PLC未来发展趋势外文翻译-精品

附录A：外文文献及译文PLC technique discussion and future developmentT.J.byersFrom:Electronic Test Equipment-principles and Applications. Princeton University. America Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately savingmachine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipmentses, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the datas to guarantee that of the equipments moderatesmutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workses .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in can'ting have an error margins in a datas deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipmentses, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whetherthe data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contain a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiationses are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the oscular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of oscular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to depositted the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock thatcount break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipments always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again.Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work.Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some datas of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O cardplanks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwares link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain.The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.中文翻译可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展T.J.byers电子测试Equipment-principles和应用.普林斯顿大学.美国随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈;单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景,也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象.人们在生产实践中看到,自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证,同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度,减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等,熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作,可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为,通过人脑与计算机协调工作,以人机结合的模式,为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制，那已经是时代的过去，如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到；而PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题，通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制，使得自动化走向了新的高潮。

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系别：信息工程系专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号： 043093122013年 3 月 18 日外文资料翻译译文PLC应用于电梯的发展趋势（PLC）是以计算机技术为核心的通用自动控制装置，在各行各业中得到了广泛的应用。

在电梯行业中，PLC的作用得到了充分的体现。

本文介绍了PLC控制的五层电梯模型的构成、主要功能、PLC的I/O接口分配、PLC的编程方法及对电梯系统的程序设计等。

通过对电梯控制系统的程序设计，实现了电梯的开关门控制以及在电梯运行方式下电梯的呼叫显示、上下行、起动、延时关门、平层、停靠开门、信号排队、顺向截梯和报警等控制功能。

通过对软件程序的编译、硬件的连接以及电梯模型与PLC控制系统的联调，使得控制系统在电梯模型运行过程中直观的体现出来，实现了对电梯功能的控制。

21世纪将会发展多用途、全功能的塔式建筑，超高速电梯继续成为研究方向。

曳引式超高速电梯的研究继续在采用超大容量电动机、高性能的微处理器、减振技术、新式滚轮导靴和安全钳、永磁同步电动机、轿厢气压缓解和噪声抑制系统等方面推进。

采用直线电机驱动的电梯也有较大研究空间。

未来超高速电梯舒适感会有明显提高。

电梯是标志现代物质文明的垂直运输工具、是机—电一体化的复杂运输设备。

它涉及电子技术、机械工程、电力电子技术、微机技术、电力拖动系统和土建工程等多个科学领域。

目前电梯的生产情况和使用数量已成为一个国家现代化程度的标志之一。

本次设计主要将可编程序控制器（PLC）和计算机应用到电梯的控制系统中去，以五层电梯为例来完成单台电梯PLC控制系统的总体设计方案、组成及模块化程序设计。

通过三菱FX2N与计算机通信来实现对电梯系统运行的控制。

首先确定电梯类型为客货两用梯，电梯载重量为1000千克，梯速为1.5米/秒，曳引电动机的转速为1000转/秒；再根据串联阻抗前后电动机的机械特性，选择合适的电梯速度控制曲线，实现电梯的交流调速；其次是电梯运行控制部分设计，包括轿厢门控制电路、平层控制电路、显示电路、集选控制电路、电梯消防运行回路；输入口计算点为58，输出口计算点数为35，选用三菱FX2-80MRPLC型的PLC，并进行了外围接线设计；最后进行软件编程。

