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有机化学英文课件chapter1

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有机化学英文原版ppt

有机化学英文原版ppt

Number of Covalent Bonds to an Atom Atoms with one, two, or three valence electrons form one, two, or three bonds Atoms with four or more valence electrons form as many bonds as they need electrons to fill the s and p levels of their valence shells to reach a stable octet
1.1 Atomic Structure
Structure of an atom
Positively charged nucleus (very dense, protons and neutrons) and smal (10-15 m) ฀ Negatively charged electrons are in a cloud (10-10 m) around nucleus Diameter is about 2 × 10-10 m (200 picometers (pm)) [the unit angstrom (Å) is 10-10 m = 100 pm]
1.5 The Nature of the Chemical Bond
Atoms form bonds because the compound that results is more stable than the separate atoms Ionic bonds in salts form as a result of electron transfers Organic compounds have covalent bonds from sharing electrons (G. N. Lewis, 1916) Lewis structures shown valence electrons of an atom as dots Hydrogen has one dot, representing its 1s electron Carbon has four dots (2s2 2p2) Stable molecule results at completed shell, octet (eight dots) for main-group atoms (two for hydrogen)

有机化学英文课件

有机化学英文课件

+ C H 3 C H 2 -O -H + C H 3 C H 2 -O -H
SN 2
+ C H 3 C H 2 -O -C H 2 C H 3 + O -H
H
H
H
A new oxonium ion
11-11
Preparation of Ethers
Step 3: proton transfer to solvent completes the reaction
+
CH 3 CH 2 -O -CH 2 C H 3 + O -H
H
H
proton tran sf er
+ CH 3 CH 2 -O -CH 2 C H 3 + H O -H
H
11-12ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preparation of Ethers
Acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols to alkenes
Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
• diethyl ether and several other ethers are made on an industrial scale this way
• a specific example of an SN2 reaction in which a poor leaving group (OH-) is converted to a better one (H2O)
CH 3 CH3C=CH2 + H
+ O CH3
H
CH3 C H 3 C+C H 3 +

有机化学英文课件chapter6-78页PPT精选文档

有机化学英文课件chapter6-78页PPT精选文档

Energy Diagrams
u Energy diagram: a graph showing the changes in energy that occur during a chemical reaction
u Reaction coordinate: a measure in the change in positions of atoms during a reaction
• Markovnikov’s rule: in the addition of HX, H2O, or ROH to an alkene, H adds to the carbon of the double bond having the greater number of hydrogens
6-16
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• exergonic reaction: a reaction in which the Gibbs free energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants; the position of equilibrium for an exergonic reaction favors products
M a c in to s h P IC T im ag e fo rm at
is n o t su p p o rted
6-4
Reaction Mechanisms
u A reaction mechanism describes how a reaction occurs
• which bonds are broken and which new ones are formed

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(2)

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(2)
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-20
Hydroboration
7-2
Nomenclature
IUPAC: use the infix -yn- to show the presence of a carbon-carbon triple bond
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-8
Alkylation of Alkyne Anions
• alkylation of alkyne anions is the most convenient method for the synthesis of terminal alkynes
Organic Chemistry
William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson
7-1
Alkynes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
Chapter 7
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• reaction of the vinylic cation (an electrophile) with halide ion (a nucleophile) gives the product

有机化学课件1, INTRODUCTION

有机化学课件1, INTRODUCTION
B ulletproof!
7
1.1 Concept Development of Organic Chemistry
1770, Organic and Inorganic, T. Bergman (Sweden) 1806, Organic Chemistry, J. Berzelius (柏则里)(Germany) 1828, Preparation of urea from ammonium cyanate (F. Wohler, Germany)
Conjugate base Conjugate acid
Ka=[HB][A:]/[HA][B]
2. The Lewis Definition
A Lewis acid is a substance that accepts an electron pair and a Lewis
base is a substance that donates an electron pair.
C l C l A l
C H 3 +O
C l C H 3 C l A l O
C l
C H 3
C l C H 3
Lewis Acid
Lewis base
24
Equilibrium favors reaction of the stronger acid and stronger base to give the weaker acid and weaker base
2
CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION
Organic Chemistry: Natural science, Life science, Medicine Materials science, Polymeric materials Fine chemicals, Chemical industry

有机化学结构与功能第一章

有机化学结构与功能第一章
Functional groups determine the reactivity of organic molecules
The structure of the molecule is related to the reactions that it can undergo
What is organic synthesis? Organic synthesis is the making of new organic molecules
有 机化
H
C Br
Cl F
1
学
Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding In Organic Molecules
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 The Scope of Organic Chemistry: An Overview Coulomb Forces: A Simplified View of Bonding Ionic and Covalent Bonds: The Octet Rule Electron-Dot Model of Bonding: Lewis Structures Resonance Forms Atomic Orbitals: A Quantum Mechanical Description Molecular Orbitals and Covalent Bonding Hybrid Orbitals: Bonding in Complex Molecules Structures and Formulas of Organic Molecules
14
Elements tend to form molecules in such a way

