华师语言学复习试卷

华中师范大学网络教育《语言学概论》练习测试题库一、单项选择题1、“人有人言,兽有兽语”中的“言"属于：A. 语言。

B。

言语。

C. 言语行为。

D。

言语作品。

2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C)A。

民族性。

B. 符号性。

C。

生成性。

D. 系统性。

3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是：A. 人工语言。

B。

自然语言。

C。

共同语。

D。

世界语。

4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于：A. 一般语言学。

B。

具体语言学。

C. 共时语言学。

D. 历时语言学.5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”：A. 是聚合关系。

B. 是组合关系.C。

既是聚合关系又是组合关系。

D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。

6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语,这反映了语言发展的：A. 渐变性。

B。

相关性.C。

规律性。

D。

不平衡性。

7、下列说法正确的是：A.义项是最小的语义单位。

B.义素是最小的语义单位。

C。

词义的主要内容是语法意义。

D。

词义不包括语法意义.8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有：A。

交际功能.B。

思维功能.C。

文化录传功能。

D。

认知功能。

9、“衣领”是“衣服”的:A. 上义词. B。

下义词.C。

总义词。

D. 分义词。

10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是：A。

乔姆斯基。

B。

菲尔默。

C. 皮亚杰。

D。

韩礼德。

11、下列说法正确的是A。

语言是无限的,言语是有限的。

B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的.C。

语言是一般的，言语是个别的。

D。

语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。

12、人类最重要的交际工具是A。

文字. B.语言。

C。

书面语。

D。

手势语。

13、下列说法正确的是A。

所有的符号都有任意性。

B.有些符号有任意性。

C.只有语言符号有任意性。

D.语言符号没有任意性。

14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的A.渐变性。

B.稳固性。

C。

相关性。

D.不平衡性。

15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李"A.是组合关系。

华中师范大学语言学历年考研试题目录华中师范大学语言学历年考研试题 (1)华中师范大学2003年研究生入学考试试题 (1)华中师范大学2004年语言学真题 (2)华中师范大学2004年研究生入学考试试题 (4)华中师范大学2005年语言学真题 (5)华中师范大学2005年研究生入学考试试题 (7)华中师范大学2006年研究生入学考试试题 (8)华中师范大学2006年研究生入学考试试题 (10)华中师范大学2007年研究生入学考试试题 (11)华中师范大学2007年研究生入学考试试题 (12)华中师范大学2008年研究生入学考试试题 (14)华中师范大学2009年研究生入学考试试题 (17)华中师范大学2010年研究生入学考试试题 (19)华中师范大学2011年研究生入学考试试题 (22)2012年华中师范大学文学院大综合真题试卷 (24)2013年华中师范大学考研真题 (27)2014年考研华中师范大学文学院真题 (28)2014年考研华中师范大学语言所真题 (30)华中师范大学2003年研究生入学考试试题一、填空（30分）1、语言主要属性包括---------性、---------性、---------性和---------性。

2、语言学的研究可以分为三类：---------、---------和---------。

3、非音质音位是以---------、---------、---------为语音形式的音位。

4、“语用学”这一术语是由美国哲学家---------提出来的；语言行为理论是由英国哲学家---------提出来的；合作原则是由美国哲学家---------提出来的。