外文原文：The characteristics and trends of PLC, DCS and industrial PC At present, widely used in industrial automation systems of the three large industrial PC, DCS and PLC. Here, for their economic and technological standards and development trends described.First, the characteristics and Application of PLC1. PLC ApplicationEarly PLC (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC), mainly to replace relay logic control to achieve. With computer technology, communications technology and the rapid development of automatic control technology, the PLC will be the traditional relay control technology and the emerging computer technology and communications technology integration, with high reliability, strong function and flexible, Programming simple, easy to use and a series of advantages, as well as good performance of the industrial environment and control targets of performance in industrial production in a wide range of applications.1969, the United States Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed the world's first programmable controller. Early separation from the programmable controller components and small and medium-sized integrated circuit component, the main function previously performed by the relay is completed sequence control, such as timing. The early 1970s, small size, strong function and cheaper microprocessors used PLC, makes the PLC function has been enhanced significantly. In terms of hardware, in addition to maintaining its original switch modules, has also increased the simulation module, remote I / O modules and special function modules all. In terms of software, easy to use PLC Electric staff in the ladder diagram programming language, in addition to maintaining the original logic functions, has also increased the arithmetic operations, data processing and transmission, communications and self-diagnostic capabilities. In the 1980's, the late, as ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology is developing rapidly, microprocessor market a sharp price drop, the PLC makes the microprocessors used by the general improvement in grades. Furthermore, in order to further improve the processing speed of PLC, themanufacturer has developed a dedicated logic chip, greatly improving the PLC hardware and software functions.2. Characteristics PLCIn the developed industrial countries, PLC has been widely used in all industrial sectors. According to "The United States market information" World PLC and software market report, in 1995 the global software PLC and its economies of scale of about 5 billion US dollars [5]. As electronic technology and the development of computer technology, the PLC functions are greatly enhanced, with the following characteristics:(1) high reliability. PLC benefited from the high-reliability hardware and software on a series of anti-jamming measures and the cycle of its special scanning methods of work.(2) with rich I / O interface module. PLC for different industrial field signal and the corresponding I / O modules and industrial devices or equipment at the scene of a direct connection. In addition to improving performance, it also has a variety of man-machine dialogue interface modules to the industrial composition of local area networks, it also multiple communications network interface module.(3) modular structure. To meet the needs of various industrial control, in addition to a small PLC unit, the vast majority of PLC are modular structure. PLC various components, including the CPU, power supply, I / O, etc. is modular in design from the rack and cables will connect each module, the system's size and function in accordance with the needs of users of its own portfolio.(4) easy to learn programming. Most of the PLC programming relay control circuit similar to the ladder diagram form, the user, do not have computer expertise, it is easy to general engineering and technical personnel understand and master.(5) Installation is simple and easy maintenance. PLC does not require specialized equipment room in a variety of industrial environments can be directly run. Various modules are run and fault indication devices, user-friendly understanding of the operation and find fault. The modular structure, so any failure of a module, users can replace the module, allowing the system to rapidly resume operation.Second, the characteristics and Application of industrial PC1.Industrial PC industrial control applicationsIndustrial PC hardware and software support of a broad, diverse varieties can take full advantage of excellent graphical user interface capabilities, the industrial users an enormously attractive. Early PC but not suitable for industrial process control automation applications, such as increasing modified by strengthening the protection of the case, such as cooling damping taken measures to meet the industrial environment is the application of some of the requirements of the characteristics of its early development. In recent years, with the further integration of chips increase, the increase in functionality, system board technology, packaging components and surface mount technology improvements, and standard industrial bus, a standard operating system and graphical user interface software development, the Industrial PC development and application to enter its peak period, the complete machine reliability improved hardware, system software has continually improved, greatly enriched applications, in-depth industrial automation and control industries in various fields. According to incomplete statistics, in the industrial automation industrial PC usage in the total industrial control computer 65%, and an annual growth rate of 21 per cent continued to expand. PC manufacturing industry by buying rate of the PC market as a whole accounted for about 10 percent. In the industrial automation process control systems used in industrial management industry accounted for 44.1%, applied to the console operator of 36.4%, applied to the management of the quality of 18.8%, applied to monitor and control, engineers console, Data Acquisition System respectively of the total 18.2%, 12.6% and 11.1%.Industrial PC A notable feature is independent of configuration, but also with the DCS, PLC, CNC and other computer connected network. At present, almost all DCS, PLC manufacturers use industrial PC control system preparation procedures, more and more companies use industrial control system operator interface PC as a workstation. Formed by the industrial PC computer control system in the field of industrial automation process control play a very important role, has been outstanding for factory and workshop level process control, data acquisition, batch processing, quality control, automation and machine optimization and experts control, and other tasks.2. Main features of the PC industry(1) an industry-standard applicationIn order to enable different computer manufacturers can be linked to one another, as well as take full advantage of the market varied PC components and the functions provided by the module, industrial PC with standard interface, which not only required by the IEEE, DIN and ISO standards, to adopt AT (ISA), EISA and STD, VME, Multibus Ⅱ, and other bus standards. Industrial PC now has been widely adopted PCI, PCMCIA bus standard, the two industry-standard bus for improved performance and speed of a PC great role.