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分析商务英语中一词多义现象的翻译技巧摘要：商务英语中存在着一词多义现象。
本文通过一些实例研究，从词汇的角度分析商务英语的特点并从词语搭配、语境及文化差异等方面总结常见的翻译技巧，以期对商务英语词汇翻译提供一定的帮助。
关键词：商务英语；一词多义；翻译策略；商务英语是指在商务活动中使用的英语，它不同于一般英语，在词汇、句法和文体上都有明显的特点。
词汇作为英语的基本单元，在商务英语翻译中起着至关重要的作用。
一个词通常有不止一个意思，如果译者翻译不当，词汇的意义就很容易被误解。
因此，寻找一种有效的方法来翻译多义词是十分必要的。
1 商务英语词汇的特点1.1 缩略语的使用为了提高交流的效率，商务英语语篇中有很多缩略语。
缩略语具有简洁、方便的特点，并且内涵丰富。
在商务英语语篇中，缩略语主要以四种形式出现：（1）首字母缩略词。
它是由词组中单词的首字母或者前面几个字母缩合形成。
例如，OPEC（石油输出国组织）就是由Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries中四个单词的首字母缩写而来的缩略词。
（2）裁剪缩略词，即通过缩减原词的一部分得到的缩略词。
例如，单词demonstration裁减尾部留下首部，可以得到缩略词demo.（3）拼缀缩略语。
它通常是由两个或多个词通过省略组合而成，可以表达丰富的意思。
例如，bit（比特）就是由binary （二进制）和digit（数字）组合而成。
（4）首字母连写词，即由一个短语中不同单词的首字母或前几个字母缩合而成，例如，中国远洋运输公司（China Ocean Shipping Company）可以缩写成COSCO的形式。
现如今，缩略语在商务英语中已被人们广泛接受。
1.2 专业术语的使用商务英语涉及金融、广告、银行、零售、证券、保险和货运等行业的术语。
商务英语是在普通英语的基础上衍生而来的，虽然具有普通英语的语言特点，但也涉及大量的商务知识和术语。
商务英语重点词汇一、business and businesses商业和公司A business,company,or firm is an organization that sells goods or services .A business may also be referred to formally as a concern.Business is the production,buying,and selling of goods and services.A business may be referred to approvingly as an enterprise to emphasize its adventurous, risk-taking qualities, and business in general may be referred to in the same way, for example in combinations such as free enterprise and private enterprise.Business is also referred to as commerce. This word, and its related adjective commercial, are often used to distinguish the business sphere from other areas such as government or the arts, or to distinguish it from nonmoney-making activities.注释：Business 商业；生意；公司Company 公司；商号Firm (合伙的)商号；商行Concern 康采恩（垄断企业形式之一）Commerce 商业；商务Commercial 商业的；商务的；商用的 Enterprise 企事业单位Free Enterprise 自由企业Private Enterprise 私人企业二、From multinationals to small firms 从跨国公司到小型企业Large companies are referred to as corporations, especially in the United States. Corporate is used to describe things relating to a corporation, or to corporations in general, in expressions like the ones in the next exercise. Large companies operating in many countries are multinationals.Big business can refer to large business organizations or to any business activity that makes a lot of money. Small companies are referred to as small businesses or small firms.Unlike some languages, English does not have an everyday term for small and medium-sized companies, apart from this rather clumsy expression.注释：Corporation 大公司；股份有限公司Corporate 法人；团体Multinational 跨国的；多国的Big business 大型企业；大公司Small and medium sized companies中小规模的公司 Small business 小公司Small firm 小公司三、Industries and sectors 工业及其部门Businesses may be classified according to which industry they are in: for example construction, oil, banking, food.Sector is sometimes used to mean industry in the same way, particularly by specialists such as financial journalists, but it is more often used to talk about different parts of the economy in combinations such as public sector and private sector, or about types of business in expressions like service sector and manufacturing sector.注释：Industry 工业；产业Sector 部门；部分 Public sector 公共部门Private sector 私营部门manufacturing sector 制造部门Service sector 服务部门四、Public sector and private 公共部门和私营部门When a private company is bought by the state and brought into the public sector, it is nationalized in a process of nationalization. A nationalized company is state-owned. When the state returns a company to the private sector in a sell-off, it is privatized. This is privatization.The first to be sold off in a privatization program are often the companies responsible for the public supply of electricity, water and gas: the utilities.注释：Nationalized 国有化的Nationalization 国有化Privatized 私有化的Privatization 私有化State-owned 国有的Sell off 廉价出清 Utilities 公用事业；公用事业部门五、Stakes 份额；股份If Company A owns shares or equity in Company B, A has or holds a stake, holding or shareholding in B. If A owns less than half the shares in B, it has a minority stake in B.If A owns more than half the shares in B, it has a majority stake or controlling stake in B. If you have shares in a company you are a shareholder.注释：Shares/stake 份额；股份Equity 股份；产权；普通股票Holding 持有；股票额Shareholding 持有股票数Shareholder 股东Hold a stake 持有份额Majority stake 大股东（50%以上）Controlling stake 大股东Minority stake 小股东商务英语重点词汇(2)一、Parents and sisters 母公司和姐妹公司A holding or holding company is one that holds stakes in one or more subsidiaries. If it owns all the shares in a subsidiary, the subsidiary is a wholly-owned one.A holding company's relationship to its subsidiaries is that of parent company, and the subsidiaries relationship to each other is that of sister companies. A holding and its subsidiaries form a group.A conglomerate is a group containing a lot of different companies in different businesses. Journalists also refer to large groups as giants.注释：Holding company 控股公司Subsidiary 子公司Wholly-owned subsidiary 全资子公司Parent company 母公司Sister company 姐妹公司Group 集团公司 Conglomerate 联合大企业Giant 大企业；企业巨人（新闻用语）二、Predators,raiders,and white knights 掠夺者、抢劫者和善意合作者The takeover process is often described in terms of one animal hunting another: a company or individual seeking to take over another company may be referred to as a predator, and the target company as the prey. Predators are also referred to as raiders or corporate raiders.A company wishing to resist, ward off, or fend off being taken over has a number of options. It may devise plans that give existing shareholders special rights, or it may make itself less attractive to bidders by selling off a valuable part of the company, or holding on to an unattractive one. Actions like these are poison pills.Or it may persuade a friendly partner, a white knight, to take a stake in the company, thus preventing a complete takeover by a hostile bidder. Bidders may agree to withdraw their bid if paid enough money for the shares they hold in the target company. This is green mail.注释：Predator 掠夺者(恶意吞并其它企业) Prey 猎物(被恶意并购的企业)Raider 掠夺者(恶意并购其它企业) Corporate raider 合伙掠夺者Fend off a bid 阻止收购Ward off a bid 阻止收购Poison bill毒药(公司通过给予股东某些特权、或卖掉部分有价值资产，而持有或购进价值不大的资产，从而减少自己对并购公司的吸引力)White Knight指购买公司部分股份以免遭兼并企业完全兼并的善意和或者。
剑桥商务英语BEC高级词汇及解析剑桥商务英语BEC高级词汇及解析书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。
对于单词，尤其要下功夫。
下面是店铺整理的剑桥商务英语BEC高级词汇，希望对大家有用，更多消息请关注应届毕业生网。
Company structure公司结构represent: v.1、 [often passive] to be a member of a group of people and act or speak on their behalf at an event, a meeting, etc.;2、to act or speak officially for sb and defend their interests;3、[no passive] to be an example or expression of sth;hierarchical: adj. arranged in a hierarchy;hierarchy ：n. a system, especially in a society or an organization, in which people are organized into different levels of importance from highest to lowest:entrepreneur：n. person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks;entrepreneurial: entrepreneurial skills;feasible: adj. that is possible and likely to be achievednimble: adj. able to move quickly and easilysizeable: adj. fairly large;responsive：adj.[not usually before noun] reacting quickly and in a positive way:responsiveness: n. responsively：adv.inherent: adj. that is a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed;sequential: adj. following in order of time or place;supervise：v. to be in charge of sb/sth and make sure that everything is done correctly, safely, etc.;supervision: n.hampere: v. to discuss a plan, an idea, etc. until everyone agrees or a decision is mad;relatively: adv. to a fairly large degree, especially in comparison to sth else;stable: adj. firmly fixed; not likely to move, change or fail; n.a group of people who work or trained in the same place; a group of products made by the same companycomplexity: n. the state of being formed of many parts; the state of being difficult to understand;refine: v.1、to make a substance pure by taking other substances out of it;2、to improve sth by making small changes to itperspective: n.1、a particular attitude towards sth; a way of thinking about sth;2、the ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without exaggerating their importance;3、[U] the art of creating an effect of depth and distance in a picture by representing people and things that are far away as being smaller than those that are nearer the front ;4、[C] a view, especially one in which you can see far into the distance。
