts between husband and ^……16. According to the writer, conflicts between husband and wife usually reflect ______.B. power struggle17. As children enter adolescents, they begin to do the following except ______.C. getting married whenever they please18. ".Generation gap is narrowing "means _C. the vast majority of teenagers share most of their parents' values and ideas19. Parents and children often disagree about what is important or right because ______.D. they are in a society of rapidly changing social and moral values20. When many American parents don't know how to deal with their children they seek advice from the following except ______. A. neighborsB:What do we mean by a satisfactory standard of living? Obviously, ……21. What we need in life is divided into ______ according to this article A. the basic necessities and luxury22. A person who gets the basic necessities must ____ according to the writer. A. have a reliable income23. We all enjoy ____________.B. having reliable income and extra income24. With time going on, ______.A. a luxury may change into a need which most people want to get25. If most people of a country have a television, we _______.C. can not say the television is the basic necessities第三部分：词汇与结构26. At 6:30 a.m. next morning the train Central Station, Glasgow. A. pulled into27. A sob caught his throat and he coughed to it. B. mask28. She’s been reported missing and we’re checking her movements for the two weeks before she A. vanished29. In a small enterprise or department, management by inertia (惰性) is a disease.B. deadly30. Mr. Trump would not details of his plan for a new factory to make mobile phones in China.B. reveal31. But it is D. evident that publishers, to stay in business, need to bring out a large number of titles every year.32. “We have monitored in the area and there is no to health,” she said.B. hazard33. He could see her lips and hoped she would not cry in public again. B. trembling34. The result of every accident, however , is a rise in the cost of insurance(保险).D. minor35. The only way to a fear is to face it, and to do so as frequently as possible.D. conquer第四部分：完形填空（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）36--40. BDBAC 41--45. CDBBAWhile I was waiting to enter university, I saw an advertisement in a newspaper–a teaching job wanted at a school about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no 36 of teaching my chances of getting the job were 37 .However, three days later, a letter arrived, calling me to Croydon for a meeting with the headmaster. It was clearly the 38 himself that open the door. He was shout and round."The school," he said, "is made up one class of twenty-four boys between se ven and thirteen.” I should have to teach all the subjects except art, 39 he taught himself. I should have to divide the class into 40 groups and teach them in turn at three different 41 . And I was not glad at the thought of teaching maths, a s ubject at which I wasn’t very 42 at school. Worse perhaps was the idea of 43 to teach them on Saturday afternoon because most of my friends would be enjoying themselves at that time.Before I had time to ask about my salary, he got up to his 44 . "Now," he said, “You’d better meet my wife. She is the one who really 45 this school.”36. A. material B. experience C. means D. books37. A. nice B. great C. helpful D. slight38. A. teacher B. headmaster C. student D. door-keeper39. A. which B. that C. what D. this40. A. one B. two C. three D. four41. A. classes B. subjects C. levels D. places42. A. poor B. interested C. week D. good43. A. forcing B. having C. forgetting D. managing44. A. letter B. feet C. hands D. wife45. A. runs B. starts C. observes D. likes《大学英语2 》期末试卷（A卷）答题纸第五部分：英译汉（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）请在20分钟内把下列5句英文翻译成中文，并在本页上端填写考生信息。

Effect of shearing on crystallization behavior ofpoly(ethylene naphthalate)W.J.Yoon,H.S.Myung,B.C.Kim,S.S.Im *Department of Textile Engineering,Hanyang University,Haengdang,Seongdong,Seoul 133-791,South KoreaReceived 11August 1999;received in revised form 24September 1999;accepted 30September 1999AbstractThe effect of shear history on the isothermal crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene naphthalate)(PEN)was investigated by rheological and morphological measurements.Time sweep measurements of storage modulus (G H )and dynamic viscosity (h H )were carried out on the molten PEN by Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES)in the parallel-plate geometry at several different temperatures and frequencies,followed by structural analysis by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC),X-ray diffractometer,and polarizing microscopy for the shear-induced crystallized PEN specimens in the ARES measurements.The rate of isothermal crystallization of PEN was notably affected by temperature,while the shear rate has an important effect on the structures of the resultant crystals.At a constant shear rate,the rate of crystallization by shear-induced structuring mechanism was increased with lowering temperature over the temperature range 230–250ЊC.The rate of crystallization was increased with increasing shear rate at a given temperature.An increase in shear rate increased both nucleation and number of crystallites.Further,it increased the content of the a -form crystal in the specimen.On the other hand,lower shear rate offered more favorable conditions for forming the b -form crystal.DSC analysis exhibited that the b -form crystal had higher melting temperature (T m )than the a -form crystal.The wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD)patterns also ascertained that higher content of the a -form crystal was produced in the PEN specimen crystallized at higher frequency.᭧2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords :Poly(ethylene naphthalate);Rheology;Shear-induced crystallization1.IntroductionShear-induced structural changes in polymeric materials take an increasing interest in the field of polymer proces-sing.In real polymer processing very complex deformation histories are involved,which can influence ultimate proper-ties of plastics.Recent advances in experimental techniques that allow in situ measurements of materials under deforma-tion have escalated research in this subject area.It has been known for a long time that flow stress have accelerating effect on the crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers [1–6].It is supposed that the application of a shear stress to a polymer melt should lead to formation of orientation and reduce the entropy of the melt,which results in a higher melting temperature and,hence,lead to an increased super-cooling [3,7].Several experiments have been described in the literature where attempts were made to quantify the shear stress-induced crystallization in molten semi-crystal-line polymers such as polypropylene [3,8,9],polyethylene oxide [10],polypropylene [11–13],and polybutene-1[3,14].Some investigators used rotational viscometers andmeasured either the volume change [15]or the number of nuclei formed during shearing [11,14].The polymers enum-erated above are apt to process because of low melting point and viscosity.On the other hand,PEN has good thermal and mechanical properties and is being used as engineering plastics.PEN is reported to have two different triclinic crystalline structures,a -form and b -form crystals.Of two crystal forms,the b -form crystal is known to be more stable than the a -form.The effect of crystallization temperature on the resultant crystal structure is well recognized;lower temperature favors formation of the a -form crystal.The critical temperature is reported about 230ЊC.However,the effect of shear history on the crystal structure of PEN has not been reported.In this study,the shear-induced crystallization behavior of PEN was investigated on the rheological basis.The effect of shear history on the crystalline structure was also discussed in terms of thermal and morphological properties.2.Experimental 2.1.MaterialThe PEN tested was a commercially available gradePolymer 41(2000)4933–49420032-3861/00/$-see front matter ᭧2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0032-3861(99)00703-X*Corresponding author.Tel.:ϩ82-2-2292-0495;fax:ϩ82-2-2297-5859.E-mail address:imss007@email.hanyang.ac.kr (S.S.Im).supplied by Kolon Group in South Korea.The inherent viscosity,0.344dl/g was determined in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and chloroform (1/3v/v%)with an Ubbelohde viscometer at 25^0:1ЊC :The polymer was dried in a vacuum oven at 120ЊC for 24h prior to use.2.2.Measurement of physical propertiesThe dynamic rheological properties were measured by ARES (Rheometric Scientifics)in the parallel plate geome-try.The plate diameter was 12.5mm,strain level was 5%,and gap between the plates was 1mm.The PEN chips were melted at 300ЊC.The initial gap was set to a value equiva-lent to final gap plus 50m m.The excess sample squeezed out by reducing the gap was carefully trimmed off.The value was reset to the final gap value,1mm.To remove the residual stress the newly set PEN specimen was relaxed for about 5min at the temperature in nitrogen atmosphere,then cooled to the predetermined temperature for rheologi-cal measurements.A time-sweep experiment was continued for the specimen till the G H reached the ceiling value of the apparatus.After ARES measurement,the molten PEN sample was detached from the plates for measuring other properties such as thermal and morphological properties by DSC,X-ray diffractometer and polarizing optical micro-scopy.Thermal properties were measured by Perkin–Elmer DSC-7over the temperature 50–300ЊC at the heating rate of 10ЊC/min under nitrogen purge.The isothermalcrystallization experiment was performed by two different methods.Firstly,the PEN sample was heated to 300ЊC at the heating rate of 200ЊC/min,and held for about 5min,then they were cooled to the preset temperature to bring about the isothermal crystallization for same time required in ARES experiment.Secondly,the PEN chips were melted at 300ЊC between two slide glasses for 5min on the hot stage.They were moved to an oil bath very quickly and isothermally crystallized at 230,240,and 250ЊC for 4,10,and 24h,respectively.Wide angle X-ray diffraction patterns of the isothermally crystallized PEN specimen in the oil bath and ARES were obtained by X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku Denki)with Ni-filtered CuK a radiation at 35kV and 35mA.Morphology of quiescent and shear-induced crystallized PEN specimen was observed by polarized microscopy (Nikon HFX-IIA).The spherulite structure was observed by microtoming the specimen.3.Results and discussionIn the plot of G H and h H versus time at a given frequency for a polymer,the two parameters may give information on the change in physicochemical properties of the polymer.For thermally sensitive polymer melts,an irreversible decrease of viscosity with time at a constant shear rate suggests the possibility of thermal degradation of polymer molecules,whereas an irreversible increase of viscosityW.J.Yoon et al./Polymer 41(2000)4933–49424934Fig.1.Variation of G H with time for PEN melt at 240ЊC at three different frequencies.with time indicates the possibility of chemical crosslinkingbetween polymer molecules.Both thermal degradation andchemical crosslinking show irreversibility in the rheologicalresponses.On the other hand,a reversible change in G H and h H with time at a constant frequency may be caused by changing in the physical state of the polymer melts.A typi-cal example of the physical change is the isothermal crystal-lization.As the crystallites grow to larger sized spheruliteswithin the PEN melt through nucleation and growth,thehomogeneous melt system changes to the heterogeneoussystem.Thus the G H and h H increase with the crystallization time.Figs.1and2show the variation of the G H and h H of PEN melt with time at240ЊC at three different shear rates(1,3, and5rad/s).At the early stage of experiment,both G H and h H are increased slowly,indicating an induction time for crystallization.The induction period is the stage when randomly entangled polymer chains transform to the regular aligned lattice.Because of topological obstruction of such entanglements,the polymer crystallization is extremely slow[16].However,an abrupt increase of both parameters follows in some minutes.This phenomenon can be ascribed to the formation of tiny crystals so-called crystallites prob-ably due to shear-induced crystallization.It can be easily imagined that the homogeneous PEN melt changes to a suspension system with proceeding crystallization,in which numerous crystallites are dispersed in the homo-geneous molten polymer matrix.The viscosity increases due to increasing the volume fraction of dispersed crystal-lites with progressing crystallization,which is also reportedby others[7,9,11,14,17].The ceiling value of G H is the same regardless of frequen-cies and temperatures whenfinishing crystallization asshown in Fig.1.On the other hand,the ceiling value of h H is gradually decreased with increasing the applied frequency as shown in Fig.2.This is attributable to pseudo-plasticity.That is,the heterogeneous system is expected toshow yield behavior[18].At low shear rates the hetero-geneous systems exhibit very high viscosity,and almostunbounded viscosity at zero shear rate.The viscosity,however,is rapidly decreased if the shear rate exceeds acritical value.Consequently,the ceiling viscosity at1rad/sis greater than at5rad/s.In addition,the ceiling value of h H shows a gradual decrease with time after having reached maximum as shown in Fig.2,which is more noticeable at the higher frequency.The gradual decrease of h H seems to result from the restructuring of the heterogeneous systems. That is,the viscosity is decreased with shearing on account of destruction of the orderedfiller particle structure.The destruction of the pseudostructure offiller particles is increased as shear rate is increased.Fig.2reflects this.It is also noted in Figs.1and2that the induction time forcrystallization is decreased as frequency is increased.Anapplication of shear stress to a polymer melt would giverise to two characteristic responses,orientation and slippageof polymer molecules.They are associated with theW.J.Yoon et al./Polymer41(2000)4933–49424935Fig.2.Variation of h H with time for PEN melt at240ЊC at three different frequencies.W.J.Yoon et al./Polymer41(2000)4933–49424936Fig.3.Variation of G H(A)and h H(B)for PEN melt at3rad/s at three different temperatures.W.J.Yoon et al./Polymer41(2000)4933–49424937Fig.4.DSC thermograms of PEN isothermally crystallized at(A)230ЊC,(B)240ЊC and(C)250ЊC at various frequencies.macroscopic phenomena of elasticity and flow,respectively.That is,the oriented polymer molecule has fewer possible conformations than the unoriented one,which results in lower entropy.At the melting temperature,the free energy of the crystal equals the free energy of the melt as written by [3]T mD H f D S f H m ϪH cS m ϪS c1Hence,for an oriented melt,the ensuing reduction in entropy raises T m .Further,it increases the degree of super-cooling,accelerating the rate of crystallization.In general,higher shear rate gives better chance for orientation.Con-sequently,the induction time for cystallization is decreased with increasing shear rate.In Fig.3(A)and (B)shows that the annealing temperaturehas a profound effect on the nucleation and crystallization mechanism of PEN melts.The increase of G H and h H with annealing time represents the extent of crystallization of the melts with annealing time.Fig.3suggests that the number and growth rate of the nucleated crystallites is greater at 230ЊC than at 250ЊC.That is,both nucleation density and growth rate of crystallites are diminished with raising the annealing temperature.This stands to reason because the maximum rate of the homogeneous crystallization of PEN melts is observed in the vicinity of 215ЊC.The viscosity behavior of the PEN melt with crystalliza-tion in Fig.3may be accounted for by adopting the Mooney equation in a qualitative manner [19].ln h =h 1K E F 21ϪF 2=F m2W.J.Yoon et al./Polymer 41(2000)4933–49424938Fig.4.(continued )Table 1The values of T m H and T m HH of PEN with frequency (230,240and 250indicate temperature.(a)and (b)indicate v 0 a and v 0 b ;respectively (see Fig.6).1,3and 5indicate frequencyT m HT m HH T m HT m HH T m HT m HH PEN230(a)259.2272.1PEN240(a)266.7PEN250(a)270.1PEN230(b)264.1270.9PEN240(b)272.1PEN250(b)280.1PEN2301255.6270.3PEN2401259.3269.3PEN2501269.1PEN2303256.0270.0PEN2403261.9268.7PEN2503270.4PEN2305256.2269.7PEN2405263.6268.0PEN2505270.7F m true volume of fillerapparent volume occupied by the filler3 in which h is the viscosity of the suspension,h l is the viscosity of the suspending medium,f2is the volume frac-tion of thefiller,f m is the maximum volume fraction that thefiller can have,and K E is the Einstein coefficient,whose value is known to be2.5for the dispersed sphericalfiller.W.J.Yoon et al./Polymer41(2000)4933–49424939Fig.5.WAXD patterns of PEN isothermally crystallized at(A)230ЊC,(B)240ЊC and(C)250ЊC at various frequencies.Referring to the Mooney equation,the crystallization patterns of PEN melts at 230ЊC and at 250ЊC are distinc-tively different from each other.The Mooney equation predicts that the degree of increasing the suspension visc-osity with increasing f 2is greatly increased if the spheres form aggregates because the aggregation of spheres (spheru-litic crystallites or crystals in this study)increases the appar-ent filler volume fraction.That is,the immobile portions (homogeneous molten PEN matrix in this study)caged by aggregated spheres also act as filler portion.On this assump-tion,it may be suggested that an application of higher shear rate during isothermal crystallization tends to increase the heterogeneous crystallization characteristics.Hence,the higher nucleation density and higher growth rate of the nucleated crystallites is obtained at higher frequency,and the resultant is more abundant with less stable a -form crys-tals (this will be discussed later in detail).The melt endotherms of quiescently and shear-induced crystallized PEN were shown in Fig.4and the correspond-ing peak temperatures are listed in Table 1.The double melting endotherm behavior is displayed during heating the PEN sample in the DSC cell.In the melting process of the shear-induced crystallized PEN sample,three endother-mic peaks are identified;a broad endotherm,a low endotherm (T m H ),and a high endotherm (T m HH )as shown in Fig.4.The broad endotherm might be due to the thermal history during cooling and reheating,and both low and high endotherms are due to the melting of original lamella and recrystallized one,respectively.These results well coincide with the results of Zachman et al.[20]:(1)no change of crystal modification is observed during DSC scanning;(2)the double melting behavior of PEN is due to the mechan-ism based on melting and recrystallization;(3)the b -form crystal has the T m higher than the a -form crystal by 2ЊC;and (4)the peaks of two forms of crystal are not separated in DSC thermogramsIn Fig.4(A)–(C)v 0rad =s indicates quiescent crystal-lization.(A)indicates that the PEN sample was crystallized at 230,240,and 250ЊC for the same time that required in the ARES experiments,and (B)expresses the PEN sample crys-tallized in an oil bath at the same temperature as in (A)for the time long enough to fully crystallize.Since the crystal-lization time in (A)is much shorter than in (B),an exother-mic peak is observed in the thermogram (A)at around 205ЊC.The v 0rad =s (b)curves in Fig.4(B)show a single melting peak.The T m shifts to higher temperature and peak width gets narrower as the crystallization time and tempera-ture are increased.This is attributable to the increased perfectness of the resultant crystal structure,which is observed more clearly when the sample is crystallized at higher temperature as can be seen in Fig.4(C).Only the b -form crystal exists when the sample is isothermally crys-tallized at 250ЊC after having melted at 300ЊC.This result matches well with the X-ray data.As mentioned the T m of the b -form crystal is higher than the a -form crystal by 2–4ЊC.It has been known that PEN has two different triclinic crystal structures.Buchner et al.reported that crystalW.J.Yoon et al./Polymer 41(2000)4933–49424940Fig.5.(continued )structures are influenced by both melting and isothermal crystallization temperature.They observed that the b -form crystal appeared mainly when PEN was isothermally crys-tallized above 230ЊC quiescently and the a -form crystal did below 230ЊC after having melted at 300ЊC [20].Fig.5presents WAXD patterns of PEN specimens shear-inducedcrystallized at (A)230ЊC,(B)240ЊC,(C)250ЊC at several frequencies.In Fig.5(A)the WAXD patterns for v 0rad =s shows diffraction peaks at 15.6and 23.3Њwhich correspond to (010)and (100)plane of the a -form crystal,respectively.The intensity of these peaks has a tendency to increase with increasing frequency.It means that the appli-cation of shear promotes the formation of the a -form crystal and the increase of frequency increases the content of the a -form crystal.In Fig.5(B)the (010)plane peak of the a -form crystal is smaller than that of the sample crystallized at 230ЊC in Fig.5(A)for v 0rad =s :However,the plane peak is increased with increasing frequency.In the case of the (100)plane peak,a shoulder appears at v 0rad =s :As frequency increases,the intensity of the plane peak standing for the a -form crystal shows tendency to increase.Particu-larly,for v 0rad =s in Fig.5(C)any plane peak of the a -form crystal is not observed,which is consistent with the results reported by Buchner et al.[20].The (010)and (100)plane peaks appear simultaneously,and keep on growing with increasing frequency.In addition,all diffraction peaks of Fig.5shift to lower angle when frequency is increased.This suggests that there is deformation in the crystal struc-tures as well.Thus,this X-ray trace of the sample is similar to those of Fig.5(A)and (B),suggesting similarity in the crystallization behavior at 230–250ЊC.In general,the b -form crystal is thermodynamically more stable but more difficult to nucleate than the a -form crystal and the form of the crystal is largely determined by kinetic factors during crystallization such as the rate of nucleation and spherulite growth [21].In the case of the a -form crystal,one chain passes through the unit cell and the chains in the crystal are extended.In the case of the b -form crystal,however,four chains pass through the unit cell and the chains in the crystal are not completely extended.When the polymer is sheared,the number of crystallites increases with shear rate,representing faster nucleation.Wolkowicz [14]mentioned that the number of crystallites increased exponentially with time at all shear rates.Also,this can be confirmed in Fig.6,which indicates that nuclea-tion becomes increasingly profuse with increasing frequency until the crystalline structure formed is no longer distinguishable with a microscope [3,22].Hence,the content of the a -form crystal in the speci-men increases with frequency because the a -form crys-tal is apt to nucleate due to fast nucleation.Consequently,the resultant a -form crystal is thermody-namically less stable than the b -form crystal because of much reduced entropy by molecular orientation under high shear force.References[1]Hill MJ,Keller A.J Macromol Sci (Phys)1969;B3(1):153.[2]Andrews EH.J Polym Sci 1966;A-2(4):663.[3]Haas TW,Maxwell B.Polym Eng Sci 1969;9:226.W.J.Yoon et al./Polymer 41(2000)4933–49424941(B)(A)(C)Fig.6.Polarizing optical micrographs of PEN crystallized at 240ЊC (A)v 0;(B)v 1;and (C)v 5:[4]Pennings AJ,van der Mark JMAA,Booj HC.kolloid Z v Z Polym1970;236:99.[5]Mackley MR,Keller A.Polymer1973;14:16.[6]Peterlin A.Polym Eng Sci1976;16:126.[7]Kobayashi K,Nagasawa T.J Macromol Sci(Phys)1970;B4:331.[8]Lagasse RR,Maxwell B.Polym Eng Sci1976;16:189.[9]Titomanlio G,Brucato V.Plastics Processing Society,The TenthAnnual Meeting,Akron,OH,1965,p.93.[10]Ulrich RD,Price FP.J Appl Polym Sci1976;14:401.[11]Eder G,Janeschizt-Kriehl H,Liedauer S.Progr Polym Sci1989;15:629.[12]Liedauer S,et al.Int Polym Proc VIII1993;3:236–44.[13]Moitzi J,Skallcky P.Polymer1993;34:3168.[14]Wolkowicz MD.J Polym Sci:Polym Symp1978;63:365.[15]Sherwood CH,Price FP,Stein RS.J Polym Sci;Polym Symp1977;63:77.[16]Imai M,et al.Phys.Rev.1995;B52:12696.[17]Kim JG,Park HJ,Lee JW.Korean J Rheol1997;4:174.[18]Carreau PJ,De Kee DCR,Chhabra RP.Rheology of polymericsystems,New York:Hanser,1997.[19]Nielsen LE.Polymer rheology,New York:Marcel Dekker,1977.[20]Buchner S,Wiswe D,Zachman HG.Polymer1989;30:480.[21]Zachman HG,Wiswe D,Riekel C.Macromol Chem Suppl1985;12:175.[22]Kim SP,Kim SC.Polym Eng Sci1993;33:83.W.J.Yoon et al./Polymer41(2000)4933–4942 4942。

