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北京理工大学法律硕士专业课口试真题第一编专业课（15年-20年）1.不作为的构成要件及其义务的来源？之所以要求行为人对其身体相对静止的消极、无为状态承担刑事责任，关键就在于行为人此时负有积极实施特定行为的义务，应为能为而不为，即违反了作为义务。
根据我国刑法学基本理论，不作为犯罪的作为义务来源主要有以下几个方面：1)法律明文规定的积极作为义务2)法律明文规定的作为义务是不作为犯罪的作为义务的主要来源之一，是指由其它法律规定并由刑法加以认可的义务，这里的法律包括法律，法规以及规章制度等。
如果只由其他法律规定，而未被刑法认可，则不能构成不作为犯罪的作为义务。
此外，法律明文规定的义务必须是具体的义务，宪法中所规定的义务属于一般性的抽象义务，有待于各具体法规的确认和细化，一般不适合直接作为不作为犯罪的义务前提。
3)职业或者业务要求的作为义务4)它是指一定的主体由于担任某项或者从事某种业务而依法被要求履行的一定作为义务。
该类型的作为义务有的规定在法律法规中，也有的规定在具体行业的相关规章制度中。
应当注意的是，行为人只有在具有职业或者业务身份的情况下，才具有相关的作为义务。
也就是说，只有在这种情况下行为人才能构成刑法上的不作为犯罪。
5)法律行为引起的积极作为义务6)法律行为如合同行为等，引起一个积极作为的义务（行为人通过合同行为自我创设一个积极作为义务），行为人有义务履行。
而一般情况下合同一方当事人不履行合同所规定的一定的义务，只产生违约的法律后果，并不会产生不作为犯罪的作为义务；只有在合同一方当事人因不履行合同所规定的义务给刑法所保护的社会关系造成严重侵害的情况下，这一作为义务才能构成不作为犯罪的作为义务。
7)先行行为引起的积极作为义务先行行为作为不作为犯罪的作为义务是由德国刑法学家斯特贝尔首倡的，1884年的德国判例首次确认了先行行为与法律，契约同样是作为义务的来源。
我国刑法界的通说认为先行行为只要足以产生某种危险，就可以成为不作为犯罪的义务来源，而不必要求先行行为具有违法的性质。
《北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试》北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART ⅠReading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Many people believe the glare from snow causes snow blindness. Yet, dark glasses or not they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snowblindness, when exposed to several hours of "snow light".The United States Army has now determined that the glare from snow does not cause snow-blindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather, a man's eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of a snow-covered area So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscle aches. Nature balances this annoyance by producing more and more liquid which covers the eyeballs. The liquid covers the eyeballs in increasing quantity until vision blurs. And the result is total, even though temporary, snowblindness.Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are trained to shake snow from evergreen bushes, creating a dotted line asthey cross completely snow-covered landscape. Even the scouts themselves throw lightweight, dark-colored objects ahead on which they too can focus. The men following can then see something. Their gaze is arrested. Their eyes focus on a bush and having found something to see, stop searching through the snow-blanketed landscape. By focusing their attention on one object at a time, the man can cross the snow without becoming hopelessly snowblind or lost. In this way the problem of crossinga solid white area is overcome.1. The eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache because______.A. tears cover the eyeballsB. the eyes are annoyed by blinding sunlightC. the eyes are annoyed by blinding snowD. there is nothing to focus on2. When the eyes are sore, tears are produced to______.A. clear