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解读泰顺廊桥中文1202 丁舒婷201208580206 摘要：泰顺被称为“世界廊桥之乡”，在这里，廊桥保存的最为完整，也最具有清晰的发展脉络。
廊桥文化具有悠久的历史，是中国古代劳动人民的智慧结晶，这与泰顺地区的地理环境和民俗色彩是密不可分的。
关键词：泰顺廊桥民俗色彩泰顺位于浙南边陋，东北接文成，西北接景宁，南邻福建；洞庭山脉和南雁荡山脉双脉交叉，形成“浙南屋脊”，索有“九山半田半溪水”之称。
此处群山叠加，沟壑纵横、山清水秀、水系资源丰富，山和水的自然地理位置因素决定该区域内以山径和桥梁为主要交通道路形式。
正因如此，泰顺人自古以来执着于修建桥梁。
泰顺廊桥的形态艺术不仅仅呈现的是桥本身单纯的“过渡”功能，其造型和纹样还隐含着深刻的泰顺当地文化与人文精神。
它凝聚着古代劳动人民的辛勤汗水，也闪烁着人民的智慧结晶。
无论是从科学性还是艺术性来说，都是独树一帜，让人叹为观止。
一、廊桥的历史廊是中国建筑组成部分之一，指屋檐下的过道、房屋内的通道或独立有顶的通道：通常包括回廊和游廊，具有遮挡阳光、躲避雨水、休息嬉戏等功能。
它既是古代建筑外观特征的一种外在形式，也是用来区分空间区域的重要设计手段。
在园景布局中，廊的设计会让人产生曲径通幽的空间延伸，古代建筑中的廊常配有几何纹样的栏杆、坐凳、鹅项椅、挂落、彩画；隔墙上常饰以什锦灯窗、漏窗、月洞门、瓶门等各种装饰构件。
廊桥作为一种桥梁形态类型，本身的直接作用是指架在水上或空中以便通行的建筑物。
但它与一般的桥梁差异性在于廊桥的艺术形态是桥身建有桥顶，除了方便人们通行外，其间接作用是能够提供给路人遮阳避雨、供人休憩等作用。
廊桥除了自身的“渡人”作用外，还兼具房屋建筑的作用，能够提供交流、聚会的场所。
廊桥根据其材质和造型特点可分为木拱廊桥、石拱廊桥、木平廊桥、风雨桥、亭桥等：泰顺境内现有200余座廊桥，被当之无愧的誉为中国“廊桥之乡”。
其中木质廊桥是泰顺廊桥中最为主要的一种艺术形态。
科学大众·科学教育2021年第4期Popular Science1.引言STAEM教育起源于美国，由前身“STEM教育”的概念发展而来，旨在打破学科之间的界限，在各种教学活动中发展学生的各学科素养，提高解决实际问题的能力，以培养能适应科技高速发展的社会的人才。
STEM教育首先提出于20世纪80年代，并迅速成为国内外学术界的研究热点。
早期的STEM教育仅仅整合了科学、技术、工程和数学四个领域，而忽视了人文艺术这一无法排除的元素。
后来，乔治·雅克曼提出在原有的STEM基础上融合人文艺术（Arts），以在培养学生审美能力的同时以更多元的视角去理解不同学科之间的联系，并使之拓展成当今的STEAM教育[1]。
我国的STEM研究成果在2016年呈现爆发式的增长，2017年，第一届中国STEM教育发展大会成功举办，会上发布了《中国STEM教育白皮书》，分析了我国STEM教育发展的现状，并提出了要探索推动我国STEM教育持续健康发展的中国特色本土化发展道路，以培养更多面向未来的具有国际竞争力的创新型人才。
[2]笔者认为，为了使STEAM教育更有效地在中小学阶段成为原有课程体系的补充，立足于我国源远流长的传统文化背景，结合各级各类学校的实际情况，开发出富有科技特色和文化特色的课程项目是一项富有现实意义的有力举措。
2.《泰顺廊桥》STEAM课程设计泰顺县位于浙江南部，山清水秀，并保存着唐、宋、明、清等朝代的木拱廊桥达30余座，其数量之多，做工之精巧、造型之巧妙，是为一绝，故有“千桥之乡”的美誉。
廊桥是泰顺山地文化精神的体现，是中国古代建筑文化的精髓，在交通、建筑艺术、民间信仰等方面都具有深厚的文化内涵[3]。
笔者选取泰顺廊桥这一建筑文化背景，创设真实有效的教学情境，并运用项目式学习的方式设计体现STEAM教育理念的教学活动，以培养学生的科学素养、工程素养与人文素养。
2.1课程性质《泰顺廊桥》是建立在传统文化背景下，研究位于泰顺县内古代廊桥中建造材料的组成及性质的一门融合化学、物理、数学等学科的STEAM综合课程。
Taishun Lounge BridgeTaishun County is the Lounge Bridge of the township in the world. As regards Lounge Bridge, many people may remind of the American famous novel The Bridges of Madison County. In fact, China is the hometown of Lounge Bridge, and Taishun Lounge Bridge is the oldest Lounge Bridge in the world. Historically, many famous people and wits in order to avoid disaster, they moved to Taishun where is like “land of idyllic beauty” having many mountains and less people. They created local culture with mountainous rural characteristics and left a very precious historical and cultural heritage. And Taishun Lounge Bridge is one of the most outstanding representatives.A Lounge Bridge is an ancient Chinese type of bridge does not appear in any other part of the world and was thought to have disappeared from China several years ago. Qingming Festival on the River is a famous painting from the Song dynasty. At the center of this painting a wooden arch bridge is shown, which is called “Rainbow Bridge”. It was built using a very special ancient technique, “woven” of straight wooden logs.Nine hundred years later, in 1980s, several dozens of ancient timber arch bridges were discovered in the mountain area of south Zhejiang and north Fujian Provinces. The structure of these bridges is suitable for large spans and can cross a river without any pier supports. These