英语二模拟题I. Vocabulary and StructureThere are 30 questions in this part. For each question there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the One that best answers the question.【C】1. True love cannot be , and it is priceless.A. broughtB. caughtC. boughtD. broad【D】2. Finally the crowd broke (up) _ ____ several groups.A. withinB. inC. atD. into【A】3. Being afraid of the dark, she always slept the light on.A. withB. byC. besideD. of【C】4. John is not whether Eddie likes the picture of him and his family.A. ensureB. assureC. sureD. surely【A】5. When he got the train, he didn’t know where he was.A. onB. upC. offD. at【A】6. She went into the street and a taxi home.A. tookB. takingC. takenD. had taken【C】7. Why should we find some to the problems brought by TV?A. meansB. wayC. solutionD. method【B】8. This region at an average of 4,000 meters above sea level.A. laysB. liesC. locatesD. places【C】9. I was ___ _ _ to find his article on such an ___ _ _ topic so ___ __ .A. surprised, excited, boredB. surprising, exciting, boringC. surprised, exciting, boringD. surprising, excited, bored【B】10. He ___ __ his book on the desk last night.A. lieB. laidC. layD. lain【B】11. Although they are brothers, they are entirely __ __ each other .A. get along well withB. different fromC. satisfied withD. ashamed of【C】12. Hardly __ __ the classroom when the class began.A. he had enteredB. he enteredC. had he enteredD. he was entered【D】13. Come here and give me a ___ ___.A. helpB. handsC. supportD. hand【B】14. This post card is sent by _ ___.A. a friend of fatherB. a friend of my father'sC. my father friendD. my father friend's【A】15. It’s foolish to your time.A. wasteB. leave overC. spendD. damage【C】16. With a school record like a young woman, why didn’t you try for a university scholarship?A. I’m shockedB. I’m amazedC. I’m puzzledD. I feel pity【B】17. Many companies are going because of high interest rates.A. bankruptB. bankruptcyC. to a bankD. to banking【D】18. It is only a of time before the rebels surrender.A. problemB. meansC. thingD. matter【C】19. An important quality of a mystery shopper is that he should be good observation.A. atB. inC. forD. to【C】20. we’d arrived there we had a wonderful time.A. onlyB. onceC. one timeD. one more【C】21. For him, it would be a to be able to have a day off work.A. importanceB. matterC. goodD. luxury【A】22. …a mystery shopper will typically work several stores…, taking mental notes while inside, ….A. things to be rememberedB. things concerning the mindC. things fixed in the mindD. things done in the mind【B】23. If a secret shopper will be sent in, …, the candidate must have a particular profile that meets a high-end, luxury car-type buyer profile.A. different from othersB. worthy of note or unusualC. full of detailsD. hard to please【D】24. Jack and Smith the work equally between them.A. shakeB. shadeC. shedD. share【C】25. The train arrived one hour behind __ ___.A. planB. timetableC. scheduleD. date【A】26. How we __ ___ a chance to visit your country!A. longed forB. looked forC. waited forD. went for【D】27. That was __ ____ minority nationalities were treated in old China.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. the way【A】28. It is necessary that he _____ _ for Beijing right now.A. leaveB. leavesC. will leaveD. left【C】29. What chance does a ___ ___ man who never finished high school have?A. forty-years-oldB. forty-years-oldsC. forty-year-oldD. forty-year-olds【C】30. Marriage on true love often brings happiness.A. decidedB. determinedC. basedD. reliedI. Vocabulary and StructureThere are 30 questions in this part. For each question there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the One that best answers the question.【A】1. In arranging their marriage, a couple should not consider anything love.A. exceptB. besideC. besidesD. accept【C】2. The time is ___ ___ for great societal changes.A. liveB. rivalC. ripeD. rise【C】3. Jack said hello to John’s parents and thanked them their kindness.A. fromB. withC. forD. by【B】4. With the Spring Festival __ ___, the stores are crowded with people.A. at the cornerB. round the cornerC. in the cornerD. on the corner【D】5. How is your work getting ?A. upB. withC. downD. along【C】6. Would you mind taking of my home for me while I’m away?A. advantageB. chargeC. careD. hole【D】7. Television did not become very common the early 1960s.A. unlessB. up toC. ontoD. until【D】8. When giving the orders, the captain stress on emergency of the work.A. giveB. getC. layD. laid【B】9. It was in 2001 __ ___ my elder brother went to college.A. whenB. thatC. in whichD. which【B】10. _ ____ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What【C】11. There are about fifteen hundred languages in the world. But only __ __ of them are very important.A. a fewB. a littleC. fewD. little【C】12. I don’t agree to ____ he said.A. thatB. which C .what D. how【B】13. Do you think the tall hat __ __ the little man?A. does some good forB. did any good forC. does some good toD. did any good to【B】14. It was ____ __ late to save the drowning boy as he had gone down for the third time.A. soB. tooC. suchD. much【B】15. He was when he heard the bad news.A. in high spiritsB. depressedC. having a good timeD. cheerful【D】16. It has been that the food people eat affects their health.A. provingB. proveC. provesD. proved【D】17. He had to learn to go drinking while he was in Saudi Arabia.A. out withB. out ofC. withD. without【A】18. You’ll have to work harder to with the top students in your class.A. catch upB. hold upC. go upD. get up【C】19. Companies often mystery shoppers to inspect their service.A. rentB. employC. hireD. take【A】20. We always aim to give our attention to our clients.A. personalB. singleC. onlyD. once【B】21. We searched for the missing papers and finally them in a drawer.A. soughtB. discoveredC. looked atD. looked for【A】22. Nowadays mystery shoppers are armed with a number of high-tech devices…for recording the entire experience.A. all of the events occurringB. things seen and lived throughC. the act of doing and observingD. knowledge gained by doing and observing【B】23. Why is it difficult for the world to talk clones and to reach an agreement?A. overB. aboutC. withD. beyond【B】24. We had a lesson in children education yesterday.A. deepB. profoundC. deeplyD. steep【C】25. _ ____ many difficulties, they still went on with their experiment.A. FaceB. FacedC. Facing withD. Faced with【A】26. Rain does not __ ___ bring down the temperature.A.necessarilyB. certainlyC. undoubtedlyD. Completely【C】27.To my __ ____, this guy is a good-for-nothing.A. heartB. mindC. thoughtD. thinking【C】28. It is ____ ___ to run into danger for nothing.A. childlikeB. childhoodC. childishD. childishly【C】29. If we believe something is good and true we should ___ ___ to it.A. hold upB. keep onC. hold onD. keep up【B】30. They do not allow ____ __ in this classroom.A.smokingB. to smokeC. smokedD. being smokedI. Vocabulary and StructureThere are 30 questions in this part. For each question there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the One that best answers the question.【D】1. Marriage on true love often brings happiness.A. decidedB. determinedC. basedD. relied【C】2. The ________ scheme is destined to fail from the very beginning.A. foolishB. foolC. fooledD. folly【D】3. the Christmas season, all the people are very happy.A. WithB. ForC. ToD. In【D】4. Have you got ___ ___ for the coming examination?A. easyB. busyC. lazyD. ready【C】5. What is the name of Britain?A. officiousB. officesC. officialD. office【B】6. Did you take in the fighting yesterday?A. the partB. partC. partsD. /【C】7. All the parents worry about the of TV on their children.A. defectB. resultC. effectD. affect【C】8. We are fully prepared __ ___ more hard work.A. onB. inC. forD. \【B】9. The noise __ ___ me from sleep just now.A. arousesB. arousedC. ariseD. raise【B】10. Soon he is inside the ___ _ building where his company has offices.A. sixty storyB. sixty-storyC. sixty storiesD. sixty-stories【B】11. You should be out playing __ __ working indoors.A. insteadB. instead ofC. butD. nothing but【A】12. When she opened the door, she found a boy ___ _ in the snow, weeping.A. lyingB. layingC. lieD. lay【B】13. You mustn’t blame me ____ that; it wasn't my fault.A. ofB. forC. toD. in【B】14. his old age, he still went to his office on foot every day.A. Because ofB. In spite ofC. ThoughD. Despite of【A】15. He is very with his money.A. carelessB. worriedC. freeD. thoughtless【A】16. You are supposed to carelessness, for it often leads to errors.A. get rid ofB. get the rid ofC. get ride overD. get ridden【A】17. How do English people use ?A. a knife and forkB. knife and forkC. the knife and forkD. knife and forks【C】18. He seemed to feel the of some explanation.A. essentialB. wishC. necessityD. necessary【D】19. Sometimes it’s important for a mystery shopper to have the right .A. programB. profileC. progressD. process【C】20. If you order the tickets by phone, you have to pay a $2 charge as well as $13.50 for each ticket.A. servingB. serveC. serviceD. serves【C】21. The scientist played an important part in developing his country’s nuclear power .A. processB. profileC. programD. progress【B】22. It’s a challenging job but a rewarding one.A. easy and quickB. light and profitableC. useful or beneficialD. hard or slow【C】23. People are rather about the appearance of clones.A. doubtB. doubtedC. doubtfulD. doubting【D】24. The essays by foreign students are well-written ___ ___ some spelling mistakes?A. besideB. besidesC. exceptD. except for【A】25. It is the boy’s laziness that __ ___ his failure in the exams….A. resulted inB. resulted fromC. brought inD. led into【C】26. Be sure to __ ___ your work at the end of exam.A. set asideB. hang upC. look overD. catch sight of【B】27. Scientists didn’t know much about lung cancer __ ____.A. before longB. long beforeC. until recentlyD. very soon【D】28. The manager said the plan was terrible and had ___ ___ chance of success.A. a fewB. fewC. a littleD. little【B】29. I had no sooner closed the door __ ____ somebody started knocking on it.A. asB. thanC. beforeD. when【C】30. True love cannot be , and it is priceless.A.broughtB. caughtC. boughtD. BroadII. ClozeThere are 2 passages in the part. In each passage there are 10 blanks. For each blank are provided 4 answers. Choose the one that best completes the passage.Television 31 its first serious appearance in 1939, but it did not become common until the early 1950’s. Since then, innumerable children 32 in front of the set. However, many people now worry about the effect of TV on the young. They wonder there had never been..........................................................31. A. brought B. took C. did D. made32. A. grew up B. are growing up C. have grown up D. grow up33. A. such B. so an C. such an D. so34. A. got B. took C. carried D. brought35. A. of B. on C. to D. for36. A. experiences B. experience C. experiencing D. an experience37. A. integrate B. make C. initiate D. initiate38. A. screens B. faces C. surfaces D. appearances39. A. dead B. deaths C. deads D. death40. A. Come with B. With along C. Upon with D. Along with答案：[31-35 DCCDC] [36 A 37C 38-40 ADD]Cars are an important part of life in the United States. 41 most people feel that they are poor. And even if a person is poor he doesn’t feel really poor 42 he has a car.There are three main reasons the car became so popular in the United States. 43 of ...........................41. A. Without a car B. Not with a car C. Without no car D. With not a car42. A. although B. when C. whether D. but43. A. First B. Firstly C. At first D. The first44. A. cheap B. most cheap C. cheapest D. cheaper45. A. which B. that C. where D. what46. A. movement B. carriage C. shipping D. transportation47. A. providing B. to provide C. provided D. provides48. A. that B. what C. how D. which49. A. follow B. further C. chase D. run50. A. best B. most C. worst D. least答案：41-45 : ABACB 46-50:DCBABCars are an important 31 of life in the United States. Without a car most people feel that they are poor. And 32 if a person is poor he doesn’t feel really poor when he has a car.There are three main reasons the car became so 33 in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move 34 in it. The car provides the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation. 35 a car people can go any place without spending a lot of money.........................31. A. role B. part C. effect D. basis32. A. ever B. still C. even D. quite33. A. qualified B. increasing C. developing D. popular34. A. around B. on C. along D. forth35. A. Through B. Since C. With D. As36. A. an interested B. an affected C. an efficient D. a satisfied37. A. quite B. very C. too D. as38. A. very B. so C. too D. as39. A. for B. on C. beside D. about40. A. their own B. theirs own C. their D. TheirsNowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy? Different people may give different answers 41 this question. In my opinion, it is essential to do the following. First, it is absolutely necessary to take 42 exercise every day. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise makes the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. This 43 the ....................................41. A. of B. at C. for D. to42. A. any B. some C. many D. lots43. A. strengthen B. strengths C. strength D. strengthens44. A. low B. slower C. lower D. slow45. A. much B. lots C. many D. great46. A. while B. but C. yet D. during47. A. bring in for B. take in for C. come in for D. go in for48. A. advise B. advice C. devise D. device49. A. for B. like C. to D. at50. A. fits B. fit C. fitful D. Fitfully41-45 DBDCC 46-50 ADCBBNowadays more and more people are concerned 31 their health. But how to keep healthy? Different people may give different answers to this question. In my opinion, it is essential to do 32 .First, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day. Research shows that getting 33 of exercise makes the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. This strengthens the .........................................31. A. over B. of C. about D. for32. A. the following B. a following C. that follows D. as follows33. A. plenty B. a plenty C. the plenty D. plenties34. A. attack B. struggle C. hit D. strike35. A. reason B. why C. whys D. reasons36. A. grasp B. take C. hold D. carry37. A. on B. up C. down D. to38. A. / B. this C. what D. that39. A. on B. down C. up D. over40. A. Unfortunate B. Fortunately C. Fortunate D. Unfortunately31--35 CAAAB 36-40 BCCCDCorrectly, no one should start eating until everyone has been served. 41 , if some people are served before others, the unserved should turn to the served, and say “Don’t wait; please start.” The served do42 , but pick slowly at their food so that the others will be able to catch up.The set of silverware 43 you at a classy dinner can be formidable, but the rule is simple: use it from the outside in. That is, you use the outside spoon 44 your soup, the middle one for dessert, and the inner one for your coffee.................................................41. A. However B. Somehow C. In spite of D. Whereas42. A. such B. so C. it D. /43. A. faced B. facing C. faces D. face44. A. with B. at C. of D. for45. A. have B. get C. grasp D. hold46. A. grasp B. take C. make D. do47. A. the B. a C. bad D. some48. A. finish B. finishes C. finishing D. finished49. A. Any B. Some C. The D. A50. A. never B. ever C. evenly D. Even41--45 ABBDD 46--50 CCDDDIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.61.He answered me, but he spoke neither slowly nor clearly.他回答了我，但他说得又快又不清楚。