the visionB. remedy snowblindnessC. ease the annoyanceD. loosen the muscles3. Snow-blindness may be avoided by______.A. concentration on the solid white areaB. providing the eyes with something to focus onC. searching for something to look at in snow-covered areasD. covering the eyeballs with liquid4. The first paragraph is mainly concerned with______.A. snow glare and snow blindnessB. the whiteness from snowC. headaches, watering eyes and snowb lindnessD. the need for dark glasses5. A suitable title for this passage would be______.A. Snowblindness and How to Overcome ItB. Nature' s Cure for SnowblindnessC. Soldiers in the SnowD. Snow VisionQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:There are great careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people Who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making generaljudgments. And these "generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people' s work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a "trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist-and especially the administrator-deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation.V ery rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you-but this is a pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.6. There is an increasing demand for______.A. all-round people in their own fieldsB. people whose job is to organize other people' s workC. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professionalD. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others7. The specialist is______.A. a man whose job is to train other peopleB. a man who has been trained in more than one fieldC. a man who can see the forest rather that the treesD. a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters8. The administrator is______.A. a "trained" man who is more a specialist than a generalistB. a man who sees the tress as well as the forestC. a man who is very strong in the humanitiesD. a man who is an "educated" specialist9. During your training period it is important______.A. to try to be a generalistB. to choose a profitable jobC. to find an organization which fits youD. to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist10. A man's first job______.A. is never the right job for himB. should not be regarded as his final jobC. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any jobD. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The world's population continues to grow. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in another 75 years. Experts long have been concerned about such growth Where will we find the food, water, jobs, houses, schools and health care for all these people?A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.A large and rapid drop in the world's birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations,Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from their homes instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population growth. China is one of the nations that has made great progress in reducing its population growth.China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero populationgrowth, the number of births equaling the number of deaths, by the year 2000.Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people.11. In Paragraph one, the sentence "Experts Dong have been concerned about such growth", the phrase "concerned about" is similar in meaning to______.A. worried aboutB. related toC. engaged inD. made a study of12. "Family planning programs" means______.A. birth control policy in a countryB. economic policy in a familyC. TV programs designed for a familyD. economic policy in a country13. The world's birth rate has dropped because______.A. people marry at a much later timeB. more birth control devices and methods have been usedC. women would rather go to study or work than have childrenD. all the above reasons are true14. By the year 2000, the number of births and the number of deaths in China will______.A. be greatly differentB. be equal to each otherC. drop a great dealD. become much larger15. Some time in the future, the people who are working in Europe would have to pay much higher taxes because______.A. more and more children will be bornB. fewer and fewer children will be bornC. they will be making a lot of moneyD. the number of retired people will become ever lingerQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:When I was walking down the street the other day, I happened to notice a small brown leather wallet lying on the sidewalk. I picked it up and opened it to see if I could find out the owner's name. There was nothing inside it except some change and an old photograph-a picture of a woman and a young gift about twelve years old, who looked like the woman's daughter. I put the photograph back and took the wallet to the police station, where I handed it to the desk sergeant. Before I left, the sergeant took down my name and address in case the owner might want to write and thank me.That evening I went to have dinner with my aunt and uncle. They had also invited a young woman so that there would be four people at the table. Her face was familiar. I was quite sure that we had not met before, but I couldn' t remember where I had seen her. In the course of conversation, however, the young woman happened to mention that she had lost her wallet that afternoon. All at once I realized where I had seen her. She was the young girl in the photograph, although she was now much