bridges arevery similar to the Rainbow Lounge Bridge means a bridge with a roof.In the history, Taishun’s village was far away from each other and traffic is remote and inconvenience. People could not see any one in more than 10 miles. According to Taishun ancestors’ plan of traffic, they built a bridge as the rain pavilion on the road with certain range. The bridge with roof can prevent it from sunshine, rain and wind. Some Lounge Bridges offered the temporary residence for people.The building time of Taishun Lounge Bridge traced back to the mid Ming dynasty, and most existing Taishun Lounge Bridge belonged to Qing dynasty. Especially the woven timber arch bridge only existed on the mountainous area between Zhejiang and Fujian province; it had the typical local culture and high historical, scientific and artistic value. In May, 25th, 2006, Taishun Lounge Bridge was approved to enroll in the sixth batch of national key units of cultural relic protection list by the state council. However, the name of “Lounge Bridges” is appeared in recent years. In the past hundred years, people called woven timber arch bridge as “Wugong Bridge”. In fact, it did not have the Wusong feet.There are more than 30 woven timber arch bridges well-preserved in Taishun. The technology skillfully, structure beauty and the surrounding environment and the harmony can be addressed miracles in the history of bridge, and it reappeared the “Rainbow Bridge”. Every Lounge Bridgelikes treasure set among the mountains, which causes the attention of many experts domestic and overseas. At the same time it also attracts many tourists and leads to the lounge Bridges tourism boom.Taishun woven timber arch bridge has mostly in the wind and rain board brush red paint, and other types of lounge Bridges are nine times out of ten keeps their own color. The red paint not only prevents it from rain and wind but also add the sense of beauty to the Lounge Bridge. Just like the poet, “Green water, red bridge and white board, spring door and lane stay each other.” And the Sister Bridge is the best example of painting the red pain. It shows the Lounge Bridge’s main status and mixes with the natural color, which are harmony and a complement with each other. To build a window without glasses is a common handcraft. This kind of window is a wooden-frame, which divides the scenery out of the window with several parts. People walking in the Lounge Bridge or sitting on the long bench of the Lounge Bridge, they can enjoy the beautiful scenery like mountain, river, flog, bamboo, tree and tree and so on, which compose a specific picture through the wooden-frame window. This handcraft of window is similar to borrow scenery in ancient gardens.The woven timber arch bridge’s roof usually has two floors. The two side of the roof like wings flying. The momentum is like a dragon or tiger lie in it. Ridge is plain and orderly and the turning is bending properly. The wing is a l ittle up, which makes it more active. The roof’s modelingcontributes to the strong sense of rhyme and beauty.There are many Lounge Bridges in Taishun, among which are more famous