2018 届高三英语阅读理解专题之主旨大意
文章主旨和段落大意题常见的设题方式
题干中常含有main idea, mainly about, sum up, summarize等词。此类题的设题形式有：
1. The main idea of the passage is that ______ .
2. What is the passage mainly about?
3. Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage?
4. Which of the following can summarize the main idea of the passage?
5. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
6. The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to ______ .
7. The first paragraph is mainly about _____ .
8. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?
9. What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph? 【概括文章标题常见的设题方式】题干中常有title, headline, be entitled 等字眼。此类题的设题方式有：
1. The best title for the passage might be _____ .
2. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
3. Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? 【主旨大意题解题策略】
阅读时，文章的开头、结尾（或段落的段首、段尾）特别重要，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。有时候，文章（或段落）中没有明确的主题句，则需要我们根据所提供的信息归纳出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同时要注意提炼文章的关键词。此外，标题类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。
【主旨大意题应考技巧】
技巧1：速读头尾，明确主题技巧2：定位中心句
技巧3：无明显主题句时找高频词技巧4：同义概括，或取其一
【技巧1：速读头尾，明确主题】
大多数文章的主旨可能出现在开头或结尾，于是头尾显得很重要。因此，做主旨大意题时，我们可以先浏览一下头尾，试图抓住大意。
Passage 1
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （监控） in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people -'msa iles and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and
sob stories.
“The ‘if it bleeds ' rule works for mass media, ” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the Un Pennsylvania. “They want your eyebaanllds don 't care how you 're feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don 't want them to think Debbie Downer. ”
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative （消极的）, but that didn 't necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times' website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the -mailed“”mo lsist te for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times ' readers and made them want to sha positive feeling with others.
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused （激发） one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “ Contagious: W
Catch On. ”
【语篇解读】本文为议论文。俗话说，好事不出门，坏事传千里。但是研究者们通过跟踪和监控人们的电子邮件、网络帖子及评论、面对面会话等发现，人与人之间更多分享的是那些给人们带来积极情绪的好消息，而不是导致消极情绪的坏消息。
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B. Online News Attracts More People
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
【技巧2：定位中心句】
主题句的位置往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分—总”的模式，第一段提出论点，然后是论据部分，最后一段得出结论（论点的重申），所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。而新闻报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等，主题句常出现在首段首句。记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大
意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子很可能是主题句。
以下是寻找主题句的四个小窍门：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语 (如however, but, in fact, actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 开头出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词。Passage 2
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off —if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “ night milk ” contains mo褪re黑m激el素ato)n, iwn h(ich has
been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Night Milk and Sleep
B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice
D. Milk Drinking and Health
【技巧3：无明显主题句时找高频词】
任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心
Passage 3
Sometimes you ' ll hear people say that you can ' t love others until you love yourself.
you' ll hear people say that you can ' t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Eith way, you ' ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we our parents ' eyes, and that our Grandmas think we ' re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it 'as lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.
Self-image is your own mind ' s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the
way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes.
That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don allow doubts to occur in it.
It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self- image because you can ' t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you th ink you ' re silly because you aren ' t good at math, find a tutor. I you think you ' re weak because you can 't run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think you dull because you don ' t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remesmt be cr,a j u se you think it doesn ' t mean it ' s true.
The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat（拍）yourself on the back, you ' ll know you ' re well on your way. Go luck!
What is the passage mainly about? _______
A. How to prepare for your success.
B. How to face challenges in your life.
C. How to build a positive selfimage.
D. How to develop your good qualities.
【技巧4：同义概括，或取其一】
同（近）义转换表达是所有阅读考试的特点。例如，试题中是handle，原文中可能是cope with；试题中是woman，原文可能是female。充分把握这一规律，是答对阅读理解题的关键之一。所以考生应多积累同义词
因此，跟主题句意思相同的选项，往往就是正确答案。
Passage 4
Grown- ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that beg“insT winkle ，twinkle ，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. ... （下文略）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown- ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
【主旨大意题正确选项的特征】
1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。【主旨大意题干扰选项的特征】
1. 过于笼统。所表达的内容概括的范围过大，超出或多于文章阐述的内容。
2. 以偏概全。所表达的内容只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，
或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3. 偷换概念。所表达的内容被命题者有意识地把本属于A 的内容放在B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4. 无中生有。无关信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依据的信息。虽然在文章中谈到，但选项内容与文章
内容毫无联系。
【Practice 】
Passage 5
My husband and I had been married nearly twenty-two years when I acquired Stevens Johnson syndrome,a disorder where my immune （免疫的） system responded to a virus by producing painful blisters （水泡）. Although my long-term evaluation was good, I, who had been so fiercely independent, rapidly became absolutely helpless.
My husband, Scott, stepped up to the plate, taking care of kids and cooking dinners. He also became my personal caretaker, applying the medicine to all of my blisters because my hands couldn do the job. Needless to say, I had negative emotions, bouncing from embarrassment to shame caused by total reliance on
someone other than myself.
I recovered from my illness, but I couldn ' t seem to recover from the thought that I loved my husband less than he loved me. This seeming distinction in our love continued to annoy me for the year following my illness.
Then recently Scott and I went on a long bike ride. He ' s an experienced cyclist; I
green hand. At one point with a strong headwind and sharp pain building in my tired legs, I really thought I couldn ' t go any furteh e irn. gS me struggle, Scott pulled in front of me and yelled over his shoulder, “ Stay close behind me. ” As I followed his steps, I discovered that my legs quit burning an I was able to catch my breath. My husband was pulling me alon—g again.
I pray my husband will always be strong and healthy. But if he should ever become the struggling one, whether on a bike ride or with an illness, I trust I ' ll be ready to call ou close behind me—my turn to pull you along. ”
What message does the author convey in the passage?
A. Strong will.
B. Selfless love.
C. Reliance（依靠）on each other.
D. Optimistic attitude to life.
Passage 6
Alex London Research Laboratory （ALRL） is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.
A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager （ROM） to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010.
Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction. You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areaso f ALRL ' s Health and Safety, and to communica沟te （通） with support employees at ALRL's laboratories based at University College London. Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.
Candidates （申请人） will have experience of both management and research support / technical services. Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.
If you are interested in this position, please send your CV （简历） to Alex London Research
more information, please visit www. alex. co. uk.
What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?
A. The technical skills of a would-be ROM.
B. The practical experience of a would-be ROM.
C. The personal information of a would-be ROM.
D. The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM.
Passage 7
Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture ' s celebrations or traditions. T ahned foods we e
when and how we eat them —are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural （农村的） and urban areas within one country.
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion （时刻） or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity （兴旺） in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies （预示） success in the New Year for the person who receives it.
Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.
Nutrition is necessaryf or life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world. What is the passage mainly about?
A.The custom of sharing food.
B. The specific meaning of food.
C. The role of food in ceremonies.
D. The importance of food in culture.