软件开发生命周期与统一建模语言UML06

UML中文名称：统一建模语言英文名称：unified modeling language;UML定义：是一种面向对象的建模语言，它是运用统一的、标准化的标记和定义实现对软件系统进行面向对象的描述和建模。

作用域：1、支持面向对象的分析设计2、支持从需求分析开始的软件开发的全过程（1）关系：UML用关系把事物结合在一起1、依赖2、关联3、泛化4、实现两个用例之间的关系：1.包含关系 2.扩展关系 3.泛化关系（2）图形：UML2.0包括14种图五大类分法：1、静态图类图对象图包图2、用例图用例图3、行为图状态图活动图顺序图协作图4、交互图顺序图协作图5、实现图静态动态分法：1、表示系统静态结构的静态模型：类图：给出了系统的静态设计视图，活动类的类图给出了系统的静态进程视图。

类图描述的是一种静态关系，在系统的整个生命周期都是有效的。

对象图：是类图的实例。

从真实案例或原型案例的角度建立，给出系统的静态设计视图或系统的静态进程视图。

由于对象存在生命周期，因此对象图只能在系统某一时间段存在。

包图：由包或类组成，表示包与包之间的关系。

包图用于描述系统的分层结构。

构件图：表示系统的静态设计实现视图。

描述代码构件的物理结构以及各种构建之间的依赖关系。

部署图：给出了架构的静态部署视图，静态实施视图。

用来建模系统的物理部署。

例如计算接和设备。

以及他们之间是如何连接的。

制品图组合结构图2、表示系统动态结构的动态模型：用例图：从用户角度描述系统功能，并指出各功能的操作者。

说明的是谁要使用系统，以及他们使用系统可以做些什么。

顺序图：展现了一组对象和由这组对象收发的消息，用于按时间顺序对控制流建模。

强调对象之间消息发送的顺序，同时显示对象之间的交互。

强调时间和顺序。

协作图（或通信图）：描述对象间的协作关系，显示对象间的动态合作关系。

强调上下级关系。

定时图状态图：描述类的对象所有可能的状态以及事件发生时状态的转移条件。

活动图：描述满足用例要求所要进行的活动以及活动间的约束关系，有利于识别并行活动。

软件开发生命周期软件开发是一个复杂而漫长的过程，而软件开发生命周期是指从软件需求分析、设计、编码、测试，到最后的部署、维护和更新的整个过程。

软件开发生命周期的合理管理对于保证软件的质量和项目的进度具有重要意义。

一、需求分析阶段在软件开发生命周期中，需求分析是最初阶段，以明确项目的目标和功能需求。

通过与客户的沟通和研究，开发团队可以准确理解客户所需的软件功能以及用户对软件的期望。

需求分析阶段的主要任务包括需求收集、需求分析和需求确认。

需求收集阶段可以通过面谈、问卷调查、用户访谈等方式获取用户需求。

然后对收集到的需求进行分析和整理，以形成详细的需求文档。

最后，与客户进行确认，确保开发团队准确理解并符合客户的需求。

二、设计阶段设计阶段是在需求分析完成之后进行的，目的是制定软件的整体架构和详细设计。

在设计阶段，开发团队将会制定软件的结构、模块划分、数据库设计等。

在设计阶段中，开发团队可以使用统一建模语言（UML）等工具进行系统建模，以便更好地描述软件的结构和功能。

设计阶段的输出通常是软件设计文档，其中包含了软件的架构图、模块图、数据库设计等详细信息。

三、编码阶段在软件设计完成后，开发团队将按照设计文档进行编码工作。

编码阶段是将设计转化为实际可执行软件的过程，开发团队需要根据设计要求编写代码，并进行必要的单元测试。

编码阶段中的编程语言和开发工具的选择取决于具体的项目需求和开发团队的技术特长。

无论使用哪种编程语言，良好的编码风格和规范是非常重要的，能够提高代码的可读性和可维护性。

四、测试阶段软件开发的测试阶段是为了验证软件的功能和性能是否符合设计和需求要求。

测试阶段可以分为单元测试、集成测试和系统测试等不同层次和类型的测试。

单元测试是对软件中的各个单元模块进行独立测试，以确保每个模块的功能正常。

集成测试是测试各个模块的集成是否协调一致，各个模块之间的接口是否正确。

系统测试是对整个软件系统进行全面测试，包括功能测试、性能测试、安全测试等。

什么是统一建模语言（UML）？UML是统一建模语言的缩写，是一种标准化建模语言，由一组集成的图表组成，它开发来帮助系统和软件开发人员指定、可视化、构建和记录软件系统的工件，以及业务建模和其他非软件系统。

