02语法讲义-简单句【完整版】

初中英语语法——简单句英语句子以谓语动词为中心，前面是动作的执行者主语（被动语态除外）后面是动作的承受者。

简单句指的是只含有一个谓语的句子；含有两个及以上谓语的就是复合句（后面专题待续）。

1．英语的句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

英语的基本成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。

主语（S ubject）是句子的主题，是说明的对象。

一般为名词（短语）、代词、数词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）或从句；置于句首。

谓语（V erb动词），用于说明或描述主语的行为动作或状态。

由动词或动词短语充当；在句子中位于主语之后。

宾语（O bject）表示动作支配的对象，有单宾语、双宾语之分；双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。

宾语可以由名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等充当；一般位于及物动词（短语）和介词后面。

表语（P redicative）说明主语的身份、特征或状态。

可以由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）等充当；在句中位于系动词之后。

定语（attribute）是用于修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句，可分为前置定语和后置定语。

一般由形容词、名词、形容词性物主代词、数词、分词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、从句等充当。

状语（adverbial）用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。

可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、让步等；其位置非常灵活。

补语（C omplement）用于补充说明主语或宾语的，最常用的是宾语补足语。

宾语补足语可由名词（短语）、形容词、副词、动词不定式（短语）、介词（短语）等充当。

2．英语简单句的六种基本句型①主语+系动词+表语S十V十P主系表结构➢English is very easy. 英语很容易。

（be动词）➢It smells delicious. 它闻起来好香。

（感官动词，smell, taste, look, sound, feel）➢The food has gone bad.食物已经变质了。

高考英语复习：简单句主谓宾结构详解讲义1）高考英语简单句主谓宾结构详解高考英语中，简单句的主谓宾结构是一个基础且重要的语法点。

下面，我将详细解释主谓宾结构的知识点，并给出相应的例句。

一、主谓宾结构知识点主谓宾结构是句子的基本框架，其中主语是句子所描述的主体，谓语描述主语的动作或状态，而宾语则是动作的对象或接受者。

主语（Subject）：通常是句子中的名词或代词，表示句子所描述的人或事物。

谓语（Verb）：描述主语的动作或状态，通常由动词担任。

宾语（Object）：是动作的对象或接受者，也是由名词或代词来担任。

二、例句基本形式：主语+ 谓语+ 宾语I love music.（我爱音乐。

）在这个例子中，“I”是主语，“love”是谓语，“music”是宾语。

不同时态的主谓宾结构She reads books every day.（她每天读书。

）一般现在时，表示经常性或习惯性的动作。

He will buy a new car next month.（他下个月会买一辆新车。

）一般将来时，表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作。

They had finished their homework before dinner.（他们晚饭前已经完成了作业。

）过去完成时，表示在过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。

不同动词类型的主谓宾结构She eats an apple.（她吃一个苹果。

）及物动词，直接带宾语。

I feel happy.（我感到快乐。

）系动词，后接形容词作表语，而非直接宾语。

三、注意事项在构建主谓宾结构的句子时，需要注意以下几点：主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。

宾语通常需要与谓语动词在逻辑上保持一致，即宾语通常是动词行为的直接承受者。

在实际运用中，主谓宾结构可以与其他句子成分（如状语、定语等）结合，形成更复杂但逻辑清晰的句子。

四．例句基本形式：主语+ 谓语+ 宾语She writes a letter.（她写一封信。

考 研 语 法（英 语 一）田静 Shadow第一部分 简单句第一章 简单句的核心第一节 简单句的核心构成简单句的核心构成n. + v.主语 谓语11谓语v.分类1.有实义（1） 不及物动词 vi.→主谓（2） 及物动词 vt.→主谓宾→主谓双宾→主谓宾补2.无实义→（连）系动词→主系表●主谓Everybody else loses.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)Smaller species survived.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)●主谓宾Everybody loves a fat pay rise.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Yet science has a cultural history, too...(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Several of his staff members have military‐intelligence backgrounds. (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)●主谓双宾They gave justices permanent positions...(2012, Use of English)… railroads charged all customers the same average rate... (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)They gave permanent positions to justices ...●主谓宾补You always keep your eyes open ...(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)The spooks call it "open source intelligence," ...(2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)●主系表“这是一个危险的游戏。

