Dynamic inversion with zero-dynamics stabilisation for quadrotor control

机械设计专业术语的英语译阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm平安系数safety factor;factor of safety平安载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leafspring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower 摆动从动件凸轮机构cam wit h oscillating follower摆动导杆机构oscillating guide -bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profil 摆线运动规律cycloidal motio n 摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel 包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arran gement背锥back cone ; normal con e 背锥角back angle背锥品巨back cone distance 比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity 闭式链closed kinematic chain 闭链机构closed chain mechan ism臂部arm变频器frequency converters 变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; chang e wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coeffic ient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear 外表质量系数superficial mass factor外表传热系数surface coefficie nt ofheat transfer外表粗糙度surface roughness 并联式组合combination in pa rallel并联机构parallel mechanism 并联组合机构parallel combinedmechanism并行工程concurrent engineeri ng并行设计concurred design, C D 不平衡相位phase angle of un balance不平衡imbalance (or unbalanc e)不平衡量amount of unbalanc e 不完全齿轮机构intermittent g earing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization d esign,PD剩余应力residual stress操纵及限制装置operation cont rol device槽车G Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train 差动螺旋机构differential scre w mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechan ism; mechanism in common us e 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity f actor承载水平bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系歹U dimension series齿槽tooth space 齿槽宽spacewidth 齿侧间隙backlash 齿顶高addendum 齿顶圆addendum circle 齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿品巨circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile 齿廓曲线tooth curve 齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing ge ar boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack 齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion -shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter 齿轮机构gear 齿轮轮坯blank 齿轮传动系pinion unit 齿轮联轴器gear coupling 齿条传动rack gear 齿数tooth number 齿数比gear ratio 齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-sha ped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet m echanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speedratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft 串联式组合combination in se ries串联式组合机构series combin ed mechanism串级调速cascade speed contr ol仓惭innovation ; creation仓惭设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal l oad唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bea ring从动带轮driven pulley 从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower moti on从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单歹U轴承single row bearing 单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear;virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth nu mber; virtual nu mber of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coeff icient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration anddeceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radia l cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth ca m等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent momentof force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass 等效转动惯量equivalent mom ent of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically e quivalent model 底座chassis 彳氐副lower pair 点戈U线chain dotted line〔疲劳〕点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train;gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity 动力润滑dynamic lubrication 动平衡dynamic balance 动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristi cs动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction 动载荷dynamic load 端面transverse plane 端面参数transverseparameters端面齿品巨transverse circular pi tch端面齿廓transverse tooth pro file 端面重合度transverse contactratio端面模数transverse module 端面压力角transverse pressur e angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circul ating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-l ine ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-l ine ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial recipro cating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slid er-crank (or crank-slider) mech anism多歹U轴承multi-row bearing 多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial m otion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life 额定载荷load rating II级杆组dyad 发生线generating line 发生面generating plane 法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters 法面齿品巨normal circular pitch 法面模数normal module 法面压力角normal pressure a ngle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile 法向直廓蜗杆straight sided n ormal worm 法向力normal force反应式组合feedback combini ng反向运动学inverse ( or back ward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion 反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting 仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device 飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel 非标准齿轮nonstandard gear 非接触式密封non-contact seal 非周期性速度波动aperiodic s peed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear 粉末合金powder metallurgy 分度线reference line; standardpitch line分度圆reference circle; standa rd (cutting) pitch circle分度圆柱导程角lead