older. She was very surprised, of course, when I was able to describe her wallet to her. Then I explained that I had recognized her from the photograph I had found in the wallet. My uncle insisted on going to the police station immediately to claim the wallet. As thepolice sergeant handed it over, he said that it was amazing that I had not only found the wallet, but also the person who had lost it.16. The wallet which the writer found______.A. was emptyB. had some money in itC. had a few coins and a photograph in itD. had an old photograph in it17. The writer opened the wallet because he wanted to ______ in it.A. find some moneyB. find some goldC. find the owner' s nameD. find the owner' s photograph18. The writer recognized the young woman because______.A. he had met her somewhere beforeB. she was the old woman in the photographC. she often had dinner with his aunt and uncleD. she looked like the young girl in the photograph19. The young woman told of her loss of the wallet______.A. at the beginning of the dinnerB. during the conversationC. as soon as she saw the writerD. after the dinner20. The story was amazing because______.A. the writer found both the wallet and its ownerB. the finder and the loser of the wallet were old friendsC. the finder and the loser of the wallet met at the police stationD. the woman knew the writer and his unclePART ⅡTranslationSection A: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese.21. Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment widely.22. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?23. The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows has not meant economic freedom.24. Employment became widespread when the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail andthen by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Section B :Translate the following paragraph into English.现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。
北京理工大学2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：549科目名称：国际贸易请统考考生答：一、二、三、四题全部，第五题的1题请单独考生答：一、二、三、四题全部，第五题中任选一题一、请解释下列名词（本题共30分，每小题3分）1．出口信贷2．产业内贸易3．非关税措施4．关境5．海关税则6．汇票7．共同海损8．佣金9．包销10．复样二、简答题（本题共40分，每小题5分）1．信用证有何特点？2．来料加工与进料加工有何异同？3．何谓发盘？发盘的构成条件有哪些？4．仲裁协议有几种形式？它有哪些作用？5．进口配额与“自动”出口配额有何异同？6．假设一国对最终产品A征收50%的关税，其中零部件占最终产品的比重为40%，此时，对零部件征收多少关税最为适宜？为什么？7．环境壁垒有哪些特点？8．技术差距理论的主要内容及其意义。
三、计算题（本题共7分）我国某公司出口10万公吨，国内收购价为1.1元人民币/公斤，国内费用加10%，外销价为每公吨146美元FOBXC上海，试计算该商品的出口换汇成本（要求写出计公式及计算过程）。
四、案例分析（8分）A商与B商签订一出口合同，合同中规定B商应于6月底之前开来信用证，A商应于7月20日之前装运。
B商在6月28日将信用证开到，但信用证的有效期为7月15日。
A商因无法在7月15日前完成装运，遂电请对方展延信用证的有效期至8月5日，B商电报同意延期，但未能通过开证行开来修改书。
A商于7月20日完成装运并向银行议付。
请问A 商提出改正的要求是否合理？A商7月20日办理结汇时是否会遇到麻烦？A商仅凭B商电报即办理装运有何不妥？并简述理由。
五、论述题1．分析90年代国际贸易的特点及其原因。
（15分）2．入世给中国机电产业发展带来的机遇与挑战。
