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有机化学英文课件chapter6

有机化学英文课件chapter6

HBr + 2-Butene
A two-step mechanism
Step 1: proton transfer from HBr to the alkene gives a carbocation intermediate
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
• propose a set or sets of steps that might account for the overall transformation
• a mechanism becomes established when it is shown to be consistent with every test that can be devised
6-11
Energy Diagram
A two-step reaction with one intermediate
6-12
Developing a Reaction Mechanism
How it is done
• design experiments to reveal details of a particular chemical reaction
is n o t s u p p o rte d
6-17
HBr + 2-Butene
An energy diagram for the two-step addition of HBr to 2-butene
• the reaction is exergonic
6-18
Carbocations
Macintosh PICT im age form at is not supported

有机化学英文课件chapter6

有机化学英文课件chapter6
system during the reaction
6-5
Gibbs Free Energy
Gibbs free energy change, DG0: a thermodynamic function relating enthalpy, entropy, and temperature
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
6-6
Gibbs Free Energy
• a change in Gibbs free energy is directly related to chemical equilibrium
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
M acintosh PICT im age form at is not supported
6-2
Characteristic Reactions
M acin to sh P IC T im ag e fo rm at
is n o t su p p o rted
6-3
Characteristic Reactions
• they provide an intellectual satisfaction derived from constructing models that accurately reflect the behavior of chemical systems
• they are tools with which to search for new information and new understanding

有机化学英文课件

有机化学英文课件

+ C H 3 C H 2 -O -H + C H 3 C H 2 -O -H
SN 2
+ C H 3 C H 2 -O -C H 2 C H 3 + O -H
H
H
H
A new oxonium ion
11-11
Preparation of Ethers
Step 3: proton transfer to solvent completes the reaction
+
CH 3 CH 2 -O -CH 2 C H 3 + O -H
H
H
proton tran sf er
+ CH 3 CH 2 -O -CH 2 C H 3 + H O -H
H
11-12ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Preparation of Ethers
Acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols to alkenes
Acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols
• diethyl ether and several other ethers are made on an industrial scale this way
• a specific example of an SN2 reaction in which a poor leaving group (OH-) is converted to a better one (H2O)
CH 3 CH3C=CH2 + H
+ O CH3
H
CH3 C H 3 C+C H 3 +

有机化学英文课件chapter7

有机化学英文课件chapter7

7-12
Allene
Allene: a compound containing a C=C=C group
• the simplest allene is 1,2-propadiene, commonly named allene
7-13
Allenes
• most allenes are less stable than their isomeric alkynes, and are generally only minor products in alkyne-forming dehydrohalogenation reactions
• terminal alkynes react with sodium amide to form alkyne anions
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
7-6
Acidity
• terminal alkynes can also be converted to alkyne anions by reaction with sodium hydride or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)
• alkylation can be repeated and a terminal alkyne can be converted to an internal alkyne
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
which the alkyne and halogen acid are mixed

有机化学英文课件chapter8共52页

有机化学英文课件chapter8共52页
u All liquid bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes are more dense than water
u Di- and polyhalogenated alkanes are more dense than water
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
u van der Waals forces: a group intermolecular attractive forces including
• dipole-dipole forces • dipole-induced dipole forces • induced dipole-induced dipole (dispersion) forces
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
8-9
Boiling Points
u For an alkane and a haloalkane of comparable size and shape, the haloalkane has the higher boiling point
u Common names: name the alkyl group followed by the name of the halide
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
8-5
Nomenclature
u van der Waals forces pull molecules together

有机化学英文课件chapter8

有机化学英文课件chapter8
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
8-9
Boiling Points
For an alkane and a haloalkane of comparable size and shape, the haloalkane has the higher boiling point
• nonbonded atoms in a molecule cannot approach each other closer than the sum of their van der Waals radii without causing nonbonded interaction strain
• dipole-dipole forces • dipole-induced dipole forces • induced dipole-induced dipole (dispersion) forces
van der Waals forces pull molecules together
• as molecules are brought closer and closer, van der Waals attractive forces are overcome by repulsive forces between electron clouds of adjacent atoms or molecules
s u p p o r te d
• hydrocarbons in which all hydrogens are replaced by halogens are commonly named as perhaloalkanes or perhaloalkenes

