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四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。
中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。
但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。
这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。
III.段落翻译Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.A.When we think of Egypt we think of pyramids. We picture them as they would have appeared when first built between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago, alone and enormous, out in the desert, a heroic attemp t to establish a man’s presence in seemingly limitless flat space.当我们想到埃及时，就想到金字塔。
在我们的想象中，它们正如四、五千年前刚建时那样，无依无傍，气势磅礴地屹立于沙漠之中，体现了人类立志要在那片广阔无垠的空间表现自身存在的英雄壮举。
B.Many people become depressed because they feel a tremendous gap between the way their life is and the way they think it ought to be. Shorter and overcast days make many people, especially women, feel depressed. If you think someone’s depressed, don’t underestimate the value of friendship.许多人心情沮丧是因为他们感到他们现在的生活和他们认为应该拥有的生活差距很大.昼短夜长和阴天会使许多人,特别是妇女,心情不好。
如果你认为某人心情不好,不要低估友情的力量。
C.If your friend or relative is sad or weepy, don’t gloss over her troubles. Instead, encourage her to talk. Ask open-ended questions like “ You haven’t seemed yourself lately. Is something going on?” Then listen. Be empathetic. Assure her of your friendship, your ongoing support and caring, but don’t offer false reassurance: She may think you don’t understand her despondency, and she’ll feel even more alone.如果你的朋友或亲友感到悲伤或者是泪眼汪汪,不要忽视她的苦恼,应该鼓励她说出来.可以泛泛地问些问题,如: “最近好像有点不对劲。
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
![课文翻译及课后翻译答案[1]2](https://uimg.taocdn.com/40ca36eaaeaad1f346933f18.webp)
unit7“我19岁看到了未来，并将我的所见当作我事业的基点，结果证明我是对的。
”──比尔·盖茨他是当今世上最著名的商人、最有钱的富豪──1997年他的资产预计为400亿美元。
毫无疑问，他与托马斯·爱迪生、亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔以及其他改变世界的伟人属于同一行列。
这个自称为“黑客”的人主导着个人计算机革命，并在这一过程中使整个世界现代化。
的确，将他划入任何其他行列，都可能大大淡化他对世界的影响。
盖茨的成功源自他的人格：他才华横溢、冲劲十足、争强好胜，这些加在一起令人难以置信，有时甚至令人畏惧。
当这位董事长兼首席执行官走过微软大楼的走廊时，他身边的人和物就像被打开了电源，充了一万伏电。
盖茨树立了榜样，微软的员工紧随其后。
他的工作安排暗示着他对员工的期待。
这位“微软校园”的“校长”经常每天工作16小时。
的确，如果说盖茨的风格与他人有别的话，那就是他把握时间的技能。
节约时间、精力充沛和专心致志是他的突出特点。
他一会儿充当技术时代的国际代言人，一会儿在微软总部谋划经营策略，充分利用每一分钟，最大限度的开展工作。
他总是准时，总是处于高速运转状态，他习惯利用白天的点滴空闲进餐、与朋友交谈或娱乐。
微软人笑话他的接待员是天底下最勤奋的人。
事实上，他有几个接待员。
他或许需要有人专门安排他的旅行计划和去国外的签证。
说到旅行，他节约钱和时间也是出了名的。
出差时，他尽可能坐普通民航飞机；为了节省时间，他从不托运行李。
接待他的东道主也发现，他住在城里时他们很省钱。
他的时间表上没有计划旅游的时间，日程表上也没有游览或观光计划。
有的只是工作，工作，工作。
另一个使他与众不同的特质是他令人难以置信的“多任务操作”能力。
他办公时使用两台电脑，一台开有多重窗口以编排从英特网上不断接收的数据，另一台处理他接收的数以百计的电子邮件。
甚至他在用可视电话主持会议时，还能审核数据。
盖茨主要通过以下三种方法来经营他的公司：他每天（和每晚）发出100封或更多电子邮件；他大约每月与由专家和顾问组成的高层管理委员会会晤一次；更重要的是，他每天召开两三个小型碰头会，接连与会的是研发公司各种产品的团队。
英语一翻译真题及答案解析翻译是考试中的一个重要环节，无论是雅思、托福还是各种英语考试，翻译都是其中一个必考题型。
对于大部分学生来说，翻译是一个常常令人头疼的题型，因为它要求考生不仅要掌握扎实的英语语法和词汇，还要具备一定的中英文双向转换能力和跨文化交际的能力。
在准备翻译题时，了解以往真题及答案解析是非常重要的，可以帮助我们更好地理解题目要求和解题思路。
为了帮助各位考生更好地备考，本文将针对英语一翻译题进行一些真题及答案解析。
我们以往年的真题为例，进行解析。
【题目】他的努力使得公司在市场上取得了显著的增长，并且赢得了广大客户的信任和支持。
【参考答案】His efforts have led the company to achieve significant growth in the market, and have won the trust and support of a large number of customers.解析：这道题要求考生将汉语句子翻译成英语。
在翻译中，要把握住句子的主干，将句子的逻辑关系表达清楚。
首先要明确的是，翻译是一种意译，不是逐词逐句的翻译，所以要根据上下文和语境来表达句子的意思。
首先，我们要注意到“使得”和“在市场上”这两个词的翻译。
在英语中，使用“have led”来表达“使得”这个意思。
而“在市场上”可以直接用“in the market”来表达。
然后是“取得了显著的增长”，我们可以使用“achieve significant growth”来表达。
最后，我们要注意到“赢得了广大客户的信任和支持”这一部分。
在英语中，可以使用“win the trust and support of a large number of customers”来表达。