电子商务英语词汇1、电子商务 Electronic Commerce (E-commerce)2、电子邮件 E-mail3、电子数据交换 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)4、电子公告板 Electronic Bulletin Board5、电子金融 Electronic Commerce, Electronic Finance6、电子咨询 Electronic Consulting7、电子签名 Electronic Signature8、电子安全 Electronic Security9、电子支付 Electronic Payment10、电子商务市场 E-commerce Marketplace11、网络营销 Online Marketing12、网络调查 Web Survey13、网络广告 Web Advertising14、网络贸易 Web Trading15、网络银行 Internet Banking16、网上商店 Online Store/Shop17、网络消费者 Web Consumer18、网络采购 Web Procurement19、网络数据 Web Data20、网络服务 Web Service商务英语的词汇特征商务英语，作为一种专门用途英语，与日常英语在词汇使用上有显著区别。
本文将详细探讨商务英语的词汇特征。
一、专业术语的使用商务英语中大量使用专业术语，这些术语具有高度的精确性和专业性。
例如，“国际贸易”（International Trade）、“股票市场”（Stock Market）、“供应链管理”（Supply Chain Management）等，这些词汇在其他类型的英语中可能较少使用或含义完全不同。
二、缩写和简写词的使用在商务英语中，常常使用缩写和简写词以提高沟通效率。
例如，“GDP”（国内生产总值）、“CEO”（首席执行官）、“FYI”（供参考）等。
随着国际经济、文化等领域的交流与合作日益增多，人们越来越多地借助商务合同来明确规定和约束各当事方的权利、义务是非常必要的，这可以有效防止引发涉外经济纠纷，避免严重的经济损失。
在商务活动中，当事人所签订的商务合同属于具有法律约束力的文件，因此商务合同英语同时具有商务英语和法律英语的特征。
在商务英语中，商务合同英语是其不可或缺的重要组成部分。
而就法律英语来说，商务合同英语也是众多英语文体中最庄重的类型之一，主要体现在专业句式、词汇方面。
在商务合同英语翻译工作中，译者必须注意到这些特点，综合分析各种影响因素，准确理解商务合同英语的句式、词汇特点，准确把握商务合同语言的特殊性质，区别于普通句式、词汇，选择适宜的翻译方法准确、规范地翻译商务合同，更加准确、客观地理解原文内容。
1商务合同英语的句式特点1.1句子结构复杂、多用固定句型结构商务合同英语不同于日常英语，句式结构复杂化，这和法律规定、合同条款要求的精确、严密并没有直接联系。
客观、公正，不带任何主观色彩是商务合同英语的显著特征，这是因为商务句式中很少出现人称主语，但被动语态、名词化结构的使用特别多。
商务合同英语正式程度的体现方式并不是单一的，可以借助词汇、句式来表示其正式程度。
在英语多样化功能文体、英语语体中，合同文体的正式程度是最高的，导致其句式结构复杂化，重叠现象频繁出现。
在起草商务合同的过程中，相关人员必须根据商务合同内容，结合商务英语语境，灵活使用现成的套话，比如，including but not limited to，shall be deemed a consent，without prejudice to[1]，促使所表达的意思更加准确、完整，准确界定其使用的具体范围。
所使用的现成套话在普通英语是无法找到的，被称之为固定句型结构，客观折射出商务合同英语的显著特征。
1.2被动语态和名词化结构就商务合同而言，旨在对人们的各种行为做出明确的规定，促使相关的行为规范化，有效指导实践活动。
商务英语词汇abandon a claim 放弃索赔abandon 委付;放弃abandon as unsalvageable 无法抢救而放弃abandon option 放弃期权abandon property 废弃财产abandon rate 挂断率abate a price 降价abatement 冲消;折扣abdication 放弃权利abide by the contract 遵守合同ability of bearing taxation 负税能力ablility of the subject of pay 纳税能力ablility-to-pay principle 负税能力原则ablility to communicate 交流能力abject poverty 赤贫able-adult 壮丁abnormal depreciation 特别折旧abnormal profit 超额利润abnormal risk 特殊风险abnormal spoilage 非正常破损abode 营业所;住所abolish 废除;取消abortive 不能aboriginal cost 原始成本above market 高于市价above par 超出面值above-the-line expenditure 经常预算支出above par value 高与平价abrasion 磨损absence of consideration 缺对价absent from work 缺勤;旷工absenteeism 旷工;缺勤absolute acceptance 无条件承兑absolute advantage 绝对利益;绝对优势absolute assignment 绝对转让absolute availabilities of imports 绝对进口供应额absolute endorsement 无条件背书absolute interest 绝对产权;绝对利益absolute quotas 绝对配额absolute spread 绝对差额absolute warranty of sea-worthiness 绝对适航保证absolve 豁免;免除absorbed costs 归入成本;已分摊成本absorbed declination 以分摊跌价差额absorbed expenses 以分摊费用absorption account 费用分摊帐户abstaining 弃权abstention 弃权abstract title 产权说明academic intelligence 学术方面的才智academic interests 学术界academic smarts 学术方面的才能accelerated learning 速成学习accept 承兑accelerated depreciation allowance 加速折旧扣除acceptance commission 承兑手续费acceptance credit 承兑信用acceptance draft 承兑汇票acceptance financing 承兑融资acceptance sampling 验收抽样access 使用;享用权;进入access fee 使用费accession to the WTO 加入世界贸易组织accessories 装饰品;首饰;衣饰accessory apartment 附属房(个人独立住宅中供出租的多余房屋) accident frequency rate 意外伤亡事故频率(按每百万工作小时计) accident report book 事故记事本accommodation 适应性调节;(应急的)短期贷款accommodation address 临时通信地址account 帐户;客户,生意往来关系accountability 会计责任accountable 负会计责任的accountancy 会计工作(专业)accounting 会计学account control 会计控制account of payments 支出帐户account of receipts 收入帐户accommodation bill 融资票据accounts 账目accounts manager 会计部经理accounts payable 应付账款accounts receivable 应收账款accounts in debit 借项账户account convention 会计惯例account current 往来账户account dealing 记账交易account of payable 应付账款account purchase 赊购account receivable 应收账款accountantship 会计道德accrual 增加额accrued assets 应计资产accrued dividend 应计股利accrued depreciation 应计折旧accrued expense 应计费用accrued interest 待付利息accrued payables 应计未付款项accrued taxes 应计税款accumulated deficit 累计亏损accumulated depreciation 累计折旧accumulation of capital 资本积累achieve 获得；实现；达到achievable 切实可行的；可达到的Achilles’ heel原意为阿基里斯的脚踵，引申为致命弱点acid test 决定性的考验acknowledgement of liability 承认债务acquiescence 默许，默认acquired surplus 既得盈余滚动acquired right 既得利益；既得权益acquiring corporation 收买股权公司acquisiton 收购；兼并acquisiton costs 购置成本across－the－board 全面；全体across the UK 横跨英国act of God 天灾；不可抗力action at law 法律诉讼action figure （仿真）玩具人；活动人action item 畅销货active assets 流动资产active balance of payments 国际收支顺差active capital 流动资本active demand 旺盛需求activewear 运动服activity 经营项目；经营业务actual depreciation 实际折旧actual dishonor 拒绝承兑actual liabilities 实际负债actual quotation 暗盘actual rate 实际汇率actual solvency 实际偿付能力actuals 现货；实际数字（相对于估计的数目）actuary 精算师adaptation 重新打造以适应，本土化add－on （also peripheral）随机附件add value tax 增值税added items of expenditure 追加支出adding to a position 增加头寸additional assured 附加被保险人additional benefit 附加利益Additional Benefit Funding 附加福利基金（专款）additional budget 追加预算additional charge 附加费additional clause 附加条款additional collateral 附加担保品additional commitments 追加的承诺；追加的投资additional conditions 附加条件additional cost 额外费用；追加费用additional finance 额外资金additional freight 附加运费additional margin 追加保证金additional outlay 额外开支additional paid－in capital 额外实际资本additional premium 附加保险费additional protocol 附加议定书additional tax 追加税address 满足（需求）；发表演说；向……汇报；处理address book 通讯簿addressing machine 通讯地址打印机adjoining bedroom （两间毗连的）套间adjudicate a dispute 裁决争端adjudication of bankruptcy 宣告破产adjunct accounts 增价账户adjustable peg 可调固定汇率adjustable policy 可调整保险单adjustable premium 可调整保险费adjustable rate preferred stock（ARP）可调整股息率的优先股adjusted CD rate 可调整存款单利率adjusted C.I.F. price 调整的到岸价adjusted selling price 调整后的销售价adjuster 理算师adjustment costs 理算费用adman 广告掮客administered price 管制价格dministration charges 行政管理费dministration fees 行政管理费administrative 行政的；管理的administrative expenses 行政管理费用administrator 行政主管；行政管理人员admissible assets 可税资产admission temporaire 免税进口admit to bail 准许交保adult day－care center 成人日托服务中心adulterant 伪劣商品adulterated goods 冒牌货advance 预付款；垫款advance against collateral 需要担保的贷款advance against goods 商品抵押的预付款advance corporation tax 公司预付税advance allocation 预付拨款advance by overdraft 透支advance capital for business 垫本advance deposits 进口保证金advance of royalties 预付版税advance payment 预付款advance publicity 前期宣传advance remittance 预付汇款advance reservation clerk 客房预订接待员advanced charge 已预付的费用advanced orders 预订货量advancement 进步advantageous 有利的adventure 投机买卖adversarial relationship 长期敌对关系，长期关系紧张adverse exchange 逆汇adverse trade balance 入超；贸易逆差advertisement 广告advertising 登广告advertising agency 广告公司advertising business 广告业advertising campaign 广告宣传活动advertising consultancy business 广告咨询公司advertising selection 广告甄选（法）advertising service 广告业务ad agent 广告代理商ad craft 广告业者ad referendum contract 草约ad solicitor 广告掮客ad valorem duty 从价关税advice for collection 托收委托书advice note (发货)通知单advice of arrival 到货通知advice of authority to pay 授权付款通知书advice of bill accepted 承兑票据通知书advice of bill collected 票据收款通知书advice of bill paid 