angle atreference cylinder 分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at refe rence cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; stan dard pitch cone分析法analytical method 封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合较链compound hinge复合式组合compound combi ning复合轮系compound (or comb ined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress 复式螺旋机构Compound scre w mechanism复杂机构complex mechanis m 杆组Assur group干预interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient 刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft 刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock) 刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing 刚性联轴器rigid coupling 高度系歹U height series 高速带high speed belt 高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoffs law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系歹U height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design 工作循环图working cycle dia gram工作机构operation mechanism 工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance 工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyse s design共轲齿廓conjugate profiles共轲凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipul ator 惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,s haking moment惯性力平衡balance of shakin g force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力局部平衡partial balanc e of shaking force惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of i nertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanis m广义坐标generalized coordinat e轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing i dentification code滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing 滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller c hain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator 函数生成function generation 含油轴承oil bearing 耗油量oil consumption 耗油量系数oil consumption f actor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation 合成弯矩resultant bending m oment 合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of f orce黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable ge ars 花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing 滑动率sliding ratio 滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids wor m 环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorb smer灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear trai n积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechani cal-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanis m机构平衡balance of mechanis m 机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketc h of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechani 机构组成constitution of mech anism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process 技术经济评价technical and e conomic evaluation技术系统technique system 机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical crea tion design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical syst em design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysi s of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of mach inery机械的现代设计modern mac hine design机械系统mechanical system 机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machiner y机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mec hanical design机械特性mechanical behavior 机械调速mechanical speed go vernors机械效率mechanical efficiency 机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficie nt of speed fluctuation 机械无级变速mechanical stepl ess speed changes根底机构fundamental mechani sm根本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-baseddesig n,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿品巨base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechani sm急回特性quick-return characte ristics急回系数advance-to return-ti me ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘车ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aid ed design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aid ed manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统compute r integrated manufacturing syst em, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; ca lculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient 力口速度acceleration力口速度分析acceleration analys is力口速度曲线acceleration diagra m尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent mo tion mechanism减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile 渐开线齿轮involute gear 渐开线发生线generating lineof involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm 渐开线压力角pressure angle of involut e渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic mo tion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive 交错轴斜齿轮crossed helicalgears胶合scoring角力口速度angular acceleration 角速度angular velocity 角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearin g角接触推力轴承angular conta ct thrust bearing角接触向心轴承angular conta ct radial bearing角接触轴承angular contact be aring钱链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal 阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft 结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节品巨circular pitch; pitch of te eth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch c ircle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design 紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equi valent radial load径向当量静载荷static equival ent radial load径向根本额定动载荷basic dy namic radial load rating径向根本额定静载荷basic sta tic radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact b earing径向平面radial plane 