有机化学英文课件chapter1

有机化学英文课件chapter1
1-13
Formation of Ions
A rough guideline:
• ions will form if the difference in electronegativity between interacting atoms is 1.9 or greater
• example: sodium (EN 0.9) and fluorine (EN 4.0)
• about 1000 new ones are identified each day!
C is a small atom
• it forms single, double, and triple bonds • it is intermediate in electronegativity (2.5) • it forms strong bonds with C, H, O, N, and some metals
Although all covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons, they differ widely in the degree of sharing
We divide covalent bonds into
• nonpolar covalent bonds • polar covalent bonds
• in forming Na+F-, the single 3s electron from Na is transferred to the partially filled valence shell of F
M
a c in t o sis
not
su p p
P

有机化学英文课件chapter7

有机化学英文课件chapter7
is n o t su p p o rted
7-5
Acidity
The pKa of acetylene and terminal alkynes is approximately 25, which makes them stronger acids than ammonia but weaker acids than alcohols (Section 4.1)
Organic Chemistry
William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson
7-1
Alkynes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
Chapter 7
7-19
Hydroboration
Addition of borane to an internal alkyne gives a trialkenylborane
• addition is syn stereoselective
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
7-11
Preparation from Alkenes
• a side product may be an allene, a compound
containing adjacent carbon-carbon double bonds,
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t

有机化学英文课件chapter10

有机化学英文课件chapter10

hybridized carbon
M acintosh PICT
• bond angles about the hydroxyl oxygen atom are approximately 109.5°
im age form at is not supported
Oxygen is sp3 hybridized
10-12
Physical Properties
M acintosh P IC T im age form at
is not supported
10-13
Acidity of Alcohols
In dilute aqueous solution, alcohols are weakly acidic M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t is n o t s u p p o rte d
10-6
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Unsaturated alcohols
• show the double bond by changing the infix from -anto -en-
• show the the OH group by the suffix -ol • number the chain to give OH the lower number
• the negatively charged oxygens of methanol and ethanol are about as accessible as hydroxide ion for solvation; these alcohol are about as acidic as water

有机化学英文课件chapter9共71页PPT资料

有机化学英文课件chapter9共71页PPT资料
• the greater the value of the dielectric constant of a solvent, the smaller the interaction between ions of opposite charge dissolved in that solvent
Nucleophile: a molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to another molecule or ion to form a new covalent bond; a Lewis base
9-3
Nucleophilic Substitution
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
9-17
Kinetics
For an SN2 reaction,
• reaction occurs in one step • the reaction leading to the transition state involves the
Solvent Increasing Nucleophilicity Polar aprotic I- < Br- < Cl- < FPolar protic F- < Cl- < Br- < I-
How do we account for these differences?
9-21
Nucleophilicity
• S = substitution • N = nucleophilic • 2 = bimolecular (two species are involved in the rate-

有机化学英文课件chapter2

有机化学英文课件chapter2
• all alkanes with four carbons are butanes, those with five carbons are pentanes, etc.
• iso- indicates the chain terminates in -CH(CH3)2; neothat it terminates in -C(CH3)3
4. If there is one substituent, number the chain from the end that gives it the lower number
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
of branches
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
2-8
Constitutional Isomerism
M acintosh PICT
im age form at
World population is about
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
2-11
Nomenclature - IUPAC
1.The name of a saturated hydrocarbon with an unbranched chain consists of a prefix and suffix
substituent encountered first the lower number

《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap 2 Cyclic hydrocarbon(2012)

《有机化学》英文教学课件：Chap 2 Cyclic hydrocarbon(2012)
5
C 109º28’
C
<109º28’
C >109º28’
A normal tetrahedron with a bond angle of 109º28’
A small ring will constrict this angle to less than 109º28’
A large ring will expand this angle to more than 109º28’
polycycli hydrocarbon
1
Section 1 Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Ⅰ. Classification and Nomenclature
These ring compounds are named by attaching the prefix “cyclo” to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
Ring compounds will have angle strain if angle are forced to significantly smaller or larger than the ideal 109º28’.
6
bond angle
60° 90° 108° 120°
angle of deflexion
9
CH2 H2C 60º CH2
60º 109º28’.
( internuclear angle is 60º) ( interrobital angle is 109º28’ )
The internuclear angle (60º) and the interrobital angle (109º28’) are different for cyclopropane.