票据付款通知书advice of drawing 汇票通知书advice of settlement 结算通知书advice sheet 外汇交易报告书advising funds 信用资金advid 自荐录像带advisory board 咨询委员会advisory service 咨询服务部aero (车辆等)流线型的affidavit of means 偿债能力证明书affidavit of service 送达证明书affiliated company 附属公司;分公司affiliated interests 联营股权affiliation 联营公司;附属机构affinity (group) card 团体组织卡affirmation of contract 批准合同aforementioned 上述;前面提及的after cost 后续成本after delivery 交货后after (-sales) service 售后服务after sight bill 见票后付款汇票after-care service 售后服务after-market 次级市场after-sales warranty 售后保单after-tax income 税后收入against all risks 保全险agency 代理行;经销处;公众服务机构;代理公司agency agreement 代理协议书agency bills 代理票据agency commission 代理佣金agency contract 代理合同agency endorsement 代理背书agency funds 代管基金agency receipt 待收款收据agency recruitment 通过职业介绍所招聘agency-client relationship 主顾关系agent service 代理业务agents lien 代理人留置权aggregate balance sheet 合并资产负债表aggregate liability 债务总额aggregate losses 累计损失aggregated rebates 总回扣aggrieved party 受损害的一方agio 贴水agiotage 套利差额;股票投机agreed par value 约定平价agreed rate 协定运费率agreed returns 约定退费agreement of reimbursement 偿付协议agreement on buying option 优先购买权协议aggressive police-style interview technique 咄咄逼人的警察审犯人式的面谈方式aggressive reporting 乐观高估的财务报告agribusiness 农业综合企业agricultural science of park 农业科技园区agro-industrial complex 农工联合企业agro-industry 农用工业aid account 经援帐户air-borne trade 空运贸易air-conditioned container 空调集装箱air freight operator 空运公司airline 航空公司airline business 航空业airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名称中)air miles 里程奖air-miles awards 里程奖air quality and emission standards 空气质量和排放标准air time 通话时间air (transportation) waybill 空运单airways 航空公司alcometer 酒精检测仪all-expenses-paid trip 免费旅行all-risk policy 全险;综合险;全险保单all rights reserved 保留所有权利all risks insurance 全保险all round price 各种费用在内价all sorts of goods in stock 货色齐备all squared 结清all told 全部容allocated quota 分配配额allocation 分配;拨款allocation of risks 风险分担allocation of shares 股金分配allotment 配股allotment money 认购资金alternative 非主流的aluminium can 易拉罐amalgamate 合并amassing knowledge 积累的知识amend 修正amendment 修正件amenities 生活福利设施;舒适条件;宜人之处American Express 美国运通信用卡American plan 美式酒店服务;美式收费制amicable allowance 友好让价amortization 摊销;分期偿还amount brought forward 上期结转金额amount ceded 分出金额amount cover charge 保险费金额amount differ 金额不符amount in figures 小写金额amount in force 有效金额amount in words 大写金额amount insured 保险金额amount of the credit 赊帐金额;信用证金额amount of instrument 票据金额amount of overpaid 多付款项amount of undercharged 少算款项amount under-collected 少收款项amusement shares 娱乐股票analysis 分析analyst (经济)分析员angel 投资天使angel investor 天使投资者annex 附录;附加announcement of tender 招标通告annoyance 令人讨厌的事或人annual general meeting 年度股东大会annual growth rate 年增长率annual income 年收入annual premium 年度保险金annual production 年产量annual profit 年收益;年利润annual report 年报annual return 年利润;(纳税)年度申报表annual statement 年度决算书annualization 年工时制annuities 年金债券answering machine 录音电话answerphone 留言机;电话录音机antecedent money 押金antedate 倒填日期anticipated acceptance 预期承兑anticipated buying 预期定价anticipatory L/C 预支信用证anticipatory pricing 预期定价anti-dumping duties 反倾销anti-dumping law 反倾销法anti-fraud technique 反垄断anti-subsidy duty 反贴补anti-takeover tactics 反接管手法antitrust 反托拉斯any other business 任何其他议题a/o(account of) 入帐内AOB(any other business) 其他事项A/P(authority to purchase) 委托购买证a.p.(Additional Premium) 附加保险费a/p(account paid) 帐目已付aperitif 开胃酒apparent rate 表面费率appeal 吸引力appendix 附录applicant 申请人;投保人applicant for a discount 贴现人applicant for the credit 信用证申请人application for insurance 投报单application money 认购新股款权application form 申请表appreciate (v) appreciation(n) 增值apprentice 学徒apprenticeship 学徒工期;学徒制approach 手段;方法;(想亲近的)尝试approach to dialogue 谈话方式approximate 大约的商务词汇pack a box 装箱pack cloth 包装用布pack thread 麻绳（包扎用的）pack up 打包packed cargo 包装货packing and crating 打包，装框packing box 货盒packing case 货箱packing charges 包装费用，打包费packing credit 打包放款packing list 装箱单packing machine 包装机packing paper 包装纸paid-up capital 已缴资本paper mill 造纸厂paper money 钞票，纸币par avion （法文）航空邮递par value 票面价值parcel post 包裹邮递parcel post insurance 邮包保险parcel post receipt 邮包收据parcel receipt 包裹收据parent company 母公司partial acceptance 局部认付partial delivery 部份交付，局部交货partial loss 部份损失partial payment 部份支付partial shipment 分批装船particular average 单独海损part time job 零星工作partner 合伙人，合作者party concerned 有关人士parties to a contract 签约人patent right 专利权pattern for reference 参考样本payable at sight 见票即付payable to bearer 凭票取款pay in advance 预付pay in cash 付现金pay in full 付清paying agent 代付人paying bank 付款银行payment agreement 支付协议payment document 支出单据payment by installment 分期付款payment in advance 预付payment in cash 付现金payment in full 付清payment in part 付一部份per annum 每年per capita 按人头，每人per capita imcome 每人收入per centum 每百perfect competition 完全竞争performance bond 履行保证perils of the sea 航海危险perils of the seas 海难petty cash 零用钱place of delivery 交货地点place of loading 装货处place of payment 付款地点plain telegram 明电planning of products 产品设计please turn over 请阅后页please pay 请付plywood and artificial board industry 夹板工业pocket money 零用钱poor workmanship 粗工port 港口，港市port duty 入港税port of arrival 到达港port of call （沿途）停靠港，暂停港port of delivery 卸货港，交货港port of embarkation 出发港port of sailing 起航港port of shipment 装货港port clearance 出口货单post card 明信片post office box 邮政信箱postal money order 邮政汇票pound sterling 英镑power of attorney 委任状，代理委任状prepaid expenses 预支费用prevailing price 当时价格prevailing rate 市价previous year 上年度price list 价格表prime quality 上等货prior period 上期private company 私人公司private enterprise 私营企业pro forma 估计的，假定的processed farm products 农业加工品profit and loss statement 营业损益表pro forma invoice 估价单，暂定的发票prohibitive price 惊人的高价promissory note 本票，借据，期票promotion expenses 推广费，推销费promotion policy 推销政策promotional allowance 推销津贴promotional literature 广告文件prompt delivery 即时交货prompt shipment 迅速装船proposal form 要保书pro rate 比例分配protective measure 保护办法protective system 保护贸易制度protective trade 保护贸易publication 出版物public agent 代办人public auction 公开拍卖public enterprise 公营企业public market 公开市场revolving credit 共关系public tender 公开投标public weigher 公共重量检定人publicity agent 广告代理人，宣传员published price 定价purchase confirmation 购货确认书purchase contract 购货合同purchase expenses 购货费用purchase invoice 购货发票purchase mission 驻外采购团purchase order 购货订单purchasing agent 代购人，购买代理商purchasing cost 进货成本purchasing department 采购部purchasing power 购买力purchasing power of money 购买力quality certificate 品质证明书quality control 品质管制，质量控制quarantine office 检疫所quota system 配额制quotations 价目，估价单railway bill of lading 铁路提单railway freight 铁路运费raise a price 涨价rate cutting 降低运费（保险费）rate of discount 贴现率rate of exchange 汇率rate of interest 利率rate per annum 年率raw materials 原料raw sugar 粗糖received for shipment 收货候装recieved for shipment B/L 备运提单recipient of goods 受货人reciprocal buying 互相购买reciprocal demand 相互需求reciprocal purchase 相互购买reciprocity clause 互惠条款red bill of lading 红色提货单reduce the price 减价refined salt 精盐reflation 通货再膨胀registered 挂号的，登记过的registered capital 注册资本registered letters (post) 挂号信registered mail 挂号邮件registered trade mark 登记商标regular members 普通会员regular price 正常价格regular procedure 正规手续regular service 定期服务regular subscriber 常年订阅者reinsurance policy 再保险单reminder letter 催函remit money 划拨款项remittance permit 汇款核准书renminbi （RMB）人民币repeat offer 重复发价（发盘）report form 报告格式request notes 申请单restraint of trade 贸易约束restriction of import 进口限制resume business 复业retail business 小买卖，小生意retail dealer 零售商retail price 零售价retail store 零售店retail trader 零售商return cargo 回头货returned goods 退货revision of treaty 修正条约right of priority 优先权risk plan basis 实际危险制risk of breakage 破损险risk of hook damage 钩损险risk of leakage 漏损险risk of non-delivery 遗失险risk of oil damage 油污险risk of sling damage 吊索损险risk of sweat damage 潮腐险risk of theft and/or pilferage 盗窃险risk of warehouse to warehouse 仓库至仓库险rise in price 涨价rival commodities 竞争商品rival firms 竞争公司rock