5、语言发展的原因可以从---------、---------和---------三个方面来考察。

6、本世纪30年代，在欧洲的丹麦形成了以---------为代表的学派。

他们试图建立一门新型的语言学：---------。

7、语汇系统包括三种不同层级的语汇单位：---------、---------和---------。

华中师范大学语言学概论真题华中师范大学汉语理论语言学试题一填空（30分）1、语言旳本质功能是________和________。

共同语是________，亲属语是________，自然语言是________。

文字是________。

根据文字元号与语言旳音义关系，文字体系可以分为________和________。

2、语言符号旳重要特性有________、________、________、________。

3、历史语言学旳奠基人重要有________、________和________。

构造主义语言学旳创始人是________，其后形成旳三个分支学派是________、________和美国描写语言学派。

美国描写语言学派旳代表人物布隆菲尔德旳代表作是________。

转换生成学派旳代表人物是________，其代表作是________。

4、文化可以分为______、_____________、_________________四种类型。

5、根据交际意图旳实现方式旳不一样，言语行为可以提成________和________。

6、语言发展变化旳重要规律有________、________和________。

二简释（注意合适举例。

30分，每题6分）1、组合关系2、音位变体3、语义单位4、语义指向5、话轮三分析（30分，每题6分）1 分析下列音节旳构成成分a [sti:l]b [xau]c [ie]2 动词旳义素构造模式可概括为{动词}=[主体、方式、动作、客体、成果]，试分析下列各个动词旳义素构造模式。

{走}={跑}={跳}=3 分析下列句子旳述谓构造：老李昨天在新华书店替我买了一本书。

4 分析下列句子旳预设和预设触发语：a.他不再打老婆。

b.请把风扇打开。

c.他懊悔没来开会。

5．新飞冰箱生产厂曾经在中央电视台播出一则广告：“广告做旳好，不如新飞冰箱好！”后来又改为“新飞广告做旳好，不如新飞冰箱好！”试分析前后两则广告语旳区别以及为何要这样改为后者。

华师语言所考研题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学中，研究语言结构的学科是什么？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 语用学答案：B2. 下列哪个选项是汉语方言中的一种？A. 粤语B. 英语C. 法语D. 日语答案：A3. 语言学中，研究语言在社会中的使用和功能的学科是什么？A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 计算语言学D. 神经语言学答案：A4. 以下哪项不是语义学的研究内容？A. 词义B. 句义C. 语音D. 语义关系答案：C5. 语言学中，研究语言的起源和发展的学科是什么？A. 历史语言学B. 比较语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案：A二、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 简述语音学中的音位和音素的区别。

答：音位是语言中具有区分意义功能的最小单位，而音素是语音学中用来描述语音的最小单位，不区分意义。

音位是音素的抽象，一个音位可以包含多个音素。

2. 什么是转换生成语法？答：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为语言的生成能力来自于一套普遍的语法规则和转换规则，这些规则能够生成无限的语言表达。

三、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1. 论述现代汉语中“的”字的语法功能及其在句中的作用。

答：现代汉语中的“的”字具有多种语法功能，包括定语标记、领属关系标记、强调语气等。

在句中，“的”字可以连接名词和形容词，形成定语修饰名词，也可以表示领属关系，如“我的书”，还可以用于强调语气，如“这就是你说的那件事”。

2. 论述汉语方言与普通话之间的关系及其在语言研究中的意义。

答：汉语方言与普通话之间存在密切的联系，普通话是基于北方方言发展而来的标准语。

方言是语言多样性的体现，研究方言有助于了解语言的起源、发展和变化，对于语言学的理论研究和应用研究都具有重要意义。

四、案例分析题（共20分）案例：某地区方言中存在一种特殊的语音现象，即在某些词中“s”音发成“sh”音，如“水”读作“shuǐ”。

共 3 道大题，满分 100 分一、单选题（共 15 道小题，共 30 分）1. Speech act theory did not come into being until ( ).（2 分）A. in the late 50’s of the 2021e centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century【答案】A【解析】2. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ( ).（2 分）A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs【答案】B【解析】3. Which of the followings is not consonants?（2 分）A. /p/B. /b/C. /t/D. /u:/【答案】D【解析】4. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to ( ) construction.（2 分）A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate【答案】B【解析】5. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a ( ) sentence.（2 分）A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex【答案】A【解析】6. “Alive” and “dead” are ( ).（2 分）A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above【答案】C【解析】7. ( )refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.（2 分）A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language【答案】C【解析】8. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ( ), rather than by instinct.（2 分）A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B【答案】D【解析】9. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ( ).（2 分）A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics【答案】B【解析】10. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ( ).（2 分）A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic【答案】C【解析】11. The ( ) rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.（2 分）A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational【答案】D【解析】12. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents ( ).（2 分）A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism【答案】B【解析】13. Of all the speech organs, the ( ) is/are the most flexible.（2 分）A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords【答案】C【解析】14. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ( ) .（2 分）A. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area【答案】A【解析】15. According to F. de Saussure, ( ) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.（2 分）A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language【答案】C【解析】二、多选题（共 10 道小题，共 40 分）16. Which of the followings are alveolars ? ( )（4 分）A. [t]B. [d]C. [s]D. [f]【答案】A, B, C【解析】17. Which of the followings are glides? ( )（4 分）A. [b]。