外研版七年级英语上册Unit 2 综合素质评价限时: 120分钟满分: 120分第一部分听力(共四大题, 满分20 分)I. 短对话理解(共5 小题; 每小题1 分，满分5 分)( )1. A. What is Jenny’s hobby?A. B. C.( )2. What would the boy like to do this afternoon?A. B. C.( )3. What was Weihua interested in?A. Playing the violin.B. Playing football.C. Playing basketball.( )4. What’s Lingling’s favourite instrument?A. The erhu.B. The piano.C. The guitar. ( )5. What’s in the music?A. Many instruments.B. Many benefits.C. Much fun.II. 长对话理解(共5 小题; 每小题1 分，满分5 分)听下面一段对话, 回答第6、7 题。

( )6. What are the two speakers talking about?A. Hobbies.B. Sports.C. Festivals. ( )7. How long has the girl played the erhu?A. For 7 years.B. For 8 years.C. For 15 years.听下面一段对话，回答第8 至10 题。

( )8. What does Lily’s father do?A. A teacher.B. A doctor.C. A gardener. ( )9. What is Lily’s mother’s hobby?A. Dancing.B. Singing.C. Running.( )10. What does Lily like to do?A. Plant flowers.B. Listen to rock music.C. Play the guitar. III. 短文理解(共5 小题; 每小题1 分，满分5 分)( )11. What does the speaker read every day?A. Storybooks, magazines and newspapers.B. Cartoon books, magazines and newspapers.C. Storybooks, novels and newspapers.( )12. When did the speaker begin reading?A. At three years old.B. At five years old.C. At fifteen years old.( )13. Why did his parents seldom read for him?A. They were very lazy.B. They were very busy.C. They were very tired.( )14. What did the speaker start to read at first?A. Simple ABC books.B. Simple storybooks.C. Simple newspapers.( )15. What does the speaker think about his hobby?A. Simple.B. Fun.C. Good.IV. 信息转换(共5 小题; 每小题1 分，满分5 分)第二部分语言知识运用(共三大题，满分30 分)V. 单项选择(共10 小题; 每小题1 分，满分10 分)( )21. Tom can play ______ piano, but he can’t play ______ football.A. the; theB. /; /C. the; /D. /; the ( )22. I will practice English hard in order to ______ the English speech (演讲)competition.A. beatB. winC. loseD. miss ( )23. The soldier ______ the room to save the baby in the fire.A. ran offB. rushed outC. rushed intoD. ran after( )24. When you feel helpless (无助的) and ______, remember you are not ______ in the world because your friends are around you.A. alone; aloneB. alone; lonelyC. lonely; aloneD. lonely; lonely( )25. Earthquakes always happen ________, so it is difficult to know when they come.A. suddenlyB. quicklyC. loudlyD. usually ( )26. I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few( )27. I have ______ in traveling. Last year I went to Hangzhou and had an ______ trip there.A. interest; interestingB. interest; interestedC. interests; interestingD. interests; interested( )28. —What are your ______?—I like singing and reading.A. habitsB. hobbiesC. subjectsD. lessons ( )29. [2024 芜湖期中改编] There ______ three rooms in Tom’s house ______ a big beautiful garden.A. is; haveB. are; hasC. are; withD. is; with ( )30. At the age of six, Jack read an article about music. ______, he fell in love with music.A. In a hurryB. From then onC. From now onD. As usual VI. 完形填空(共10 小题; 每小题1 分，满分10 分)My hobby is playing chess — one of the greatest games in the world. My mumtaught me 31 to play when I was seven years old. She 32 me every time for the first year. But the next year, on my 33 birthday, I won for the first time. Now I am always the winner between us.It only takes about a day to learn the rules (规则). 34 if you want to play it well, you have to practise for several years. You don’t need much to play chess— just a chessboard (棋盘) and someone to play with. Chessboards can be very 35 , or quite expensive. Some people collect (收集) chessboards 36 a hobby. How interesting!There is a chess club in our school. We meet every week to play chess. I am the best 37 in the club, and the captain (队长) of the chess team at school. This year we 38 first prize in our city competition.I’m saving money to buy a chess 39 . It’s very good for practice. If I buy one, I’ll 40 have someone to play with, and I’m sure I’ll make much progress (进步).( )31. A. what B. why C. how D. where ( )32. A. hit B. chose C. beat D. lost( )33. A. seventh B. eighth C. ninth D. tenth ( )34. A. And B. But C. Or D. Because ( )35. A. cheap B. beautiful C. small D. big( )36. A. for B. at C. as D. like( )37. A. player B. fan C. leader D. teacher ( )38. A. caught B. won C. lost D. gave ( )39. A. computer B. book C. dictionary D. card ( )40. A. sometimes B. ever C. always D. oftenVII. 补全对话，其中有两项多余(共5 小题; 每小题2 分, 满分10 分)A: Listen! 41. ________B: Yes. Someone is playing the piano. Piano music is sweet.A: 42. ________But I prefer guitar music.B: Really? This morning I heard guitar music. 43. ________A: Yes, I was. It’s my hobby. 44. ________B: Pop music. I like listening to it when walking.A: 45. ________B: You are right.A. Were you playing the guitar?B. Why do you think so?C. How sweet the music is!D. I think so.E. What kind of music do you like best?F. Did you use to play the piano?G. That must be fun.第三部分阅读(共两节，满分40 分)VIII. 阅读理解(共20 小题; 每小题2 分, 满分40 分)第一节阅读下列短文，从每小题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。