bottom price 最低价rough estimate 概算round voyage 全航程sales allowance 销货折让sale book 销货簿sale by brand and/or description 凭厂牌和说明售货sale by bulk 批发sale by description and/or brand 货物分类出售sale by inspection 看货买卖sale by sample 凭样本买卖sale by specification 凭规格买卖，凭说明书买卖sale by standard 凭标准买卖sale by confirmation 售货确认书sale contract 售货合同sales invoice 销货发票sales letters 销货信件sales manager 营业主任，销售经理sales potential 推销潜力sale tax 销售税sales promotion 促进销售sales quotas 销货配额sales system 销售制度sales tax 销售税sales territory 销售区域sales woman 女推销员，女店员sample card 货样卡sample of goods 货样sample room 样品间savings bank 储蓄银行sea damage 海损sea risk 海险second hand goods 旧货secondhand wooden case 旧木箱second party 乙方selected quality 上选品质selection 选择品，精选品sell goods 销货，行销sell on credit 赊销sell out 卖完sell well 好卖，畅销seller's market 卖方市场（求过于供）selling agent 销售代理商selling cost 销售成本selling at half price 半价出售selling at less than cost 蚀本出售selling expenses 销货费用selling price 售价selling profit 销售利润selling rate 卖价，卖出比率semi-finished goods 半成品semi-manufactured goods 半成品service business 服务业service department 服务部settle a claim (bill) 解决赔偿settle account 结帐，清算，支付settlement of exchange 结汇share holder 股东shares of stock 股份ship (discharge) the cargo 装（卸）货shipped on board B/L 装运提单shipping advice 货运通知shipping agent 货运代理人shipping business 航运业shipping company 航运公司shipping documents 装运单据shipping expenses 装货费用shipping note 装货通知单shipping order 发货单shipping receipt 装货收条shipping sample 装船货样shipping space 舱位shipping ton 装载吨shipping weight (intake weight) 装船货物重量shipment sample 装运货物样本shop keeper 老板，店主shopping center 市场，购物中心short bill 短期汇票short contract 空头short credit 短期信用short form bill of lading 简式提单short tons 短吨shortage in weight 重量不足shut out 退关，轧出shut the book 停止交易signing of contract 签约sight bill 即期汇票sight draft 即期汇票sight letter of credit 即期信用证silver coin 银币simple contract 简约skyrocketing price 飞涨价格slack season (off season) 淡季slip system 传票制度small change 零钱small quantity 小量smuggled goods 走私货sole agents 包销，独家经理人special clause 特别条款special column 专栏special discount 特别折扣special expenses 特别开支special order 特别订货special price 特价special tax 特种营业税special value 特别价值speculative business 投机事业spot delivery 当场交付spot goods 现货spot sales 当场买卖stale bill of lading 失效提单stamp duty 印花税stamp tax 印花税standard 标准，准则standard of living 生活标准standard sample 标准样品standardization 标准化stand-by letter of credit 备用信用证state enterprise 政府企业state monopoly 国营专卖statement 表，报表，报告书，清单statement of assets and statement of loss and profit 损益表sterling area 英镑区sterling bloc 英镑集团stock in hand 有现货stock keeper 货物管理人stock market 股票市场stock on hand 存货，存货目录stop payment 止付stop work 停工storage (godown rent) 仓租，保管费storage charges 存货费用straight bill of lading 收货人抬头提单，不转让提单straight credit 直接信用证straight letter of credit 简明信用证strong firm 有气色strong market 市面旺盛subsidiary company 附属公司successful bidder 拍卖成交，得标商sundries (all sorts of goods) 杂货superior quality 优等品supervision 监督superfine quality 极上品supply and demand 供需supply department 供应部supporting document 原始单据，证明文件survey method 调查法surveyor's certificate 鉴定证书surveyor's report 验货报告书，公证人报告suspend payment 停止支付suspension of business 停业suspension of publication 停刊synthetic industry 人工合成工业table of freight charges 运费表table of rates 税率表tabulated quotation 行情表Taiwan Supply Bureau 台湾物资局Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau 台湾烟酒公卖局tale quale (tel quel) 现状条件tally 点数，计数tally man 点数人，卖赊人tally sheet 计数纸tax bearer 纳税人tax collection office 征税局tax exemption 免税tax exemption certification 免税证tax evasion 逃税，漏税tax free 免税的tax free imports 免税进口货telegraphic address 电报挂号telegraphic transfer 电汇telephone directory 电话号码薄temporary employment 短工temporary payments 暂付款项temporary receipt 临时收据term bill 期票terms of credit 信用证条件termination of contract 合约终止termination of employment 雇佣终止，解雇terms of sale 销售条件textile factory 纺织厂thanks for patronage 铭谢惠顾this side up 此端向上through bill of lading 联运提货单tight money market 银根紧的金融市场time bill 期票time charter 定期租船契约time deposit 定期存款time draft 远期汇票time letter of credit 远期信用证time limits 期限time of delivery 交货时日tissue paper 薄纸，棉纸total amount 总计，总数total cost 总成本total loss 全部损失total price 总价total value 总值trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票transit clause 运输条款type of merchandize 货物种类type of payment 付款类别trade center 贸易中心trade channel 贸易途径trade discount 商业折扣trade disputes 商业纠纷trade mark 商标trade promotion division 贸易推广部trade zone 贸易地区trade secret 商业机密trading corporation 贸易各公司tranship goods 转口货travel allowance 旅行津贴traveller's check 旅行支票traveller's letter of credit 旅行信用证treasury bill 财政部证券treaty obligation 条约义务trial balance 试算表trial order 试订单trial sale 试销trucking expenses 卡车运费trust fund 信托基金trust receipt 信托收据type sample 标准样品ultimate consumer 最后消费者unassignable letter of credit 不可转让信用证unclean B/L 有债务提单unconditional delivery 无条件交货unconfirmed credit 未确认信用证unconfirmed letter of credit 未确认信用证uncontrollable costs 不能控制的成本unearned income 未获利润unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差unfavorable trade balance 贸易顺差unfilled orders 未发货的订单unfinished work 未完成的工作uniform customs and practice for documentary credits 押汇信用证统一惯例实务uniform prices 固定价格unilateral trade 单边贸易unindorsed check 未经背书的支票unit cost 单位成本unload carge 卸货unprecedented rise 空前涨价unprecedented sales 空前销售unreasonable prices 不合理价格unskilled labor 不熟练工人unsuccessful bidder 未得标商人unused balance of letter of credit 信用证未用余额upset price 开拍价格，最低价格usual discount 普通折扣valid period 有效期限validity 有效期valuable merchandise 贵重品value of import 输入价值variable cost 可变成本variable expenses 可变费用ventilated compartment 通风舱verbal (oral) contract 口头契约vice-general manager 副总经理volume (space) tons 容积吨voyage charter 论次计租轮voyage policy 航程保单warehouse certificate 仓库凭单warehouse to warehouse clause 仓库到仓库的保险条款warehouse receipt 仓单，存货，仓库收据warehouse warrant 仓单water stain 水渍wear and tear 日久耗损weekly reports 周报weight list 重量单weight tons 重量吨weights and measures 度量衡well-assorted goods 各色俱全的货物wharf(pier, quay) 码头wholesale business 批发业wholesale dealers 批发商wholesale goods 批发货wholesale merchant 批发商wholesale price 批发价with average 全损之外担保分损with recourse 有追索权with particular average 单独海损赔偿without recourse 无追索权without return 不可退货wooden case 木箱working capital 流动资本，资本周转金working day 工作日working expenses 工作费用，经营费用working hours 工作时间World Bank 世界银行world market 世界市场world's fair 万国博览会wrapping paper 包装纸written agreements(contracts) 书面契约written contract 正式合同written document 书面证明written evidence 字据written permission 书面许可证yearly installment 按年摊付Zone Improvenment Program (ZIP) 邮递区号第一部分、Marketing and Sales(市场与销售部分）Vice-President of Sales 销售副总裁Senior Customer Manager 高级客户经理Sales Manager 销售经理Regional Sales Manager 地区销售经理Merchandising Manager 采购经理Sales Assistant 销售助理Wholesale Buyer 批发采购员Tele-Interviewer 电话调查员Real Estate Appraiser 房地产评估师Marketing Consultant 市场顾问Marketing and Sales Director 市场与销售总监Market Research Analyst 市场调查分析员Manufacturers Representative 厂家代表Director of Subsidiary Rights 分公司权利总监Sales Representative 销售代表Assistant Customer Executive 客户管理助理Marketing Intern 市场实习Marketing Director 市场总监Insurance Agent 保险代理人Customer Manager 客户经理Vice-President of Marketing 市场副总裁Regional Customer Manager 地区客户经理Sales Administrator 销售主管Telemarketing Director 电话销售总监Advertising Manager 广告经理Travel Agent 旅行代办员Salesperson 销售员Telemarketer 电话销售员Sales Executive 销售执行者Marketing Assistant 市场助理Retail Buyer 零售采购员Real Estate Manager 房地产经理Real Estate Broker 房地产经纪人Purchasing Agent 采购代理Product Developer 产品开发Marketing Manager 市场经理Advertising Coordinator 广告协调员Advertising Assistant 广告助理Ad Copywriter(Direct Mail) 广告文撰写人Customer Representative 客户代表第二部分、Computers and Mathematics(计算机部分)Manager of Network Administration 网络管理经理MIS Manager 电脑部经理Project Manager 项目经理Technical Engineer 技术工程师Developmental