UML代表了在大型和复杂系统建模中已被证明是成功的最佳工程实践的集合。

UML是开发面向对象软件和软件开发过程中非常重要的一部分。

UML 主要使用图形符号来表示软件项目的设计。

使用UML帮助项目团队沟通，探索潜在的设计，并验证软件的体系结构设计。

在本文中，我们将向您详细介绍UML是什么、UML的历史以及每个UML图类型的描述，以及UML示例。

What is Unified Modeling Language (UML)?UML, short for Unified Modeling Langung of an integrated set of diagrams, developed to help system and software developers for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems. The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems. The UML is a very important part of developing object oriented software and the software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of software projects. Using the UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural design of the software. In this article we will give you detailed ideas about what is UML, the history of UML and a description of each UML diagram type, along with UML examples.The Origin of UMLThe goal of UML is to provide a standard notation that can be used by all object-oriented methods and to select and integrate the best elements of precursor notations. UML has been designed for a broad range of applications. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities (e.g., distributed systems, analysis, system design and deployment).UML is a notation that resulted from the unification of OMT from1.Object Modeling T echnique OMT [James Rumbaugh 1991] - was best for analysis and data-intensive information systems.2.Booch [Grady Booch 1994] - was excellent for design and implementation. Grady Booch had worked extensively with the Ada language, and had been a major player in the development of Object Oriented techniques for the language. Although the Booch method was strong, the notation was less well received (lots of cloud shapes dominated his models - not very tidy)3.OOSE (Object-Oriented Software Engineering [Ivar Jacobson 1992]) - featured a model known as Use Cases. Use Cases are a powerful technique for understanding the behaviour of an entire system (an area where OO has traditionally been weak).In 1994, Jim Rumbaugh, the creator of OMT, stunned the software world when he left General Electric and joined Grady Booch at Rational Corp. The aim of the partnership was to merge their ideas into a single, unified method (the working title for the method was indeed the "Unified Method").By 1995, the creator of OOSE, Ivar Jacobson, had also joined Rational, and his ideas (particularly the concept of "Use Cases")were fed into the new Unified Method - now called the Unified Modelling Language1. The team of Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson are affectionately known as the "Three Amigos"UML has also been influenced by other object-oriented notations:•Mellor and Shlaer [1998]•Coad and Yourdon [1995]•Wirfs-Brock [1990]•Martin and Odell [1992]UML also includes new concepts that were not present in other major methods at the time, such as extension mechanisms and a constraint language.History of UML1.During 1996, the first Request for Proposal (RFP) issued by the Object Management Group (OMG) provided the catalyst for these organizations to join forces around producing a joint RFP response.2.Rational established the UML Partners consortium with several organizations willing to dedicate resources to work toward a strong UML 1.0 definition. Those contributing most to the UML 1.0 definition included:o Digital Equipment Corpo HPo i-Logixo IntelliCorpo IBMo ICON Computingo MCI Systemhouseo Microsofto Oracleo Rational Softwareo TIo Unisys3.This collaboration produced UML 1.0, a modeling language that was well-defined, expressive, powerful, and generally applicable. This was submitted to the OMG in January 1997 as an initial RFP response.14.In January 1997 IBM, ObjecTime, Platinum Technology, Ptech, Taskon, Reich Technologies and Softeam also submitted separate RFP responses to the OMG. These companies joined the UML partners to contribute their ideas, and together the partners produced the revised UML 1.1 response. The focus of the UML 1.1 release was to improve the clarity of the UML 1.0 semantics and to incorporate contributions from the new partners. It was submitted to the OMG for their consideration and adopted in the fall of 1997.1 and enhanced 1.1 to 1.5, and subsequently to UML 2.1 from 01 to 06 (now the UML current version is 2.5)Why UMLAs the strategic value of software increases for many companies, the industry looks for techniques to automate the production of software and to improve quality and reduce cost and time-to-market. These techniques include componenttechnology, visual programming, patterns and frameworks. Businesses also seek techniques to manage the complexity of systems as they increase in scope and scale. In particular, they recognize the need to solve recurring architectural problems, such as physical distribution, concurrency, replication, security, load balancing and fault tolerance. Additionally, the development for the World Wide Web, while making some things simpler, has exacerbated these architectural problems. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) was designed to respond to these needs. The primary goals in the design of the UML summarize by Page-Jones in Fundamental Object-Oriented Design in UML as follows:1.Provide users with a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling language so they can develop and exchange meaningful models.2.Provide extensibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.3.Be independent of particular programming languages and development processes.4.Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.5.Encourage the growth of the OO tools market.6.Support higher-level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns and components.7.Integrate best practices.UML - An OverviewBefore we begin to look at the theory of the UML, we are going to take a very brief run through some of the major concepts of the UML.The first thing to notice about the UML is that there are a lot of different diagrams (models) to get used to. The reason for thisis that it is possible to look at a system from many different viewpoints. A software development will have many stakeholders playing a part.For Example:•Analysts•Designers•Coders•Testers•QA•The Customer•Technical AuthorsAll of these people are interested in different aspects of the system, and each of them require a different level of detail. For example, a coder needs to understand the design of the system and be able to convert the design to a low level code. By contrast, a technical writer is interested in the behavior of the system as a whole, and needs to understand how the product functions. The UML attempts to provide a language so expressive that all stakeholders can benefit from at least one UML diagram.Here's a quick look at each one of these 13 diagrams in as shown in the UML 2 Diagram Structure below:Structure diagrams show the static