（15分）参考答案北京理工大学2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：549科目名称：国际贸易请统考考生答：一、二、三、四题全部，第五题的1题请单独考生答：一、二、三、四题全部，第五题中任选一题一、请解释下列名词（本题共30分，每小题3分）1．出口信贷：是出口国为促进本国大型机械设备和船舶的出口，加强其国际竞争能力，以对本国的出口给予利息补贴并提供信贷担保的方式，鼓励本国银行对本国出口商或外国进口商（或其银行）提供较低利率的贷款，以解决本国出口商资金周转的困难，或满足国外进口商对本国出口商支付货款需要的一种融资方式。
北京理工大学2003年攻读硕士研究生入学考试试题一. 填空题(本题共计46分，每个空2分)1、热能与机械能相同之处是( )；不同之处是( )。
2、热力学平衡状态是指( )。
均匀状态是指( )。
3、若热力系统对外作功可用21pdv ⎰计算，则其过程必须在( )条件下进行；其中可用功的数量是( )。
4、设有m kg 工质以状态1进入系统，此时给系统带入的能量的数量是(m(e 1+p 1v 1))；其中各项的意义分别为( )5、已知理想气体A 有m A kg ，B 有m B kg ，混合后的质量分数各为( 、 )；假设定压比热容和定容比热容分别为c v,A 、c p,A 、c v,B 、c p,B ，混合后的气体常数为( )。
6、若对系统加热，则参数( )必定( )；若系统对外作膨胀功，则参数( )必定( )。
7、气体液化的必要条件是( )；充分条件是( )。
8、水在某温度条件下的饱和液体的焓为h '、熵为s '，饱和蒸汽的焓为h "、熵为s "，则此温度下，当湿蒸汽的干度为x 时，湿蒸汽的焓值为( )；湿蒸汽的熵值为( )。
9、热机的热效率定义为( )；热机的 效率定义( )。
10、在湿空气的工程计算中，将湿空气处理为( )和( )的组合；并把它们均看成( )气体。
二．简答题。
1、工质在压力p 1下被吸入气缸，可逆压缩至p 2(p 1<p 2)，然后排出气缸，试在p-v 图上表示出此工作过程的膨胀功和技术功，并说明技术功和膨胀功之间的关系。
2、已知某理想气体的比热容为定值，当其由初态(p 1,T 1)经历任一过程而达到终态(p 2,T 2)，试证明任何过程总是满足关系()()()21v1s s /c 2112T T ev /v κ--=。
3、将空气简单地处理成由容积百分比为21%的氧气和79%的氮气所组成的混合气体，试求出此组合下空气的c p 、c v 及R 值。
一．（30分）简述题（每小题3分）1． 一个LTI 系统有多种描述方法，试给出五种方法，并指出它们之间的联系。
2． 一个确定信号在频域用傅里叶变换表示，试按信号在时域是周期、非周期、连续、离散，分别写出相应形式的傅里叶变换。
离散傅里叶变换（DFT ）是其中一种形式吗？3． 一个存在全部时域),(+∞-∞的周期信号，如果要求在变换域求其作用于LTI 系统的响应，应采用傅里叶变换还是拉氏变换？或者两种变换都可采用？为什么？ 4． 若由下列系统函数描述的离散时间系统是稳定的，那它一定是因果的吗？为什么？z z z H 311211)(--=5． 根据下列微分方程，能否判定该系统是稳定的吗？为什么？)()(2)('t x t y t y =-6． 由下式描述的系统是时不变的吗？为什么？（式中的)(n x ，)(n y 分别表示系统的∑+∞-∞=--=k k n nk x n y )()31(3)( 7． 试给出设计数字滤波器的一般步骤。
8． 能否仅根据其频率响应的有限个取样值，确定出该数字滤波器？说明你的理由。
9． 如何保证所设计的FIR 数字滤波器具有线性相位？10． 分别给出序列线性卷积、圆周卷积和周期卷积的定义，并指出它们间的联系。
二．（25分）考虑一个离散时间LTI 系统，当其输入为)1(21)()(-+=N n n x δδ相应的输出为)()21()(n u n y n=1.（10分）用时域法求此系统的单位抽样响应)(n h ； 2．（10分）用z 变换法求此系统的单位抽样响应)(n h ； 3．（5分）给出描述此系统的差分方程，并画出模拟框图。
三．（25分）考虑一个输入、输出分别为)(t f 和)(t y 的连续时间系统，其系统函数为14)(22--=s s s H1．（3分）画出)(s H 的极点和零点图；2． （5分）假定)(s H 是稳定的，确定其收敛域，并求系统的单位冲激响应)(t h ； 3．（5分）求描述此系统的线性常系数微分方程，并画出其直接II 型框图； 4．（5分）若输入)5.0exp()(t t f -=，对全部t ，求系统输出)(t y ；5． （7分）确定描述此系统的状态方程和输出方程，并求状态转移矩阵)(t ϕ。
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⼀、2020年北京理⼯⼤学法律硕⼠(⾮法学)专业综合考研复试核⼼题库之民法简答题精编1．简述死者⼈格利益的保护。
【答案】死者⼈格利益是指⾃然⼈死亡后，其姓名、名誉、隐私等利益。
在我国,关于死者⼈格利益的保护问题的探讨,主要围绕着名誉权的保护问题进⾏，此外，关于姓名权、肖像权、隐私权的保护问题也已经被提出。
在这些讨论过程中，关于死者的⼈格利益是否应得到保护以及如何保护，形成了以下⼏个观点：（1）死者⼈格权保护说。
该说认为，死者仍然应该享有⼈格权，其理论依据是，⾃然⼈的权利能⼒消灭和权利消灭是两个独⽴的问题,两者的法律根据并不相同。
（2）死者家庭利益保护说。
这种观点认为在个⼈的⼈⾝利益之上，还有⼀个家庭整体利益，这种家庭利益是全体家庭成员的抽象的⼈⾝利益。
（3）死者⼈格利益继承说。
2003年北京理工大学分析化学考研试题北京理工大学2003年攻读硕士研究生入学考试试题一、填空题：1．定量分析结果的准确度是指（），准确度的高低用（）衡量。
2．下列数据中包含了几位有效数字？（1）10.030含（）位；（2）0.01200含（）位。
（3）8.7×10-4含（）位；（4）pKa=5.52含（）位；（5）pH=10.00含（）位。
3.一般情况下，水溶液中的EDTA总是以H6Y2+、H5Y+、H4Y、H3Y-、H2Y2-等（）种型体存在，其中以（）与金属离子形成的络合物最稳定，但是仅在溶液pH值大于（）时EDTA才主要以这种型体存在。
除个别金属离子外，EDTA与金属离子形成络合物时都以（）络合。
4．某个碱液中可能含有NaOH、Na2CO3或NaHCO3，也可能是它们中两者的混合物。