Ⅰ.单项选择。

（20分）( )1.—Watching TV too much _______ bad for your eyes.—I’ll go to bed right away.( )2.—If you feel _______, you should go to school.A.terrible( )3.—How often do you exercise?—_______A.Less than three times a week.B.More than 10 hours.C.From one thirty to three.D.I often do it.( )4._______ necessary for us _______ English well.A.This is; to learnB.It’s; to learnC.It’s; learnD.That’s; learn( )5.If you eat _______ food and take _______ exercise, you’ll keep healthy.A.more; moreB.less; lessC.more; lessD.less; more( )6.—Humans can’t live _______ air.—I agree with you.( )7.—I can’t keep myself active during the day.—You _______ take more exercise.A.must notB.must beC.need toD.may be( )8.This article says _______ is bad for our lungs.A.smokeB.to smokeC.smokedD.smoking( )9.You had better ask your brother _______ playing computer games. It’s bad for him.A.to give upB.not to give upC.to give it upD.not give it up_______ walk across the road. It’s dangerous.A.may notB.don’t have toC.must notD.needn’t( )11.—Watching TV too much _______ bad for your eyes.—I’ll go to bed right away.( )12.—If you feel _______, you should go to school.( )13.—How often do you exercise?—_______A.Less than three times a week.B.More than 10 hours.C.From one thirty to three.D.I often do it.( )14._______ necessary for us _______ English well.A.This is; to learnB.It’s; to learnC.It’s; learnD.That’s; lea rn( )15.If you eat _______ food and take _______ exercise, you’ll keep healthy.A.more; moreB.less; lessC.more; lessD.less; more( )16.—Humans can’t live _______ air.—I agree with you.( )17.—I can’t keep myself active during the day.—You _______ take more exercise.A.must notB.must beC.need toD.may be( )18.This article says _______ is bad for our lungs.A.smokeB.to smokeC.smokedD.smoking( )19.You had better ask your brother _______ playing computer games. It’s bad for him.A.to give upB.not to give upC.to give it upD.not give it up( )2 _______ walk across the road. It’s dangerous.A.may notB.don’t have toC.must notD.needn’t1：Which is more important, wealth or health? ( ) 1. Which habit is bad for your health?A. Going to bed early.B. Keeping long fingernails.C. Doing moring exercises.D. Washing hands before meals.( ) 2. John eats ____ food and he is much too fat.A. much tooB. many tooC. too muchD. too many ( ) 3. I must ask my father to give up ____.A. smokeB. smokeingC. smokesD. smoking ( ) 4. You look tired. You ____ go to bed early and ____ stay up late.A. should; shouldB. should; shouldn’tC. shouldn’t; shouldD. shouldn’t; shouldn’t( ) 5. If you want ____ thinner, you must eat ____ food.A. be; littleB. be; lessC. to be; lessD. to be; more ( ) 6. —Watching TV too much ____ bad for your eyes.—I’ll go to bed right away.A. isB. areC. wasD. be( ) 7. —I can’t keep myself active during the day.—You ____ take more exercise.A. must notB. must beC. need toD. needs ( ) 8. You must not read ____ the sun.A. underB. inC. atD. on( ) 9. —May I watch TV after dinner, mom?—No, you ____. But you ____ finish your homework first.A. musn’t; canB. must; can’tC. can’t; mustD. can’t; musn’t ( ) 10. ____ is necessary for us ____ read good books.A. It; toB. That; toC. That; isD. This; is( ) 11. —____ wrong with him?—He ____ a backache.A. How’s; haveB. What’s; haveC. What’s; hasD. How’s; has( )12. ____ up late at night is bad for your health.A. StayB. StayingC. staysD. Stayed( )1 3 —I have a toothache.—You should ____.A. drink lots of waterB. take a restC. see a dentistD.have a good sleep( )14. The _______ news makes the whole family very _______.A. excited; happyB. excited; sadC. exciting; happyD. exciting; sad( )15. — Is drinking milk good or bad for our health?— ____________.A. Yes, it isB. No, it isn’tC. It’s goodD. It’s good or bad( ) 16. Going to work _______ breakfast is not a good habit.A. withB. withoutC. havingD. not have( ) 17.He goes to work _______ the day, and studies ________ night.A. in; inB.at; atC.in; atD. at; in( )18. It is necessary _________ us _________ hands before or after meals.A.to; to washB.for; for washingC.for; to washD.to; for washing( )19.--Must we drink eight cups of water every day?-- Yes, you ________.( )20.You look tired. You __ go to bed early and ____ stay up late.A. should, shouldB. shouldn’t, shouldn’tC. shouldn’t, shouldD. should, shouldn( )21.－____ I go home now?－No, you ____. You ____ finish your homework first.A. Must, mustn’t, mustB. May, can’t, needC. Can, can’t, mustD. Can, mustn’t, had to( )22.－Watching TV too much ____ bad for your eyes.－I’ll go to bed right away.A. beB. areC. isD. was( )23.This article says _______ is bad for our lungs.A. smokeB. to smokeC. smokedD. smoking ( )24. Fish can’t live ________ water.A. withB. withoutC. inD. on( )25. We watched a football match ______ last night.A. in TVB. at TVC. into TVD. on TV( )26.We keep our classroom__________.A. cleanB. to cleanC. cleaningD. cleaned ( )27.Plant more trees and grass.______ is important to improve our environment.A. WhatB. ThisC. WhichD. It)28. He looked very ________ when he saw his mother.( )29. Children ______ play on the road because it’s too dangerous.A. mustn’’t C. shouldn’t D.may not( )30. It’s good _______ us_______ walk after supper every day.A.of; toB.to; forC. for; toD.for; for( )31. ____ up late at night is bad for your health.A. StayB. StayingC. staysD. Stayed( )32. —____ do you clean the classroom?—Three times a day.A. How longB. How oftenC. How soonD. How many( )33. —May I look at your new dress?—____A. Sure, here you are.B. No, you’d better not.C. OK, I’d love to.D. Yes, you can.( )34. You look pale（苍白的）. ____ have a good rest?A. Why don’tB. Why are youC. Why notD. Why you don’t1. Doing morning _______ ( exercise ) is good for our health.2. _______ ( brush ) teeth twice a day is a good habit.3. Going to school without _______ ( have ) breakfast is bad for you.4. Go to bed early, you’ll feel _______ ( good ) soon.5. Walking is good _______ ( exercise ).6. Helen’s father _______ ( watch ) TV very late every night.。

Day 41.【2021梅州一模】Derlin Newey, an 89 - year - old pizza delivery driver was in disbelief when the Valdez family visited him. The local TV station was there to ___21___ the moment. “I don’t know what to say,” said Newey as he ___22___ tears of joy. Newey delivers ___23___for Papa John, about 30 hours a week. He said he couldn’t live lonely on social security.___24___ being a delivery driver, Newey is also a rising TikTok star thanks to some loyal___25___ inspired by his kindness.The Valdez family always ask for him when ___26___ pizza and started recording his deliveries as TikTok videos on their channel @ vendingheads. “It’s unbelievable. Everybody ___27___ him,” said Carlos Valdez. The family claims his signature phrase with each ___28___ is, “Hello, are you looking for some pizza?”With more than 53,000 followers, they often got comments asking why Newey was delivering pizzas at his ___29___ . The family decided to use their platform for some good. They asked their followers to make a ___30___ to help Newey, and they were quickly able to raise $12,000. They presented a signed check to him as from his “TikTok Family.”Newey didn’t even know what TikTok was, but was ___31___ for the unexpected blessing. The Valdez family said that the ___32___ couldn’t have gone any better. “We just need to treat people with ___33___ and respect the way he does. He ___34___ our heart,” said Valdez.And if the cash wasn’t ___35___, the family sweetened the surprise with a T - shirt that read, “Hello, are you looking for some pizza?”21. A. witness B. interview C. meet D. call22. A. cleaned up B. moved off C. held back D. wiped up23. A. fruit B. pizzas C. meals D. water24. A. However B. Besides C. Therefore D. Instead25. A. people B. teenagers C. customers D. parents26. A. ordering B. picking C. selecting D. eating27. A. hates B. dislikes C. loves D. recognizes28. A. lunch B. assignment C. job D. delivery29. A. number B. house C. time D. age30. A. donation B. part C. list D. meeting31. A. useful B. grateful C. hopeful D. helpful32. A. surprise B. information C. news D. article33. A. eagerness B. sadness C. kindness D. happiness34. A. drove B. struck C. stole D. lent35. A. missed B. gone C. real D. enough【2021肇庆一模】I was feeling terrible after I was diagnosed（诊断）with cancer. I asked the nurses to keep the doorclosed and the curtains（1）.Every bit of noise or light seemed to（2）the pain.One morning，a man knocked on the door，asking to clean the room. I answered without any（3），hoping he would（4）quickly and go away.You should open these curtains and（5）some sunshine，the man said as he pulled them（6）. "It's a beautiful day!" I didn't answer and kept my eyes closed. He would see that I didn't want to（7）.But he began to hum（哼唱）softly while cleaning. Couldn't he read my（8）？"Do you like music？" he asked."I（9）do，but I'm not feeling well today.""Oh，I will cheer you up. I love music，too." Now he began to sing a bit louder.I opened my （10）now，and we began to talk. He told me his（11）experience of unemployment and hopelessness. A few days ago，I got this job. It doesn't pay much，but I love（12）the patients.He certainly made it. My（13）really changed after that. And（14），my cancer was discovered early and I was alive. Every day，I open the curtains and let the sunshine into my life. That was the best（15）I'd ever received.（1）A. simple B. shabby C. shut D. wrinkled（2）A. manage B. ease C. kill D. sharpen（3）A. enthusiasm B. mercy C. doubt D. concern（4）A. disappear B. finish C. assist D. check（5）A. let in B. give off C. take away D. block out（6）A. tight B. open C. upwards D. together（7）A. breathe B. sleep C. survive D. chat（8）A. lips B. statements C. signals D. words（9）A. hardly B. seldom C. never D. usually（10）A. eyes B. mind C. windows D. door（11）A. valuable B. fruitful C. enjoyable D. painful（12）A. curing B. entertaining C. examining D. attending（13）A. attitude B. occupation C. intention D. personality（14）A. accidentally B. strangely C. fortunately D. eventually（15）A. solution B. advice C. gift D. commentAnswer ：1.【2021梅州一模答案】21. A 22. C 23. B 24. B 25. C 26. A 27. C 28.D 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. C 35. D【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。