有机化学01-Lecture

有机化学01-Lecture

A polar covalent bond has a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other
A Polar Bond Has a Dipole Moment
A polar bond has a negative end and a positive end
The synthesis of the simple organic compound urea in 1828 showed that organic compounds can be prepared in the laboratory from non-living material.
Today, organic natural products are routinely synthesized in the laboratory.
Molecular weight: the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule
The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom
Quantum mechanics uses the mathematical equation of wave motions to characterize the motion of an electron around a nucleus.
Nitric Oxide Radical, Mammalian Signaling Agent
Radical
Carbocation
Carbene
Borane

有机化学英文chapter(2)幻灯片

有机化学英文chapter(2)幻灯片
Macintosh PICT image format
is not supported
• because water is a stronger acid than terminal alkynes, hydroxide ion is not a strong enough base to convert a terminal alkyne to an alkyne anion
image format is not supported
7-8
Alkylation of Alkyne Anions
• alkylation of alkyne anions is the most convenient method for the synthesis of terminal alkynes
is not supported
7-16
Addition of HX
Alkynes undergo regioselective addition of
either 1 or 2 moles of HX, depending on the
ratios in which the alkyne and halogen acid
Addition of borane to an internal alkyne gives a trialkenylborane
• addition is syn stereoselective
Macintosh PICT image format
is not supported
7-20
Hydroboration
- HBr R A haloalkene (a vinylic halide)

有机化学英文课件chapter1

有机化学英文课件chapter1
• we show polarity by using the symbols d+ and d-, or by using an arrow with the arrowhead pointing toward the negative end and a plus sign on the tail of the arrow at the positive end
•• ••
••
Na+ F• • ••
• in forming Na+F-, the single 3s electron from Na is transferred to the partially filled valence shell of F
N a(1s22s 22p63s1) + F(1s 22s22p5)
1-7
Electron Configuration of Atoms
The pairing of electron spins
1-8
Electron Configuration of Atoms
Table 1.3 The Ground-State Electron Configuration of Elements 1-18
1-6
Electron Configuration of Atoms
Aufbau Principle:
• orbitals fill in order of increasing energy from lowest energy to highest energy
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
• an atom that gains electrons becomes an anion • an atom that loses electrons becomes a cation • the attraction of anions and cations leads to the

有机化学英文课件chapter1

有机化学英文课件chapter1
• s (one per shell) • p (set of three per shell 2 and higher) • d (set of five per shell 3 and higher) .....
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
• we use a single-headed (barbed) curved arrow to show the transfer of one electron from Na to F
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
3.0 - 2.1 = 0.9 • we show polarity by using the symbols d+ and d-, or by
using an arrow with the arrowhead pointing toward the negative end and a plus sign on the tail of the arrow at the positive end
• generally increases left to right in a row • generally increases bottom to top in a column
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
to complete its valence shell; a chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a covalent bond • bonds may be partially ionic or partially covalent; these bonds are called polar covalent bonds

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(3)

有机化学 英文课件 chapter(3)
6-11
Energy Diagram
A two-step reaction with one intermediate
6-12
Developing a Reaction Mechanism
How it is done
• design experiments to reveal details of a particular chemical reaction
6-14
Electrophilic Additions
• hydrohalogenation using HCl, HBr, HI • hydration using H2O in the presence of H2SO4 • halogenation using Cl2, Br2 • halohydrination using HOCl, HOBr • oxymercuration using Hg(OAc)2, H2O followed by
Addition is regioselective
• regioselective reaction: an addition or substitution reaction in which one of two or more possible products is formed in preference to all others that might be formed
• summary of the relationships between DG0, DH0, DS0, and the position of chemical equilibrium
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at

有机化学基础英文版

有机化学基础英文版

3
CH3
1
Is 5-(1’-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyloctane
CH3 CH3
Is 4,5-diethyl-2,2-dimethylheptane
It is NOT 3,4-diethyl-6,6-dimethylheptane!
4
H3C
H2 C
2
CH OH
CH3
4
H3C
R C O R
I
Bromide
R C O NH2
Iodide
R C O Cl
Carboxylic acid
R C O O C O
Ester
R R C N
Ketone
H R N R O O
Amide
Acid Chloride
Anhydride
Imine
Nitro groupFra bibliotekA cyclic ester is called a lactone, a cyclic amide a lactam
The ‘substitution level’ of a carbon atom in an organic compound is determined by the number of attached hydrogen atoms:
tertiary carbon (one H)
H3C H2 C H3C C H2 CH3 CH CH CH CH3 H2 C C CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH C H2 CH3
is 3-methyloctane, not 5-methyloctane
2'
H3C
major chain