as follows: Xidong Bridge and Beijian Bridge of Sixi town (local citizen ca ll it “Sister Bridge”); Xuezhai Bridge, Liuzhai Bridge, Zhouling Bridge and Yongqing Bridge of Sankui town; Yuwen Bridge and Santiao Bridge of Zhouling township and Wenxing Bridge of Xiaocun town. Xidong Bridge and Beijian Bridge can be the masterpieces of Taishun Lounge Bridge, and Beijian Bridge is the most beautiful Woven Timber Arch Bridge of the world.Xidong Bridge is located in the left side of the second middle school of Sixi town. It is made with wooden and has 15 rooms in it. The higher place is attic. The roof is similar to the other Lounge Bridge. There are two high mountains nearby. They mixes each other and seems more harmony and beautiful.Beijian Bridge is a serious building. It links with ancient residence and great Guzhang tree of thousand years. The tree shadowed the Bridge more elegant. The stele beside the Bridge records the history and several repairs about Beijian Bridge.In 1989, Beijian Bridge was ranked preservation of cultural relics of Zhejiang province.The characteristics of Taishun Lounge Bridge are involving practical, appreciation and artistic quality. It not only has the function of crossing the river, but also provide and many other functions such as enjoy thecool, take shelter from rain, visit, etc. No mater from the perspective of science or art, Taishun Lounge Bridges is addressed the first-class. It stands in the river for hundred years for its stability and attracts thousands of tourists for it is unique and wonderful.Nowadays, Taishun Lounge Bridges have been well-known source of culture tourism. There are tourists travelling and enjoying the sight of Lounge Bridge to seek for the simple and plain local events almost everyday. In recent years, more and more Lounge Bridge is found, and until now there are about 33 Lounge Bridges with several types. These Lounge Bridges have went through wind and rain for hundred years, but they still standing stably, which show the precious of Lounge Bridge. Taishun Lounge Bridge has become a geographical culture concept and it is the cul ture symbol of the meaning of Taishun villagers’ life. These brilliant buildings show the wisdom of Taisun ancient ancestors and segment of their spirit and thought of culture.。
专题：泰顺廊桥专题：泰顺廊桥大约在2000年吧，三联书店开始出版一套《乡土中国》的系列丛书。
当时，国内旅游指南书和互联网上的旅游信息还甚为匮乏，这套文图并茂、文化底蕴深厚的丛书经常被旅游爱好者捧着出行。
正是丛书中的《泰顺》篇让我初识藏于深闺的精美廊桥风貌，廊桥的印象也不再只是美国麦迪逊郡那对中年痴男怨女的催情之物。
泰顺位于浙闽交界处，山高水远，行走不易，“九山半田半溪水”，山溪纵横，成为孕育廊桥的良好土壤。
何谓廊桥？顾名思义，自然是桥面上有屋檐的桥，这种桥建筑优美，又能让行人歇脚遮阳挡雨。
事实上，廊桥在中国并不是泰顺所在的浙南、闽北等地区所独有，譬如江西婺源清华镇上有座彩虹廊桥，非常漂亮，还有广西侗寨程阳风雨桥，也是名闻遐迩。
而泰顺，廊桥数量众多，全县明清建造的各种类型廊桥有30多座，其中尤以当地人称之为“蜈蚣桥”的6 座编木木拱廊桥，即泗溪姐妹桥、三魁薛宅桥、仙居桥、筱村文兴桥、洲岭三条桥，最为重要。
“姐妹桥”并非是一座桥的名谓，而是指泗溪镇上相隔百余米的北涧桥、溪东桥两座桥。
据说前者为师傅所建，后者为徒弟主事，两者造型相似，如出同一娘胎的姐妹，故而喻之。
溪东桥前有石碑一座，说明了它的前世今生：始建于明隆庆间，重表于清乾隆期，又于道光二十九年集资重建。
掐指算来，已有400 多年的历史。
溪东桥桥身通体刷成红色，虽略有斑驳，通体看来仍颇有雍容华贵感，桥身中央建着灰瓦铺就宫殿式的飞檐翘角，顶上还有“唐僧取经”等塑像。
在溪东桥上游20米处，架有一座坚固的公路石桥，系泗溪的交通要道，溪东桥事实上已失去了便利交通上的意义，成为一座架在河上的工艺品。
沿下游走数分钟，即到了师傅所建的北涧桥。
初看之下，它和溪东桥真像是一个模子里刻出来的，同样是红色桥身，桥中部也有宫殿式重檐，两相比较，溪东桥的重檐比北涧桥更高挑，因此就显得更雄伟一点。
不过，北涧桥由于两岸之间地势有高低，在设计上显然考虑到了和河边建筑的结合，在桥头可以直接连接到河边的店铺中。