Observations and predictions of the behaviour of large,slow-moving landslides in schist,Clyde Dam reservoir,New ZealandD.F.MacfarlaneURS New Zealand Ltd,P O Box 4479,Christchurch,New Zealanda b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 11December 2007Received in revised form 10February 2009Accepted 12February 2009Available online 24February 2009Keywords:Landslide Monitoring Movement rate Rainfall effect PredictionMajor remedial works involving toe buttressing,pumped drainage,gravity drainage and/or in filtration protection were undertaken at nine of the seventeen large landslides along the Clyde dam reservoir margins prior to lake filling in 1992–1993.All 17landslides continue to be routinely monitored and inspected as part of the Dam Safety Assurance Programme undertaken by Contact Energy.Movement of the landslides is monitored by a combination of inclinometers,extensometers and survey,and is correlated with controlling events including lake filling,storms,floods,prolonged wet periods and earthquakes.Most monitoring records extend over periods of 15years,with some histories as long as 25years.Over 100years of rainfall records are available for nearby locations.Very small deformation responses attributable to lake filling occurred at four of the stabilized slides.Slightly accelerated movement occurred at one slide that had not been stabilized,and minor reactivation was detected at three others.Two landslides have demonstrated movement rate sensitivity to rainfall events.Neither slide was signi ficantly affected by lake filling.Monitoring records show that movement of a known ‘active ’part of the Brewery Creek landslide is triggered when a key piezometer reaches or exceeds a critical threshold level.Movement continues until the piezometer drops below that level.Movement of part of Ripponvale landslide increases following prolonged rainfall events.The slide was barely affected by lake filling and has not responded to subsequent transient increases in toe inundation levels (floods).Data from Zone A of the slide mass (which is entirely above the lake)shows the slide to be very sensitive to the effects of prolonged wet periods.Movement rates increase over a period of months and then gradually reduce.Based on the records to date,it can be predicted that the slide will exhibit an increased movement rate when the cumulative rainfall over a period of 3to 4months exceeds about 300mm.©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe Clyde Power Station,owned by Contact Energy Ltd,is a 432MW run-of-river hydro-electric development on the Clutha River in the South Island of New Zealand.The headpond for the power station (Lake Dunstan)is retained by Clyde Dam,and is operated within a range of 1m.It inundates the toes of sixteen creeping or dormant landslides,mostly located along the Cromwell Gorge (Fig.1).In general,the land-slides are large but subtle features,lacking prominent scarps.Most are dip slope failures in mica schist,and the larger landslides exceed 200m in thickness.Geological evidence (e.g.McSaveney et al.,1992)indicates that they are at least 50,000years old and that some may be over 250,000years old.Stabilisation work involving toe buttressing,pumped drainage,gravity drainage and/or in filtration protection was implemented onnine of the landslides prior to lake filling,which was completed in September 1993.The stabilisation works were undertaken at those landslides that,because of their size,location or activity,posed un-acceptable risks of reservoir blockage or damaging wave generation.The objective was to offset the effects of lake filling on stability and preserve the creep behaviour exhibited over the last 16,000years evidenced by the deformation of,and/or extent of debris on,dated alluvial terraces at the toes of the landslides.Brown et al.(1993)describe the overall approach and main elements of the stabilisation programme.Stabilisation measures adopted for the treated landslides are summarised by Table 1.Prior to,during and since lake filling,movement rates,piezometric levels and drain flows have been continually monitored.The mon-itoring records for some instruments are now longer than 20years and the data provides an excellent record both of the effects of remedial works and of the long term response of the landslides to external factors such as earthquake,rainfall events and floods.Engineering Geology 109(2009)5–15E-mail address:don_macfarlane@.0013-7952/$–see front matter ©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.02.005Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEngineering Geologyj o u rn a l h o m e p a g e :w ww.e l s evi e r.c o m /l o c a t e /e n g g e oThis paper focuses on the response to rainfall events of two of the landslides,the Ripponvale Slide at the head of the Kawarau Arm of the lake,and the‘active portion’of Brewery Creek Slide,which is located within the Cromwell Gorge(Fig.1).2.Installed monitoring instrumentationIn the1980s and early1990s,prior to lakefilling,a large number of instruments were installed in the Clyde Dam reservoir landslidestoFig.1.Clyde dam landslides location map.Table1Characteristics and remedial measures for stabilised landslides.Slide Physical characteristics Stabilisation measuresArea(ha)Volume M3x106Max.thickness(m)Toe submerg(m)Buttress(Mm3)Tunnel(km)Drain holes(km)Infiltratn protect(ha) Clyde120605028 1.3 1.0 2.1–Jackson Creek2354635 1.20.57.6–Hintons16550350.5– 1.3–Dunlays53188024– 1.1 4.7–No.5Creek12660100400.20.8 6.3–Nine Mile DS900N100016040– 4.212.8–Nine Mile US26024015040 1.4 3.116.2–Brewery Creek1498016040 2.5 3.215.6Cairnmuir672085Nil– 1.222.0 3.4Cromwell7.5335400.4–––6 D.F.Macfarlane/Engineering Geology109(2009)5–15monitor movement and groundwater levels before,during and after the filling of the lake (Macfarlane and Gillon,1996).The aim of the monitoring programme was to:•establish precedent rates of movement before the filling of the re-servoir (Lake Dunstan);•monitor the slide responses during and immediately after the filling period;and•allow on-going monitoring of slide activity.The installed instruments included:•Geodetic surveys from stable reference points to establish vectors of slope movement.•Key ray distance measurements 1to the geodetic survey pillars on the landslides to monitor the general pattern of slide surface movement.•Inclinometers installed to monitor the subsurface movement rates within the landslides,and at the basal movement plane.•Piezometers installed in many boreholes to document changing ground-water levels as the lake filling progressed included both single and multi level Casagrande type instruments,along with Westbay multi-port installations at selected locations.•Extensometers installed underground across slide base from the drain-age tunnels or on the surface across tension cracks.Many are tele-metered to enable real time monitoring of movements.•Flow measuring weirs established at drainage tunnel portals are tele-metered to enable real time monitoring of changes in total drainage flows.Monitoring data (other than telemetered data)was collected at twice-weekly to two-weekly intervals during lake filling.Monitoring requirements were reviewed and regular monitoring signi ficantly re-duced five years after the completion of lake filling.Regular monitoring at variable frequencies (depending on instrument type and criticality of its location)has continued to the present wherever key instruments have remained functional and/or accessible.3.Performance criteriaAs shown in Table 2,the landslides are classed as ‘major impact ’or ‘minor impact ’on the basis of their hazard potential.Major impact slides are those assessed as capable of blocking the gorge or gene-rating a damaging wave in the event of rapid failure.All landslides are regularly reviewed and classi fied as active,creep-ing or dormant on the basis of their current activity according to the following criteria:Active Slides:creep rate greater than 5mm/year Creeping Slides:creep rate 2–5mm/yearDormant Slides:creep rate less than 2mm/yearThe current (July 2008)activity status of the landslides is sum-marized by Table 2.4.Long term creep behaviorMany of the very large landslides in the Cromwell Gorge exhibit very slow long term creep trends that were only con firmed once there were several years of deformation monitoring records.For example,the Clyde Slide has a long term trend rate in the order of 4mm/year (e.g.see Fig.2)that is little affected by external events such as rainfall,lake filling or earthquake.Other slides (for example Byford Creek Slide,Fig.3)responded to lake filling but have since slowed to similar rates.5.Seismic stabilityOn average about 10earthquakes that generate shaking intensities of MM III or larger at the Clyde dam reservoir area are recorded each year.The seismicity results from New Zealand's location astride the active boundary between the Paci fic and Australian plates.Typical intensities at the reservoir area are MM III to MM V.Based on the NZ Seismic Hazard Model,it is estimated that MM VI shaking is likely to occur about once every 15years at this location and that MM VIII intensity shaking will occur about every 300years.On several occasions,piezometric levels and/or drainage hole flows have increased sharply in response to ground shaking (Fig.4)but no movement responses clearly attributable to earthquake have been detected since monitoring began.The size of earthquake that would induce a signi ficant movement response in any of the landslides is affected by a number of factors.Key factors include the MM intensity at the site,topographic and directivity effects,the types of landslide,geology and groundwater conditions.International experience suggests that MM VII to VIII intensity shak-ing may be required to initiate signi ficant slope movements although shallow instability can occur at lower shaking intensities.As noted by Gillon and Hancox (1992),despite the occurrence of large earthquakes in the area in at least the last 16,000years,none of the slides shows any evidence of ever having undergone large scale rapid movements.6.Rainfall patternsRainfall can have a signi ficant effect on slide displacement rates through loading of the slope,and reduction of effective shear strength on failure surfaces.Three signi ficant rainfall events in the post-lake fill period have acted as triggers for increased rates of slide movement or elevated groundwater levels at a number of the landslides around Lake Dunstan (e.g.Macfarlane and Gillon,1996).The nearest rain gauge to the Brewery Creek and Ripponvale landslides discussed in this paper is located at the town of Crom-well,less than 5km distant from both landslides (Fig.1).This rain gauge has a record extending over 100years,and the daily data since 1950was analysed in some detail for a study undertaken by URS (2004).From Fig.5it can be seen that,since 1950,the rainfall at Cromwell has fallen into three distinct periods:•rainfall was consistently below the long term monthly means from 1950to 1967,except for a period from late 1956to mid 19581Key ray surveys measure the shortening of a line oriented downslope.Table 2Current landslide activity status,July 2008.Active slides (N 5mm/year)Creeping slides (2–5mm/year)Dormant slides (b 2mm/year)Major impact slidesClyde (Abutment Slide)Clyde CromwellJackson Creek (upper)Jackson Creek (lower)Hintons Dunlays No.5CreekNine Mile Downstream Nine Mile Upstream Brewery Creek CairnmuirMinor impact slidesRipponvale Cornish Point Byford CreekTwo Bridges Flying Fox Bannockburn Pipeclay Gully Brewery Creek (Active Portion)7D.F.Macfarlane /Engineering Geology 109(2009)5–15•drier than long term average conditions occurred between 1989and late 1993,i.e.prior to and during the lake filling phase•three extended duration rainfall events have occurred since lake filling,each of them prominent and unusual features in the rain-fall records for Cromwell since 1950.These events occurred from December 1993to March 1994,September 1995to January 1996and November 1999to January 2000.Period 3in the residual mass curve 2(Fig.5)clearly demonstrates that since the filling of Lake Dunstan,Cromwell has experienced anunusually wet rainfall regime.Table 3lists the 10largest rainfall events at Cromwell since 1950and shows that three of the five,and six of the ten,wettest rainfall events have occurred since the filling of Lake Dunstan.Only one of the wettest events occurred in the decade before the lake was filled and there were no major rainfall events during the lake filling period.Fig.6shows monthly rainfall data that clearly highlights rainfall events between 1991and 2001,the period immediately prior to,dur-ing and since lake filling.The three prominent features are the wet months over the summer of 1993/94,the wet spring and summer of 1995,and the very wet December 1999,all of which occurred after lake filling was completed.Following each event,groundwater levels rose sharply and drain-age flows increased at several slides but only some slides showed small deformation responses.Groundwater levels and flows gradually fall to pre-event levels,and deformation rates decrease.The data show that full recovery can take over 12months.Fig.2.Long term creep trend exhibited by large,slow moving Clyde landslide varies between 2mm/year and 4mm/year.2The technique of calculating and plotting a residual mass curve from the monthly rainfall totals was developed in the 1950s and used to analyse rainfall in the design of the Snowy Mountains scheme.The procedure involves comparing each monthly value to the mean for that month,expressing the difference as a percentage of the mean and accumulating this value month by month.Each monthly cumulative percentage departure from the mean is then plotted as shown in Fig.5.8 D.F.Macfarlane /Engineering Geology 109(2009)5–157.Responses to rainfall eventsTwo landslides that have demonstrated movement rate sensitivity to rainfall events are discussed here.Neither the Brewery Creek Land-slide (Active Portion)nor Zone A of the Ripponvale Slide (Downstream Segment)was directly affected by lake filling.Consequently,the be-haviour of these two slopes can be related directly to rainfall responses.Neither slope exhibits earthquake responses and both slopes are well below the winter snow line,rarely affected by snowfalls and not mea-surably affected by snowmelt.Both landslides have formed in mica schist.The Ripponvale Slide is a complex,deep seated dip-slope failure on the limb of an antiform,while the Brewery Creek Active Portion is a relatively simple,shal-lower failure within the much larger Brewery Creek Slide.7.1.Brewery Creek Slide,Active PortionThe “Active Portion ”is a 1Mm 3failure within the main Brewery Creek Slide (Figs.7and 8).It has an inferred maximum depth of 27m and fails along a surface within the basal failure zone of the main landslide,which is up to 11m thick.The Active Portion contains thin,compartmentalized perched aquifers;these occur predominantly within the sheared and crushed rock of the basal failure zone and immediately above it.The aquifers are fully above and isolatedfromFig.5.Residual mass curve of Cromwell monthly rainfall 1950–2001.the lake.Remedial works include a cross-slope drainage curtain of holes drilled vertically from a tunnel beneath the landslide and extending to within 8m of the ground surface,surface runoff control,and targeted toe drains (Figs.7and 8).As summarised by Table 4,several discrete movement events have been monitored in varying detail since re-activation of the “Active Por-tion ”of Brewery Creek Slide in September 1983was caused by earth-works for highway reconstruction.Instruments installed for monitoring included survey marks (pre-fixed BC-on Figs.7and 8)),inclinometers (IDL-),extensometers (RX-)and piezometers (DL-).Many of these have been destroyed during the monitored slope movement events.In addition,various remedial works have been implemented over the monitoring period.The failure surface perches an aquifer which rises in response to prolonged wet periods or heavy rainfall events (Macfarlane et al.,1999).Piezometric rises are re flected in drainage flow increases after such events,and initiate increased movements which continue for periods of a few months.Movement ceases after total drainage flows reduce to below about 30l/min.Since 1983,there has been only one occasion that the monthly rainfall has exceeded 100mm without an associated increase in the movement rate of the Active Portion being detected.Fig.9is a composite movement history as shown by (failed)inclinometers IDL-566,IDL-1737(with overlapping history)and IDL-2070,and by rod extensometer BRERX-01.As can be seen on Fig.9,since 1990there is a clear relationship between certain rainfall events,increased piezo-metric levels in the perched aquifer (as shown by piezometer DL-50C)and accelerated movements.Four piezometers used as indicator instruments generally record minor water level rises (typically 0.3to 0.6m)following those rain-fall events which lead to accelerated movement of the Active Portion.Other piezometers are located in lower permeability materials and show no clear pattern of response to rainfall.Since construction of the drainage curtain,DL-528D (a piezometer downslope from the curtain)has not responded to rainfall events.The repeated movements have destroyed inclinometers and many of the piezometers installed in the slide.It is now monitored by a combination of survey marks,surface extensometers,rainfall,piezo-meters and drainage flow monitoring.Key instruments are logged to provide a detailed record of landslide behaviour.Close monitoring of the slide has allowed detection of quite small movements (as little as 6mm)caused by rainfall events.A clear relationship between certain rainfall events,increased piezo-metric levels in the slide mass and accelerated movements was demonstrated in 1991and 1992,1993/94,1995,and 1999/2000.The largest movements attributed to piezometric rises have occurred after prolonged wet periods in 1993/94,1995(Events 7and 8)and 2000(Event 10).There is a reasonable correlation between slide movement epi-sodes and the piezometric level in the indicator piezometer DL-50C,with movement generally occurring when it rises above EL 280.9or EL 281.0m.Movement rates decrease as the slide dries out and the slide does not move while dry conditions prevail.The established pattern of acceleration and deceleration with variation in piezometric levels within the slide mass is expected to continue.7.2.Ripponvale SlideRipponvale Slide is located 10to 13km upstream of Cromwell (see Fig.1)and the head of the slide follows the ridgeline,up to 500m above the lake.It covers an area of about 300ha and has an estimated volume in the order of 120Mm 3.Ripponvale is currently the most active of the landslides monitored by Contact Energy along the Clyde dam reservoir.It is considered to be a low impact slide as there is only a small risk that any failure would affect the safety of Clyde dam or the town ofCromwell.Fig.6.Monthly rainfall at Cromwell 1991–2001.This shows the three signi ficant rainfall events that have occurred since lake filling was completed.Table 3Rainfall events at Cromwell,1950–st day of event No.of raindays Rainfall total (mm)Relative time 21/11/1957894.5Pre Lake Filling28/04/1967892.510/03/1981590.912/03/1987392.924/12/1993897.3Post Lake Filling23/02/1994579.514/12/19953137.019/04/19971472.914/03/1999683.020/11/19996130.910D.F.Macfarlane /Engineering Geology 109(2009)5–15When the reservoir was filled to its full pool level in August/September 1993,the lake extended about 2km into the Kawarau Gorge and flooded the toe slopes of some of the downstream parts of the slide.Since lake filling,rates of movement recorded at the slide have increased.Possible explanations for this include a response to the lake filling,or a response to rainfall events that have occurred since that time.Currently (April 2007)movement rates in all zones areslowing and appear to be returning to rates similar to the pre-lake (precedent)rates.7.3.Geology and geomorphologyThe slide is subdivided into two main sections on the basis of surface topography,geology,and lake level at the toe.The Main SlideisFig.8.Active Portion cross section AA (Fig.7),looking downvalley.yout and instrumentation of Brewery Creek Slide ‘Active Portion ’.11D.F.Macfarlane /Engineering Geology 109(2009)5–15upstream from the lake.Only the Downstream Segment,which bord-ers the lake,is considered in this paper.The Downstream Segment of the landslide extends along some 1.3km of the gorge,and is divided into three zones:•Zone A is the downstream part with geomorphology suggestive of recent surficial instability,and with a toe breakout zone well above the lake.•Zone B is the central section,which has common schist outcrops in the lower slopes,a distinctive area of tension cracks and graben structures on the upper slopes,and a relatively deep seated move-ment zone.•Zone C is the upstream part.It lacks continuous schist outcrop along the lake edge and includes a zone of multiple shallower movement zones(Lobe1on Fig.10).From the pattern of in situ schist outcrop along the lake shoreline, it is clear that the base of the slide in Zone A is entirely above lake level,while in Zone C and at least the upstream part of Zone B the slide base appears to be below lake level.Because Zone A is entirely above lake level it was not directly affected by lakefilling.The failure surface in this part of the slide is shallow,and the overall slope is steep(Fig.11).Surface features show little evidence for surface water,indicating that rainfall infiltrates into and is held in the slope,and is probably able to percolate rapidly to the failure surface.These factors result in this zone responding very obviously to the rainfall events that have occurred since late1993. Zone A records the fastest movement rates monitored on the slide.7.4.Monitored slide responsesSlide monitoring data shows that the slide reacts to rainfall events by increasing its rate of movement.Zone A is significantly more sen-sitive to rainfall effects than either Zone B or Zone C.This is partly because the failure surfaces in Zones B and C are partially wetted at all times,and partly because the Zone A slopes are much steeper and have shallower failure surfaces.The rate of movement slows again over a period of time,typically months to a few years.There have been no significant rainfall events since2000and the slide has responded by slowing to some of the lowest measured rates of movement.This indicates that the ground-water changes following a significant rainfall event may take3years or more to dissipate completely.Assessment of the movement monitoring data is based on trends in the data,not on changes between individual readings as these can be affected by errors or non-typical behaviours.In this paper,only the behaviour of Zone A is described as this part of the landslide is clearly isolated from any possible lake effects and was not affected by lake filling.The rates of movement here provided a control(with the Main Slide)against which to compare movement rates in Zones B and C.7.5.Movement ratesMovement rate trends for selected key rays in Zone A are shown in Fig.12.Examination of the plot shows that this zone of the slide has episodically moved at faster rates since lakefilling than duringthe Table4Summary of movement history since1983,Brewery Creek Slide,Active Portion.Event Dates Trigger Total event displ.Maximum rate Remedial action1Sep1983to Mar1984Toe excavation4m25mm/day Head unloading2Apr to Oct1984Head loading?1m700mm/day10×40m long toe drains3Apr to Aug1985Unknown N30mm50mm/year4Sep to Dec1987Rainfall180mm320mm/year16×55m long toe drains5Aug to Oct1991Rainfall6mm12mm/year14targeted drainholes from tunnel6Sep to Dec1992Rainfall12mm90mm/year23hole drainage curtain from tunnel,8×80–100m long toe drains,surface works to control runoff,tension crack treatment7Feb to Nov1994Rainfall55mm130mm/year Tension crack repairs8Dec1995–Oct1996Rainfall160mm850mm/year Tension crack treatment and repairs9Dec1999–Jan2000Rainfall7mm70mm/year None required10Aug2000–Feb2001Delayed response to rainfall65mm420mm/year None12 D.F.Macfarlane/Engineering Geology109(2009)5–15Fig.11.Section through Zone A,Ripponvale Slide.lake filling period.A change from about 10mm/year to about 35mm/year at the toe (RV 07K)occurred between late 1993and mid 1994.The rates of movement showed a sharp increase from mid-1995,gradually reduced to about 40mm/year,then increased again from early 2000and have since been reducing.The current movement rates are similar to those recorded at the start of lake filling.7.6.Response to lake fillingLake Dunstan was filled in 3stages between April 1992and Sep-tember 1993.The lake raises from EL 180,EL 185and EL 190all affected the river in front of Zone A,but there was no signi ficant change in slide movement rate recorded by surveys until after the December 1993key ray surveys,3months after the completion of lake filling.No instruments in Zone A detected changed movement rates that could be attributed to lake filling effects.7.7.Responses to rainfallThe most dramatic measured increases in surface displacement rates at Ripponvale Slide have occurred in Zone A.As shown by Fig.12,there was a signi ficant rate increase after the wet summer of 1993/94.Rate increases also occurred after December 1995,and again after April 2000,in each case following signi ficant wet periods.The main cause of the increased rate of movement in Zone A is inferred to have been elevated groundwater levels within the slope consequent upon these prolonged or signi ficant rainfall events.The long term rate of surface movement indicated over the 1949–1991period by photogrammetric interpretation of boulder move-ments (35mm/year)was not matched by any of the instruments in this zone during lake filling.Until recently,movement rates since the wet summer of 1993/94have been consistently higher than the long term rate indicated by the boulder movements.8.Predicting landslide responsesSlow moving landslides are monitored at several other locations around the world,including British Columbia (eg.Downie Slide,Dutchman's Ridge),Switzerland (eg.Campo Vallemaggia),France (La Clapière)and Ecuador (Ingapata).Although deep drainage solutions have been described from some of these (e.g.Bonzangio et al.,2007for Campo Vallemaggia;Imrie et al.,1992for Downie;Moore and Imrie1992for Dutchman's Ridge),speci fic documentation of their responses to rainfall is dif ficult to find.Rainfall effects have been noted at Campo Vallemaggia (Bonzangio et al.,2007)and implied for Downie Slide (Imrie et al.,1992)but neither example is directly comparable to the Brewery Creek and Ripponvale Slides —at Campo Vallemaggia the response was to an extreme rainfall event that triggered an acceleration of the slide mass and caused two large slips within the slide;at Downie much of the annual precipitation falls as snow and it is not clear whether there is a direct rainfall effect.In contrast,the rainfall response of both the Brewery Creek Active Portion and Ripponvale Slides has been speci fically investigated by Contact Energy (Macfarlane et al.,1999;URS,2004).The detailed monitoring records from the Ripponvale and Brewery Creek landslides show that the general pattern of their response to rainfall events is predictable with a high level of con fidence.For the Brewery Creek Active Portion,the onset of renewed move-ment and the reduction in movement rate both show a good cor-relation with the piezometric level in DL50C.Slowing commences soon after the piezometer falls below the trigger level,and the cessation of movement occurs quickly.In general,the slope appears to be re-activated if the monthly rainfall at Cromwell exceeds 100mm or the cumulative rainfall at Cromwell over a period of 3to 4months exceeds about 300mm.It is not so easy to identify the trigger point for renewed move-ment at Ripponvale Slide because there are no sensitive instruments measuring movements or piezometric levels.However,based on the records to date,it can be predicted that the slide will exhibit an increased movement rate when the cumulative rainfall at Cromwell over a period of 3to 4months exceeds about 300mm,and that the movement rate will gradually reduce over a period of 12to 24months.9.ConclusionsThe detailed monitoring data for the Ripponvale Slide and the Active Portion of Brewery Creek Slide has allowed clear demonstration of cumulative rainfall effects on these two large,slow moving landslides.Both landslides have a long movement history on well-de fined failure surfaces at residual strength.The data show that the cumulative rainfall effect is to elevate piezometric pressures to a trigger point at which movement is reactivated.Movement rates then decline astheFig.12.Ripponvale Slide,Zone A.Key ray movement vs lake level and rainfall.14 D.F.Macfarlane /Engineering Geology 109(2009)5–15。