structure of the system and its parts on different abstraction and implementation levels and how they are related to each other. The elements in a structure diagram represent the meaningful concepts of a system, and may include abstract, real world and implementation concepts, there are seven types of structure diagram as follows:•Class Diagram•Component Diagram•Deployment Diagram•Object Diagram•Package Diagram•Composite Structure Diagram•Profile DiagramBehavior diagrams show the dynamic behavior of the objects in a system, which can be described as a series of changes to the system over time, there are seven types of behavior diagrams as follows:•Use Case Diagram•Activity Diagram•State Machine Diagram•Sequence Diagram•Communication Diagram•Interaction Overview Diagram•Timing DiagramWhat is a Class Diagram?The class diagram is a central modeling technique that runs through nearly all object-oriented methods. This diagram describes the types of objects in the system and various kinds of static relationships which exist between them.RelationshipsThere are three principal kinds of relationships which areimportant:1.Association - represent relationships between instances of types (a person works for a company, a company has a number of offices.2.Inheritance - the most obvious addition to ER diagrams for use in OO. It has an immediate correspondence to inheritance in OO design.3.Aggregation - Aggregation, a form of object composition in object-oriented design.Class Diagram ExampleWhat is Component Diagram?In the Unified Modeling Language, a component diagram depicts how components are wired together to form larger components or software systems. It illustrates the architectures of the software components and the dependencies between them. Those software components including run-time components, executable components also the source code components.Component Diagram ExampleWhat is a Deployment Diagram?The Deployment Diagram helps to model the physical aspect of an Object-Oriented software system. It is a structure diagram which shows architecture of the system as deployment (distribution) of software artifacts to deployment targets. Artifacts represent concrete elements in the physical world that are the result of a development process. It models the run-time configuration in a static view and visualizes the distribution of artifacts in an application. In most cases, it involves modeling the hardware configurations together with the software components that lived on.Deployment Diagram ExampleWhat is an Object Diagram?An object diagram is a graph of instances, including objects and data values. A static object diagram is an instance of a class diagram; it shows a snapshot of the detailed state of a system at a point in time. The difference is that a class diagram represents an abstract model consisting of classes and their relationships. However, an object diagram represents an instance at a particular moment, which is concrete in nature. The use of object diagrams is fairly limited, namely to show examples of data structure.Class Diagram vs Object Diagram - An ExampleSome people may find it difficult to understand the difference between a UML Class Diagram and a UML Object Diagram as they both comprise of named "rectangle blocks", with attributes in them, and with linkages in between, which make the two UML diagrams look similar. Some people may even think they are the same because in the UML tool they use both the notations for Class Diagram and Object Diagram are put inside the same diagram editor - Class Diagram.But in fact, Class Diagram and Object Diagram represent two different aspects of a code base. In this article, we will provide you with some ideas about these two UML diagrams, what they are, what are their differences and when to use each of them.Relationship between Class Diagram and Object Diagram You create "classes" when you are programming. For example, in an online banking system you may create classes like 'User', 'Account', 'Transaction', etc. In a classroom management system you may create classes like 'Teacher', 'Student', 'Assignment', etc. In each class, there are attributes and operations that represent the characteristic and behavior of the class. Class Diagram is a UML diagram where you can visualize those classes, along with their attributes, operations and theinter-relationship.UML Object Diagram shows how object instances in your system are interacting with each other at a particular state. It also represents the data values of those objects at that state. In other words, a UML Object Diagram can be seen as a representation of how classes (drawn in UML Class Diagram) are utilized at a particular state.If you are not a fan of those definition stuff, take a look at the following UML diagram examples. I believe that you will understand their differences in seconds.Class Diagram ExampleThe following Class Diagram example represents two classes - User and Attachment. A user can upload multiple attachment so the two classes are connected with an association, with 0..* as multiplicity on the Attachment side.Object Diagram ExampleThe following Object Diagram example shows you how the object instances of User and Attachment class "look like" at the moment Peter (i.e. the user) is trying to upload two attachments. So there are two Instance Specification for the two attachment objects to be uploaded.What is a Package Diagram?Package diagram is UML structure diagram which shows packages and dependencies between the packages. Modeldiagrams allow to show different views of a system, for example, as multi-layered (aka multi-tiered) application - multi-layered application model.Package Diagram ExampleWhat is a Composite Structure Diagram?Composite Structure Diagram is one of the new artifacts added to UML 2.0. A composite structure diagram is similar to a class diagram and is a kind of component diagram mainly used in modeling a system at micro point-of-view, but it depicts individual parts instead of whole classes. It is a type of static structure diagram that shows the internal structure of a class and the collaborations that this structure makes possible.This diagram can include internal parts, ports through which the parts interact with each other or through which instances of the class interact with the parts and with the outside world, and connectors between parts or ports. A composite structure is a set of interconnected elements that collaborate at runtime to achieve some purpose. Each element has some defined role in the collaboration.Composite Structure Diagram ExampleWhat is a Profile Diagram?A profile diagram enables you to create domain and platform specific stereotypes and define the relationships between them. You can create stereotypes by drawing stereotype shapes and relate them with composition or generalization through the resource-centric