Engineer 开发工程师Systems Programmer 系统程序员Administrator 局域网管理员Operations Analyst 操作分析Computer Operator 电脑操作员Product Support Manager 产品支持经理Computer Operations Supervisor 电脑操作主管Director of InFORMation Services 信息服务主管Systems Engineer 系统工程师Hardware Engineer 硬件工程师Applications Programmer 应用软件程序员InFORMation Analyst 信息分析LAN Systems Analyst 系统分析Statistician 统计员第三部分、Human Resources（人力资源部分）Director of Human Resources 人力资源总监Assistant Personnel Officer 人事助理Compensation Manager 薪酬经理Employment Consultant 招募顾问Facility Manager 后勤经理Job Placement Officer 人员配置专员Labor Relations Specialist 劳动关系专员Recruiter 招聘人员Training Specialist 培训专员Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁Assistant Vice-President of Human Resources 人力资源副总裁助理Personnel Manager 职员经理Benefits Coordinator 员工福利协调员Employer Relations Representative 员工关系代表Personnel Consultant 员工顾问Training Coordinator 培训协调员Executive and Managerial(管理部分)Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行官Director of Operations 运营总监Vice-President 副总裁Branch Manager 部门经理Retail Store Manager 零售店经理HMO Product Manager 产品经理Operations Manager 操作经理Assistant Vice-President 副总裁助理Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员Management Consultant 管理顾问District Manager 市区经理Hospital Administrator 医院管理Import/Export Manager 进出口经理Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员Program Manager 程序管理经理Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员Project Manager 项目经理Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理Regional Manager 区域经理Chief Operations Officer(COO) 首席运营官General Manager 总经理Executive Marketing Director 市场行政总监Controller(International) 国际监管Food Service Manager 食品服务经理Production Manager 生产经理Administrator 医疗保险管理Property Manager 房地产经理Claims Examiner 主考官Controller(General) 管理员Service Manager 服务经理Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理Vending Manager 售买经理Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理Transportation Manager 运输经理Warehouse Manager 仓库经理Assistant Store Manager 商店经理助理。
浅析会展英语的词汇特征作者：黄媛清来源：《读与写·教育教学版》2015年第11期摘要：本文从会展英语的词汇特征出发，通过实证研究，归纳总结了会展英语的词汇特征，提出了会展英语的词汇教学应该从会展英语的核心词汇入手，因材施教，帮助学习者更加有效地提高会展英语水平。
关键词：会展英语词汇特征词汇教学中图分类号：H313.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-1578（2015）11-0017-011 引言会展是指会议、展览、大型活动等集体性的商业或非商业活动的简称。
其概念内涵是指在一定地域空间，许多人聚集在一起形成的、定期或不定期、制度或非制度的传递和交流信息的群众性社会活动，其概念的外延包括各种类型的博览会、展销活动、大中小型会议、文化活动、节庆活动等。
特定主题的会展是指围绕特定主题集合多人在特定时空的集聚交流活动。
狭义的会展仅指展览会和会议；广义的会展是会议、展览会、节事活动和各类产业/行业相关展览的统称。
会展英语是商务英语的一个分支，是“会展活动的参与者在展前、展中及展后为促成产品、服务、信息的交流为目的所使用的一种商业语言”（苏晓娜，2010）。
2 会展英语的词汇特征2.1使用大量缩略语无论是日常生活还是专业领域，英语中都存在着大量的缩略语，会展英语也不例外。
例如：ADIPEC（the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference）；ASEAN （Association of Southeast Asian Nations）；ICCA（International Convention and Conference Association）等等。
除了以首字母开头作为缩略语之外，会展英语中还常常用一些截短单词来代替较长的原始单词，比如ads（advertisements），EXPO（exposition），encl（enclosed）等。
对商务英语非谓语动词的全面总结非谓语动词是英语中的一种特殊动词形式，它可以作为主语、宾语、状语和定语等，并且在商务英语中使用广泛。
本文将对商务英语非谓语动词进行全面总结，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一语法结构。
1. 不定式（Infinitive）不定式是非谓语动词中最常见、最基础的形式之一。
在商务英语中，不定式通常用于以下情况：- 作为宾语，表示在谈判、协商、决策等过程中的意愿和目标：- We hope to sign the contract next week.（我们希望下周签订合同。
）- 作为定语，修饰名词或代词，说明其用途、目的或性质：- He has a lot of work to do.（他有很多工作要做。
）- We need a reliable person to handle the project.（我们需要一个可靠的人来处理这个项目。
）2. 现在分词（Present Participle）现在分词作为非谓语动词，常用于以下情况：- 作为定语，修饰名词或代词，表示该名词或代词的属性、状态或特征：- The growing demand for renewable energy is a global trend.（对可再生能源的增长需求是一个全球趋势。
）- The marketing team launched an advertising campaign targeting young consumers.（市场营销团队发起了针对年轻消费者的广告活动。
）- 作为状语，表示伴随的动作或条件：- Speaking fluently is essential in international negotiations.（流利地说话在国际谈判中是必要的。
）3. 过去分词（Past Participle）过去分词作为非谓语动词，常用于以下情况：- 作为定语，修饰名词或代词，表示该名词或代词的状态或被动经历：- The damaged goods were returned to the supplier.（受损的货物被退回给供应商。
毕业论文Title: A Brief Discussion on the Special Words in BusinessEnglish题目：商务英语中特殊词浅析学生姓名学号指导教师讲师年级专业商务英语系别英语系摘要在商务英语中，我们经常会对一些词产生误解，本文分析并探究商务英语中特殊词不同的含义。
了解商务英语中特殊词不同语境的含义，可以增加东西方国家之间商务贸易的相互理解和沟通。
这篇文章从以下几点进行了阐述：（1）国内外研究商务英语理论综述；（2）列举商务英语语境一词多义的现象；（3）认知方法；（4）商务英语中特殊词分析。
通过对以上几个方面的深入探讨，探究在商务英语中特殊词汇的使用，从而更好地学习和完善商务英语。
关键词：商务英语现象词汇分析AbstractIn business English, we often misunderstanding of some words. In this paper, explore and analysis the different meanings of special words in business English. Understand the meanings of special words, it can improve the understand and communication in different countries. The paper is better described from the following points: (1) The literature review of the business English; (2) list the business English context the phenomenon of polysemy; (3) cognitive approach to polysemy; (4) analysis of special vocabularies in business English. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, we could explore the use of special words in Business English. So as better learn and improve the Business English.Key words: Business English phenomenon vocabulary analysisContentsChapter 1Introduction (1)Chapter 2 Literature Review (3)2.1 Features of Business English (3)2.2 The Study of Business English (3)2.3 V ocabulary Knowledge (4)Chapter 3 Polysemy in Business English C ontext (6)3.1 Concept of Polysemy (6)3.2 Cognitive Methods to Polysemy (7)3.2.1 Metaphor in Business English (8)3.2.2 Metonymy in Business English (10)3.2.3 Image Schema in Business English (10)Chapter 4 Suggestions of Special Words in Business English (12)4.1 Criteria of Choosing Exemplary Business English Special Words (12)4.2 Methodology for Determining Primary Sense of the Special Words (13)4.3 Inspirations to Teaching Special Words in Business English (14)4.3.1 Intra-lingual and Extra-lingual Knowledge of Compound A djectives (14)4.3.2 Creating an Environment to Apply Compound Adjectives (14)Chapter 5 Conclusion (16)Bibliography (18)Acknowledgements (19)A Brief Discussion on the Special Words in Business EnglishChapter 1 IntroductionBusiness English is generally used in the following fields, such as foreign trade, investment promotion, international tourism, and overseas investment, etc. In recent years, as our opening degree increased, business English has been used widely. In order to provide higher-quality service, the translator should continually seek after improvements. With the international economic growing, so how to make full use of business English words to obtain the biggest economic benefit under the premise of in the respect for international economic cooperation is a problem that each foreign trade enterprise has to take into consideration. In this paper, some notable pragmatic features of the business English words are briefly analyzed and discussed.Business English vocabulary has its own peculiarities which can be generally summarized as the following: concentrated in technical terms, written form. The translation criteria of business English words also has its own particularities and this paper highlights the “accuracy principle”and “unity principle”. The meanings of the first three types of words are fixed and reflect few emotional feelings. The translator can translate those words by looking up the dictionary. As to the common words, which are flexible and having rich meaning, when used in different field or different context they may have different meanings. But there have some word are difficult to translate.The domestic enterprises also face to contact directly with other countries’enterprises. In the process of learning business English, we often for some vague words produce misunderstanding, sometimes because of some words in business English meaning different from that of other occasions. But also sometimes we lack of some Business English background knowledge; research and study the special word.1We also can master some knowledge of vocabulary. To improve business English learning, communication skills and practice ability, it has the vital significance.This paper includes five parts: the introduction, definitions of business English and vocabulary knowledge, problems of polysemy used in business English, analyses of the special vocabulary in Business English. And inspirations to teaching of special words in Business English.