Copper(II)tetrafluoroborate as a novel and highly efficientcatalyst for acetal formationRaj Kumar and Asit K.Chakraborti *Department of Medicinal Chemistry,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER),S ector 67,S .A.S .Nagar,Punjab 160062,IndiaReceived 24July 2005;revised 23September 2005;accepted 28September 2005Available online 11October 2005Dedicated to Professor Mark S.CushmanAbstract—Commercially available copper(II)tetrafluoroborate hydrate has been found to be a highly efficient catalyst for dimethyl/diethyl acetal formation in high yields from aldehydes and ketones by reaction with trimethyl/triethyl orthoformate at room tem-perature and in short period.Acetalisation was carried out under solvent-free conditions with electrophilic aldehydes/ketones.For weakly electrophilic aldehydes/ketones (e.g.,benzaldehyde,cinnamaldehyde and acetophenone)and for aldehydes having a substi-tuent that can coordinate with the catalyst,the corresponding alcohol was used as solvent.Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionProtection of aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups is a frequently desired exercise in organic synthesis as it is often necessary to carry out a reaction on a multifunc-tional substrate without affecting an aldehyde/ketone group.One convenient method of protecting aldehydes and ketones is to convert them into the corresponding acetals.1Acetalisation can be achieved by treatment with alcohols in the presence of a protic 1,2or Lewis 1,3acid catalyst.A common regimen for acetal formation is protic 1,4or Lewis 1,5acid catalysed reaction of alde-hydes and ketones with trialkyl orthoformates.Other methods use MeOH–PhSO 2NHOH–MeONa,1b alkoxy-silanes in the presence of TMSOTf,1b (EtO)3CH–DDQ–EtOH 6and CAN–Na 2CO 3–ROH.7However,these methods have one or more drawbacks such as long reaction times,high temperatures,use of costly re-agents/catalysts,use of additional reagents,requirement of special efforts for catalyst preparation,requirement of stoichiometric amount of the catalysts,the need to use special apparatus and moderate yields and side reac-tions.Thus,the development of an improved method is still desirable.2.Results and discussionsWhen designing a new method,we realised that the use of trialkyl orthoformates as the acetalisation agent in the presence of a suitable transition metal catalyst should constitute a better procedure operable under mild conditions.The efficiency of the method would depend upon the coordination property of the metal catalyst to activate trialkyl orthoformate and/or the carbonyl substrate.Recently,we have reported that copper(II)tetrafluoroborate is an excellent catalyst for electrophilic activation during acylation,8diacetate for-mation 9and thia-Michael addition 10reactions.In this report,we disclose a highly efficient acetal formation reaction catalysed by copper(II)tetrafluoroborate (Scheme 1).Various aldehydes and ketones were treated with tri-methyl orthoformate in the presence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O0040-4039/$-see front matter Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.168Keywords :Dimethyl acetals;Diethyl acetals;Aldehydes;Ketones;Copper(II)tetrafluoroborate hydrate;Catalyst;Trimethyl orthofor-mate;Triethyl orthoformate.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+9101722214682686;fax:+9101722214692;e-mail:akchakraborti@niper.ac.in(1mol %)at $25–30°C under neat conditions.The reactions were monitored by IR and GCMS and the optimum results are provided in Table 1.Substituted benzaldehydes with Me,Cl,Br,NO 2and OCOPh groups (entries 1–7),1-naphthaldehyde (entry 8),9-anthraldehyde (entry 9),aryl alkyl aldehydes (entries 10and 11)and saturated cyclic ketones (entries 12and 13)afforded excellent results after 2–15min.The reac-tions could also be monitored visually:immediately after the addition of the catalyst to the mixture of alde-hyde and trimethyl orthoformate an exothermic reaction takes place and the reaction mixture becomes homoge-neous (for solid aldehydes)indicating completion of ace-tal formation.In the case of 9-anthraldehyde,as the product was solid,a small excess (3equiv)of trimethyl orthoformate was required.In the cases of benzaldehyde,cinnamaldehyde,aceto-phenone and aldehydes bearing substituents that are capable of coordinating with the metal ion,the acetalformation was slow under neat conditions.However,in these cases,the reactions proceeded well using MeOH as solvent affording excellent yields (Table 2).The phenyl/styryl groups in benzaldehyde,cinnamalde-hyde and acetophenone made aldehyde/ketone carbonyl less electrophilic due to resonance and inhibited the effective formation of coordinate bonds with the cata-lyst.For aldehydes bearing substituents that can coordi-nate with the metal cation (e.g.,OR,F,CN,NMe 2,etc.)no effective activation of trimethyl orthoformate by the metal salt took place and acetal formation was retarded.The moderate yield obtained with 4-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde after 12h (Table 2,entry 6)supported the role of a coordinating effect of the substituent in influencing acetal parison of acetal for-mation from 4-methylbenzaldehyde,4-chlorobenzalde-hyde and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (Table 1,entries 1–3)with those from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde,4-fluorobenz-aldehyde and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (Table 2,entries 2–4),respectively,highlighted the coordinating effect of the substituents in the latter cases.The role of MeOH may be explained by the fact that initial reaction ofTable 2.Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O catalysed dimethyl acetal formation from aldehydes/ketones in dry MeOH aEntryAldehyde/ketone Time (min)Yield (%)b ,cCHO1R =H 593d 2R =F 10953R =CN 10924R =OMe 20915R =NMe 212h58CHOO R6R =Me 30887R =c -C 5H 910928CHOPh20919O308510S 2082O111.5h 96aThe aldehyde/ketone (2.5mmol)in dry methanol (1mL)was treated with CH(OMe)3(2.0equiv)in the presence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (1mol %)at room temperature ($25–30°C).bIsolated yield of the corresponding acetal.cThe products were characterised by IR and NMR.dA 36%yield was obtained on carrying out the reaction under neat conditions.Table 1.Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O catalysed dimethyl acetal formation from aldehydes/ketones under solvent-free conditions aEntryAldehyde/ketone Time (min)Yield (%)b ,cCHO3R 1R 21R 1=R 2=H;R 3=Me 5922R 1=R 2=H;R 3=Cl 5903R 1=R 2=H;R 3=NO 23924R 1=R 2=H;R 3=OCOPh 5915R 1=Br;R 2=R 3=H 5886R 1=Cl;R 2=R 3=H 5907R 1=R 3=H;R 2=NO 28928CHO15859CHO1582d10Ph CHO 28511CHOPh38612O57813O295aThe aldehyde/ketone (2.5mmol)was treated with CH(OMe)3(2.0equiv)in the presence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (1mol %)at room temperature ($25–30°C)under neat conditions.bIsolated yield of the corresponding acetal.cThe products were characterised by IR,NMR.dThe reaction was carried out using 3equiv of CH (OMe)3.8320R.Kumar,A.K.Chakraborti /Tetrahedron Letters 46(2005)8319–8323aldehyde with MeOH leads to the formation of a hemi-acetal,which undergoes nucleophilic attack on trimethyl orthoformate complexed with Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O and results in acetal formation.4Since there are limited reports for diethyl acetal forma-tion,3e,f,4,5c–e,gwe planned to evaluate the catalytic effi-ciency of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O during the reaction of a few representative aldehydes and ketones with triethyl orthoformate (Table 3).Excellent results were obtained in each case.As observed in the case of dimethyl acetal formation,the reactions of benzaldehyde,cinnamaldehyde and aceto-phenone required dry EtOH as solvent for diethyl acetal formation.A comparison of the results of entries 1and 6(Table 2)prompted us to study selective acetal formation during intermolecular competition between benzaldehyde 1and 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 2.Thus,a mixture of 1(2.5mmol)and 2(2.5mmol)in dry MeOH (1mL)was treated with trimethyl orthoformate (5mmol)in the presence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (1mol %)for 5min at room temperature (Scheme 2).Excellent selectivity was observed,(dimethoxymethyl)benzene 3and 4-(dimethoxymethyl)-N ,N -dimethylaniline 4were formed in a ratio of 88:12(NMR).Similarly,the differ-ence in the rate of reaction of 1and acetophenone 5(Table 2,compare the results of entries 1and 11)encouraged us to study the selectivity of acetal forma-tion during inter-and intramolecular competition stud-ies involving aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups.Thereaction of 1(2.5mmol)and 5(2.5mmol)with trimethyl orthoformate (5mmol)in dry MeOH (1mL)in the pres-ence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (1mol %)at room temperature for 5min (Scheme 2)resulted in the formation of 3and 2,2-dimethoxy-1-phenylethane 6in a ratio of 86:14(NMR).The reaction of 4-acetylbenzaldehyde 7(2.5mmol)with trimethyl orthoformate (5mmol)in MeOH (1mL)in the presence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (1mol %)for 5min at room temperature resulted in the formation of 4-(dimethoxymethyl)acetophenone 8and 2,2-dimethoxy-(40-dimethoxymethyl)-1-phenyl-ethane 9in a ratio of 77:23(GCMS).3.ConclusionsWe have described herein the use of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O as ahighly efficient and reusable catalyst for dimethyl and diethyl acetal formation at room temperature.The advantages include,(i)the use of a cheap,easy to handle and commercially available catalyst,(ii)room tempera-ture reaction conditions,(iii)short reaction times,(iv)high yields and (v)excellent chemoselectivity.4.Experimental4.1.Typical procedure for acetal formation under neat conditionsTo a magnetically stirred mixture of 4-methylbenzalde-hyde (0.3g, 2.5mmol)and trimethyl orthoformate (0.53g,5mmol),Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (6.0mg,0.025mmol,1mol %)was added and the mixture was stirred at 25–30°C until completion of the reaction (5min,TLC,IR).The mixture was diluted with saturated aq NaHCO 3(10mL)and extracted with EtOAc (3·10mL).TheTable 3.Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O catalysed diethyl acetal formation from aldehydes and ketones aEntryAldehyde/ketone Time (min)Yield (%)b ,cCHO1R =H 1093d 2R =Me 3953R =NO 25954CHO Ph 10925CHOPh 380d6O375The aldehyde/ketone (1equiv)was treated with CH(OEt)3(2.0equiv)in the presence of Cu(BF 4)2Æx H 2O (1mol %)at rt ($25–30°C)in the absence of solvent (except for entries 1,5and 7).bIsolated yield of the corresponding acetal.cThe products were characterised by IR,NMR.dThe reaction was carried out in dry ethanol (1mL).R.Kumar,A.K.Chakraborti /Tetrahedron Letters 46(2005)8319–83238321combined EtOAc extracts were washed with water(2·10mL),dried(Na2SO4)and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford4-(dimethoxy)methylbenzene(colour-less oil,0.415g,92%,entry1,Table1),IR(neat):2936, 2828,1618,1447,1353,1201,1105,1054,912, 807cmÀ1;1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):d=2.33(s, 3H),3.30(s,6H),5.35(s,1H),7.15(d,2H,J=7.6Hz), 7.32(d,2H,J=7.6Hz);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3): d=21.2,52.53,103.16,126.56,128.81,135.13,138.06, identical with an authentic sample.5e5.Representative experimental procedure for acetalformation in the presence of solventTo a magnetically stirred mixture of4-cyanobenzalde-hyde(0.327g, 2.5mmol)and trimethyl orthoformate (0.53g,5mmol)in dry MeOH(1mL),Cu(BF4)2Æx H2O (6.0mg,0.025mmol,1mol%)was added and the mix-ture was stirred at25–30°C until completion of the reac-tion(10min,TLC,IR).The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aq NaHCO3(10mL)and extracted with EtOAc(3·10mL).The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with water(2·10mL), dried(Na2SO4)and concentrated under reduced pres-sure to afford pure4-(cyano)dimethoxymethylbenzene (colourless oil,0.407g,92%,entry3,Table2),IR(neat): 2938,2832,2229,1353,1209,1101,1057,988,822, 556cmÀ1;1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):d=3.32(s, 6H),5.43(s,1H),7.50(d,2H,J=8.3H z),7.68(d, 2H,J=8.3H z);13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3): d=52.56,101.62,112.14,118.52,127.45,131.91, 143.10,identical with an authentic sample.2cThe remaining reactions were carried out following these general procedures.On each occasion,the spectral data(IR,1H NMR and13C NMR)of the prepared known compounds were found to be identical with those reported in the literature.The following compounds had not been reported.2-(Bromo)dimethoxymethylbenzene(Table1,entry5): IR(neat):2933,2829,1468,1364,1204,1103,1057, 980,755cmÀ1.1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):d=3.35 (s,6H),5.55(s,1H),7.14(t,1H,J=7.5Hz),7.28(t, 1H,J=7.5Hz),7.52(d,1H,J=7.6Hz),7.59(d,1H, J=7.6Hz).13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):d=53.57, 102.71,122.75,126.92,128.18,129.84,132.66,136.68. Anal.Calcd for C9H11BrO2:C,46.78;H,4.80.Found. C,46.80;H, 4.82.2-(Chloro)dimethoxymethylbenzene (Table1,entry6):IR(neat):2934,2830,1366,1201, 1107,1058,981,756cmÀ1.1H NMR(300MHz, CDCl3):d=3.37(s,6H),5.62(s,1H),7.22–7.29(m, 2H),7.33–7.36(m,1H),7.60–7.63(m,1H).13C NMR (75MHz,CDCl3):d=53.68,100.86,126.45,128.02, 129.50,129.65,133.11,135.28.Anal.Calcd for C9H11ClO2:C,57.92;H, 5.94.Found.C,57.91;H, 5.97.9-Dimethoxymethylanthracene(Table1,entry9): Mp:107–108°C IR(KBr):2932,1448,1186,1105, 1066,891,740cmÀ1.1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3): d=3.50(s,6H),6.53(s,1H),7.38–7.61(m,4H),7.93 (d,2H,J=8.4Hz),8.39(s,1H),8.68(d,2H, J=8.4Hz).13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):d=53.68,100.86,126.45,128.02,129.50,129.65,133.11,135.28. Anal.Calcd for C17H16O2:C,80.93;H,6.39.Found. C,80.96;H,6.41.3,4-(Dimethoxy)dimethoxymethylbenz-ene(Table2,entry6):IR(neat):2937,2832,1607, 1594,1414,1259,1194,1136,1102,990,863,863,795, 762cmÀ1.1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):d=3.32(s, 6H),3.88(s,3H),3.90(s,3H),5.33(s,1H),6.84–6.97 (m,1H), 6.98–6.99(m,2H).13C NMR(75MHz, CDCl3):d=52.34,55.53,102.86,109.33,110.40, 119.00,126.48,130.61,148.64.Anal.Calcd for C11H16O4C,62.25;H,7.60.Found.C,62.23;H,7.63. 4-Cyclopentyloxy-3-methoxy dimethoxymethylbenzene (Table2,entry7):IR(neat):2954,2829,1607,1510, 1351,1264,1160,1102,1053,988,862,804cmÀ1.1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):d=1.57–1.61(m,2H), 1.79–1.97(m,6H),3.32(s,6H),3.85(s,3H),4.73–4.79 (m,1H),5.31(s,1H),6.84(d,1H,J=8.1Hz),6.93–6.97(m,2H).13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):d=24.03, 32.77,52.75,55.95,80.32,103.29,110.10,114.16, 119.07,130.54,147.73,149.81.Anal.Calcd for C15H22O4:C,67.64;H,8.33.Found.C,67.63;H,8.35.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at doi:10.1016/j.tetlet. 2005.09.168.References and notes1.(a)Meskens,F.A.J.Synthesis1981,501–521;(b)Greene,T.W.;Wuts,P.G.M.In Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,3rd ed.;John Wiley and Sons:New York,1999.2.p TsOH-MgSO4:(a)Lu,T.-J.;Yang,J.-F.;Sheu,L.-J.J.Org.Chem.1995,60,2931–2934;p TsOH under microwave heating:(b)Pe´rio, B.;Dozias,M.-J.;Jacquault,P.;Hamelin,J.Tetrahedron Lett.1997,38,7867–7870;Polymer-supported acid catalysts in an electroosmotic flow reactor:(c)Wiles, C.;Watts,P.;Haswell,S.J.Tetrahedron2005,61,5209–5217.3.Montmorillonite K-10:(a)Li,T.-S.;Li,S.-H.;Li,J.-T.;Li,H.-Z.J.Chem.Res.(S)1997,26–27;I2under microwaveheating:(b)Kalita, D.J.;Borah,R.;Sarma,J. 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新概念英语第二册词汇索引beneath [bi'ni:。