(2) to take the necessary protection measuresApplications must be based on the control of environmental conditions on the PC industry adopt various protective measures, adapted from a project management departments to the scene operational control applications. Industrial PC must be able tolerance of the harsh conditions at the production environment, we must have good heat dissipation, ventilation, waterproof, dustproof, anti-jamming and anti-corrosion and anti-shock, anti-vibration and a series of protective features.(3) industrial operating systemMS-DOS because of lack of memory, unable to support multi-task, the lack of real-time features networking capacity and poor, has been basically not used. Along with the main computer chip, the rapid development of higher speed and better performance of industrial PC endless. In addition, almost all software development companies have shifted the focus will be open to the OS / 2, Windows and Unix, and other operating systems. Especially suitable for industrial process control automation real-time multi-tasking operating system application of Windows NT/2000 PC industry has generally become the mainstream operating system.(4) and automation equipment and communications systemsIndustrial PC should be able to with a variety of automated equipment and systems for effective communication, such as PLC, DCS, data acquisition systems, as well as on a management computer communication. With the continuous development of new technologies, due to open systems and system integration technology for thedevelopment needs of the PC industry these communications will be increasingly important role in the show.Standard communications network to the development of the industrial PC applications more open, and will enable its small computer pose a greater threat. MAP agreement to Ethernet-based communication networks to allow various computer systems communicate with each other directly. Different levels of automation in the mutual communication network systems, require separate handling of the communication channel. Industrial PC required monitoring level from the lower level data acquisition system and transmitted to a computer on.(5) the safe operation ofIn addition to the PC industry adopt various protective measures, the need for the operation of state industrial PC monitor, monitor the operation of computer systems and software, scheduled inspection procedures specified in the implementation of the cycle. Computer should be able to monitor the power supply, and failure or excessive deviation warning signal was issued.2.Industrial PC the status quo and development trendIndustrial PC now have a wide range of performance and functionality, low-grade industrial PC with a CRT terminal operators, high-grade industrial workstation with a PC. Thus, high-grade and low-grade industrial PC workstation performance and the price of overlap, the difference is disappearing, industrial PC and workstations increasingly blurred the boundaries between.Industrial PC workstation is the industrial automation process control system applications excellent choice, standard communication networks and the use of graphical operating system makes industrial PC and other equipment to effectively communicate. With 32-bit and 64-bit computer chips and the emergence of use, will be further enhanced industrial PC workstation functionality and performance, but also to a higher future direction.Industrial PC software is in the process of industrial automation control system of a key application. Hardware performance and the improvement of the drop in prices, as well as standardization and greater efficiency, better graphics and the use of the operating system to promote industrial PC software is an important factor indevelopment. At present, the rapid development of industrial PC software on the market has thousands of independent software development company can supply in the industrial PC running on industrial process control configuration software package to meet the rapid growth of the industrial user needs. Industrial PC application of industrial process control software packages are running on the configuration of OS / 2, Windows, and UNIX operating system standard. Industrial process control applications have emerged in large quantities, software development companies can provide a large number of industrial PC on the run for the PLC, DCS, such as industrial automation and control system configuration tools and graphical user interface software. Many PLC, DCS manufacturers development of the software configuration tool for automatic control system has become an important component. They used to replace dedicated industrial PC workstations, for the creation of real-time database, the control loop, graphic footage showed police records, real-time and historical trend data recording and process control, simulation, and other tasks. Now, for the process of surveillance and control, unit control, factory data collection, process optimization control, process control, simulation, statistical quality-control (SQC), the Statistical Process Control (SPC) and expert system for the control of industrial automation and control package has been tremendous developments. DAE applications such as IBM's software platform and the emergence of applications, the application provides a unified software development tool. Application Platform features from the PC-industry data exchange within the factory to the coordination of multiple systems, the standard data interface allows computer control equipment and exchange of data and information networks, for integrated information management and control system provides great convenience.Along with the standard graphical operating system continuously improve and develop, process control and industrial automation package greatly enriched, the industrial PC applications will increasingly strong.Three, the characteristics and Application of DCSDCS since its birth, after decades of continuous improvement, development and modernization has been very mature. Compared with the early, the scale of their systems, control functions, and other areas have been tremendous developments inchanges in the reliability, flexibility, adaptability, scalability, cost-effective integrated technical indicators have seen increased and improved. Has been widely used in petrochemical, pharmaceutical, energy, chemicals, paper, oil refining, metallurgy and food and beverage, and other industries, and has made very significant economic and social benefits. According to statistics, production facilities from analog instruments to DCS control the economic benefits can be achieved by the overall efficiency of 60%. DCS average payback period for 12, after the introduction of advanced control strategies can reduce the payback period of 0.5 to 1 year. DCS is today into various kinds of advanced control technology and equipment, and to the comprehensive integrated information management and automated process control systems, that is, CIMS direction.1. Development processFrom 1975, the DCS roughly experienced the 1975 ~ 1980, the first generation, from 1980 to 1985 the second generation, and after 1985 the third generation of three stages of development. Many manufacturers take DCS phased development strategy, adopted in the early systems continue to develop and improve, then launched with a variety of new features of the new system, the new system compatible with the original equipment homogeneous.Early DCS storage