综上所述，我们可以将这道题翻译成：“His efforts have led the company to achieve significant growth in the market, and have won the trust and support of a large number of customers.”通过以上真题及答案解析，我们可以看到，翻译题的答案并不是唯一的，有多种表达方式。
Unit1: Transl ation exerci ses1. 他为这次面试中可能被问到的问题做好了准备。
(confro nt)Explan ation:If you are confro ntedwith a proble m, task, or diffic ulty, you have to deal with it. If you confro nt a diffic ult situat ion or issue, you accept the fact that it exists and try to deal with it. If you areconfro ntedby someth ing that you find threat ening or diffic ult to deal with, it is therein frontof you. Transl ation:He has prepar ed answer s to the questi ons that he expect s to confro nt during the interv iew.Practi ce:她要在事业和家庭之间作出抉择。
She was confro ntedwith a choice betwee n her career or family.她心里明白自己必须克服恐惧心理。
She knew that she had to confro nt her fears.面对愤怒的人群，警察只能撤退了。
Confro ntedby an angrycrowd, the police retrea ted.2. 他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，我们几乎要哭出声来。
(touch)Explan ation:To touchsb. is to make somebo dy feel upsetor sympat hetic.Transl ation:His sad storytouche d us so deeply that we nearly cried.Practi ce:我感动得无法用言语来表达。
Aldous Huxley was a most unfortunate man.When he died in 1963 he must have expired in the confident belief that the event would be given wide coverage in the press the next day.After all,his career had not been without distinction.Where he made his big mistake was in dying on the same day that John F.Kennedy was assassinated.As a result Huxley got about three column inches at the bottom of page 27.In the same way the death of Victor Farris has gone widely unnoticed because he foolishly shuffled off this mortal coil at the same time as Mr.Konstantin Chernenko.Now,as you all know,Victor Farris was the chap who invented the paper clip.The paper milk carton too.And paper clips and milk cartons will be in use long after everyone has forgotten the name of the comrade who came between Andropov and whatever this new bloke is called.『The same goes for the inventor of the supermarket trolley who died in Switzerland a few months ago.』①Fell off his trolley,so to speak.『For all I know,he may be a household name in his own canton and they are putting up a statue of home wheeling his trolley,and are going to commemorate him on one of those ever-so-tasteful Swiss postage stamps we used to collect when we were younger and wiser,』②but I doubt if his name will be remembered outside the borders of his small country.Personally I forgot it within minutes of reading of his decease.Not that it matters.Somehow it is hard to imagine things like paper clips and supermarket trolleys having had a named inventor.It’s like discovering that at a particular moment of history a particular person invented the spoon,or the chair, or socks.One assumes that these everyday objects just happened,or evolved through natural selection.It isn’t necessarily so.I read only the other day that Richard Ⅱinvented the handkerchief.Almost everything else was invented either by Leonardo daVinci(scissors,bicycles,helicopters,and probably spoons,socks and the Rubik cube as well)or by Benjamin Franklin(lightning-conductor,rocking-chair,bifocals)or else by Joseph Stalin(television).It’s quite possible that Leonardo or Benjamin Franklin or Stalin also invented the supermarket trolley.Certainly it has been invented more than once.Hardly was Herr Edelweiss(or whatever the Swiss chap was called)in his grave,than news came of the death of