interface. You can also define and visualize tagged values of stereotypes.Profile Diagram ExampleWhat is a Use Case Diagram?A use-case model describes a system's functional requirements in terms of use cases. It is a model of the system's intended functionality (use cases) and its environment (actors). Use cases enable you to relate what you need from a system to how the system delivers on those needs.Think of a use-case model as a menu, much like the menu you'd find in a restaurant. By looking at the menu, you knowwhat's available to you, the individual dishes as well as their prices. You also know what kind of cuisine the restaurant serves: Italian, Mexican, Chinese, and so on. By looking at the menu, you get an overall impression of the dining experience that awaits you in that restaurant. The menu, in effect, "models" the restaurant's behavior.Because it is a very powerful planning instrument, the use-case model is generally used in all phases of the development cycle by all team members.Use Case Diagram ExampleWhat is an Activity Diagram?Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. It describes the flow of control of the target system, such as the exploring complex business rules and operations, describing the use case also the business process. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams are intended to model both computational and organizational processes (i.e. workflows).Activity Diagram ExampleWhat is a State Machine Diagram?A state diagram is a type of diagram used in UML to describe the behavior of systems which is based on the concept of state diagrams by David Harel. State diagrams depict the permitted states and transitions as well as the events that effect these transitions. It helps to visualize the entire lifecycle of objects and thus help to provide a better understanding of state-based systems.State Machine Diagram ExampleWhat is a Sequence Diagram?The Sequence Diagram models the collaboration of objects based on a time sequence. It shows how the objects interact with others in a particular scenario of a use case. With the advanced visual modeling capability, you can create complex sequence diagram in few clicks. Besides, some modeling tool such as Visual Paradigm can generate sequence diagram from the flow of events which you have defined in the use case description.Sequence Diagram ExampleWhat is a Communication Diagram?Similar to Sequence Diagram, the Communication Diagram is also used to model the dynamic behavior of the use case. When compare to Sequence Diagram, the Communication Diagram is more focused on showing the collaboration of objects rather than the time sequence. They are actually semantically equivalent, so some of the modeling tool such as, Visual Paradigm allowsyou to generate it from one to the other.Communication Diagram ExampleWhat is Interaction Overview Diagram?The Interaction Overview Diagram focuses on the overview of the flow of control of the interactions. It is a variant of the Activity Diagram where the nodes are the interactions or interaction occurrences. The Interaction Overview Diagram describes the interactions where messages and lifelines are hidden. You can link up the "real" diagrams and achieve high degree navigability between diagrams inside the Interaction Overview Diagram.Interaction Overview Diagram ExampleWhat is Timing Diagram?Timing Diagram shows the behavior of the object(s) in a given period of time. Timing diagram is a special form of a sequence diagram. The differences between timing diagram and sequence diagram are the axes are reversed so that the time are increase from left to right and the lifelines are shown in separate compartments arranged vertically.Timing Diagram ExampleUML Glossary and Terms•Abstract Class - A class that will never be instantiated. An instance of this class will never exist.•Actor - An object or person that initiates events the system is involved with.•Activity: A step or action within an Activity Diagram. Represents an action taken by the system or by an Actor.•Activity Diagram: A glorified flowchart that shows the steps and decisions and parallel operations within a process, such as an algorithm or a business process.•Aggregation - Is a part of another class. Shown with a hollow diamond next to the containing class in diagrams.•Artifacts - Documents describing the output of a step in the design process. The description is graphic, textual, or some combination.•Association - A connection between two elements of a Model. This might represent a member variable in code, or theassociation between a personnel record and the person it represents, or a relation between two categories of workers, or any similar relationship. By default, both elements in an Association are equal, and are aware of each other through the Association. An Association can also be a Navigable Association, meaning that the source end of the association is aware of the target end, but not vice versa.•Association Class: A Class that represents and adds information to the Association between two other Classes.•Attributes - Characteristics of an object which may be used to reference other objects or save object state information.•Base Class: A Class which defines Attributes and Operations that are inherited by a Subclass via a Generalization relationship.•Branch: A decision point in an Activity Diagram. Multiple Transitions emerge from the Branch, each with a Guard Condition. When control reaches the Branch, exactly one Guard Condition must be true; and control follows the corresponding Transition.•Class: A category of similar Objects, all described by the same Attributes and Operations and all assignment-compatible.•Class Diagram - Shows the system classes and relationships between them.•Classifier: A UML element that has Attributes and Operations. Specifically, Actors, Classes, and Interfaces.•Collaboration: A relation between two Objects in a Communication Diagram, indicating that Messages can pass back and forth between the Objects.•Communication Diagram - A diagram that shows how operations are done while emphasizing the roles of objects.•Component: A deployable unit of code within the system.•Component Diagram: A diagram that shows relations between various Components and Interfaces.•Concept - A noun or abstract idea to be included in a domain model.•Construction Phase - The third phase of the Rational Unified Process during which several iterations of functionality are built into the system under construction. This is where the main work is done.•Dependence: A relationship that indicates one Classifier knows the Attributes and Operations of another Classifier, but isn't directly connected to any instance of the second Classifier.•Deployment Diagram: A diagram that shows relations between various Processors.•Domain -The part of the universe that the system is involved with.