华师在线网院英语语言学复习资料（考试题库）第一篇：华师在线网院英语语言学复习资料(考试题库)Which of the following forms a minimal pair? A.fear, pear B.tip, pit C.food, foot D.beat, bit 答案:DThe word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:CWhich of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice is a vegetarian‖ and ―Alice prefers eating steak‖?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme?A.understandableB.eastwardC.otherwiseD.without 答案:DWhich of the following is a directive? A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:AHow many arguments are there in ―I‘m not feeling very well‖?A.no B.one C.three D.five 答案:BThe word ―boatel‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:B‘Parent‘ and ‗child‘are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites plementary synonyms 答案:CWhich of the following is the head of the phrase ‗often read science fi ctions‘? A.often B.read C.science D.fictions 答案:B ‘That is a box‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:BThe word ―DINK‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blendC.clipped wordD.coined word 答案:AAround the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances.A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme? A.teeth B.speaking C.taken D.chaos 答案:DThe design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____.A.duality of structure B.genetic feature C.arbitrariness D.displacement 答案:B‘Like‘ and ‗dislike‘are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational oppositesplementary synonyms 答案:AWhich of the following is an expressive? A.The earth is a globe.B.Your money or your life!C.I‘m very grateful for your help.D.I fire you.答案:C‘Slim‘ and ‗skinny‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:DWhich of the following best explains the relationship between ―I like Beijing opera‖ and ―I dislike Beijing opera‖?A.inconsistencyB.anomalyC.contradictionD.entailment 答案:A /16The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Saussure D.Skinner 答案:DWhich of the following is the correct componential analysis of the word ―milk‖?A.[+DRINKS-LIQUID-COUNTABLE]B.[+FOOD-SOLID+COUNTABLE]C.[+FOOD+SOLID+COUNTABLE]D.[+DRINKS+LIQUID-COUNTABLE] 答案:D‘I like both Chinese and western food‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:CWhich of the following words is NOT a coined word?A.dacronB.kodakC.xeroxD.gym 答案:DWhich of the following is a front, close and unrounded vowel?A.[u:]B.[i:]C.[u]D.[a:] 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme? rger B.data C.trainee D.Kate‘s 答案:C Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase? A.a book on biology B.play basketball C.a rainy day D.dance happily 答案:BWhich of the following is a commissive? A.I‘m really sorry to hear that.B.I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.C.You‘d better go and see her.D.I now declare the meeting open.答案:BThe word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.four/three B.five/two C.five/three D.three/five 答案:AWhich of the following is a declaration? A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us? D.I‘ve never seen her before.答案:BThe relation between ‗furniture‘and ‗wardrobe‘is ___.A.homophony B.homography C.hyponymy D.polysemy 答案:C The word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C‘Handsome‘ and ‗pretty‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:BThe following underlined parts are termed specifier EXCEPT___? A.run quicklyB.always make mistakesC.very interestingD.the old man 答案:AWhich of the following best describes the relations between ―The police stopped the minors from drinking‖ and ―The minors were drinking‖?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:DThe first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n] B.[p,b,m] C.[t,d,n] D.[t,d,m] 答案:B How many morphemes are there in the word ―disorderly‖?A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD.Five 答案:BThe nativist view of language acquisition is held by ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Saussure D.Skinner / 16 答案:BWhich of the following is an aspirated consonant? A.[f] B.[s] C.[k] D.[r] 答案:CWhich of the following word does NOT belong to the open classes? A.hate B.able C.the D.rapidly 答案:C“Why don‘t you ask Mary for help?‖ is an instance of ____.A.representatives B.expressives C.directives missives 答案:CWhich of the following pairs of words are homographs?A.sew---sowB.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear(to pull apart)C.tec---techD.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:BLanguage acquisition refers to the child‘s acquisition of his____.A.first language B.second language C.foreign language D.target language 答案:AWhich of the following word belongs to the open classes?A.sinceB.forC.shenguage 答案:D‘Candy‘ and ‗sweets‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:AHow many morphemes can we find in the word ‗internationalize‘? A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six 答案:BWhich of the following is a representative? A.You‘d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:DWhich of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)C.