SylvanN.Goodman at the age of 86.Sylvan also invented the supermarket trolley or,as the Los Angeles Times report calls it,the shopping cart.Be that as it may,Herr Edelweiss or Sylvan Goodman,or both,did a grand job and madesupermarket shopping far less hellish than it would otherwise be.The next step will be to get the trolleys out of the shops and into the streets.You could put an engine in the front and call it a car.Or give it big wheels and a canopy and call it a pram.The possibilities are endless.1.It can be inferred from the passage that Herr Edelweiss.A.was remembered by the people all over worldB.made a lot of money from his inventionC.was not very famousD.was a business partner of Sylvan Goodman2.The author writes this article in order to illustrate that.A.the names of the people who invented the most useful things are usually forgottenB.everyday objects are invented and evolve through natural selectionC.many everyday objects are invented more than onceD.many famous people have passed away without being noticed3.Who probably invented spoons?A.Leonardo da Vinci.B.Benjamin Franklin.C.Victor Farris.D.A person unknown.4. By stating that Leonardo da Vinci invented helicopters, the author means .A. he really did itB. he is a military scientistC. he painted in one of his masterpieces a helicoptersD. people turn to ascribe inventions to him but they are wrong5.What can be inferred about Aldous Huxley?A.His death was not reported by the press.B.He was a famous inventor.C.He made a very big mistake in his late years.D.He died on the same day as John F.Kenneddy.V ocabulary1.canopy n. 天篷2.pram n. 婴儿车长难句解析①【解析】“the same goes”解析为同样的事情也发生，例:The same goes for our classmates.同样的事情也发生在我的同学身上。
第一讲中国翻译史、翻译的性质、标准、目的和要求一、中国翻译史1. 东汉—唐宋：第一次高潮2.明末清初——第二次高潮3. 五四以前——第三次高潮4. 五四运动之后——第四次高潮5. 1978改革开放后—第五次高潮二、翻译的性质三、翻译的标准四、翻译课的目的和对译者的要求一、中国翻译史中国的翻译已有近2000年的历史，出现过的翻译高潮大致也有五次。
1. 东汉—唐宋：第一次高潮中国佛教的三大翻译家：鸠摩罗什(Kumarajiva 344--413)、真谛(Paramartha/Gunarata 499--569)、佛经翻译（Translation of Buddhist Scripture）玄奘(Xuan Zang)。
由于佛经的翻译，使“佛经”和“论”两种文体进入汉语。
鸠摩罗什(Kumarajiva 344--413)天竺人，东晋时来华，译经300多卷。
一改过去音译的弱点，主张意译，并倡导译者署名。
他的译著有“天然西域之语趣”，表达了原作之神情，为我国的翻译文学奠定了基础。
真谛(Paramartha/Gunarata 499--569)印度佛教学者，南北朝时来华，译了49部经。
著有《摄大乘论》，对中国佛教思想有较大的影响。
玄奘(Xuan Zang)唐朝人，于628年去印度求经，17年后回国，主持译场，19年译出75部佛经。
把老子著作的一部分译成梵文，是第一个向国外介绍汉文的中国人。
他的翻译标准“既须求真，又须喻俗”，直到今天仍有意义。
主张音译，其音译为主的翻译方法对于固定和传播佛教词语和概念以及印度语言文化于中国，具有不可磨灭的历史功绩。
2.明末清初——第二次高潮西方科技著作的汉译：徐光启和意大利人利玛窦（Matteo Ricci,1552—1610）合作翻译的欧几里《几何原本》、《测量法义》等中国典籍的西译：利玛窦最早将“四书”译成拉丁文。
中国经典和儒家学说通过意大利和法国传教士的翻译与介绍，先后有了拉丁文和法文译本，流传到欧洲知识界和上层社会。
翻译理论与实践讲义作业一。
字词的翻译一、词的理解1.一词多义：例子：wetShe had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. 她雇了一名奶妈为艾略特喂奶。
If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了。
She wet her pants at the news. 听到这个消息，她吓得尿了裤子。
2.词的大小：state and revolution, 国家与革命（列宁著作）state of the union (国情咨文)the united states. 美国（联合的各州）3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化例子：every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
She stood there chewing over the strange thing. 她站在那儿仔细地琢磨这件怪事。
The engine sounds good. 那台机器听起来很正常。
At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 他23岁时，平生第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。
4.词的褒贬：例子：commentAlice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment.爱丽丝兴奋得像个小孩子似地，很高兴自己有成了谈论的中心。
But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms.但她禁不住想到，这对她个人的魅力是多么大的讽刺啊。