•Elaboration Phase - The second phase of the Rational Unified Process that allows for additional project planning including the iterations of the construction phase.•Element: Any item that appears in a Model.•Encapsulation - Data in objects is private.•Generalization - Indicates that one class is a subclass on another class (superclass). A hollow arrow points to the superclass.•Event: In a State Diagram, this represents a signal or event or input that causes the system to take an action or switch States.•Final State: In a State Diagram or an Activity Diagram, this indicates a point at which the diagram completes.•Fork: A point in an Activity Diagram where multiple parallel control threads begin.•Generalization: An inheritance relationship, in which aSubclass inherits and adds to the Attributes and Operations of a Base Class.•GoF - Gang of Four set of design patterns.•High Cohesion - A GRASP evaluative pattern which makes sure the class is not too complex, doing unrelated functions.•Low Coupling - A GRASP evaluative pattern which measures how much one class relies on another class or is connected to another class.•Inception Phase - The first phase of the Rational Unified Process that deals with the original conceptualization and beginning of the project.•Inheritance - Subclasses inherit the attributes or characterics of their parent (superclass) class. These attributes can be overridden in the subclass.•Initial State: In a State Diagram or an Activity Diagram, this indicates the point at which the diagram begins.•Instance - A class is used like a template to create an object. This object is called an instance of the class. Any number of instances of the class may be created.•Interface: A Classifier that defines Attributes and Operations that form a contract for behavior. A provider Class or Component may elect to Realize an Interface (i.e., implement its Attributes and Operations). A client Class or Component may then Depend upon the Interface and thus use the provider without any details of the true Class of the provider.•Iteration - A mini project section during which some small piece of functionality is added to the project. Includes the development loop of analysis, design and coding.•Join: A point in an Activity Diagram where multiple parallel control threads synchronize and rejoin.•Member: An Attribute or an Operation within a Classifier.•Merge: A point in an Activity Diagram where different control paths come together.•Message - A request from one object to another asking the object receiving the message to do something. This is basically a call to a method in the receiving object.•Method - A function or procedure in an object.•Model - The central UML artifact. Consists of various elements arranged in a hierarchy by Packages, with relations between elements as well.•Multiplicity - Shown in a domain model and indicated outside concept boxes, it indicates object quantity relationship to quantiles of other objects.•Navigability: Indicates which end of a relationship is aware of the other end. Relationships can have bidirectional Navigability (each end is aware of the other) or single directional Navigability (one end is aware of the other, but not vice versa).•Notation - Graphical document with rules for creating analysis and design methods.•Note: A text note added to a diagram to explain the diagram in more detail.•Object - Object: In an Activity Diagram, an object that receives information from Activities or provides information to Activities. In a Collaboration Diagram or a Sequence Diagram, an object that participates in the scenario depicted in the diagram. In general: one instance or example of a given Classifier (Actor, Class, or Interface).•Package - A group of UML elements that logically should be grouped together.•Package Diagram: A Class Diagram in which all of theelements are Packages and Dependencies.•Pattern - Solutions used to determine responsibility assignment for objects to interact. It is a name for a successful solution to a well-known common problem.•Parameter: An argument to an Operation.•Polymorphism - Same message, different method. Also used as a pattern.•Private: A Visibility level applied to an Attribute or an Operation, indicating that only code for the Classifier that contains the member can access the member.•Processor: In a Deployment Diagram, this represents a computer or other programmable device where code may be deployed.•Protected: A Visibility level applied to an Attribute or an Operation, indicating that only code for the Classifier that contains the member or for its Subclasses can access the member.•Public: A Visibility level applied to an Attribute or an Operation, indicating that any code can access the member.•Reading Direction Arrow - Indicates the direction of a relationship in a domain model.•Realization: Indicates that a Component or a Class provides a given Interface.•Role - Used in a domain model, it is an optional description about the role of an actor.•Sequence Diagram: A diagram that shows the existence of Objects over time, and the Messages that pass between those Objects over time to carry out some behavior. State chart diagram - A diagram that shows all possible object states.•State: In a State Diagram, this represents one state of a system or subsystem: what it is doing at a point in time, as wellas the values of its data.•State Diagram: A diagram that shows States of a system or subsystem, Transitions between States, and the Events that cause the Transitions.•Static: A modifier to an Attribute to indicate that there's only one copy of the Attribute shared among all instances of the Classifier. A modifier to an Operation to indicate that the Operation stands on its own and doesn't operate on one specific instance of the Classifier.•Stereotype: A modifier applied to a Model element indicating something about it which can't normally be expressed in UML. In essence, Stereotypes allow you to define your own "dialect" of UML.•Subclass: A Class which inherits Attributes and Operations that are defined by a Subclass via a Generalization relationship.•Swimlane: An element of an Activity Diagram that indicates what parts of a system or a domain perform particular Activities. All Activities within a Swimlane are the responsibility of the Object, Component, or Actor represented by the Swimlane.•Time Boxing - Each iteration will have a time limit with specific goals.•Transition: In an Activity Diagram, represents a flow of control from one Activity or Branch or Merge or Fork or Join to another. In a State Diagram, represents a change from one State to another.•Transition Phase - The last phase of the Rational Unified Process during which users are trained on using the new system and the system is made available to users.•UML - Unified Modeling Language utilizes text and graphic documents to enhance the analysis and design of software。