今用HCl溶液滴定，滴定到酚酞终点时，消耗HCl溶液体积为V1；再加入甲基橙指示剂一滴，继续用HCl溶液滴定到溶液由黄色变为橙色时又用去HCl溶液的体积V2.判断出现下列情况时溶液的组成。
（1）V1>V2,V2>0时,其组成为( )。
(2)V2>V1,V1>0时,其组成为( )。
(3)V1=V2时,其组成为( )。
(4)V1=0,V2>0时,其组成为( )。
(5)V2=0,V1>0时,其组成为( )。
5．用分光光度法测定试样中的磷。
称取试样0.1850g,溶解并处理后稀释到100mL.吸取10.00mL于50mL容量瓶中,经显色后其ε=5×103Lmol-1cm-1,在1cm比色皿中测得A=0.003.由于( )太小,这个测定结果的相对误差必然很大.若实验室只有1cm比色皿,又不想改变称样量的话,要提高测定结果的准确度,最简单的办法是采用( )再测定其吸光度的办法.6.金属基电极电势的产生是由于( ),而离子选择性电极电势的产生是由于( )的结果.7.色谱分析条件主要包括分离条件和( ).色谱理论中对选择分离条件具有指导意义的方程叫( ), 在气相色谱中该方程的数学表达简式为( ).8.在色谱发中用有效塔板数衡量色谱柱的( ),用相对保留值衡量色谱柱的( ).9.测定相对校正因子时,若标准物质的注入量为0.435μg,所得峰面积As为4.00cm2;组分的注入量为0.864μg, 所得峰面积As为8.10cm2;则组分相对校正因子为f i( ),相对响应值为S i （）。
2020年【北京理工大学】理论经济学考研资料、参考书目、往年真题亲爱的同学们，大家好小编是育明506，小石老师理论经济学这个专业北京985院校中有7所开设，分别是北京大学、中国人民大学、清华大学、北京航空航天大学、北京理工大学、北京师范大学和中央民族大学。
前两天已经说过北京大学和中国人大的概况了，今天咱们就来说一说北京理工大学的理论经济学。
更多资讯请关注微信公众平台号：考研考博直通车北京理工大学创办于1940年，前身是诞生于延安的“自然科学院”，是一所理工为主、工理管文协调发展的全国重点大学，是中国共产党创办的第一所理工科大学，是新中国成立以来国家历批次重点建设的高校，首批设立研究生院，首批进入国家“211工程”、“985工程”、“双一流”建设行列，现隶属于工业和信息化部。
一、招生简章二、历年分数线2019年：政治：50英语：50专业课一：75专业课二：75总分：350 2018年：政治：50英语：50专业课一：75专业课二：75总分：3482017年：政治：50英语：50专业课一：75专业课二：75总分：350 2016年：政治：55英语：55专业课一：83专业课二：83总分：365从近三年看，北理工的理论经济学复试分数线基本没太大变动，小编认为2020年，北理工分数线应该还是维持在350左右，不会突破355，这就要求考研学子在初试中两门专业课要达到55以上，两门专业课240分以上，那么考入北理工基本就没问题了。
三、参考书目853政治经济学参考书目《政治经济学》（第5版），逄锦聚、洪银兴、林岗、刘伟，高等教育出版社，2014；《政治经济学教程》（第11版），宋涛，中国人民大学出版社，2016806宏观经济学参考书目：《西方经济学:宏观部分》，中国人民大学出版社，高鸿业，(第6版)《宏观经济学》，易纲，张帆，中国人民大学出版社，2008年四、专业课大纲及题型853政治经济学一、考试大纲1、政治经济学的研究对象2、物质资料生产和社会生产方式3、商品和价值4、货币与信用5、资本和资本运动6、信用制度与虚拟资本7、社会再生产8、资本主义生产的实质9、资本和剩余价值的具体形式10、垄断资本主义的形成和发展11、垄断资本主义的国际经济关系12、当代西方资本主义13、社会主义初级阶段的所有制结构14、社会主义初级阶段的个人收入分配与消费15、社会主义市场经济和资源配置方式16、社会主义国有企业经营机制和现代企业制度17、社会主义经济运行中的宏观调控18、经济全球化和社会主义国家的对外经济关系19、经济增长与经济发展20、当前热点经济问题二、考试题型1、解释经济范畴2、简答题3、论述题806宏观经济学1、考试大纲一、宏观经济的基本指标及衡量二、国民收入的决定：收入——支出模型三、国民收入的决定：IS-LM模型四、国民收入的决定：总需求——总供给模型五、失业与通货膨胀六、宏观经济政策七、开放条件下的短期经济模型八、经济增长九、宏观经济学的微观基础2、考试题型一、名词解释二、分析简答题三、论述题五、往年真题简答题1.结合图形，说明微观经济循环图。
北京理工大学考研《光学工程》复试题——回忆版第一篇：北京理工大学考研《光学工程》复试题——回忆版专业课笔试应用光学 25分1.光线的概念、光线与波面的关系2.光学系统中常用的基面与基点有哪些，作图表示3照相物镜的相对孔径？显微物镜的数值孔径？4望远镜的工作原理？望远镜的视场放大率、角放大率和垂轴放大率之间的关系5计算题：已知显微物镜的垂轴放大率和共轭距离求物镜的焦距；已知目镜的放大倍数求目镜的焦距；求显微镜的组合焦距3.近视和远视各有什么特点4.计算题高斯公式简单应用5.MTF简单计算电子技术 251.单管放大电路有哪几种基本接法？对电流、电压的放大能力如何2.滤波器的功能及常用滤波器有哪些3.直流负反馈有什么作用？交流负反馈各在什么条件下引入？4.简单的线性运放计算5.画出5V直流电源的连接图（整流，滤波，稳压的连接）6.A/D的转换精度计算1.TTL与COMS的区别2.桥式整流+3端稳压管连线3.直流负反馈和交流负反馈的作用，对电路参数的影响4.A/D,D/A转换的一些基本概念5.时序逻辑电路有什么特点，举3种时序电路常用器件光电技术 251.填空：光电效应光电发射效应内光电效应，光子效应？内光电效应？外光电效应？2.判断题：CCD的构成及传输时的一些参数的影响（4道）光学系统调焦，判断哪些是白噪声3.问答：常用的光电探测系统的组成框图及简要说明4.问答：常用的红外探测器有哪些？说说其原理，并比较其优缺点5.问答：用什么器件或手段能将二维图像信号转为视频信号输出？（摄像器件）计算机基础 251.填空二进制转化为十进制和十六进制2.填空：多媒体中图像的保存及传输时间的计算（3个空）3.问答：微机中常用的总线及功能简单描叙4.问答：微机常用的接口有哪些，并说说其功能5.问答：ROM、EPROM、RAM、DRAM各代表什么含义，有什么区别？1用C语言编程，找出100到200之间的素数2计算机的硬件有哪些？简述其功能3反码，补码的计算，两数相加时是否溢出？数电和模电和应光好好看，微机原理及接口技术和光电器件及理论看看就行面试题什么叫自适应光学？什么叫视场？透镜的参数（孔径，焦距，相对孔径）什么是约翰逊准则？电话是谁发明的？有线电报无线电报是谁发明的？还问过：物光的知识（爱里斑，菲涅尔反射透射，P`S波的振动方向），毕业论文，参加过的科技活动，激光是怎么产生的英语面试自我介绍介绍自己的家乡大学学过的课程其他同学被问的的问题：怎样看待光学工程，天空为什么是蓝色的记得题型是12道题先5道，内容有激光原理、物理光学、电子技术基础、大学物理。