He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ?他在房间里走来走去，之后停下来环视着说：“谁有高见”？5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。
Unit 11.Translation(1) vocal green lobbies 主张环保的游说集团arable land 耕地面积vitamin A deficiency 缺乏维生素Anutritionally improved crops 增进营养成分的农作物restore the balance 避免这一损失staple crops主要粮食作物neutralize aluminum toxicity中和铝的毒性overall crop productivity农业总产量transport infrastructures运输基础设施target rich markets把富裕国家的市场作为目标(2) 转基因食品来源于转基因生物体。
转基因生物体自身发生了特定变化，基因工程技术使得其DNA发生这种变化成为可能。
这些技术比突变（突变育种）精确的多，因为突变只使某个生物体暴露于辐射或化学物质从而创造一种非特异性而稳定的变化。
人类改变食物机体的其他技术还包括选择性育种（植物育种和养殖动物），和体细胞无性系变异。
转基因食品于90年代初首次推出市场。
通常情况下，转基因食品为转基因植物产品：大豆，玉米，油菜，棉花子油。
但动物产品也已得到开发。
2006年研究人员通过一种名为线虫的基因，在一头猪身上有争议的研发出ω- 3脂肪酸。
研究人员还开发了一种转基因品种的猪，它能够更高效地吸收植物磷，因此其粪便的磷含量也减少高达60%。
批评家反对转基因食品的若干理由，包括理论或想象的安全问题，生态问题，经济问题，上述问题的提出是由于转基因生物体受知识产权法支配。
2. Translate the following Chinese into English.(1) 挑起争论to spark a debate转基因食品genetically modified foods解决问题to resolve issues食物链the food chain供大于求The supply exceeds the needs世界人均耕地the world's cultivable land per person大幅度提高to increase significantly罪魁祸首to play the largest role从整体上看taken as a whole尖端研究the leading-edge research(2)Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there(3)to have no access to the health service(4)an important role in prospering and developing(5) a depression in yield and a reduction in quality(6)could have made a good salary(7)We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much.(8)The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood.(9)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastatingconsequences to all people of the world.(10)T his University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over 2.3million volumes. It supports the University’s research and teaching across a full range ofsubjects, and provides information about the Library’s collections and services in each subject area.(11)T he recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening the economic gapbetween the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets.(12)C hina's government declared two strains of genetically modified rice safe to produce andconsume, taking a major step toward endorsing the use of biotechnology in the staple food crop of billions of people in Asia. China is the world's top producer and consumer of rice, so its use of modified varieties has the potential to alter the grain's global supply patterns.China's officials have been less constrained by public pressure over the sometimes-controversial use of biotechnology in food than officials in other countries. The government has long supported research into agricultural biotechnology as part of a drive to ensure the nation remains self-sufficient in staple crops.Unit 2III. Translation1. (1) went through the literature on the subject 查阅这一专题的文献a recent issue of the Journal of Human Evolution 最近一期的《人类进化杂志》exposure to the sun 强烈阳光are particularly vulnerable to overheating 特别易受过热温度的伤害to absorb or disperse ultraviolet light 吸收或散射紫外线children's neural-tube defects 婴儿的神经管缺陷overdosing on vitamin D 过量摄取维生素Dhard data correlating skin color to light levels 与肤色与光线水平有关联的过硬数据。
Unit 1not only but also in whys and 1. A very curious boy, Tom, is interestedin whatshows.汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩，他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣，而且也对“为什么”和“怎么会”感兴趣。
according tomake the most of whatProf・ Smith, is the ability to 2. Happiness,you have・据史密斯教授说，幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。