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow 答案:A‘She sings very well‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:BWhich is the feature of the sound [l]? A.palatal B.glottal C.glide D.liquid 答案:D‘True‘ and ‗false‘are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational oppositesplementary synonyms 答案:BThe words ―longer‖ and ―shorter‖ are ______ opposites.A.gradable B.ungradable C.relationalplementary 答案:CWhich of the following best describes the relations betwee n ―He is an orphan‖ and ―His parents have died‖? A.Theformer is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:A‘Mr.Brown teaches us linguistics.‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:DThe Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.material B.spiritualC.folkD.none of the above 答案:AInstances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A.pronunciation B.syntax C.vocabularyD.all of the above 答案:D / 16A linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said, therefore a linguist would NOT prefer to be a(n)____.A.observer B.judge C.analyser of facts D.recorder of facts 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme? A.books B.rename C.active D.sleepy 答案:A Which side(s)of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right 答案:CWhich of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A.eyesB.earsC.sheepD.foots 答案:DWhich of the following is the hyponym of the word ―furniture‖? A.house B.kitchen C.article D.wardrobe 答案:D ‘Commence‘ and ‗begin‘are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:C‘It is 8 o‘clock‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:A“It‘s cold.‖ is a _____-place predication.A.no B.one C.twoD.three 答案:AWhich of the following best describes the relations b etween ―He paid a visit to Japan.‖ and ―He paid a visit to East Asia.‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.4 / 16答案:CThe words ―subway‖ and ―underground‖ are ______ synonyms.A.near B.dialectalC.collocationally-restrictedD.stylistic 答案:BWhich of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme? A.relationship B.bedroom kman D.childlike 答案:AThe following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d] B.[s] C.[u] D.[i:] 答案:B“Up you go, chaps!‖ belongs to ____ language.A.intimateB.frozenC.consultativeD.casual 答案:AWhich of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice‘s brother is in UK.‖ and ―Alice has a brother.‖?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:DThe linguist that distinguishes three social variables(Field, Mode, Tenor)that determine the register is ____.A.Chomsky B.Halliday C.Bloomfield D.Firth 答案:BHow many syllables are there in the word ―rhythmical‖?A.ThreeB.FourC.FiveD.Ten 答案:AWhich of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms? A.flour---flowerB.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoineD.criket---criket 答案:DThe word ‗predigestion‘ is composed of two morphemes.答案:错误The words ‗flat‘ and ‗apartment‘ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误 If Smith said to you in a supermarket, ' I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me' , then his perlocutionary act is your buying him a coca-cola.答案:正确B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 答案:正确Semantics is the study of word meaning.答案:错误Performance is the focus of Chomsky‘s linguistic study.答案:错误F.de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正确The narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue results in the sound [j].答案:正确A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.答案:正确In ‗a book about ghosts‘, the complement is ‗ghosts‘.答案:错误According to Austin, ' He is a boy.' is a constative.答案:正确Sound changes tend to be systematic.答案:正确Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.答案:正确Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.答案:错误Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误If I said to you, ' It' s very stuffy here.' , then my illocutionary act may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.答案:正确B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误Morphology is the study of sentences.答案:错误ISBN means International Standard Book Number.答案:正确One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误/ 16Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.答案:错误B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming)B: Do we have classes this evening? 答案:正确Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.答案:错误The word ' quake' is the result of back-formation.答案:错误The word ' education' comes from Latin.答案:正确Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确If a child calls every man ' Daddy' , then he is over-extending the meaning of the word ' Daddy'.答案:正确The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.答案:正确' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误Linguistics deals with a particular language.