有机化学 英文课件 chapter

有机化学 英文课件 chapter
is n o t s u p p o r te d
9-14
Mechanism - SN1
9-15
Evidence of SN reactions
1. What is relationship between the rate of an SN reaction and:
• the structure of Nu? • the structure of RLv? • the structure of the leaving group? • the solvent?
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
9-17
Kinetics
For an SN2 reaction,
• reaction occurs in one step • the reaction leading to the transition state involves the
haloalkane and the nucleophile • the result is a second-order reaction; first order in
haloalkane and first order in nucleophile
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
9-16
Kinetics
For an SN1 reaction
• reaction occurs in two steps • the reaction leading to formation transition state for

有机化学英文课件chapter11-60页PPT精选文档

有机化学英文课件chapter11-60页PPT精选文档
• they are more soluble in H2O than are hydrocarbons
11-8
Preparation of Ethers
u Williamson ether synthesis: SN2 displacement of halide, tosylate, or mesylate by alkoxide ion
11-14
Preparation of Ethers
• Step 1: protonation of the alkene gives a carbocation
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• Step 2: reaction of the carbocation (an electrophile) with the alcohol (a nucleophile) gives an oxonium ion
11-7
Physical Properties
u Boiling points of ethers are
• lower than alcohols of comparable MW • close to those of hydrocarbons of comparable MW
u Ethers are hydrogen bond acceptors
u Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
• diethyl ether and several other ethers are made on an industrial scale this way

高等有机化学(全套)最新PPT课件

高等有机化学(全套)最新PPT课件
11
关于Schrödinger方程
我们能精确求解的原子：氢原子
通过求解得出n，l，m, ms等量子数（即轨道） 在求解过程中要求对这四个量子数有下列限制：
n = 1，2，3，……; l = 0，1，2，3……n-1 (s, p, d, f ……) ; m = 0， ± 1， ± 2，…… ±l； ms = ±1/2 然后把氢原子的结构模型套到其他的原子上
10
关于Schrödinger方程
• Schrödinger是偏微分方程
不是推出来的，它是一种大胆的设想； 正确与否要靠事实来回答； 目前还没有发现与该方程相冲突的事实 要 象承认牛顿三大定律一样，我们必须承认它。
• 问题
既然这个方程是正确的，我们的化学家就应该很容易掌握它； 根本不要作实验， 只要按这个方程计算一下， 就可以得出分子的结构、性质、反应条件、产率......， 象我们计算太阳系 八大行星的运行情况一样。 可是实际上并非如此， 原因在于位能函数V。
Advanced Organic Chemistry
1
Chapter 1. Introduction
• 1、About Contents of Advanced Organic Chemistry
• 2、The Relation between Advanced Organic Chemistry and Organic Syntheses
这些定性结论 即价键理论和分子轨道理论
14
The relation of Valence-bond Method and Molecular Orbital Method
• 平时我们对这些理论并不都用 究竟用什么理论处理，这要看具体问题 那一种来得方便简单，且又准确，我们就用那一种 我们在一些场合用价键理论，而在另一场合我们用分子轨道理论。

有机化学英文课件chapter12-31页文档资料

有机化学英文课件chapter12-31页文档资料
is n o t s u p p o rte d
12-24
IR of Molecules with C=O Groups
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
12-25
Aldehydes and Ketones
u IR spectrum of menthone (Fig 12.12)
• the total energy is proportional to the frequency of vibration
• the frequency of a stretching vibration is given by an equation derived from Hooke’s law for a vibrating spring
12-8
Molecular Vibrations
u For a molecule to absorb IR radiation
• the bond undergoing vibration must be polar and • its vibration must cause a periodic change in the bond
12-26
Carbonyl groups
u The position of C=O stretching vibration is sensitive to its molecular environment
• as ring size decreases and angle strain increases, absorption shifts to a higher frequency

有机化学英文课件chapter2-71页PPT精选文档

有机化学英文课件chapter2-71页PPT精选文档
• alphabetize the names of substituents first and then insert these prefixes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-15
Nomenclature - IUPAC
• indicate the number of times the substituent appears by a prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
• use commas to separate position numbers
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-13
Nomenclature - I UPAC
6. If there are two or more different substituents, • list them in alphabetical order • number from the end of the chain that gives the
u Structure and nomenclature
• to name, prefix the name of the corresponding openchain alkane with cyclo-, and name each substituent on the ring
• if only one substituent, no need to give it a number • if two substituents, number from the substituent of

《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap 2 Cyclic hydrocarbon(2012)

《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap 2 Cyclic hydrocarbon(2012)
5
C 109º28’
C
<109º28’
C >109º28’
A normal tetrahedron with a bond angle of 109º28’
A small ring will constrict this angle to less than 109º28’
A large ring will expand this angle to more than 109º28’
polycycli hydrocarbon
1
Section 1 Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Ⅰ. Classification and Nomenclature
These ring compounds are named by attaching the prefix “cyclo” to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
Ring compounds will have angle strain if angle are forced to significantly smaller or larger than the ideal 109º28’.
6
bond angle
60° 90° 108° 120°
angle of deflexion
9
CH2 H2C 60º CH2
60º 109º28’.
( internuclear angle is 60º) ( interrobital angle is 109º28’ )
The internuclear angle (60º) and the interrobital angle (109º28’) are different for cyclopropane.