capacity small, relatively simple function. System modules include process control, process interface modules, CRT operator station, control computer and data Highway, Part 5. Its characteristics are using microprocessors to achieve decentralized control, CRT operator station and the process control unit separation operation carried out on display and remote control configuration. Honeywell company TDC-2000 is the first generation of the representation of DCS products.DCS mainly by second-generation local area networks, multi-function controllers, the computers, enhanced operator station, multifunction operator station, the connector between the network, system management module, and other components. Its characteristics are achieved more thoroughly decentralized control, decrease in the number of wiring, and anti-performance enhancement, improved level of standardization of hardware, high universality, function more comprehensive. Notonly strengthened control, and strengthening the system-wide information management, the introduction of local area networks and fiber optic communications technology. During this period the representation of the company products include Honeywell TDC-3000 and Westinghouse WDPF systems.DCS new generation is the most important feature of the process control, monitoring, management, scheduling organically integrate, through the use of open systems and standards such as MAP communication networks, such as Ethernet and Fieldbus solve different manufacturers equipment interconnection between issues. During the system is the development of a number of new features, using a 32 or 64-bit microprocessor, and a powerful workstations and enhanced the sequence control, volume control, the system can accommodate industrial PC and PLC; software greatly enriched by the standard graphical operating system platforms, and the user interface; introduction of the expert system, process control and other senior adaptive control function. Its products include Foxbor company representative I / A Series intelligent control system, ABB-Bailey INFI 90, ABB company Freelance 2000, RTP company RTP 2000/2200 HCS (Mixed Control System), and Yokogawa XL mXL, Honeywell Corporation TDC-3000 LCN / VCN-PM and Siemens PCS 7 systems.2. New characteristics and new development(1) Open to the DCS system to develop in the direction of CIMSAlong with the standard communication network and the development of fieldbus technology, a multi-level communications network DCS is the progressive realization of the full liberalization. The new system is the adoption of the ISO OSI model, the communication protocol to meet MAP / TOP or IEEE standards. In a backbone network, widely used MAP 3.0 agreement or ISO / OSI model; middle layer to use Mini MAP, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet or Proway; equipment is used at the lowest level fieldbus or bus to connect the transmitter. Open systems change the past DCS manufacturers self-contained closed situation, and make industrial users in the application of automation hardware and software have a greater choice.DCS is the new generation of multi-level multi-regional development. With multi-level communication networks as a tool for the entire factory or enterpriseinformation management and production control integration, the lowest level in the factory using digital equipment integrated into the scene DCS, in the solution of local senior management of various types of computer networks and interconnection, thus achieving optimal scheduling, decision-making, as well as the overall production process optimization. This production with the use of computer programs, product development, production processes and the material flow and information flow, integrated management system requirements for the development of CIMS. DCS use of open systems gradually to the direction of CIMS is integrated automation control system integrated a basic method.(2) workstations and graphical user interface features strengthen the operating stationWorkstations (including industrial PC workstations) and the use of graphical user interface, making recognizable DCS operator station. Many DCS manufacturers will be more DEC, SUN and companies such as Apollo Unix workstation tasks for the operator interface and control certain tasks, and corresponding use of the Motif, Penlook, X Window, OS / 2, Windows and other graphical user interface. Workstations cost-effective prices, high efficiency, and provides a user-friendly operator interface equipment. High-function workstations and high-resolution graphics equipment used, making operation to handle the greater amount of information, higher quality information processing, and use the mouse, touch screen, the cursor to the ball-type, as well as a number of other human-machine engineering.(3) a 32 or 64-bit processor hardware performance improved32 or 64-bit microcomputer development and use, is a milestone in the development of computer technology, the DCS hardware performance has a significant impact on the improvement. At present, most DCS has spent 32 or 64 computer to replace the original 16 aircraft, therefore, the corresponding process control stations and upgrade the operator stations. Series 86 using Intel processors Extended PC manufacturers now mainly uses the Pentium processor handling interface tasks while using M68 series producers are increasingly used in the 68020,68030 more processors. Most workstation processor performance to 5 ~ 50 M instructions / s. DCS process controllers use 32 or more processors, the performanceincrease than 2 times greater than before, the communication speed of the bus more than three times the network data transmission speed of 10,100,1000 Mb / s, the communications distance up to 20 km, I / O points up to 20,000 more, with the same scale system cheaper than the previous 30 to 40 percent.(4) Enhanced batch processing capacityEarly DCS mainly used for process control, DCS batch processing function has continually increased, and more and show its importance. DCS use menu operation and fill in the blank approach to system configuration and graphics features are suitable for batch processing applications. DCS vast majority of new products use the same controller can achieve continuous and batch process control. DCS logic operation in the software, such as Boolean functions more functions, enhanced Sequence Control System and volume control. If ABB-Bailey INFI 90 system uses a batch-processing language Batch 90 automatic processing of documents and internal Chaxi capacity, and function codes, ladder diagram mixed use, it can be directly read and write functional code and ladder diagram, allowing the interlock logic Disconnect in the order of control logic for implementation, simplifies the batch processing logic implementation.