答案:错误Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.答案:正确Writing is more basic than speech.答案:错误The word ' silly' used to mean ' happy' in Old English.答案:正确A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.答案:正确Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确The sentence ' Himself saw John.' is acceptable in English.答案:错误According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.答案:正确‘Teach-in‘ is a compound word.答案:正确The –s in ‗works‘of ‗He works hard.‘is a bound morpheme.答案:正确‘Mary is single.‘ is inconsistent with ‗Mary is married.‘答案:正确According to Austin, ' I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.' is a performative.答案:正确Details of language system are genetically transmitted.答案:错误Syntax is the study of the rules of words.答案:错误By ' He wanted me to come' , a learner produced such an incorrect sentence as ' He hoped me to come'.This constitutes the situation of cross-association.答案:错误The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.答案:正确The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.答案:正确In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings.答案:正确Victor, a wild child, who was deprived of language contact for 12 years, was trained by Itard, but could only speak only two words in the end.答案:正确According to Littlewood, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning.答案:正确In TG, determiner is often written as Det.答案:正确A phoneme is a phonetic unit.答案:错误The words ‗buy‘ and ‗purchase‘ are dialectal synonyms.6 / 16答案:错误Linguistics is the systematic study of language.答案:正确Parole is a French word;it means the concrete language events.答案:正确Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确English is a tone language.答案:错误In the sense set < freshman, sophomore, junior, senior> , ‗junior‘ and ‗senior‘ are co-hyponyms.答案:正确' Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange).' belongs to the maxim of quality.答案:错误About two thirds of languages in the world have not hadwritten form.答案:正确Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system 答案:正确The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误The word ' holiday' has gone through the widening of meaning.答案:正确Accent is an important marker of sociolect.答案:正确[ei] is a monophthong.答案:错误‘His dumb boy spoke good English.‘ is a contradiction.答案:正确' The room is air-conditioned.' is an expressive.答案:错误Left-handers are generally less lateralized for language than right-handers.答案:正确If you scratch your nose with your left hand, it is the right hemisphere that has controlled the actions.答案:正确[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确‘I have been to Beijing.‘ entails ‗I have been to North China.‘答案:正确' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:错误Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.答案:错误The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误The term ' diglossia' was first used by Ferguson in 1959.答案:正确The pronunciation of ' this' as ' dis' is very likely to be caused by interlingual interference.答案:正确The words ‗doctor‘ and ‗patient‘ are relational synonyms.答案:正确Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.答案:错误Langue means competence.答案:错误Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.答案:错误N.Chomsky is an American linguist.答案:正确Different styles of the same language can be revealed through differences at syntactic, lexical and phonological levels.答案:正确It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!'.答案:错误Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.答案:错误Some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of ten.答案:正确There have been some 2,500 languages in the world.答案:错误[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.7 / 16答案:错误Tsled‘ is a possible word in English.答案:错误Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.答案:错误The expression ' It' s me' is Not acceptable in English.答案:错误For the British people, the Chinese greeting ' Have you had dinner?' would turn into ' It' s fine today, isn' t it?'.答案:正确Such sentences as ' there are more and more people want tobe a postgraduate student' indicate the Chinese transfer errors.答案:正确Phonology is of a general nature.答案:错误The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.答案:正确The word ' meat' we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.答案:正确Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确Intercultural communication is also called cross-cultural communication.答案:正确The expression ' mummy play ball' is typical of telegraphic speech.答案:正确General linguistics does not study theories of language.答案:错误The word ' beer' comes from German.答案:正确Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words.This is called the frequency effect.答案:正确' We have never met before.' is a representative.答案:正确The use of the expressions ' to update' , ' to host' and ' to check up' indicates the influence of American English.答案:正确The Chinese ' uncle' means the same as the British ' uncle'.答案:错误It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。