get his handsold son can t You'd better keep the book where your 15-yeat-3・on.你最好把这本书放在你15岁的儿子找不到的地方。
kept laughing while reading it. 4・ The story was very funny and Bill这故事非常滑稽，比尔一边读一边不停地笑。
High-achieving studentsput in more time at their studies 5・ do not necessarilylower-scoring classmates, than their成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间。
manage to persuade to take you 6. How did the speed-reading thesestudentscourse?你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的？make the most of one's abilities7. Working hard is important, but knowing how tocounts for much more.用功是重要的，但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。
答：勒菲弗尔提出翻译在很大程度上受制于意识形态，他指出翻译必定受译者或当权者的意识形态和文学观的支配，必定不能真切反映原文的面貌。
翻译，特别是文学翻译，作为一种再创造的行为，在他背后，作为思想和解释系统的意识形态始终在起着作用，在勒菲弗尔看来，意识形态是通过译者影响翻译行为的，包括如下两个方面：一，译者认同他所处社会的意识形态，以积极方式去拟定译本，确定翻译的策略，去解决原文语言给翻译所造成的各种障碍；第七章P195- 1 请结合自己学习翻译或从事翻译实践的经历，举出翻译中的一些状况和矛盾。
可译与不可译之矛盾：在实践的层面上，谁也无法否认，翻译是可能的，也就是说“可译性〞是真实存在的。
但是，在人类不断翻译的同时，我们却又始终听到“翻译是不可能〞的说法。
异与同之矛盾：“异〞与“同〞这两个概念的重要性不言而喻，不可译往往源于“异〞，而可译那么基于“同〞。
与之相关，持不可译论者强调“异〞，持可译论者那么着眼于“同〞。
形与神之矛盾：翻译中的“形〞与“神〞“形〞与“神〞在本质上相互依存，不可分割，而翻译的根本任务，那么是要通过“形〞变，而到达“神〞的再生。
P195-5从文化交流的角度谈谈对翻译中异化与归化之争的态度。
答：译者作为跨越两种文化的使者，他所面临的有出发语文化与目的语文化。
面对这两种文化，出于不同的动机和目的，译者至少可采取三种文化立场：一、站在出发语文化的立场上。
二、站在目的语文化的立场上。
三、站在沟通出发语文化与目的语文化的立场上。
第一种往往导致所谓“异化〞“归化〞“异化〞与“归化〞“交流与沟通〞P195-7翻译活动中的三对矛盾关系的理解。
答：在翻译活动中，“可译〞与“不可译〞、“异〞与“同〞以及“形〞与“神〞的矛盾分别是其在哲学、文化和诗学层面上的表达。
第九章P221-1 请结合第八章内容以及功能主义翻译目的论，谈谈对“译何为〞的理解。
答：“译何为〞，即“翻译应该有何作为〞“目的〞包含三层意思：一是“谈翻译过程时，指过程的目标〞；二是“谈翻译结果时，指译文的功能〞；三是“谈翻译模式时，指模式的意图〞。
英译汉教程课后答案第12章1、His particular behaviour run counter to the popular concept of good conduct.他怪异的行为有悖于一般的良好行为规范2、What is certain is that few people in history have created a greater impact than Newton on the development of both science and mathematics.可以肯定的是，历史上鲜有人能同时在科学和数学领域的成就比牛顿更突出。
3、You are not support to deride children for their failures; you should encourage them to try again, instead.你不该嘲笑孩子的失败，应该鼓励他们再去尝试。
4、On her graduation day, Judy was treated to a sumptuous dinner by her uncle and aunt.在Judy毕业典礼的那天，她的叔叔婶婶以丰盛的晚餐来款带她。
5、With respect to his past record in the film, no one has anything to complain about.对于他在公司的过往表现，没有人有什么不满。
6、Their freedom is inextricably bound to ours. We cannot act alone.他们的自由与我们的自由息息相关，我们不能单独行动。
7、My aged great aunt is not used to the disposable goods which flood the market today.我年迈的叔祖母不习惯使用市场上盛行的一次性物品。
Unit oneYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mind-from pessimism to optimism-you can change your life参考译文你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普•撒弗兰[1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗？当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人一证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格•A •安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[3]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡卡内基-梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔• F • 沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。
”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[4]以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁塞利格曼与同事彼得•舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。
他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销 37%的保险额。
在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。
[5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了 100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。
[6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。