(5) software greatly enriched, an increase of senior controlIn the operating system, Windows NT and Unix open systems as a representative of a broad development prospects, its features include multi-user, multi-tasking, good character and can be transplanted networking capabilities. At present, real-time industrial automation in the Unix process control system of the openness of the structure play an important role, with the exception of DCS manufacturers for the development of their own operating systems, Unix and Windows NT are in a variety of DCS in the most widely used standard operating system.DCS configuration software modules used for the object-oriented language and the language of some system uses advanced programming language and graphics software. Configuration process normally use input and output, selection, calculation, logic, the police, limit the rate of order and control modules such as soft connections, a different control loop. Menu and fill in the blank-control operation makes configuration very easy.DCS control algorithm is continuously improve and develop. Apart from achieving PID, nonlinear, feedforward, Cascade, feedforward and feedback, but also the sequence control logic control and the ladder diagram, and the self-tuning PID parameters set, adaptive control. DCS manufacturers for the provision of various software modules, such as SPC / SQC (statistical-process control / statistical quality-control), CAD, artificial intelligence and expert systems, greatly enriched the DCS software library, an increase of high-level control system , the senior now on the market has reached thousands of control packages. Expert System, multivariable predictive control, fuzzy logic control and artificial neural network technology has been gradually practical and commercialization.DCS future software design and development will continue to focus on the following several aspects of the characteristics: modular program design, object-oriented programming; dedicated programming method used to achieve the X Window, voice recognition, etc., in order to industrial automation users provide more flexibility in the application of the operator interface.(6) intelligent sensors and other digital equipment to enter the scene of DCSAt present, the industrial process control automation company has introduced a large number of microprocessors, have both analog and digital signal output, and digital communication capabilities of intelligent field instrument. DCS manufacturers are using a variety of methods of the digital field devices integrated into its own system. Honeywell IACD such as two-way communication system for intelligent transmitter and TDC-3000 process controller connections and other components; ABB-Pele two-way communication system using 9600 baud FSK physical layer transmission, including its hardware input Fieldbus Fieldbus modules and terminal unit, software management procedures, including the transmitter and the transmitter function block; Moore company Mycro HART door connector can support 256 point-to-point connections or over 480 points connected intelligent transmitter; Foxbro companies addition to its own digital equipment integrated into the scene intelligent I / O system, also provides more than 60 other manufacturers, connecting doors connector.Fieldbus standard, from the bottom-up equipment to achieve the interconnection of different manufacturers, with the current technology development trend. At present, the development of fieldbus standard has been a high degree of international attention, is integrated industrial automation control system indispensable component. With the standardization of fieldbus communication technology development, the more intelligent DCS and control will shift downward, decentralized control equipment at the field level. They will DCS in the diagnosis and treatment provide a better platform, which enables more advanced DCS to open forms.(7) DCS further accommodate industrial PC and PLCIndustrial PC and PLC equipment as the DCS is now very common. DCS overwhelming majority of manufacturers has been providing industrial PC, PLC to DCS network connected to the hardware interface and application software.Industrial PC can make use of touch-screen and CRT window, a menu-driven approach may be to establish control strategy can also be used to achieve a plug on the motherboard and external communication. Through appropriate software and hardware interfaces, industrial PC with DCS in the process of connecting loop controller for loop control graphics. DCS industrial use as a PC operating station, programming terminals, surveillance, Taiwan, workstations, such as ABB-Pele, companies such as DCS Feixieer few years ago and the IBM PC compatible, DEC Professional, as well as 300 personal computers, etc. used for system configuration, monitoring, programming, and other tasks. Apart from some manufacturers developed a series of interface components and software, industrial PC as a DCS operator stations and other tasks, but also by third-party manufacturers such as OnSpec, and other process control packages.The relationship between the PLC and DCS is not only combine, and compete. Most are now combining DCS ladder logic programming technology, all PLC increases the simulation module to deal with the continuous production process. PLC through structural improvements, communications and networking capacity and control functions to increase and the introduction of similar DCS operator station, with monitoring computer operator interface. DCS also continuously enhance and batch processing capabilities, a small-scale, high-functional, modular direction. ThusDCS and PLC are gradually move closer, the two boundaries become increasingly blurred. They are functional and application of mutual penetration and integration. Thus, in many applications, it is difficult to distinguish between what is the PLC, which is the DCS. DCS are generally of the PLC interface can be connected to the PLC in the DCS. At present, a PLC-based DCS developed very quickly, discrete manufacturing and process industries tend to use hybrid control strategy PLC / DCS. Some of the same chassis system will be continuous control and PLC logic function together, not a separate PLC systems, such as the United States RTP 2000/2200 by the HCS that way, the system will be complete PLC and DCS features integrated together with the application of a control strategy Configuration Software NetSuite can complete all the control functions in the design and configuration.(8) Use of new technologies such as optical fiber communicationDCS in its development process and draw upon a variety of advanced technology. Optical fiber communications, high-density large-capacity disk surface mount technology, voice synthesis and recognition, multimedia, and other new technologies, as well as low-power CMOS RISC processor and other devices and has been in some of the new DCS has been fully applied. Optical fiber communications technology in the application of DCS more extensive. Because fiber is small in size, and large amounts of information, small signal attenuation and frequency bandwidth, anti-interference capability, transmission speed, the advantages of high reliability, high-speed access DCS used by the twisted pair and coaxial cable will gradually be replaced by fiber optic cable, making further enhance the effectiveness of communications systems. To further enhance system reliability, DCS communications bus network, as well as all levels of man-machine interface, controller interface at the scene and have been widely adopted redundant, fault-tolerant and fault isolation, and other protective measures.3. DCS to the future direction of CIMSDCS What is the future? A foreign process control experts to depict that image: DCS is disappearing, but the functions provided by the DCS will never disappear, they adapt to efficient, secure, real-time industrial process control automation needs of chassis control will continue to exist, but control room of the future will face。