北京理工大学2020 年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（真题回忆）科目代码：889 科目名称：计算机技术专业基础满分：150 分注意: ①认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！一、选择题20 个1，给你入栈顺序 123，出栈顺序 231，问你操作序列。
（push、push、pop、push、pop、pop）2，下列哪个说法错误：A 对称矩阵的存储只需要存主对角线和上三角或下三角B 对角矩阵不用存储零C 稀疏矩阵可以用三元组D 稀疏矩阵有分布规律，可以用三元组3，给了一循环队列A[0……30]，rear 指向队尾元素，front 指向队头元素的前一个位置，存储了 11 个元素，当前 front 指向 25，求 rear 指针位置。
(5)4，有一个无向图，每个边值不同，问下列哪一个选项是错的。
A 生成树不一定唯一BC 很简单，不记得了。
D 两节点的最短距离一定是最小生成树上的两节点最短距离5，一个外层循环 n,内层循环 2n 的程序，问你时间复杂度。
（O(n^2)）（注意不要选O(2n^2)，渐进复杂度省略常数）A O(2n)B O(n)C O(2n^2)D O(n^2)6，二维矩阵的压缩方式：（答案应该是十字链表和三元组，不要选散列和邻接表）7，请选出排序算法的启动时间最少的算法，所谓启动时间就是说选出第一个元素的最终位置所花的时间。
A 归并排序B 堆排序C 插入排序D 快速排序8，下列哪个空间复杂度不是常数：A 归并排序B 堆排序C 快速排序D 置换-选择排序9，顺序表下列哪个操作平均复杂度与众不同。
A 删除元素 aB 查找元素 aC 求表长D 在第 i 个元素后插入10，给你一个图，问你哪个 dfs 序是不可能的（简单题，没啥说的）11，给你一个 [1..5, 1..5] 上三角矩阵，问你压缩成一维后（下标从零开始），在行优先的情况下，a33 的下标。
北京理工大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试数学分析试题一、计算题（每小题6分，共计30分）1．+∞→nlim (2n，(,0)a b >。
解： +∞→nlim n +∞→=nlim 1)(1[2n +-+∞→=nlim 1)21nelim m →+=12()m ma b me+-=2．10lim 1nn x dx x→∞+⎰。
解：对任意的0ε>，111001111n nnx x x dx dx dx x x xεε--=++++⎰⎰⎰，由积分中值定理有 10,011,11n nx dx x x εξξε-=≤≤-<++⎰所以limn →∞101n x dx xε-+⎰lim n →∞=01nx ξ=+，又111101nx dx dx x εεε--≤≤=+⎰⎰，由0ε>的任意性得10lim 01n n x dx x→∞=+⎰。
3．设()()⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+≠+++=0,00,1sin ,22222222y x y x y x y x y x f ，讨论(),f x y 在(0,0)点的连续性，可微性，偏导数存在性，偏导数的连续性。
解：()()(,)(0,0)lim,0,0x y f x y f ∆∆→∆∆-2(,)(0,0)lim0x y ∆∆→==所以(),f x y 在(0,0)点的连续性。
又()()()01sin lim 0,00,lim0,000=∆∆=∆-∆='→∆→∆xx x f x f f x x x ，()()()01sin lim 0,0,0lim 0,000=∆∆=∆-∆='→∆→∆yy y f y f f y y y ，所以 ()⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+≠+++++='0,00,1c o s 1s i n 2,2222222222y x y x y x y x x y x x y x f x ，()⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+≠+++++='0,00,1cos 1sin 2,2222222222y x y x y x y x y y x y y x f y ， 即),(y x f 的偏导数存在，但()()='-∆∆'→∆∆0,0,lim )0,0(),(x x y x f y x f222222)0,0(),(1cos1sin2lim yx y x xy x x y x ∆+∆∆+∆∆+∆+∆∆→∆∆不存在，因为22222201cos1sin 2lim xx x x x x x x y x ∆+∆∆+∆∆+∆+∆∆→∆=∆不存在，即 ),(y x f 的偏导数()y x f x ,'在)0,0(处不连续，同理可证偏导数()y x f y ,'在)0,0(处不连续。
又()()()()22)0,0(),()()(0,00,00,0,limy x y f x f f y x f y x y x ∆+∆∆'-∆'--∆∆→∆∆01sin lim2222)0,0(),(=∆+∆∆+∆=→∆∆x x x x y x ，所以),(y x f 在)0,0(处可微。
4、计算2I π=⎰先计算21tan k kdxI xπ=+⎰，k 为实数。
解：令u x -=2π，则22200tan tan 1tan 1tan 1tan k kk k k k duudu x I dx c u u xπππ-===+++⎰⎰⎰，所以 2201tan 21tan 2k k k xI dx dx xπππ+===+⎰⎰，因此更有4k I I π==。