Lesson One: The Time MessageElwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。
本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。
1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look ahead, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control!译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。
例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。
答案是什么呢？控制。
2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem.译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。
GRE考试中翻译试题及答案社会应当努力挽救濒危物种，只要这些物种的灭亡是人类活动的结果。
2 College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大学生应当选择那些就业前景好的讨论领域。
3 As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.当人们获得越来越多的学问时，事情非但没有变得更加透彻，反而更加简单神奇。
4 In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.在任何状况下，持有不同意见的人争论过程中才会有进步。
5 Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能胜利的科学讨论。
6 Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不应当资助任何后果不明的科学讨论。
7 Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.社会应当甄别那些天资聪颖的`孩子，并且年幼的时候就开头供应训练培育它们的才能。
Unit 1P11-61. Their introduction of Amateur Dramatics impressed Sophie so much that she signed up for it.2. Online education provides those who work full-time with opportunities to receive further education in their spare time.3. When he first arrived at university, he was not sure whether he was supposed to scribble down every word out of the professor’s mouth.4. Nobody detects his despair well hidden behind his smile.5. Some students are easy about talking with strangers, while some others find it hardto do so.Useful expressions1.钻了出来2.刚刚够3.早茶会4.肩膀厚实5.打定主意逗人开心6.晃动脑袋7.撒到······里8.排进了长队9.自助餐10.穿好衣服 1. climb out 2. barely big enough for 3. coffee morning 4. round shoulders 5. be determined to be pleasant 6.moves his head from side to side 7. spill into 8. join a long queue 9. self-service meal 10. get dressedUseful expressions11.急匆匆地赶到······12.睡眼惺忪13.空档年14.新生集会15.加入俱乐部16.报名参加17.人工智能协会18.极限运动俱乐部19.业余剧社11. rush over to12. looks half asleep13. gap year14. Freshers’Fair15. join a club16. sign up for17. Artificial Intelligence Society19. Amateur Dramatics18. Extreme Sports ClubwithoutNot having something, esp. that is basic or necessary;A particular thing not happening when sb. does sth.1 We can do without enough food for three days.我们在没有足够食物的条件下可以支撑三天。
Lecture1III. 风洞的研究已经使汽车在减少风阻方面取得了很大的改进。
当今，很多汽车的引擎盖都是弧线型的，以减少风阻。
为了减少风阻，汽车的挡风玻璃设计得更加先进。
汽车的前部下面安装了特制的条带以降低汽车底部的空气流动。
其他一些改进包括可伸缩的大灯和减少散热格栅。
一些设计师不再使用冷却器格栅；另外一些设计师为了减少风阻，打算取消挡泥板、导雨槽，甚至是汽车两侧的导流条。
Lecture2II.紧邻脉络膜以内，位于眼球后部三分之二处是光的最终焦点，这个感光层被称之为视网膜。
视网膜把目光所及的外部事物成像到这个感光层上。
这个影像，就像单个薄薄的透镜影像一样，被倒射到视网膜上。
眼睛放松时，它的有效焦距大约17mm，也就意味着视网膜成像与单个17mm透镜焦距的成像大小一样。
在眼睛聚焦于近距离物体时，视网膜有效缩小为约14mm。
I. 1. The fundamental principles of modern communication are discussed in this paper.2. Several simple dielectric test objects have been utilized.3. The results obtained demonstrate that the above equation holds for all cases.4. This scheme avoids the complexities of matrix inversion.II. 1. 本文提出了一种新的设计方法，重点放在其推导思路（guidelines of thought ）上，它与以往的方法相比有不少优点。
最后举例说明了该方法的应用。
2. 雷达通过无线电回波(echoes)来确定物体的存在(presence)、方向及距离(range)一台雷达机主要由六部分组成。
当发射的能量碰到(strike)物体时,其一部分就反射回来,从而使接收机能接收到回波，并在荧光屏上把它转变成可见信号(visual signal)。
Lecture3失眠一般被归咎于焦虑和压力，而一项新研究表明身体染病也有可能导致失眠。
研究者们对3445例患有慢性病或者处于压力中的成年人研究后发现，与严重失眠密切相关的因素依次为：压力、髋部疾病、充血性心脏病、消化系统溃疡、肺病以及背部疾病。
同时，我们的生活受24小时日夜周期支配。
如果24小时节律被扰乱，很多人都会感觉疲倦或者不舒服，从而引起失眠。
也有些人会在连续几周失眠后生病。