华中师范大学文学院各专业2005——2006第一学期期末考试试卷参考答案（A卷）一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、语言有广义和狭义之分，广义的语言包括语言系统、言语活动和言语作品，狭义的语言只指语言系统，而言语则包括言语活动和言语作品。

当语言与言语对举时，语言一般是指语言系统。

而在其他情况下，语言一般用于广义。

语言系统由语汇材料和语法规则构成，而语汇材料和语法规则又都有语音和语义两个方面。

语音、语义和语汇、语法都自成系统。

所以语言系统包括上述四个子系统。

言语活动就是运用语汇材料和语法规则交流思想的活动，简言之就是说话。

而言语作品则是言语活动的结果，也就是说出来的话。

言语活动和言语作品都包括口头的和书面的两种形式。

语言与言语既有一系列区别，又有密切联系。

主要区别在于：1．语言是抽象的，言语是具体的。

2．语言是社会的，言语是个人的。

3．语言是现成的，言语是临时的。

4．语言是有限的，言语是无限的。

5．语言是稳定的，言语是多变的。

语言与言语又有密切联系，二者互相依存。

一方面，语言来自言语，依存于言语。

语言系统是从具体的言语活动和言语作品中抽象概括出来的。

另一方面，语言又制约着言语，指导人们进行言语实践。

2、语法范畴——语法范畴有广义和狭义之分，广义的语法范畴是各种语法形式表示的语法意义的概括。

广义语法范畴，从语法形式上看，包括所有显性形式和隐性形式，从语法意义上看，包括所有结构意义、功能意义和表述意义。

狭义的语法范畴是由词的形态变化表示的语法意义的概括，又称为形态语法范畴或形态范畴。

3条件变体——音位的条件变体是指那些出现条件受环境限制的音位变体，即一个音位的各个变体从不在相同的语音环境中出现，只出现在不同的语音环境下，处于互补分布的状态。

例如英语的/p/、/t/、/k/三个辅音音位，当它们出现在词首时是送气的：top[t’ p]（顶部）、pool[p’u:l]（水池）、kill[k’il]（杀死），而出现在/s/后就变为不送气的了：spool[spu:l]（线轴）、stop[st p]（停止）、skill[skil]（技巧）。

理论语言学一、名词解释二、分析题【p】【e】我建议他明年考博士反对的是少数人他喝光了酒他喝醉了酒5分析语用意义并分析异同客人来了来了客人三、简答题四、论说题谈谈你对“美女〞称谓泛化的认识汉语语言学现代汉语局部一、名词解释二、分析题做一个有理想有作为的青年据研究，从外界进入人脑的信息，有百分之九十来自眼睛。

春雷一声巨响，来了救星共产党。

虽然庄稼长得很好，可人们的心里，跟铅块一样重。

三、简答题3.借代有什么表达效果？与借喻有什么区别？四、思辨题从不同的方面分析下面三句话有困难吗？有什么困难呢？有什么困难吗？古代汉语局部一、找出押韵的字并分析押韵方式。

昔我往矣，杨柳依依；今我来思，雨雪霏霏。

行道迟迟，载渴载饥。

我心伤悲，莫知我哀。

二、解释加点字的意思孔子〔去〕陈(适)郑，与弟子相失，孔子独立(郭)东门。

郑人(或)谓子贡曰："东门有人，其颡似尧，其(项)类皋陶，其肩类子产，然自(要)以下不及禹三寸。

累累假设丧家之狗。

"子贡以实告孔子。

孔子欣然笑曰："形状，末也。

而谓似丧家之狗，(然)哉！然哉！三、解释以下加点字的用法大道之行也，天下为公，选贤与能，讲信修睦。

故人不独(亲)其亲，不独子其子，使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜、寡、孤、独、废疾者皆有所养，男有分，女有归。