英文原文PLC technique discussion and future developmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of theequipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLC, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the datas to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil allyon board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a works .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in can't have an error margins in a data deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contain a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the oscular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of oscular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carryon deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipments always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again.Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work.Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 tocompute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some datas of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.Y ou heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwares link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain.The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.中文译文PLC技术讨论和未来发展随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈，单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景，也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象。

附录On the application and development of PLC1.PLC definitionProgrammable logic controller, or PLC (Programmable logic Controller), refers to computer technology as the basis for the new industrial control devices. In 1987 the International Electrotechnical Commission (International Electrical Committee) standards promulgated by the PLC in the draft of the PLC made the following definition: "PLC is a specialist in industrial environments for the application of digital design and operation of electronic computing devices. It can be used in the preparation process memory, used in the implementation of its internal storage logical, sequential computing, timing, counting and arithmetic operations such as Operation The directive, and through digital or analog input and output, control various types of machinery or production process. PLC and its related peripheral equipment should be in accordance with the industrial control system easy to form a whole, easy to expand its functions to the principle and design. "2.PLC characteristicshigh reliability, strong anti-interference capabilityHigh reliability of electrical control equipment is the key to performance. PLC due to the introduction of modern large-scale integrated circuit technology, rigorous production process, the internal circuitry to take an advanced anti-jamming technology, high reliability. For example, Mitsubishi has produced an average of the F-Series PLC trouble-free time as much as 300,000 hours. Some use the redundant CPU PLC, the average working hours of trouble-free longer. PLC from the machine outside the circuit, the use of a PLC control system, and equal access for the scale of the relay systems, electrical wiring and switch contact has been reduced to hundreds or even percent, fault also greatly reduced.In addition, PLC with self-detection hardware failure, a failure to timely warning information. In the application software, applications can also peripheral devices into the fault diagnosis procedures, in addition to the system PLC and equipment outside the circuit fault diagnosis also be protected. In this way, the whole system is extremely high reliability is also not strange.equipped, with perfect functions, the applicabilityPLC to develop today, has formed a large, medium and small size of the serialization of various products. Can be used for various industrial control the scale of occasions. Apart from the logic processing functions, most of the modern PLC has a complete data computing power and can be used for a variety of digital control of the area. In recent years PLC emergence of a large number of functional units so that the PLC to infiltrate into a position of control, temperature control, CNC, and other industrial control. PLC communication capabilities coupled with the strengthening of human-computer interface technology and the development and use of various PLC control system very easily.easy to learn and use, welcomed by the engineering and technical personnel PLC as the general industrial computer, industrial and mining enterprises are facing the industrial equipment. It easy interface, easy programming language for engineering and technical staff. Ladder language and graphic symbols and expressions of the relay circuit very close, only a small number of switches of the PLC logic control orders can easily achieve the functions of the relay circuit. Is not familiar with the electronic circuits, computers do not understand the principles and compilation of language people use computers to carry out industrial control opened the door.system design, construction workload of small, maintenance-friendly, easy to transformPLC logic with memory instead of wiring logic, greatly reducing the wiring outside the control equipment, control systems design and construction of the much shorter cycle, while maintaining it has become easier. What is more important is to make the same equipment have been changes in procedures to change the production process possible. This is very suitable for many species, the small batch production of occasions. applicationsswitch to the logic of controlThis is the most basic PLC, the most extensive areas of application, which replaced the traditional relay circuits, and logic control, sequence control, can be usedsingle-control device, can also be used for more automation and control aircraft assembly line.analog controlIn the course of industrial production, many of the continuous changes, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level and speed are all analog. In order to deal with programmable analog controller, the need to achieve analog (Analog) and digital (Digital) between the A / D converter and D / A converter. PLC manufacturers are supporting the production of A / D and D / A converter module so that the programmable logic controller for analog control.Motion ControlPLC can be used circular motion or linear motion control. From the control of institutions targeted, the switching capacity for early direct I / O modules position sensor and executive bodies, now generally used for the movement control module. Such as stepper motor drive servo motor or the location of single or multi-axis control module. PLC the world's major manufacturers of products almost all movement control, widely used in all kinds of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators, and other occasions.Process ControlRefers to the process control temperature, pressure, flow simulation of theclosed-loop control. As industrial computer, PLC to the preparation of a variety of control algorithms procedures, complete closed-loop control. PID regulator is generally closed-loop control system used in more conditioning methods. PID modules are large and medium-sized PLC, the PLC also has many small feature of this module. PID is running for the processing of PID subroutine. Process control in the metallurgical, chemical, heat treatment, boiler control, and other occasions have a very wide range of applications.Data ProcessingModern PLC with math (including matrix computing, computing functions, logic operation), data transmission, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, in operation, and other functions, to complete the data collection, analysis and treatment. These data can be stored in the memory of the reference value, the completion of a control operation, can also use the communication sent to other intelligent devices, or print them tabulation. Data processing for large-scale control systems such as unmanned control of flexible manufacturing systems; can also be used for process control systems, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry in some large-scale control system.4. PLC of the situation at home and abroadThe world's first recognized the PLC is the 1969 . Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed. Limited to conditions at the time of the components and computer development, early PLC mainly by discrete components and small and medium-scale integrated circuit components, can complete a simple logic control and timing, counting function. In the early 1970s a microprocessor. People will soon introduce its programmable logic controller, PLC an increase of computing, data transmission and processing functions, complete with a real computer features of industrial control devices. In order to facilitate familiar with the relay, contact the system engineering and technical staff, and the PLC adopt a similar ladder relay circuit as the main programming language, and will participate in the operation of the computer storage and processing components are named to the relay . At this time of the PLC for computer technologyand relay the concept of combining conventional control of the product.China's introduction of the PLC, applications, development, production is accompanied by reform and opening up began. The first is the introduction oflarge-scale use of the equipment in the PLC. Next in the production of business equipment and products continue to expand the application of the PLC. At present, China has its own can produce small and medium-sized PLC. East Electric Co., Ltd. Shanghai housing production CF Series, Hangzhou Machine Tool Factory production of electrical and DKK D series, Dalian Machine Tool Institute combination of the S-Series production, the Suzhou plant production of computers and other products YZ series has a certain scale And access to industrial products in the application. In addition, Wuxi Huaguang Company, Shanghai Rural Island companies such as Sino-foreign joint ventures in China is relatively well-known manufacturer of the PLC. It can be expected, with the deepening of China's modernization process, PLC in China will have a wider application of heaven and earth.5. PLC Future21 Century, PLC will have a greater development. From a technical perspective, the new achievements in computer technology will be applied to more programmable controllers on the design and manufacture, there will be faster and faster, greater storage capacity, more intelligent species emerged from the products on the scale , Will be further to the ultra-small and super-large direction, from the matching of products, the products of the species will be more rich and more complete specifications, the perfect man-machine interface, improved communications equipment will be better adapted to various industrial control Occasions demand from the market, the production of their respective countries and more varieties of products with international competition will intensify and break, there will be a few brand monopoly of the international market situation, there will be international common programming language from the network The development of the situation, the PLC and other industrial control of a large computer network control system is PLC technology development direction. The current computer distributed control system DCS (Distributed Control System) has been a lot of programmable logic controller applications. Along with the development of computer networks, automatic control programmable logic controller as a common network and international network an important part in industry and industrial fields outside of the increasing role.谈PLC的应用与发展1.可编程控制器的定义可编程控制器，简称PLC（Programmable logic Controller）,是指以计算机技术为基础的新型工业控制装置。