选择题1. 在软件开发生命周期中，哪个阶段主要负责确定软件系统的功能、性能及运行环境等？A. 需求分析（正确答案）B. 系统设计C. 编码实现D. 测试与维护2. 下列关于模块化设计的说法中，不正确的是：A. 模块化有助于提高软件的可维护性B. 模块之间的耦合度越低越好C. 模块的内聚度越高，模块独立性越强（正确答案）D. 模块化设计不利于软件的复用3. 在数据库设计中，ER图（实体-关系图）主要用于表示：A. 数据流图B. 数据结构C. 实体、属性及实体间的关系（正确答案）D. 程序控制流程4. 下列哪种算法常用于解决图中的最短路径问题？A. 冒泡排序B. Dijkstra算法（正确答案）C. 快速排序D. 二分查找5. 关于面向对象编程（OOP），下列哪项不是其基本特征？A. 封装B. 继承C. 多态D. 过程化编程（正确答案）6. 在软件质量管理中，CMMI（Capability Maturity Model Integration）主要用于评估：A. 软件过程成熟度（正确答案）B. 软件代码质量C. 软件测试覆盖率D. 软件开发成本7. 下列关于UML（统一建模语言）的说法中，正确的是：A. UML只用于面向对象编程B. UML不能为数据库建模C. UML提供了一套标准的建模符号和工具，用于软件开发各阶段的可视化建模（正确答案）D. UML仅适用于大型软件项目8. 在软件测试中，黑盒测试主要关注：A. 程序内部结构B. 程序外部行为和功能（正确答案）C. 代码覆盖率D. 性能测试指标9. 关于敏捷开发，以下哪项不是其核心原则？A. 以人为本，团队协作B. 快速响应变化，拥抱需求变更C. 强调详细的前期规划和文档编写（正确答案）D. 持续交付，持续改进。