考 研 语 法（英 语 一）第一部分：简单句第二部分：长难句第三部分：长难句分析n.+v. n.+v. n.+v. n.+v.conj. conj. conj.简单句→并列句复合句第一章：并列句一、并列句的构成多个简单句+并列连词表示顺接的并列连词 含义… and … both … and … “…… 和 ……” （两者都）not only … but … as well not only … but also … not only … but … “不但……而且……” （意思同“……和……”）（一）表示顺接的并列连词The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind. (2007, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)表示转折的并列连词 含义… but …… yet …“……但是……”（二）表示转折的并列连词The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. (2002, Translation)表示选择的并列连词 含义… or … either … or … “……或者……” （二选一）neither … nor … “既不……也不……”（两个都不选） （三）表示选择的并列连词表示因果的并列连词 含义…for… “……因为……” …so… “……所以……”（四）表示因果的并列连词Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.(2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)二、并列句的省略The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.(2014, Use of English)… the peoples… died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part B)But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations… and feeling the strain.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)… the federal government must support job training programs, raise the minimum wage, and fund more low‐cost housing.(2006, Use of English)Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)并列句‐练习We neither understand nor respect each other...(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)They cross‐check sources and prefer news from different perspectives...(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)… the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Formerly it lasted three days, but by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. (2016, Use of English)In Europe, taxes account for up to four‐fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.(2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)并列句 – 考场攻略攻略：找到并列句省略的部分You can become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)He visited the casino , lost the $20 and left.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)第二部分 长难句第二章：复合句＝主句＋从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句宾语从句（一） 宾语从句的含义（二）宾语从句的写法1. 陈述句变宾语从句These figures are conservative.↓Dr. Worm acknowledges (that) these figures are conservative.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)We believe consumers should have more control.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)2. 特殊疑问句变宾语从句Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?↓We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.(2014, Use of English)3. 一般疑问句变宾语从句Are other clients going to abandon me, too?↓I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too…(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)（二）宾语从句的写法总结• Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.• We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago, ...• I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too…（三）宾语从句的位置This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells...(2005, Use of English)… users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.(2012, Use of English)… he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part C)（三）宾语从句的位置：非谓语动词＋从句You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)宾语从句后置，it形式宾语That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.(2012, Use of English)表语从句（一） 表语从句的含义（二）表语从句的写法Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin.”(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)主语从句（一）主语从句的含义（二）主语从句的写法That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)What motivated him… was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”…(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)（三）主语从句的位置It did not matter what was done in the experiment...(2010, Use of English)It is done + 主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点看法）This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: ...(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part B)It is + adj./n. + 主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become...(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)同位语从句（一） 同位语从句的含义（二）同位语从句的写法Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.(2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)（三）同位语从句的位置抽象名词后：idea, opinion, fact, evidence, question, doubt, reason, theory, belief, possibility, chance, hope, contention, guarantee…Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part C)名词性从句 – 练习In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel... (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it...(2005, Use of English)But what we forget… is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)名词性从句 – 考场攻略攻略1：找到从句But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text2)An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers’ behavior by itself.(2010, Use of English)攻略2：判断从句On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)… Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.(2004, Translation)第二部分 长难句第二章：复合句＝主句＋从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的概述先行词=关系词Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.↓ ↓Law is a discipline. A discipline encourages responsible judgment.二. 定语从句的写法先行词 关系词事/物 which/that人 who / whom / thatwhose人／物（表示人或物的所有关系，“某人的／某物的”）时间 when地点 where原因 why1.先行词是事／物，关系词选择which／thatTeachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.(2003, Use of English)Furthermore, the legal system and the events ___ ___ occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.(2007, Translation)2. 先行词是人，关系词选择who／whom／thatIn France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimesearn more voting rights in a company.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Retailers ___ ___ master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)3. 先行词是人／物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whoseIt also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those ______ surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time ____ __ high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)4. 先行词是时间，关系词选择whenIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high‐quality arts criticism could be found in most big‐city newspapers.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)5. 先行词是地点，关系词选择whereToday, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones.(2019, Use of English)6. 先行词是原因，关系词选择whyThe other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild‐like ownership structure of the business.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项：• 定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括that。