自动化专业本科毕业设计英文翻译学院(部)：专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：年月日Programmable Logic ControllerONE：PLC overviewProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called PLC programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporation. PLC and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the PLC has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication.Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;Second，programming visual, simple;Third, adaptability good;Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface. TWO：History of PLCProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLC per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicatingIf houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could d estroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladderlogic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLC are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLC can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer. Three：now of PLCFrom the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, thepower modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operations.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters fot PLC . its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated foram ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220V AC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separatemodule. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.Four：PLC design criteriaA systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused inreal-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLC still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.可编程控制器一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。

中英文资料对照外文翻译中英文对照外文翻译The development and future of PLCPart 1 PLC overviewProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called PLC programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporation. PLC and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the PLC has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the PLC is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change productionprocesses. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.Part 2 History of PLCProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are inpractice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.Part 3 Now of PLCFrom the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPU's internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control.Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operation.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters for PLC , its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size.Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time totime whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 V AC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.Part 4 PLC design criteriaA systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in thetraditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance interms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.Part 5 AK 1703 ACPFollowing the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has highfunctionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions. Balanced functionality permits the flexible combination of automation, telecontrol and communication tasks. Complemented with the scalable performance and various redundancy configurations, an optimal adaptation to the respective requirements of the process is achieved.AK 1703 ACP is thus perfectly suitable for automation with integrated telecontrol technology as:• Telecontrol substation or central device• Automation unit with autonom ous functional groups• Data node, station control device, front-end or gateway• With local or remote peripherals• For rear panel installation or 19 inch assembly• Branch-neutral product, therefore versatile fields of application and high product stability• Versatile communication• Easy engineering• Plug & play for spare parts• Open system architecture• Scalable redundancy• The intelligent terminal - TM 1703The Base Unit AK 1703 ACP with Peripheral Elements has one basic system element CP-2010/CPC25 (Master control element) and CP-2012/PCCE25 (Processing and communication element) ,one bus line with max. 16 peripheral elements can be connected.CP-2010/CPC25 Features and FunctionsSystem Functions:• Central element,coordinating all system servicesCentral hub function for all connected basic system elements• Time managementCentral clock of the automation unitSetting and keeping the own clock`s time with a resolution of 10msSynchronization via serid communication via LAN or local• RedundancyV oting and change-over for redundant processing and communication elements of the own automation unitSupports voting and change-over by an external SCA-RS redundancy switchSupports applicational voting and change-over by an external system,e.g.a control system• SAT TOLLBOX|| connectionStoring firmware and parameters on a Flash CardCommunication:• Communication via installable protocol elements to any superior or subordinate automation unit• Automatic data flow routing• Priority based data transmission (priority control)• Own circular buffer and process image for each connected station(data keeping)• Redundant communication routesCommunication with redundant remote stations• Special application specific functions for dial-up trafficTest if stations are reachableProcess Peripherals:• T ransmission of spontaneous information objects from and to peripheral elements, via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral busFunctions for Automation:• Open-/closed-loop control function for the execution of freely definable user programs which are created with CAEX plus according to IEC 61131-3,ing function diagram technology512KB for user programApprox 50.000 variables and signals,2.000 of them retainedCycle of 10ms or a multiple thereofOnline testLoadable without service interruption• Redundant open-/closed-loop control functionsSynchronization via redundancy linkTransmission of periodic process information between the open-/closed-loop control function and the peripheral elements,via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus.PLC的发展和未来一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。