径向游隙radial internal cleara nce径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load fact or径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded for m 锯齿形螺纹buttress thread fo rm 矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch绝对尺寸系数absolute dimens ional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mech anism抗压弓®度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive 开式链open kinematic chain 开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability 可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD 空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism 空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam 空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic c hain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds ' s equation 离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress 离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechani sm力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链车s sprocket ; sprocket-wheel ;sprocket gear ; chain wheel 联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling ; shaft coupli ng 两维凸轮two-dimensional cam 临界转速critical speed 六杆机构six-bar linkage 龙门包烁double Haas planer 轮坯blank 轮系gear train 螺杆screw 螺距thread pitch 螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺车丁screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism 螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line 绿色设计green design ; desig n for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel ; Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross 脉动无级变速pulsating steples s speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circu lating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load 钏车丁rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component 密封装置sealing arrangement 面对面安装face-to-face arrang ement面向产品生命周期设计designfor product's life cycle, DPLC名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular syste m模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD 摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction 摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion ;wear; scratching 末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function 而寸腐蚀性corrosion resistance 而寸磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flex ible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内齿圈ring gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or a nticlockwise) 啮出engaging-out 啮合engagement, mesh, gearin g啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifyingpoint扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏〔心、〕品巨offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass 偏品巨圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller f ollower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-e dgefollower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slide r-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and de cision频率 frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diamete r平均速度average velocity 平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality 平衡平面correcting plane 平衡质量balancing mass 平衡重counterweight 平衡转速balancing speed 平面副planar pair, flat pair 平面机构planar mechanism 平面运动副planar kinematic pair 平面连杆机构planar linkage 平面凸轮planar cam 平面凸轮机构planar cam mec hanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanis m in common use 起动阶段starting period 启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanis 奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact ,beg inning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff s law 曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (g uide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker me chanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear 曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature 曲面从动件curved-shoe follo wer曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion 曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (tor que)全齿高whole depth 权重集weight sets 球ball球面滚子convex roller球轴承ball bearing 球面副spheric pair 球面渐开线spherical involute 球面运动spherical motion 球销副sphere-pin pair球坐标操作器polar coordinate manipulator燃点spontaneous ignition 热平衡heat balance; thermal e quilibrium人字齿轮herringbone gear 冗余自由度redundant degree of freedom柔轮flexspline 柔性冲击flexible impulse; soft shock柔性制造系统flexible manufa cturing system; FMS柔性自动化flexible automatio n 润滑油膜lubricant film润滑装置lubrication device润滑lubrication润滑剂lubricant三角形花键serration spline三角形螺纹V thread screw三维凸轮three-dimensional ca m三心定理Kennedy's theorem 砂轮越程槽grinding wheel gr oove砂漏hour-glass少齿差行星传动planetary driv e with small teeth difference设计方法学design methodolohanism,设计变量design variable设计约束design constraints 深沟球轴承deep groove ball bearing 生产阻力productive resistance 升程rise升距lift实际廓线cam profile十字滑块联轴器double slider coupling; Oldham ' scoupling矢量vector输出功output work输出构件output link输出机构output mechanism输出力矩output torque 输出轴output shaft 输入构件input link 数学模型mathematic model 实际啮合线actual line of action双滑块机构double-slider mec ellipsograph 双曲柄机构double crank mec hanism双曲面齿轮hyperboloid gear 双头螺柱studs双万向联轴节constant-velocity (or double) universal joint双摇杆机构double rocker me chanism双转块机构Oldham coupling 双歹蚱由承double row bearing 双向推力轴承double-direction thrust bearing松边slack-side顺时针clockwise瞬心instantaneous center死点dead point四杆机构four-bar linkage 速度velocity速度不均匀(波动)系数co efficient of speed fluctuationgy速度波动 speed fluctuation速度曲线velocity diagram速度瞬心instantaneous center of velocity塔轮step