] prep.在…之下88 2 Benz n.奔驰56 2 bicycle ['baisik(s)l] n.自行车31 2 bill [bil] n.帐单18 2 billion ['biljsn] n.亿61 2 binoculars [bi'nokjulsz] n.望远91 2 镜bitterly ['bitsli] ad.刺骨地38 2 blacken ['b曲kon] v.变黑，发暗62 2 blaze [bleiz] v.闪耀81 2 blessing ['blesig] n.福分，福气58 2 block [blok] v.堵47 2 block [blok] n.一座大楼29 2 blow [blou] n.打击81 2 boldly ['bouldli] ad.大胆地81 2 bomb [bom] n.炸弹79 2 bomber ['bomo] n.轰炸机66 2 boot [bu:t] n.靴子20 2 border ['bo:do] n.边界73 2 bow [bau] v.鞠躬70 2 brake [breik] n.刹车69 2 breath [breO] n.呼吸44 2 bright [brait] a.鲜艳的17 2 brilliant ['briliont] a.精彩的67 2 bull [ bul] n.公牛70 2 bulletin ['bulotin] n.亲闻简报76 2 bullfight ['bulfait] n.斗牛70 2 buoy [boi] n.浮标86 2 burst [bo:st] v.爆裂72 2 bury ['beri] 丫.埋藏55 2 bush [buj] n.灌木丛81 2busines s ; ['biznis] 口.事 1 2busman 司机['bAsmon] n.公共汽车84 2cage [keid§] n.笼90 2 call [ko:l] v.拜访，光顾 6 2 caller ['ko:lo] n.打电话的人39 2 calm [ka:m] v.使镇定78 2 campfire ['k^mp.fais] n.营火，篝27 2 火capital ['k田pitl] n.首都37 2capsule ['k田psju:l] 口.容器88 2 captain ['k田ptin] n.船长12 2 catch [k田tf] v.抓到20 2 cause [ko:z] v.引起n.原因53 2 cave [keiv] n.山洞55 2 centre ['sento] 口.中心 4 2 century ['sentfori] n.世纪62 2 certain ['so:ton] 2.某个39 2 champion ['tampion] n.冠军76 2 channel ['tf田nol] n.海峡22 2 charge [tJd:d3] v.冲上去70 2 check [tfek] v.检查71 2 chimney ['tfimni] n.烟囱64 2 chip [tfip] n.油煎豆片90 2 Christmas ['krismos] n.圣诞节65 2 church [tfo:tf] n.教堂58 2 circle ['so:kol] 口.圈子63 2 circus ['so:kos] n.马戏团65 2 claim [kleim] v.以...为其后果58 2 clavichord ['kl田viko:d] n.古钢琴10 2clear [klio] a.无罪的，不亏心的45 2 clear [klio] v.越过43 2 cliff [klif] n.峭壁33 2 close [klouz] a.亲密的63 2 club [klAb] n.俱乐部13 2 clumsily ['klAmzili] ad.笨拙地70 2 coast [koust] n.海岸33 2 cod [kod] n.鳕90 2 coincidence [kou'insidons] 口.巧合85 2collapse [ko'l田ps] v.坍塌88 2 collect [ko'lekt] 丫.搜集48 2 collection [ko'lekfon] n.收藏品，收集品48 2college ['kolids] 口.学院80 2 colony ['koloni] 口.群66 2 comedy ['komidi] n.喜居U 89 22 / 13comfortable ['kAmfstsbsl] a.舒适的，安逸的27 2 commit [ks'mit] v.犯（罪、错）87 2 companion [ksm'p«nisn] n,同伙，同伴86 2 company ['kAmpsni] 口.公司31 2 compete [ksm'pi:t] v.比赛，对抗94 2 competition [,kompi'tijbn] n.比赛，竞赛8 2 complain [ksm'plein] 丫.抱怨24 2 complain [ksm'plein] 丫.抱怨38 2 complete [ksm'pli:t] 丫.完成23 2 concentration [.konssn'treijbn] n.集中，专心78 2 conductor [ksn'dAkts] n.售票员50 2 confidence ['konfidsns] n/信心69 2 confident ['konfidsnt] a.有信心的55 2 confine [ksn'fain] v.关在（一个狭小的空间里）46 2 confirm [ksn'fs:m] v.确认，证实87 2 Congo ['koggou] n.（the〜）刚果67 2 connect [ks'nekt] 丫,连接64 2 conscience ['konjbns] n.良心，道德心45 2 contain [ksn'tein] v,包含，内装24 2 contents ['ko:ntents] n.（常用复数）的的物品44 2 continent ['kontinsnt] n.大陆64 2 continually [ksn'tinjusli] ad.不断地38 2 continue [ksn'tinju:] v.继续42 2 contribute [ksn'tribju:t] v.捐助，援助85 2 control [ksn'trsul] 口.控制62 2 conversation [konvs'seijbn] n.谈话1 2 copper ['kops] n.铜93 2 cotton ['kotn]药棉48 2 course [ko:s] n.跑道；行程56 2 courtyard ['ko:tja：d] n.阮了，49 2 crash [krsj] v,坠毁43 2creature ['kri:tfs] n.动物，生物82 2 creep | [kri:p] v.爬行27 2 crew [kru:] n,全体工作人员90 2 critic ['kritik] n.评论家26 2 critically ['kritiksli] ad.批评地26 2 criticism ['kritisizsm] n.批评70 2 crowd [kraud] n.人群9 2 crystal ['kristsl] n,水晶60 2 curious好奇的['kjusriss] a.急于了解，79 2cursed ['ks:sid] a.可恨的58 2 curtain ['ks:tsn] 口,窗帘，幕布26 2 cut [kAt] v,穿过30 2 damage ['d田mid§] 丫,毁坏66 2 damage ['d田mid§] 丫,损坏10 2 dance [da:ns] v.跳舞42 2 darkness ['da:knis] n.黑暗33 2 decision [di'sissn] n.决定 3 2 defeat [di'fi:t] v.打败83 2 definitely ['definitli] ad.肯定地95 2 delighted [di'laitid] a.欣喜的78 2 desert ['dezst] 丫.废弃29 2 deserve [di'zs:v] v.应得到，值得11 2 design [di'zain] v.设计37 2 desolate ['dessleit] a.荒凉的62 2 despair [di'spes] 口.绝望40 2 desperately ['despsritli] ad.绝望地86 2destruction [di'strAkfbn] n.破坏，毁灭62 2detect [di'tekt] v,探测55 2 detective [di'tektiv] n.侦探7 2 determined [di'ts:mind] 2,坚定的，下决心的21 2develop [di'velsp] v.养成59 2 devote [di'vsut] v.致力于85 2 diamond ['daismsnd] 口.钻石7 2 diet ['daist] n.节食51 23 / 13difference ['difrsns] n.差另lj 42 2 different ['difrsnt] a.不同的 4 2 discover [dis'kAvs] v.发现46 2 disease [di'zi:z] 口.疾病77 2 disguise [dis'gaiz] 口.伪装58 2 dismay [dis'mei] n.沮丧86 2 dismay [dis'mei] v.失望，泄气54 2 display [di'splei] n.展览80 2 distance ['distsns] n.距离 5 2 distant ['distsnt] a.遥远的61 2 district ['distrikt] 口.地区23 2 diver ['daivs] n.潜水员90 2 doorknob ['do:nob] n.门把手54 2 double ['dAbsl] 2.双的64 2 downhill [,daun'hil] ad.下坡56 2 dream [dri:m] v.做梦，梦想22 2 drift [drift] v.漂动，漂流86 2 drill [dril] v.钻孔88 2 drily ['draili] ad.冷淡地，枯燥无味地95 2 drunk [drAgk] n.醉汉70 2 dull [dAl] a.枯燥，无味89 2 e xtraordinary [ik'stmdinsri] a.不平常的.非凡的80 2 eager ['i:gs] a.热切的，热情的57 2 eagle eye 鹰眼61 2 edge [ed§] n.边缘44 2 effect [i'fekt] n.结果，效果28 2 Egyptian [i'dsipjsn] a.埃及的77 2 elderly ['eldsli] 2.上了年纪的81 2 election [i'lekfsn] n.选举83 2 embarrass [im'b田rss] v.使尴尬51 2 embassy ['embssi] n.大使馆95 2 employ [im'ploi] v.雇佣31 2 employer [im'plois] n.雇主87 2 encouragement [in'kArid^msnt]n.鼓励85 2 Endeavour [in'devs] n.“ 奋进”号61 2 endless ['endlis] a.无尽的43 2 enthusiast [in'Oju:zi^st]几热心人66 24 / 13fast [fa:st] ad.熟（睡）92 2 faulty ['fo:lti] a.有错误的61 2 fear [fis] v.害怕64 2 festival ['festival] 口.节日96 2 field [fi:ld] n.田地，田野27 2figure ['figs] n.（人的）体形;人像77 2finally ['fainsli] ad^B55 2 finger ['figgs] 口.手指54 2 fire extinguisher 灭火器95 2 fireman ['faismsn] n.消防队员53 2 firm [fs:m] n.商行，公司 4 2 fisherman ['fiJbmsn] n.钓鱼人，渔民20 2 fix [fiks] v.疑视40 2 flat [fl田t] n.公寓房29 2 flight attendant ['flait s, tendsnt] 空中乘务员79 2 flight [flait] n.飞行43 2 flood [flAd] n.洪水，水灾62 2 following ['folsuig] a.下一个39 2 food [fu:d] n.食物 6 2 fool [fu:l] n.傻瓜76 2 footstep ['futstep] 口.足迹72 2 forbid [fs'bid] v.禁止51 2 foreigner ['forins] n.外国人25 2 forest ['forist] n.森林44 2 form [fo:m] 丫.形成27 2 former ['fo:ms] a.从前的83 2 fortunate ['fo:tfsnst] a.幸运的65 2 fortune-teller ['fo:tfsn'tels] n.算命人60 2 framework ['freimws:k] n.构架，框架93 2 friendly ['frendli] a.友好的 3 2 fright [frait] n.害怕35 2 frightened ['fraitnd] a.害怕，担惊79 2 frightful ['fraitfsl] a.可怕的，令人吃惊的95 2 fur [fs:] n.裘皮57 2 furniture ['fs:nitfs] 口.家具47 25 / 13headmaster [,hed'ma:sto] n.校长85 2 heaven ['hevsn] n.天，天堂95 2 heavily ['hevili] ad.大量地27 2 helicopter ['helikopts] n.直升飞机75 2 helper ['helps] n.帮手，助手31 2 hesitate ['heziteit] v.犹豫，迟疑57 2 hitchhike ['hitfhaik] v.搭便车旅行73 2 hive [haiv] 口.蜂房66 2 hobby ['hobi] n.爱好，嗜好85 2 hold [hsuld] v.召开37 2 hole [hsul] 口.孔41 2 honesty ['onisti] n.诚实24 2 honour ['ons] 口.敬意85 2 horsepower ['ho:s,paus] 口.马力72 2 hospital ['hospitl] n.医院33 2 hostess ['hsustis] 口.女主人40 2 hot [hot] a.带电的，充电的53 2 Hubble ['hAbl] 口.哈勃61 2 hurriedly ['hAridli] ad.匆忙地51 2 hurry ['hAri] v.匆忙19 2 imagine [i'm田d§in] 丫.想像66 2 immediately [i'mi:distli] ad.立刻11 2 immense [i'mens] a.巨大的37 2 impatiently [im'peijsntli] ad.不耐烦地60 2 important [im'po:tsnt] a.重要的12 2 inch [intf] n.央寸（度量单位）52 2 income ['inkAm] 口.收入58 2 increase [in'kri:s, 'inkri:s] v.增力口58 2 Indian ['indisn] a.印度的42 2 inform [in'fo:m] v.告诉，通知85 2 inquire [in'kwais] v.询问，打听39 2 insist [in'sist] v.坚持做68 2 inspector [in'spekts] n.探长87 2 instruct [in'strAkt] v.命令，指示69 2 instruct [in'strAkt] v.指导，传授94 2 instrument ['instrumsnt] n.乐石器10 2 intend [in'tend] 丫.打算36 26 / 13Los Angeles [los'田nd§ili:z]洛杉矶94 2 loudly ['laudli] ad.大声地 1 2 lower ['lsus] v.放下，降低88 2 luck [lAk] n.运气，幸运12 2 macaroni [.m^ks'rsuni] 口.通心面，空心面条76 2 machinery [ms'Ji:n9ri] 口.机器80 2 mad [m田d] a.发疯21 2 madam ['m田dom] n.（对妇女的尊称）太太，夫人57 2 main [mein] a.主要的7 2 manage ['m田nid§] 丫.设法67 2 manager ['m田nid§0] 口.经理24 2 march [ma:tf] v.行进81 2 mark [ma:k] n.斑点77 2 market ['ma:kit] n.市场，集市42 2 matador ['m田todo:] n.斗牛士70 2 material [mo'tioriol] 口.材料26 2 mattress ['m田tris] n.床垫49 2 meantime ['mi:ntaim] n.其间73 2 meanwhile ['mi:n'wail] ad.同时48 2 Mediterranean [,medito'reinion] n.(the〜)地中海38 2 Medusa [mi'dju:zo] n.美杜莎（古希腊神话中位蛇发女怪之一）28 2 mend [mend] 丫.修理44 2 mess [mes] n.乱七八糟54 2 message ['mesids] 口.信息 5 2 microphone ['maikrofoun] 口.扩音器，麦克风71 2 mine [main] n.矿55 2 miraculously [mi'r田kjulosli] ad.奇迹般地49 2 mirror ['miro] 口.镜子41 2 mix [miks] v.混合，拌和54 2 modern ['modon] a.新式的，与以往不同的23 2 monster ['monsto] 口.怪物82 2 monument ['monjumont] 口.纪念93 2碑7 / 13officially [s'fifbli] ad.正式地64 2 oil rig ['oil , rig]石油钻塔90 2 Olympic [dlimpik] a.奥林匹克的37 2 once [wAns] ad.曾经，以前32 2 operation [.ops'reijbn] n.手术39 2 opponent [s'psunsnt] n.反对者，对手83 2 ought [o:t] modal verb 应该65 2 outside [aut'said] ad.外面 2 2 over ['suvs] v.越过 5 2 overfish [suvs'fif] v.过度捕捞90 2 owner ['suns] 口.主人49 2 Pacific [ps'sifik] n.太平洋66 2 package ['p田kid§] v.把...打包66 2 packing ['p^kig]包装箱66 2 paint [peint] v.回26 2 palace ['p田lis] 口.宫殿80 2 parcel ['pa:sl] 口.包裹7 2 parent ['pesrsnt] n.父（母）亲79 2 park [pa:k] v.停放（汽车）16 2 parliament ['pa:lsmsnt] n.议会，国会71 2 pastry ['peistri] n.面糊54 2 patch [p田tf] 口.小片62 2 path [pa:。

