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Middle Ages

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Middle Ages
Middle Ages, period in the history of Europe that lasted from about ad 350 to about 1450. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the western half of the Roman Empire began to fragment into smaller, weaker kingdoms. By the end of the Middle Ages, many modern European states had taken shape. During this time, the precursors of many modern institutions, such as universities and bodies of representative government, were created.
The term Middle Ages was invented by people during the Renaissance, a period of cultural and literary change in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The term was not meant as a compliment. During the Renaissance, people thought that their own age and the time of ancient Greece and Rome were advanced and civilized. They called the period between themselves and the ancient world "the Middle Age." The adjective medieval comes from the Latin words for this term, medium (middle) and aevum (age).
Historians adopted this term even though it was originally meant to belittle the period. Since the Middle Ages covers such a large span of time, historians divided it into three parts: the Early Middle Ages, lasting from about 350 to about 1050; the High Middle Ages, lasting from about 1050 to about 1300; and the Late Middle Ages, lasting from about 1300 to about 1450. Historians used to believe that most of the cultural, economic, and political achievements of the Middle Ages occurred in the second period, and because of this they called that period “High.” Only recently, as the accomplishments of the Early and Late Middle Ages have gained appreciation, has this term fallen into disuse. Today, historians often use a more neutral name, the Central Middle Ages.。

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中世纪西欧

中世纪西欧


克洛维接受洗礼 497年
法兰克人克洛维是第一 个接受基督教的日耳曼 部落首领
受封仪式
骑士向封建主效忠
“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”如何理解？
封建等级制建立在采邑制基础之上。国王分封土 地给臣属，接受分封者尽服兵役等义务。有条件的封 建主也层层分封土地，由此逐渐形成封建等级制度。 国王居于最上层，其下依次为公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子 爵和男爵，骑士位于底层。 在这一制度下，各级封建主只服从自己的上级封 建主，与其他封建主没有依附关系。国王仅仅是名义 上的全国最高土地所有者，实际权力有限，只能控制 直接附属于自己的部分贵族。封建等级制是西欧封建 制度的重要特征之一。这一制度导致西欧实际上处于 分裂割据的状况。
英法各国等级君主制的形成
法国： 13世纪末，法王腓力四世向教会财产征税，引发了与 罗马教廷的冲突。 1302年4月，腓力四世在巴黎圣母院召开首次三级会 议，出席的有教会贵族、世俗贵族和市民三个等级 的代表。标志着法国等级君主制的形成。
等级君主制的总结
中世纪王权借助等级（教士、贵族、市民等）代 表机构实行统治的一种政权形式。十三到十四世 纪欧洲许多国家实行此制，强化封建统治。著名 的等级代表机构有：西班牙的国会（创于12世纪 末到13世纪），德意志的帝国议会和各公国的议 会（13至14世纪），英格兰的议会（13世纪）， 法国的三级会议（14世纪）等。十六世纪中叶以 后渐为君主专制所取代。
规模相当有限，人口少。 公共设施建设滞后，城市环境脏乱。
大瘟疫盛行时，迅速蔓延，伤亡惨重。
（4）中世纪城市的自治运动 类型 代表
金钱赎买
武装斗争
法国琅城
意大利米兰
结果：部分获得完全自治权，一些获得部分自治， 相当一部分中、小城市仍然处于封建领主的控制下。
3.The Middle Ages4~5讲

3.The Middle Ages4~5讲


D. The establishment of Manor or Castle. 名词解释就行----(封建领主的领地庄园;城堡) 1. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 领地制 Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 2. There nobles met with vassals, carried the laws and said their prayer. By the twelfth century, Manors have come to be called castles. 国中之国

ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
→：Growth of Feudalism A.先进行名词解释……(What is Feudalism?) B. Two kind of people came into being : a. Some people had to find ways protect their families and homes. Owners of small farms 小土地所有者sought protection from large landowners, by giving them land and services. In return the large landowners promised to protect the landless peasants务农人员 and their families. So they were called ―freeman‖.自由人

ⅱ. The Church ⑴ Church had set up its own government by the time the Western Roman Empire / 476.AD./ the beginning of the Middle Ages fell. ⑵☆ After 1054， the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church 罗马天主教 and the Eastern Orthodox Church. 东正教 ⑶the Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the Roman Empire.
middle ages中世纪

middle ages中世纪


亨利一世（1100年－1135年）统治时期，随着王权的加强，社会 矛盾激化。1265年孟福尔召集国会，成为英国议会的开端。从 1343年起，确立了议会君主制
+ The knight literature is all about knight
literature, including lyric poetry, the legendary Knight , the knight novel which is approve or against the culture.
5 Century to 15 Century, between the age when the West Rome empire vanished to the Renaissance and the discovery period
这个时期的欧洲没有一个强而有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频 繁的战争，造成科技和生产力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛 苦中，所以中世纪早期在欧美普遍称作“黑暗时代”。
+ During the period , the form is a nature
economy
+ The concept of the professional appeared
Humanism
a kind of philosophical theory based on rational and benevolent view
The European Renaissanc,a specific historical period, refers to the end of the 13 Century rising in the Italy City, and later extended to Western Europe. A period of revolution of science and is considered to be the middle ages and modern boundaries. Marxists considered it’s a boundary of feudal era and capitalist era.
西方中世纪世俗翻译.

西方中世纪世俗翻译.


主要代表人物
• 波伊提乌
波伊提乌，别名波爱修，罗马后 期哲学家、政治家和音乐理论家 曾任执政官。波爱修认为“种”与 “属”是头脑在感觉的基础上加工 的结果，共相存在于事物之中， 而它本身却是非物质性的解释了 基督教神学中“三位一体”和神的 存在等教义。
主要贡献
• 哲学方面
• 波伊提乌主要以政治家和哲学家留名青史。在政治上他有过辉煌时期，死后 被认为是殉道者。在哲学上他最早将亚里士多德《工具论》中的《范畴篇》 和《解释篇》等著作译为拉丁文传到西欧，还对其中一些著作做了注释，并 声称要翻译并注释所有能找到的亚里士多德和柏拉图两人的著作。
• 数学方面
• 波爱修的数学著作主要有《算术入门》二卷和《几何学》。
• 除传播希腊数学外，他也做出自己的一些贡献，主要是在《几何 学》中记载了一种罗马算盘的构造及其用法。
• 此外，他还在书中阐述了计算所依据的10进位制的数系。
• 逻辑学方面
• 波爱修在逻辑学上也有建树，他创造了大量拉丁文逻辑术语，确 定了属加种差的定义和发生定义，并试用了一些逻辑符号。
• 他是一个善于学习的人，鼓励教育，翻译大批古典名著，并编纂《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》，大力完善他的国家的法律体系和军队结构。他被一些天主 教徒视为圣徒，但从未得到官方认可。英国圣公会尊称他为天主教英雄，并 在他的忌日10月26日设立节日纪念他。他通常被描绘在英国教堂的彩色玻璃 上。
• 阿尔弗雷德自己也是个学者，非常支持学术事业。然而比德（673年～735年 ），卜尼法斯（约675年～754年）和阿尔昆（735年～804年）的时代早已过 去。维京人将英国的修道院破坏殆尽，在当时的英格兰，拉丁语这种通向古 典文化的语言几乎没人会说。对此，阿尔弗雷德决定在宗教界和俗世都要大 幅度提高识字率，同时把拉丁文著作翻译成盎格鲁-撒克逊语。