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIn business English, there has many studies with regard to special words from all over world. Many professors show their opinions relates to special vocabulary. This part is divided into three sections, to review situation of special words in business English, features of business English and study of business English.2.1 Features of Business EnglishBusiness English has four distinctive characteristics: (a) Business English is a dynamic, multichannel process, which covers internal as well as external communication in a given organization. (b) Business English meets the specific needs of different learners. (c)The content of Business English is related to specific specialties and careers. (d)And the vocabulary, semantics and the collocation of business English is more specific than daily used English. The business English in my paper here involves to the English that is used in many business activities, such as foreign trade, international finance, offshore fund, travel abroad, business advertisement, the commercial products, and the company management, etc.2.2 The Study of Business EnglishFrom the 1960s ESP (English for special purposes) has experienced five stages of development. Now it is in its fourth phase and the fifth one just starts to come into being. Each of the five stage will be clearly discussed. Swales pointed out that all researches of ESP before the 1980s were based on the research of the EST (English for Science and Technology). However, the discussion of the development of ESP will not be restricted to the EST in this part as follows. In the 1960 year and 1970 year, a seriesof works of Jack Ewer and John Swales analyzed the specialized English texts and attempted to find the basic rules of ESP. They found that the English of Electrical Engineering constituted a special register and the register of the English of Electrical Engineering is different from that of Biology or of general English. Although the register analysis had very much pushing effect on the pedagogy of ESP, register analysis could not obviously reveal the distinctive. Because the ESP is different from general English.The theory of the target situation analysis has dominated in the pedagogy of ESP for a long time. In the 1980s the most thorough explanation of target situation analysis is the system set out by John Munby in Communicative Syllabus Design. The target situation analysis marked an approach of certain stage for ESP because it systemized what had previously been done and learner's need was apparently placed at the center of the course design process.It could be noted that the register analysis has been concerning the sentence. However, the fourth stage of ESP attempted to look below the surface form of the language and to consider not the language itself but the thinking processes in the language use. The language learners are treated as thinking beings who can be asked to observe and describe the interpretive processes in the language use.The concern in each stage is describing what people do with language. However, the oncerns in ESP are with language learning. Comparatively, a more effective way for ESP learners should be based on the course of understanding language learning. The result is means that it is a negotiated between students and teachers. It has been support by Hut chinson.2.3 Vocabulary KnowledgeFrom 1980s, vocabulary had begun to be paid great attention in applied linguistics, In 1980, English psycholinguistics Meara publicized an article o n “Language Teaching and Linguistics”, expressing his opinions that vocabulary acquisition has been ignoredin language learning. In 2002, he again released an article named “The Rediscovery of V ocabulary”. It tell us that the times we live in is the time of rediscovering the importance of vocabulary research, rather than the time of development of vocabulary research.According to Read, knowledge of words may proceed from a superficial level to a deeper level at various stages of learning.In Schmitt Mc C athy’s study, they need at least three dimensions. Firstly, learner should know the vocabulary size. Secondly, he scope of vocabulary knowledge conveyed by each word and grasped by a learner (depth of knowledge in nature ). Thirdly, how fast the intellectual can be used by learner. Schmitt McCarthy we can find out three definitions of lexical competence.Chapter 3 Polysemy in Business English ContextPolysemy is a important language, but also is one of the English vocabulary features. Polysemy phenomenon meaning extension have two patterns: radiation and chain, and it for English learners in learning English vocabulary would produce some important enlightenment revelation.3.1 Concept of PolysemyGenerally speaking, the link before radiation, in most cases, there two processes can be added together to work. It is the more derived with the original meaning of a word in the center. Such as “power” it has many different meanings.(1)ability to do or act…;particular faculty of body or mind…;(2)vigor, energy;(3)active property…;(4)government , influence , authority…; personal ascendancy; political or socialascendancy…;(5)authorization, delegated authority…;(6)influential person, body, or thing…;Take “fanny” as example. In most other English-speaking countries, they’re called “bum bags” because “fanny” is slang for a part of the female anatomy (and no, we're not talking about the rear end). So don’t tell someone to stop being lazy and get off their fanny, either. Take “bureau”as example. In England, it means desk. America means drawer. But the common meaning is office in England and America. Take “hog”as example. In England, it means a lamb. But in America, people use it to mean pig or motorcycle. These two kinds of meaning are used only in their respective countries. Take “lead” as example. In England it means rope. America people means clues. Thetwo countries common means guide. Take “pissed” as example. In America, we may get “pissed off”when we are angry. But the Brits and lrish who are “pissed”are extremely intoxicated “Taking the piss”, however, means “to make fun of”, not “to get drunk”. Take “bangs” as example, a forehead-covering haircut over there is referred to as a “fringe”instead. Overseas, “bang”is more commonly used as the somewhat vulgar slang that it is interchangeable with in America. Take “knob” as example. The word “knob” and think “doorknob” or “lever”. It has some other meanings all over the world. Now you will understand to be affronted if someone calls you are “knob head”.3.2 Cognitive Methods of PolysemyPolysemy is the most significant in central topic of linguistics. Formalism, structuralism, we use this word , such as “head” .(1) Head. Including the eyes, nose, month and the brain; Human and animal.(2) Rocket scientists, but in business English. It means talent in mathematics .(3) Premium is means remuneration in Latin. So it always means money, bonus, poundage, interest and so on. But in business English, it means the insurance premium, Such as insurance premium rate.