学校代码:11517 学号:201050712108 HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING文献翻译题目基于P LC的自动售货机控制系统设计学生姓名专业班级电气工程及其自动化0921班学号 20095071 系部电气信息工程系指导教师职称完成时间2011年 3 月 2日摘自《可编程控制器在过程自动化中的应用》 Ahti Mikkor,Lembit RoosimolderDepartment of Product Development,Institute of Machinery,Tallinn technical University,Ehitajate tee 5,19086Tallinn 摘要:目前,控制问题解决了各种各样的技术操作部分:电子,液压,气动和机械。

函数- nality,可靠性和控制系统的价格是阻止开发的理由。

本文集中于可编程逻辑控制器PLC,以五年在这方面的发展经验为基础。

成功的解决方案是问题重点。

具体的硬件,控制器编程的问题、数据/信号的交换和人机界面进行审议。

实际的建议,需要根据具体的方法来开发可编程控制器。

对于可能出现的错误和警告,提出可以帮助避免方法。

关键词:可编程控制器、自动化、自动化系统、过程自动化1引言现代的机器包括电子和机械两部分。

平衡两方面因素,初步规划和方案选择对最终结果起着至关重要的作用。

在控制方法的选择,继电器,专用设备,可编程逻辑控制器PLC和电子制造技术的发展。

这篇文章是基于PLC集中- S的经验,拥有超过5年的PLC - S的实际工作经验中收集的。

双方强弱,积极和消极的做法进行了讨论。

建议使用可编程控制器帮助解决。

在规划基于PLC系统中最重要的决定是选择处理器类型。

误区是意味着修改额外费用或扩展完全新设备的需要。

最常见的错误是高估小型处理器编程的可能性。

有选择PLC的几种方法。

不幸的是,他们大多集中在电气方面的PLC - S和允许的最大计数信号。

外文资料The development direction of PLC:One is the development of the PLC operation in the direction of simplification.At present, one of the difficulties of PLC popularization is that the complicated programming makes the user prohibitive, and all programming languages of PLC are not the same in different manufacturers. Users often need to master more programming languages, which are difficult to control. Pid control, network communication, and so on. The programming and application of high speed counter, position control, data recording, formula and text display are also the difficulties in PLC programming. When programming them with common methods, we need to be familiar with the meaning of the special memory. They are assigned values at programming time and are accessed by the runtime to achieve corresponding functions. These programs also tend to have to do with interruptions. The process is cumbersome and error-prone, which hinders the further application of PLC. The development of PLC is bound to simplify the programming of complex tasks. At this point, Siemens acts as the forerunner, and only needs to input some parameters in the dialog box. Automatic generation of user programs, including interrupt programs, greatly facilitate the use of users.Second, PLC to high performance miniaturization direction development.PLC's function is getting richer and richer, and the volume is getting smaller and smaller. For example, Mitsubishi's FX-IS series PLC, the smallest type of machine, is only 60 × 90 × 75mm in volume, equivalent to a relay, but it has the ability to count at high speed, slope, alternate output and 16-bit four-bit operation, etc. It also has the adjustable potentiometer time setting function. PLC is no longer the early product that can only perform the logic operation of the switch quantity, but it has more and more powerful analog processing ability. And other advanced processing capabilities that used to be available only on computers, such as floating-point operations such as pid control, temperature control, precision Positioning, step drive, report statistics and so on. In this sense, the difference between PLC system and DCS (distributed Controlsystem) is becoming smaller and smaller. A process control system can also be constructed by using PLC.Third, the development of PLC network technology.There are two trends: on the one hand, the PLC network system is no longer a self-contained system, but is rapidly developing to an open system. In addition to forming its own characteristic PLC network system, the major brand PLC can also connect with the upper computer management system to achieve information communication and become a whole. Part of the information management system; on the other hand, field bus technology is widely used, PLC and other intelligent equipment installed on the site, such as intelligent instruments, sensors, intelligent solenoid valves, intelligent drive actuators, and so on, through a transmission medium (like twisted pair) Wires, coaxial cables, optical cables) link together and transmit information to each other according to the same communication protocol, thus forming a field network, which is more flexible in configuration, more convenient in expansion, and cheaper in cost than the simple PLC remote network. Performance price ratio is better, also more open meaning.Fourth, embedded PLC has a great space for development.The development of embedded PLC is diversified and has good performance at home and abroad: the netPLC, which combines fieldbus technology and PLC technology, introduced by Heuxun, Germany, has its own characteristics; A few years ago in China, Huazhong University of Science and Technology loaded embedded PLC system software into the EASYCORE1.00 core chipset as a hardware platform. The embedded PLC with multi-mode human channel is developed, and another development path is to develop the hardware / software integration of PLC and man-machine interface, which makes full use of case tools. Combined with the development platform and input of all kinds of embedded chips The hardware circuit library of the output channel is specially designed for developing customized PLC with ODM property for electromechanical equipment.The development space of embedded PLC in our country lies in the fact that it is very helpful to bring into full play the two characteristics of the development of automation industry in our country: there is a very strong market foundation for supporting electromechanical equipment, and it has enough, The best design and development team in the world. We can replace the universal PLC with the lowest cost, higher quality and custom-made design and production of embedded PLC.At the same time, the hardware, software, man-machine interface, communication and other aspects of embedded PLC function design is flexible, easy to cut, more close to the requirements of various grades of mechanical and electrical equipment. Embedded PLC is completely based on the technical foundation of embedded system. It can be used as .SOC chip, embedded operating system and programming environment that accords with EC61131-3 programming language standard, which makes it easy to find in the market.中文译文PLC的发展方向：一是PLC操作向简易化方向发展。