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Leo, Hickey (ed.) The Pragmatics of Translation. Clevedon/ P h i l a d e l p h i a:M u l t i l i n g u a l Matters, 1998, 242 pp.The Pragmatics of Translation is a collection of thirteen articles compiled by author and editor Leo Hickey. Each individual author represents in his or her article a different approach to translation through the use of various translation theories and practices. The intention of these articles, according to Hickey, is to present the ways in which pragmatics rela-tes to translation and how one may achieve what he calls “pragmatic equivalence”. The authors attempt to answer various questions concerning the relationship between original texts and their translations, and what exactly these translations intend to achieve. Hickey claims in238Resenhashis introduction that translators are not merely translators, but mediators as well. The job of the translator-mediator is far more complex than the simple task of substituting words for those of an original text.In the first article in this compilation, the late Sándor Hervey introduces the term illocutionary function. According to Hervey, an illocutionary function is defined as what people “do” when making utterances, the actions that aid in the reader’s comprehension of the intent of the utterance. In addition, Hervey also addresses the “cross-cultural puzzle” of cross-linguistic translation, or translation proper. He explains the difficulty of translating illocutionary functions across certain cultural boundaries due to cultural relativity.In another chapter, Kirsten Malmkjær explains the notion of cooperation and literary translation by means of Grice’s Theory of Meaning. Using examples from the Danish language, Malmkjær demonstrates how Grice’s Cooperative Principle is limited because it is difficult for a reader to understand a translation that is attempting to convey a certain meaning between languages. The author attempts to find a solution to the problems that readers encounter when they try to distinguish between the literal and non-literal meaning of a text.Like Malmkjær, Basil Hatim uses Grice’s Cooperative Principle to discuss and explain the meanings of different translations. One of Hatim’s main points is derived from Grice’s principle, which says that meaning is determined at the exact point that an utterance is made; meanings are not predetermined. The author discusses the importance of contextual effects in creating a translation. He points out the three ways in which a contextual effect may either strengthen or weaken a translation: new information may lead to a new assumption; it can strengthen an existing assumption; or, finally, it might facilitate the abandoning of an existing assumption.Juliane House’s article is simi-lar to Hatim’s in that both authors address the concept of politeness in writing. They discuss how a good example of polite writing would not violate any of the maxims of the Gricean Cooperative Principle, which include: quantity, quality, manner, and relevance. Juliane House chooses to discuss politeness as both a pragmatic and sociocultural phenomena, saying that this sort of courtesy is one ofResenhas239the basic social guidelines for human interaction (in a pragmatic sense) and it deals with the way consideration is shown to others throughout a specific society. House also refers to translation as a “cross-linguistic sociocultural practice”.In his article, Ernst-August Gutt distinguishes between the Interpretive and Descriptive use of language in relation to relevance theory. Gutt explains that an interpretive use of language is an utterance that describes what someone says or thinks. Descriptive use of language, on the other hand, refers to a description made regarding some state of affairs somewhere in the world. In addition, Gutt discusses the relationship between what the audience expects from a work, and what the author intends it to be. Gutt believes that there are various distinguishing words that categorize different literary works that are intended to coordinate the intention of the author with the expectation of the reader. It is interesting to note that every time Gutt mentions the translator, he describes that person as a woman, consistently referring to the translator as she and her in his article. Gutt, a male author, is overtly recognizing females as having exceptional translating abilities, which is a positive factor in his writing.Authors Frank Knowles and Palma Zlateva are similar in their respective articles in that they use the Russian language as an example to illustrate their translation theories. Knowles discusses the manner in which language mechanisms such as inflection and word order are used to convey different meanings. He explains how the language in which the translation is being written needs to agree with the language of the original text to facilitate the replication of a work’s themes, structure, etc. Similarly, Zlateva uses the combination of examples from Russian, Bulgarian and English to argue that there is difficulty in substituting certain words in different languages that are meant to convey explicitness in a range of utterances.The translation of illocutionary force, which was previously mentioned in the article written by Sándor Hervey, is the focus of Ian Higgins’ piece in which he uses examples from Racine’s work Andromaque. He emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the illocutionary force of an original text is transferred to the translation. This is done, he claims, by making sure that the linguistic features, such as。
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。
Pragmatic translation Reviews1.But new options are emerging,as well.A company now can sponsor a new product showcase ora live Internet broadcast from a show.然⽽而新的赞助⽅方式层出不穷。
企业可以赞助⼀一个新产品展⽰示，或者赞助⼀一个展会的现场⺴⽹网络直播权。
Note:options——备选⽅方案 are emerging ——不断涌现a new product showcase——新产品的展⽰示 a live Internet broadcast——现场⺴⽹网络直播2.He points to the high household income,technological sophistication and early-adopter attitudesof typical attendees at events such as Comdex.Note：point to ….——指出 technological sophistication——⾼高技术背景early-adopter attitudes——易于接受新鲜事物3.quantity of visibility——访问量，点击率（在原⽂文中特指赞助商的曝光率，也可以⽤用exposure代替）then you put it all in a cuisine——然后你把这些原料放在⼀一盘菜⾥里a price that makes sense ——合理的价格competitive events——有可⽐比性的，同类的事物4.The huge project has initiated a large-scale urban design and reconstruction of the ecosystem at the same time.这个浩⼤大的⽔水坝⼯工程决定了城市的设计基调，⼀一张⽣生态改造的⼤大幕开始拉起。