(4) Appreciation. In business English, it means the property and currency appreciation.(5) CD. Such as com-pact disc, Christian Dior. They acronym is CD. But in business, CD is means certificate of deposit.(6) Dumping. It means “Taking out the trash”. But in business it means dumping. Like the garbage to sell product to other countries. So appear anti-dumping.(7) Future. In business it means goods. Such as Snake and Collection. They are the same as “Future”.(8) Big Mac Index. Big Mac is means McDonald’s big Mac. But in economics, the word is not, of course, refers to the Hamburg delicious, it is the economics of the so-called big MAC index, the index of purchasing power parity (PPP). Calculate thebig Mac hamburger in units of different currencies said dollar cost, then the cost comparing with currency against the dollar.(9) Golden parachute. Golden is means gold. Parachute means parachute. Gold is expensive and heavy. In real life I am afraid no one will use heavy gold to build the parachute. As the sky will only fall off more miserable, but in business English, the golden parachute means reverse mergers taking. So the golden parachute is also named golden goodbye, golden handshake, executive, payoffs and golden boot. In addition, many company use Pension/Silver parachute. It means commitment of the target company. If the company into the acquirer’s hands. The company shall have the duty to pay margin. When the company is mergers .According to the length of service. It will give wages to employees. Sometimes it also can effectively prevent a hostile take over.3.2.1 Metaphor in Business EnglishTraditionally, metaphor is regarded as a lind of special different ways of expression of image. We will give introduction to the two different views on metaphor in the following subsections.The term “metapherein”in which mesa means “change”and pherein expresses to “carry”. So traditionally it means transference from one entity to another as a whole. It is considered as a speech, in other words. However, the major shortcoming of classical view is that metaphor is not regarded as a cognitive mechanism of human beings.Metaphor provokes the listener to transfer features from the source to the target. It has often been noted that a typical metaphor uses a more concrete source to describe a more abstract target. We can take the metaphor “market is a battle field” as an example: in this metaphor the mapping does not work the other way around. We do not conventionally describe battle field in terms of market. In addition, metaphor is a more specific word to describe a more abstract goals. Again the market is a battle field metaphor exhibits this feature: the fierce and merciless experience of a battle is used to characterize the competition among the enterprises or businessmen in the same market.The processes of choosing, training soldiers and strategies designing, The aims are the same: to beat their enemies or competitors and gain the success of their own.There are some examples as following.(1) Blue sky, this is a law by Canada and America. It means blue-sky law. It prevent to be deceived by the securities and loss of a legal action. In addition, each word reflects the basic meaning of the blue sky, but also have their different meanings.Blue-sky bargaining, it means negotiation and other trading have unreasonable demands. It is too hard to receive a agreement.Blue-sky securities, it means without value of stock.Big blue “big” means big. “blue” means the color is blue. But in business English it means IBM. Because the trademark is blue, it is a big company. In Blue shirt , “blue”means color, “shirt” means shirt. In business English it means the staff in company.(2) Tender offer, tender is meaning for bidding in business. Tender always means gentle. But in business English, it means tender. In America business activities, a certain number of securities to the public’s cash offer. Visible usually higher than the market price at that time. It is not gentle than that time.(3) Blue chip. From the western country in the casino poker game. In a poker game, it has three colors, including red, white and blue. Each of color represents a certain value. The blue chip is the biggest value in game. So the blue chip is called “hot”, even for the outstanding tasks in various industries. Thus, it has many different kinds of usage. Such as blue-chip companies, blue-chip customer, blue-chip environment and blue- chip rate.(4) Liquidity. It means marketability. Enterprise solvency of financial debt on schedule, especially refers to the assets without too much loss can be quickly converted into cash.Above conclusion is not necessarily accurate, interpretation is unavoidably have omissions, is only in the study of business English special word made a crude attempt, special words in business English, of course, much more than these, we should also continuously in the learning practice accumulation, and try hard to explore the story behind it and source, so as to accomplish achieve mastery through a comprehensivestudy, learn to live, to achieve the purpose of our study.3.2.2 Metonymy in Business EnglishFortunately, more and more scholars have realized its importance in daily life, for example, in the sentence as “We have a couple of new intelligent heads in our company”, the expression “new intelligent heads” refers to persons who are intelligent. Intelligence of a human being is the most salient subdomain. This is a mapping from the vehicle/part (head) to the target/whole (person) within one conceptual domain. The mention of “head” can evoke the person because head is the typical feature of a person. Namely, metonymy has a referring function.Metaphor and metonymy do some things in common. Firstly, the same metaphor and metonymy are conceptual structures grounded on embodied experience. Secondly, mappings happen in both of them. and thus can be used in daily life and specific fields such as business, law, education, etc. As a result, the combination between metaphor and metonymy sometimes is the particularly frequent occurrence. The combination is reflected in a large number of polysemous words.3.2.3 Image Schema in Business EnglishA center- periphery schema is also based on bodily experience that our bodies have centers (the internal organs) and peripheries (fingers, toes, hair). The basic logic of a center- periphery schema is that the periphery depends on the center, but not vice versa.For example, Motorola and the other multinational corporations have their headquarters and peripheral branches and agencies. Centers are viewed as more important than the peripheries. Injuries to the central parts are more serious than injuries to the peripheral parts. Similarly, center defines the identity of the individual in a way that the peripheral parts do not. A multinational corporation that loses some of its oversea branches is the same corporation. Thus, the periphery is viewed asdepending on the center, but not conversely.Chapter 4 Suggestions of Using Vocabulary in BusinessEnglishThe sense relation and meaning variation are discussed in this chapter through analyzing the selected exemplary words based on the information of etymology, dictionary meanings. Through the detailed analysis on each exemplary word, the process of meaning variation is shown clearly through the exact metaphors, meaning relations are also illustrated and expressed in various figures.4.1 Criteria of Choosing Exemplary Business English Special WordsFor the selecting of exemplary words, the thesis discusses two main