UML统一建模语言（UML是Unified Modeling Language的缩写）是用来对软件密集系统进行可视化建模的一种语言。

UML为面向对象开发系统的产品进行说明、可视化、和编制文档的一种标准语言。

目录1 简要介绍2 语言出现3 语言内容4 主要特点5 应用领域统一建模语言(UML)是非专利的第三代建模和规约语言。

UML是在开发阶段，说明，可视化，构建和书写一个面向对象软件密集系统的制品的开放方法。

UML展现了一系列最佳工程实践，这些最佳实践在对大规模，复杂系统进行建模方面,特别是在软件架构层次已经被验证有效UMLUML可以贯穿软件开发周期中的每一个阶段。

被OMG采纳作为业界的标准。

UML最适于数据建模，业务建模，对象建模，组件建模。

UML作为一种模型语言，它使开发人员专注于建立产品的模型和结构，而不是选用什么程序语言和算法实现。

当模型建立之后，模型可以被UML工具转化成指定的程序语言代码。

回顾20世纪晚期--准确地说是1997年，OMG组织（Object Management Group对象管理组织）发布了统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language，UML）。

UML的目标之一就是为开发团队提供标准通用的设计语言来开发和构建计算机应用。

UML提出了一套IT专业人员期待多年的统一的标准建模符号。

通过使用UML，这些人员能够阅读和交流系统架构和设计规划--就像建筑工人多年来所使用的建筑设计图一样。

到了21世纪--准确地说是2003年，UML已经获得了业界的认同。

在所见过的专业人员的简历中，75%都声称具备UML的知识。

然而，在同绝大多数求职人员面谈之后，可以明显地看出他们并不真正了解UML。

通常地，他们将UML用作一个术语，或对UML一知半解。

大家对UML缺乏理解的这种状况，促进我撰写这篇关于UML 1.4的快速入门文章。

当阅读完本文时，您还不具备足够的知识可以在简历上声称自己掌握了UML，但是您已具有了进一步钻研该语言的良好起点。