GSA AGREEMENT总代理协议This agreement is made on __ May 201 Between此销售协议签订于201 年5月__日。

** AIRLINESa company incorporated in China and having its registered office at China (hereinafter referred to as “THE AIRLINE”) of the one part甲方为，中国上海，以下简称为航空公司）。

andCo., Ltda company incorporated in and having its registered office at (hereinafter referred to as “THE AGENT”) of the other part.乙方为, 一家公司,（登记地址为，以下简称为代理）“THE AIRLINE” and “THE AGENT” shall hereinafter be individually referred to as “PARTY“ or collectively referred to as “PARTIES“航空公司和代理以下单独称为“一方”或统称为“双方”。

“航空公司”已同意“代理”担任其在该地区的独家销售总代理（如以下定义），并按照下文所载的条款和条件来执行。

Whereas “THE AIRLINE”has agreed “THE AGENT” to act on its behalf as Exclusive GSA in THE AREA (as hereafter defined) to the extent of and in accordance with the terms and the conditions hereinafter contained.航空公司和代理以下单独称为“一方”或统称为“双方”。

考试范围：xxx；满分：***分；考试时间：100分钟；命题人：xxx 学校：__________ 姓名：__________ 班级：__________ 考号：__________一、选择题1．They _______ his brothers.A．are B．is C．am D．be 2．（题文） This is _______nice jacket.A．an B．a C．/3．---- ____________?----R-U-L-E-R.A．What’s this?B．Is this a ruler?C．Is it a ruler? D．Spell it, please.4．What's this _______ EnglishA．in B．for C．on5．－_____that in English?－It's a key.A．Is B．What C．What's D．what's 6．下列英文缩写中_____代表“(美国)全国篮球协会”。

A．PC B．BBC C．NBA D．CD 7．That's a pen ______ English.A．at B．to C．of D．in8．-Spell it, please.—___________A．I'm Judy. B．Hello, Eric! C．R-U-L-E-R.9．—_______it,please.—A-L-I-C-E.A．Say B．Spell C．See D．Read 10．下列表示“停车场”的字母是_______。

A．O B．P C．R11．—What’s this in English?—It’s ______jacket.A．a B．an C．the D．/12．听见对方说了“Fine, Thank you. And you?”后，你应该说______A．Thank you. B．I’m fine, too.C．Are you OK? 13．-- How do you know Jack’s father is a pilot?-- I once read __________ article about him.A．a B．an C．the14．选出划线部分发音为/e/的单词。

Unit 2 Topic2 I must ask him to give up smoking Section B F 目1 小导航课标单词 1. n.文章，冠词2. V,吸烟，冒烟3. adv 甚至，即使4. cancern5. energyn.6. adj 有必要的，必须的7. adj 活泼的目标短语 1. give 放弃2. be necessary 对…有必要的，必须的常考句型 1. The articlesmoking is bad for our lungs and it can even causecancer 看，文章说吸烟对我们的肺有害，甚至会导致癌症2. It*s necessaryyoukeep healthy 对你来说，保持健康是有必要的。

重点语法 情态动词can,could曼 ,知识点01 The article says …文章写到〔说〕…〔教材Page 37 1 a]Look, the article says smoking is bad for our lungs and it can even cause cancer.看，文章说吸烟对我们的肺有害， 甚至会导致癌症。

say 在此处至书面材料，文字记载上的"说"，表示可见的东西提供的信息。

The guidebook ► says we should turn left.旅游指南上说我们应该向左转。

Is (here any news in today's newspaper? It scientists have e up with an idea to fight against cancer.A £、知识点01 give up 放弃 〔教材Page 37 1 a 〕(1) give up + doing sth.放弃做某事知识精讲【典例】► You should give up smoking.你应该戒烟。