groups of content words-noun and verb that constitute the main body of English vocabulary. In a sentence noun serves as subject and object and verb is the predicate. An adjective, in grammar, is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about to what the noun or pronoun refers. For function words, preposition is of comparative importance, especially the preposition helping form verbal phrases which are popular in business context.Traditionally, the semantic focus was unequally put on the verb before the preposition. However, it just encodes the manner of the movement and leaves the direction or path of the movement to be fulfilled by the preposition, such as“look after”, “look for”, “look at”. The difference of the verbal phrases is their prepositions which indicate the directions of the act. Compared with content words noun and verb, prepositions do not have clear business meanings, they might follow the verbs to form verbal phrase such as“insist on”,“deal with”.The selecting of exemplary content words follows the four criteria, with high frequency in usage; with a comparative number of meanings; with the etymologyinformation; with various meanings including general and business. The information of etymology indicates that with the advance of time and the development of language, special words took on more and more meanings. The later meaning are called derived meanings as they are all derived from the primary meaning.Based on the information, the cognitive approaches and the following methodology for determining primary senses, the semantic relations and the process of meaning variation of the six exemplary words are analyzed with figures that are comparatively intuitional to understand. Through understanding the exemplary words, the detailed process of meaning variation and meaning relations are demonstrated respectively under the cognitive approaches of metaphor.4.2 Methodology for Determining Primary Sense of the Special WordsTyler and Evans argue that the status among the senses of a special word is not equal for the following facts:First, the generality of different senses should be different and so they should be on different levels of abstraction;Second, the derivational relationship among the different senses attributes more cognitive weight on some senses than on others and this is certainly a kind of inequality;Third, language users psychologically presume the existence of a primary sense which can be used in almost all of the situations in which it occurs, and this might.Tyler suggest that there are at least two types of linguistic evidence that can be used to narrow the arbitrariness of the selection of a primary sense. The evidence includes earliest attested meaning and grammatical prediction. No one piece of evidence is criteria but taken together, they form evidence points to one sense among the many distinct senses.Based on examining more than twenty English prepositions, they revealed that the earliest attested sense for many prepositions is still a major, active component of thesynchronic semantic network of each particle.4.3 Inspirations to Teaching Special Words in Business EnglishCompound adjectives in business English is a small part of English vocabulary. As we known without grammar, it cannot express many things, but without vocabulary, it cannot express anything. So the vocabulary is very important in social. To master more and more vocabulary, the learner’s ability will become more and more strong. Language ability is the most important in social and all over the world, and the vocabulary is to keep the communication going on. Therefore, the learners’ ability of vocabulary can influence their ability.4.3.1 Intra-lingual and Extra-lingual Knowledge of Compound AdjectivesThe knowledge of one word includes the intra-lingual knowledge and the extra-lingual knowledge. Traditional teaching focuses mainly on the teaching of infra- fingual knowledge and neglects the explaining of the extra-lingual knowledge. This is one of the causes that cause the low quality and un-effective effect of the teaching of English vocabulary. In fact, understanding of a word and the mastery of it mean not only to remember its infra-lingual knowledge such as its literal meaning but also to understand its extra-lingual knowledge. Therefore, a complete teaching of compound adjectives in business English should includes the following aspects: (a) a word’s pronunciation, spelling, parts of speech, meaning, etc. (b) the grammar change, (c) the inter-lingual relation, (d)the extra-lingual relation, and (e)pragmatic rules, etc.4.3.2 Creating an Environment to Apply Compound AdjectivesThe only aim of learning words is to apply them. Generally, the fundamental cause is that the students do not know how to put the input knowledge of the words into output knowledge. So, the duty of a teacher is to plan carefully all kinds ofeffective exercises, create a suitable context and task to apply compounds in order that they have opportunities to review and consolidate these learned compounds.Chapter 5 ConclusionAfter entering the 21st century, with the international flow of frequent between countries and regions, such as politics, economy, culture exchange, business English is becoming more and more important position, these characteristics make business English vocabulary in business contract, business letter and business environments, such as business advertising has the characteristic of application, the research for our further study and application of business English is of great significance. Language is “live”, it will develop as the times change. We should use of the new words rightly can add language sense of the time. Business English has language uniqueness, cooperation and competition with each other both parties need to communicate in English, at the same time, we are going to study and master the use of business English in special time. Business English includes many westerners work idea.Business English comes from general English, and on this basis, has a common English linguistics completely features, but at the same time it is business knowledge and common English, thus has the uniqueness.As the vocabulary is the most active part of language, new things, new technology and new concept will bring the emergence of more and more new words. So make use of the new words rightly can add language sense of the times. Business serves business activities which set the practicality, and professionalization at a suit. Business English has its own Language uniqueness. Therefore apart from a good language foundation, we need to learn the specialty of business English and the regulation of vocabulary from the particular aspect of language. Only if we master the usage and the way of expression of business English during every link of business activities can we do it better and prove ourselves in the international business activities. Studying special words in Business English is important to us. So as master the knowledge about business English better.Business English has its own language uniqueness, especially the vocabularythat shows its conciseness and specialization. Therefore, apart from a good language foundation, we need to learn the specialty of Business English and the regulation of vocabulary from the particular aspect of language. Therefore, those words are difficult to translate.To conclude, although we should stick to special words in business English, we must understand the meanings of these words. 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