用名词将下列句子的划线部分改写成主语：I. 1. A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made.2. An analysis of the performance of his device is made in the3. A brief introduction is given to fundamentals of a digital computer in4. The cooling of the engine is achieved by a thermo-siphoned system.5. Discharge of the contents of the tank is performed by a pump.6. An increase in the thickness of the lagging will reduce the heat7. The testing of machines by this method will entail/result in some8. A temperature rise of 50oC [OR: A rise in/of temperature by 50oC] would result in a change in Zener voltage of 3.75%.9. A study of these listings will greatly help the programmer in finding any errors made in writing the program.10. A physical analysis of the diode shows that the current and voltage are related by the following equation.II. 改进下列句子使变得更简洁紧凑。
1. Using a telescope, we can see objects far away.2. With no resistance in the circuit, the current would increase forever.3. In these graphs the horizontal axis measures time increasing toward the right away from the vertical axis.4. In this case electrons will possess more energy, thus increasing the brightness of the spot.5. (Being) accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide use in every field.Lecture4II. 床头箱中包括了驱动和齿轮变速机构以及主轴。
主轴夹住工作并使其以一定速度旋转。
此速度的大小主要取决于工件直径的大小。
直径大的棒料很自然地要比非常细的棒料转速低，重要的是要看刀具的切削速度。
安装在主轴中的顶尖和尾座中的顶尖把工件牢牢夹紧。
床头箱中的进刀轴使刀架以固定的均匀速度沿鞍座前后运动I. 找出句中的倒装、省略或分隔现象,并将句子译成汉语。
1. 在这一页(page)上还画出了彩色电视机(color TV set)的方框图(block diagram)。
2. 只有在匹配的(matched)条件下才会有最大的输出(output)。
3. 所谓电动势(electromotive force),指的是当没有电流流动时电池(battery)两端的电位差(potential difference)。
4. 往往出现(arise)这样的问题:如何才能求出这些未知数来。
5. 在这种情况下,不仅那些电阻(resistor)吸收(absorb)功率,而且电压源(voltage source) 也吸收功率。
6. 图中画的是具有互感(mutual inductance)M的一个变压器(transformer)。
7. 几乎(rarely)没人绝对(absolute)精确(precision)地知道约束(constraint)函数f m。
II. 找出下句中使用的强调手段，并将句子译成汉语。
1. 这个方法(method)确实管用,不过到底该在什么情况下使用它尚不清楚(clear)。
2. 正是法拉第(Faraday)发现了电磁感应(electromagnetic induction)现象。
3. 我们所关心的(be concerned with)正是这个阻抗(impedance)。
4. 钨(tungsten)就是用作电灯灯丝(filament)的那种金属。
5. 声波(sound wave)通过媒介(medium)运动的速度的确取决于媒介的性质(property)。
6. 我们称这种性质为惰性。
III. 翻译下列含有虚拟语气的句子。
1. 若没有半导体(semiconductor),卫星通讯(satellite communications)就不可能了2. 我们本来也可以用定理(theorem)(6)来导出(derive)式(5)3. 一旦出现什么情况,尽快让我们知道。
4. 数字(digital)设计人员(designer)很好地了解布尔代数(Boolean algebra)是十分必要的。
5. 有人建议在太空制造药物(drug).6. 这来自于输出要稳定(stable)这一需要(necessity)。
7. 其条件是(x-a)为一个根(root)。
8. 这根传输线(transmission line)的作用好像它是开路(open-circuit)似的。
9. 我们周围的一切东西,无论是空气、水还是木头(wood),都是物质。
IV. 改进下列句子中不合语法或者表达习惯的地方。
1. (This paper discusses the operation of and the design approaches to [or: the design methods for ] electric wave filters. )2. (These two parameters differ greatly. [These two parameters are quite [much] different from each other; There is a great difference between these two parameters.] )3. (In this case, the method does not work well.)4. (Finally, a comparison in detection performance between GLRT and AMF is made.)5. (This paper deals with the design guidelines for and the structure of the system, with a deep inquiry into model testing.)6. (This paper presents an improved method, which can speed up the separation of the signal from the noise.)7. (It can be proved that the algorithm does not [will not] make it converge to the global optimal value.)8. (The theoretical analysis of TSP shows that IGA is conducive to alleviating the degeneration phenomenon in the original GA, thus greatly increasing the converging speed.)Lecture 51. 两位领导人声明，两国将在互相尊重主权和领土完整，互不侵犯，互不干涉内政，平等互利与和平共处的基础上发展睦邻友好关系。