5．计算2222()(,,)x y z t F t f x y z dS ++==⎰⎰，其中()()22,,,0,x y z f x y z z ⎧+≥⎪=⎨⎪<⎩，解：2222()(,,)x y z t F t f x y z dS ++==⎰⎰222222,()x t z x y dS =+⎰⎰曲面方程为z ==，222222(),(x y t x y +≤=+⎰⎰2Dr rdrd θ=⎰⎰， 02θπ≤≤，0r ≤≤，22d r πθ=⎰22112322202()2()t t t t u tt u ππ=---⎰⎰=44(3t π-。
二、证明题（每小题10分，共计50分）1．设0＜λ＜1，lim n →∞a n =a ，证明lim n →∞(a a a a n n n n ++++--λλλ1220 )=-a1λ。
证明： 记1-=λk ，则nn n n n nn n ka a k a k a a a 01101+++=+++--- λλ，利用Stolz 定理得lim n →∞(a a a a n n n n++++--λλλ1220 )nn n n n n ka a k a k 011lim+++=--∞→)1(lim1-=-∞→k k a k n n n n λ-=1a。
2、设)(x f 在(,)a b 上可微，且12,(,)x x a b ∈，12()()0f x f x ''⋅<，证明在12,x x 之间最少存在一点ξ，使得()0f ξ'=。
证明：不妨设12x x <，且1()0f x '<，2()0f x '>；)(x f 在12[,]x x 上连续，则存在最小值点ξ，由1()0f x '<，有存在11x x '<使得11()()f x f x '>，则有1x ξ≠，同理可证2x ξ≠，ξ是(,)a b 上极小值，由费马定理有()0f ξ'=。
3．设1,1p q >>，111p q +=，证明111p x x p q≤+，(0)x ∀>，并证明当且仅当1x =时等式成立。
证明：令111()pf x x x p q =--，111111()(1)p qf x x x p p p--'=-=-，所以当1x >时，()0f x '<，()f x 单减，故()(1)0f x f <=，当1x <时，()0f x '>，()f x 单增，故()(1)0f x f <=，因此 ()0f x <(0)x ∀>，即111px x p q≤+，(0)x ∀> ，且当且仅当1x =时等式成立。
4． ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===无理数，x n m x n x R ,0,1)(， 在]10[，上可积。
证明:对任意的0>ε，由于01lim0=→n n ，所以满足ε≥n1的仅有有限个，这样在]10[，上至多有N 个数,,21x x N x , ，满足ε≥)(x R ，取0>δ，满足εδ<N ，于是对]10[，上的任意分划∆，只要δ<∆，此时,,21x x N x , 所在的区间长度和为δN ，故ε2)()()(<=-∆∆∆R S R s R S ，即)(x R 在]10[，上可积。
5、)(x f 是],[b a 上正的连续函数，证明不等式21(())()()()b baaf x dx dx b a f x ⋅≤-⎰⎰。
证明：对任意实数λ 有21(())0()f x f x λ+≥，即2221()0()f x f x λλ++≥，两边积分得2221(())()()0()bbaaf x dx b a dx f x λλ+-⋅+≥⎰⎰， 由λ的二次三项式恒大于0，知它的判别式0∆≤，即21(())()()()b baaf x dx dx b a f x ⋅≤-⎰⎰。
三、（12分）设)(x f 是(,)a b 上可微分两次，且()0f ξ''≠，(,)a b ξ∈，证明：在(,)a b 上可以找到两点,,21x x 使得2121()()()f x f x f x x ξ-'=-。
证明：不妨设()0f ξ''>则存在0δ>，(),()(,)a b ξδξδ+-∈，使得()()()()()f f f f f ξδξξξδξδδ+---'>>，记102()()()()()(),(),,2f f f f f f m m f m m ξδξξξδξδξδξδδδ+---+--''====1） 若0m m '=，则取21(),()x x ξδξδ=+=-即可； 2） 若0m m '>，则10m m m '>>，作函数22()()()f x f x g x x x-=-，连续21121()()()f x f x g x m x x -'==-，212()()()f x f g m x ξξξ-==-，则由介值定理01(,)x x ξ∈，使得200020()()()()f x f x g x m f x x ξ-'===-；3）若0m m '<，则20m m m '<<，作函数11()()()f x f x g x x x -=-，连续21221()()()f x f x g x m x x -'==-，121()()()f f x g m x ξξξ-==-，则由介值定理02(,)x x ξ∈，使得200020()()()()f x f x g x m f x x ξ-'===-。
四、（12）1、判断⎰∞++12)sin (sin dx x x x xpp 的敛散性。
2、证明⎰∞++0sin sin dx xx xp 当p >1时绝对收敛，当121<≤p 时条件收敛，当p ≤12时发散。
证明：1、对充分大的x 有211sin 1(sin )(1)p p p p x dx dx x x x x x +∞+∞≤+-⎰⎰，而当21>p 时 11(1)p p dx x x +∞-⎰收敛，由比较判别法得⎰∞++12)sin (sin dx x x x x p p 收敛； 因为2211sin sin (sin )(1)p p p p x xdx dx x x x x x +∞+∞≥++⎰⎰，又11(1)p p dx x x +∞+⎰2211sin cos (1)(1)p p p p x x dx dx x x x x +∞+∞=+++⎰⎰，当x π>时，222sin ()sin ()cos 22(1)(1)()(()1)22p p p p p p x x x x x x x x x ππππ--=≤++--+ 下面用反证法证明当p ≤12时 ，21sin (1)p p x dx x x +∞+⎰发散。