有机化学英文课件chapter2

有机化学英文课件chapter2
• all alkanes with four carbons are butanes, those with five carbons are pentanes, etc.
• iso- indicates the chain terminates in -CH(CH3)2; neothat it terminates in -C(CH3)3
• indicate the number of times the substituent appears by a prefix di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.
• use commas to separate position numbers
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-13
Nomenclature - I UPAC
6. If there are two or more different substituents, • list them in alphabetical order • number from the end of the chain that gives the
• 3° H: a hydrogen bonded to a 3° carbon
Quaternary (4°) C: a carbon bonded to four other carbons
2-18
Cycloalkanes
General formula CnH2n
• five- and six-membered rings are the most common
• example: C4H10
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• s (one per shell) • p (set of three per shell 2 and higher) • d (set of five per shell 3 and higher) .....
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
1-3
Schematic View of an Atom
• a small dense nucleus, diameter 10-14 - 10-15 m, which contains positively charged protons and most of the mass of the atom
• only two electrons can occupy an orbital and their spins must be paired
Hund’s Rule:
• when orbitals of equal energy are available but there are not enough electrons to fill all of them, one electron is added to each orbital before a second electron is added to any one of them
1-12
Electronegativity
Electronegativity:
• a measure of an atom’s attraction for the electrons it shares with another atom in a chemical bond
Pauling scale
• each shell can hold 2n2 electrons (n = 1,2,3,4......)
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at
is n o t su p p o rted
1-5
Electron Configuration of Atoms
Shells are divided into subshells called orbitals, which are designated by the letters s, p, d, f,........
M acintosh PIC T im age form at
is not supported
1-2
Organic Chemistry
The study of the compounds of carbon Over 10 million compounds have been identified
• in forming Na+F-, the single 3s electron from Na is transferred to the partially filled valence shell of F
M
a c in t o s h
im
ag e
fo r
is
not
su p p
P
IC
T
m
at
1-7
Electron Configuration of Atoms
The pairing of electron spins
1-8
Electron Configuration of Atoms
Table 1.3 The Ground-State Electron Configuration of Elements 1-18
• we use a single-headed (barbed) curved arrow to show the transfer of one electron from Na to F
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
Table 1.4 Lewis Dot Structures for Elements 1-18
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
1-11
Lewis Model of Bonding
Atoms bond together so that each atom acquires an electron configuration the same as that of the noble gas nearest it in atomic number
1-13
Formation of Ions
A rough guideline:
• ions will form if the difference in electronegativity between interacting atoms is 1.9 or greater
• example: sodium (EN 0.9) and fluorine (EN 4.0)
M acintosh PIC T im age form at
is not supported
Chapter 1
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
o r te d
1-14
Covalent Bonds
The simplest covalent bond is that in H2
• the single electrons from each atom combine to form
an electron pair
M a c in t o s h
1-9
Lewis Dot Structures
Gilbert N. Lewis Valence shell:
• the outermost occupied electron shell of an atom
Valence electrons:
• electrons in the valence shell of an atom; these electrons are used to form chemical bonds and in chemical reactions
3.0 - 2.1 = 0.9 • we show polarity by using the symbols d+ and d-, or by
using an arrow with the arrowhead pointing toward the negative end and a plus sign on the tail of the arrow at the positive end
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
1-16
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
• an example of a polar covalent bond is that of H-Cl • the difference in electronegativity between Cl and H is
to complete its valence shell; a chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a covalent bond • bonds may be partially ionic or partially covalent; these bonds are called polar covalent bonds
Although all covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, they differ widely in the degree of sharing We divide covalent bonds into
• nonpolar covalent bonds • polar covalent bonds
1-6
Electron Configuration of Atoms
Aufbau Principle:
• orbitals fill in order of increasing energy from lowest energy to highest energy
Pauli Exclusion Principle:
• generally increases left to right in a row • generally increases bottom to top in a column
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
P IC T
im a g e
fo r m a t
is
not
s u p p o r te d
• the shared pair functions in two ways simultaneously; it is shared by the two atoms and fills the valence shell of each atom
Organic Chemistry
William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brentng & Shapes of Molecules