货恶其弃于地也，不必藏于己;力恶其不出于身也，不必为己。

是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故(外)户而不闭，(是)谓大同。

四、古文翻译荆人欲袭宋，使人先表澭水。

澭水暴益，荆人弗知，循表而夜涉，溺死者千有余人，军惊而坏都舍。

向其先表之时可导也，今水已变而益多矣，荆人尚犹循表而导之，此其所以败也。

今世之主法先王之法也，有似于此。

其时已与先王之法亏矣，而曰此先王之法也，而法之。

以此为治，岂不悲哉！故治国无法那么乱，守法而弗变那么悖，悖乱不可以持国。

世易时移，变法宜矣。

譬之假设良医，病万变，药亦万变。

病变而药不变，向之寿民，今为殇子矣。

《语言学》试题集及答案I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand andproduce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness Key: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used forestablishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performative Key: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consistsof what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocative Key: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’ is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way ofcreating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymy Key: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings topositions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. Extension Key: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and specialway of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialect Key: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than tothe word, they are collectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stress Key: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of anadjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of languagefamily. Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and thosepoly-morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classeswhich stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do withlanguage, we are dealing with addressee relationship—continually categorized as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by aspecial type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairsKey: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. Austin Key: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness oflanguage?a. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]?a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateral Key: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodental Key: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stops Key: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?a. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morpheme?a. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word discharged?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?a. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learningrather than by instinct. This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose byany other name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication Key: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according tothe sequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. vertical Key: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Caserecipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent ParameterKey: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence Key: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives Key: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping insome parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compounding Key: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinative Key: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness Key: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performative Key: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness Key: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptive Key: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as _______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should be regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are creat ed through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to __________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinate Key: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymy Key: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance canbe a word or a fragment of a sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but anaffix can be added to it. T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world.T/FKey: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis andcreation of words, idioms and collocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usuallyindicates a rather narrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, thatform a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to thehabitual co-occurrences of individual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/FKey: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may considerhow each maxim actually works and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrasesare combined to make grammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, andthe fact that children acquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal.Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animalsystem of communication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts,so language is only one aspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written languageas secondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e.,to tell people what they should say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics ofspeech sounds and their patterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify thesyntactic relationship between words in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive. Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguisticstudy that deals with the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [︒] and [±] are all fricative in English, but [︒] and [±] arealveolar while [f] and [v] are dental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships betweenelements in sentence structure, and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept ofphoneme, and N. Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable ofdistinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect culturalneeds.Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and aconstruction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the originalwords.Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they arecalled tones. Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language. Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammaticalrelationships, rather than lexical ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts. Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student”in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/FKey: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern Englishis non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/FKey: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology. Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by N. Chomsky.Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language. Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classeswhich stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricatesKey: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatestcontribution to the proposition of Speech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls intoprefixation and suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are e xamples of ______writing.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internalreconstruction and the _______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinismand linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standardlanguage to the non-standard language, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a meregeneralization of the language are called “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution ofwords is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for_________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed_________ in language testing, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situation of the speaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and thestructure of ___________.Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics,and _________ phonetics.Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________. Key: [ ];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology andderivational morphology.Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoidobscurity and ambiguity accords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of theairstream at some point of the vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use oflanguage.Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.”______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close linkswith other branches of ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology. Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of ________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables and ________morphemes. Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components.Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.Key: oral49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of。

华师网院《语言学概论》复习指导导言一、名词解释（20分,每小题4分）1.语言学2小学3专语语言学4共时语言学5历时语言学6普通语言学参考答案：1.语言学就是以语言为研究对象的科学，研究语言的本质，语言的结构和发展规律.2.指我国传统的语文学，包括文字学，音韵学，训诂学三方面的内容.3.专语语言学也叫具体语言学，个別语言学，以一种（或儿种有联系的）语言为研究对象，研究某一种语言的结构.4.共时语言学以同时的，静态分析的方法，研究语言相对静止的状态，描写分析语言在某一个时期，某一个阶段的状况，是从横向的方而研究语言.5.历时语言学从历时的，动态的角度研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变,是从纵向的方而研究语言的历史.6.普通语言学以人类所有的语言为研究对彖，探讨人类语言的共同规律，是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下血又分普通语音学，普通语法学，普通词汇学等分支学科.%1,填空题（20分，每空1分）1________________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

2________________________ 是我国传统的语文学。

3研究语言的结构，主要是研究______________________________ 三个部分。

4运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为__________________________ ___________ 解码五个阶段。

5专语语言学可以从________ 和______ 研究语言，由于研究角度不同，所以又分为__________ 语言学和______ 语言学。

6 ____________ 语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。

7布龙菲尔德的代表作_______________ ,是美国结构主义语言学的奠皋苦作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。

8 ______ 被称为现代语言学Z父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有| •分車要的地位。