有机化学英文课件chapter11

有机化学英文课件chapter11
11-7
Physical Properties
Boiling points of ethers are
• lower than alcohols of comparable MW • close to those of hydrocarbons of comparable MW
Ethers are hydrogen bond acceptors
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• the alcohol is then converted to an haloalkane by
another SN2 reaction
11-19
Cleavage of Ethers
is n o t s u p p o r te d
11-13
Preparation of Ethers
Acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols to alkenes
• yields are highest using an alkene that can form a stable carbocation
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
11-10
Preparation of Ethers
11-14
Preparation of Ethers
• Step 1: protonation of the alkene gives a carbocation

有机化学英文课件chapter13

有机化学英文课件chapter13
13-13
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• if we were dealing with 1H nuclei isolated from all other atoms and electrons, any combination of applied field and radiation that produces a signal for one 1H would produce a signal for all 1H. The same is true of 13C nuclei
The instrument used to detect this coupling of precession frequency and electromagnetic radiation records it as a signal
• signal: a recording in an NMR spectrum of a nuclear magnetic resonance
13-7
Nuclear Spins in B0
In an applied field strength of 7.05T, which is readily available with present-day superconducting electromagnets, the difference in energy between nuclear spin states for
• the difference in resonance frequencies for hydrogens in CH3Cl compared to CH3F under an applied field of 7.05T is only 360 Hz, which is 1.2 parts per million (ppm) compared with the irradiating frequency

有机化学英文课件chapter11

有机化学英文课件chapter11
• they are more soluble in H2O than are hydrocarbons
11-8
Preparation of Ethers
Williamson ether synthesis: SN2 displacement of halide, tosylate, or mesylate by alkoxide ion
OCH2 CH3
CH3
trans-2-Ethoxy-
2-Methoxy-2-
cyclohexanol
methylpropane
(tert-Butyl methyl ether)
11-5
Nomenclature: ethers
Although cyclic ethers have IUPAC names, their common names are more widely used
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
• the alcohol is then converted to an haloalkane by
another SN2 reaction
11-19
Cleavage of Ethers
• IUPAC: prefix ox- shows oxygen in the ring • the suffixes -irane, -etane, -olane, and -ane show three,
four, five, and six atoms in a saturated ring
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t

有机化学英文课件chapter8-PPT文档资料52页

有机化学英文课件chapter8-PPT文档资料52页

s u p p o r te d
• hydrocarbons in which all hydrogens are replaced by halogens are commonly named as perhaloalkanes or perhaloalkenes
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
u All liquid bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes are more dense than water
u Di- and polyhalogenated alkanes are more dense than water
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
• in haloalkenes, number the parent chain to give carbon atoms of the double bond the lower set of numbers
8-4
Nomenclature
• examples M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t is n o t s u p p o rte d
M acintosh P IC T
Chapter 8 M a c in to s h P IC T
im age form at is not supported
8-2
Structure
u Haloalkane (alkyl halide): a compound containing a halogen covalently bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon; given the symbol RX
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20-9 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution (内容重复）
21-5 Interconversion of Acids and Derivatives by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
材厚重、价格太高，学生难以负担；
国内尚未影印正式出版的英文教材，版权问题。
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
中文教材：
英文教材：
章节编排归类划一。 $ 章节编排不拘形式。
饱和烃 不饱和烃 芳香烃
饱和烃 不饱和烃
醇、硫醇 醚、硫醚
芳香烃
烃类化合物 合并归类
醇和醚插入不饱和烃与芳香烃之间
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
双语教学铺垫了基础。
形势趋动，各级重视，条件具备，恰逢时机。
有机化学双语教学课程建设 大连理工大学有机化学双语教学概况 有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编 有机化学双语教学指导思想与教学方式 有机化学及实验双语教学课程立体化建设
大连理工大学有机化学双语教学概况
起始时间：1990年开始开设化工英语强化班，
中文教材：
英文教材：
章节编排归类划一。 $ 章节编排不拘形式。
红外光谱 紫外光谱 核磁共振谱 质谱
红外光谱
紫外光谱
质谱
核磁共振谱 共轭烯烃
四大谱学分在三章中出现章
结构的表征 合并归类
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
中文教材：
英文教材：
章节编排归类划一。 $ 章节编排不拘形式。源自命名 物理性质 制备 反应
命名 物理性质 制备 反应
命名 物理性质 反应 制备
顺序统一
不追求顺序统一
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
Chapter 12 Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry 插图73幅 Chapter 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 插图79幅 大多数章有50－60道习题，有些章有70－80道习题。
大连理工大学有机化学双语教学概况
示范课程：
2002年被聘为大连理工大学首批双语教学主讲教师。 2005年有机化学双语教学课程被评为大连理工大学
双语教学观摩示范课。
2007年被评为大连理工大学本科课程教学示范教师。
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
选用教材：
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (选章节并重新组织) T. W. Graham Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1990-1999使用
有机化学双语教学课程
主 讲 人： 王 梅 所在单位： 大连理工大学
2008年4月18日
双语教学课程建设与研究意义深远、势在必行
我国社会与经济发展的需要, 顺应当今经济、科技和
教育领域改革开放的新形势。
国际间科学技术合作与交流的需要。 培养学有专长的复合型、国际型高素质人才。 中国教育现代化的必然趋势。 中国教育与国际接轨的必经之路。
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
10-8 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis 10-9 Addition of Organometallic Reagent to Carbonyl Compounds
(内容重复） 18-12 Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: Nucleophilic Addition
Organic Chemistry (选章节并重新组织) Joseph M. Hornback, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company 1999－2006使用
Organic Chemistry (改编) L. G. Wade Jr., Pearson Education, Inc. 2006－至今使用
有机化学双语教学教材选择与改编
使用英文原版教材遇到的问题：
有机化合物命名出现在各章中，不利于双语教学； 章节编排比较随意，不拘形式； 知识涵盖面不完全适合国内的课程体系和教学要求； 有机化学专用词汇、术语以及有机化合物名称没有中文
注释，学生自学不方便；
举例、图示、习题多，并且许多内容重复出现，使得教
在教学过程中不断探索，总结经 验，改进教学。
学生人数：1990－1998，30－36人（一个班）
1999－2007，60－65人（两个班） 关于双语班人数：最好不超过60人，有利于保 证双语教学的教学质量。
大连理工大学有机化学双语教学概况
授课方式：
1990－1996，采用英文教材、英文板书、中文 授课方式。 1997－2000，采用英文教材、英文板书、双语 授课方式 。 2001－至今，一直采用英文教材、英文多媒体 课件、双语授课方式(英文占80－90％）。
大连理工大学有机化学双语教学概况
考核方法：英文试卷，闭卷考试，考试内容即
有侧重基本知识点的题，也有书本以外较灵活的 题，不仅考察学生对基础知识的掌握情况，也考 察学生运用学过的知识独立思考和分析问题的能 力。考虑学生平时上课成绩。
关于有机化学双语课程考试：应增加指定题目 英文调研报告，成绩占总成绩的20－30％，闭卷 考试成绩占70－80％。
大连理工大学有机化学双语教学概况
课程学时：1990－1998，120学时，7.5 学分
1998－1999，104学时，6.5 学分 1999－2000，96学时， 6 学分 2000－2001，80学时， 5 学分 2001－至今，72学时， 4.5 学分
关于有机化学双语课程学时：双语教学比中文 讲授同样教学内容的课程多大约10％的学时较为 适宜。
双语教学课程建设与研究意义深远、势在必行
教育部高度重视双语教学：
2001年提出，力争三年内大学专业基础课双语教学课程 达到所开课程的5%－10％； 2007年提出，四年内建设500门国家双语教学示范课程。
高等学校留学回国教师人数快速增长、为双语教学储备
了一批水平较高的的师资力量。
大学生英语水平逐年提高，为高等学校专业基础课程