pulley踏板pedal台钳、虎钳vice太阳轮sun gear弹性滑动elasticity sliding moti on弹性联轴器elastic coupling ; flexible coupling弹性套柱销联轴器rubber-cus hioned sleeve bearing coupling 套筒sleeve梯形螺纹acme thread form 特殊运动链special kinematicchain特性characteristics替代机构equivalent mechanis m 调节modulation, regulation 调心滚子轴承self-aligning roll er bearing调心球轴承self-aligning ball b earing调心轴承self-aligning bearing 调速speed governing调速电动机adjustable speed motors调速系统speed control syste m 调压调速variable voltage cont rol调速器regulator, governor铁磁流体密封ferrofluid seal停车阶段stopping phase停歇dwell同步带synchronous belt同步带传动synchronous belt drive凸的, 凸面体convex凸轮cam凸轮倒置机构inverse cam mechanism凸轮机构cam , cam mechanis m 凸轮廓线cam profile凸轮廓线绘制layout of cam profile凸轮理论廓线pitch curve凸缘联轴器flange coupling图册、图谱atlas图解法graphical method推程rise推力球轴承thrust ball bearing推力轴承thrust bearing退刀槽tool withdrawal groove退火anneal陀螺仪gyroscopeV 带V belt外力external force外圈outer ring外形尺寸boundary dimension万向联轴器Hooks coupling ; universal coupling 外齿轮external gear 弯曲应力beading stress 弯矩bending moment 腕部wrist往复移动reciprocating motion 往复式密封reciprocating seal 网上设计on-net design, OND 微动螺旋机构differential scre w mechanism位移displacement位移曲线displacement diagra m 位姿pose , position and orien tation稳定运转阶段steady motion period稳健设计robust design 蜗杆worm蜗杆传动机构worm gearing 蜗杆头数number of threads 蜗杆直径系数diametral quotie nt蜗杆蜗轮机构worm and wor m gear蜗杆形凸轮步进机构worm ca minterval mechanism 蜗杆旋向hands of worm 蜗轮worm gear 涡圈形盘簧power spring 无级变速装置stepless speed c hanges devices 无穷大infinite系杆crank arm, planet carrier现场平衡field balancing 向心轴承radial bearing 向心力centrifugal force 相对速度relative velocity 相对运动relative motion 相对间隙relative gap 象限quadrant 橡皮泥plasticine 细牙螺纹fine threads 销pin消耗consumption小齿轮pinion小径minor diameter橡胶弓M簧balata spring修正梯形加速度运动规律mo dified trapezoidal acceleration motion 修正正弦加速度运动规律mo dified sine acceleration motion 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear 斜键、钩头楔键taper key 泄漏leakage谐波齿轮harmonic gear 谐波传动harmonic driving 谐波发生器harmonic generator斜齿轮的当量直齿轮equivale nt spur gear of the helical gear心轴spindle行程速度变化系数coefficient of travel speed variation行程速比系数advance-to retur n-time ratio行星齿轮装置planetary trans mission行星轮planet gear行星轮变速装置planetary spe ed changing devices行星轮系planetary gear train形封闭凸轮机构positive-drive (or form-closed) cam mechani sm虚拟现实virtual reality虚拟现实技术virtual reality te chnology, VRT虚拟现实设计virtual reality d esign, VRD虚约束redundant (or passive) constraint许用不平衡量allowable amount of unbalance许用压力角allowable pressure angle许用应力allowable stress; per missible stress悬臂名构cantilever structure 悬臂梁cantilever beam 循环功率流circulating powerload旋转力矩running torque旋转式密封rotating seal旋转运动rotary motion选型type selection压力pressure压力中央center of pressure压缩机compressor压应力compressive stress压力角pressure angle牙嵌式联轴器jaw (teeth) posi tive-contact coupling 雅可比矩阵Jacobi matrix 摇杆rocker液力传动hydrodynamic drive 液力耦合器hydraulic couplers 液体弹簧liquid spring液压无级变速hydraulic steples s speed changes液压机构hydraulic mechanism 一般化运动链generalized kine matic chain移动从动件reciprocating follo wer移动副prismatic pair, sliding pair移动关节prismatic joint 移动凸轮wedge cam 盈亏功increment or decrement work应力幅stress amplitude应力集中stress concentration应力集中系数factor of stress concentration应力图stress diagram应力一应变图stress-strain d iagram优化设计optimal design油杯oil bottle 油壶oil can油沟密封oily ditch seal有害阻力useless resistance有益阻力useful resistance有效拉力effective tension 有效圆周力effective circle force有害阻力detrimental resistanc e 余弦加速度运动cosine acceler ation (or simple harmonic) mo tion预紧力preload原动机primer mover圆带round belt圆带传动round belt drive圆弧齿厚circular thickness 圆弧圆柱蜗杆hollow flank worm圆角半径fillet radius圆盘摩擦离合器disc friction clutch圆盘制动器disc brake 原动机prime mover 原始机构original mechanism 圆形齿轮circular gear 圆柱滚子cylindrical roller 圆柱滚子轴承cylindrical roller bearing圆柱副cylindric pair圆柱式凸轮步进运动机构barr el (cylindric) cam圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧cylindroid helical-coil extension spring 圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring 圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧cylindroid helical-coil compression spring 圆柱凸轮cylindrical cam 圆柱蜗杆cylindrical worm 圆柱坐标操作器cylindrical co ordinate manipulator圆锥螺旋扭转弹簧conoid heli cal-coil compression spring 圆锥滚子tapered roller圆锥滚子轴承tapered roller b earing圆锥齿轮机构bevel gears圆锥角cone angle原动件driving link约束constraint约束条件constraint condition约束反力constraining force跃度jerk跃度曲线jerk diagram运动倒置kinematic inversion运动方案设计kinematic prece pt design运动分析kinematic analysis运动副kinematic pair运动构件moving link运动简图kinematic sketch运动链kinematic chain运动失真undercutting运动设计kinematic design运动周期cycle of motion运动综合kinematic synthesis运转不均匀系数coefficient of velocity fluctuation运动粘度kenematic viscosity载荷load载荷一变形曲线load—defo rmation curve载荷一变形图load—deform ation diagram窄V 带narrow V belt 毡圈密封felt ring seal 展成法generating 张紧力tension 张紧轮tension pulley 振动vibration振动力矩shaking couple振动频率frequency of vibration振幅amplitude of vibration正切机构tangent mechanism 正向运动学direct (forward) ki nematics正弦机构sine generator, scotc h yoke 织布机100m正应力、法向应力normal stre ss制动器brake直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 直角三角形right triangle 直角坐标操作器Cartesian coo rdinate manipulator 直径系数diametral quotient 直径系歹U diameter series 直廓环面蜗杆hindley worm 直线运动linear motion 直轴straight shaft 质量mass 质心center of mass 执行构件executive link; worki ng link 质径积mass-radiusproduct 智能化设计intelligent design,ID中间平面mid-plane中央距 center distance中央闻巨变动center distance ch ange中央轮central gear中径mean diameter终止啮合点final contact, endof contact周节pitch周期性速度波动periodic spee d fluctuation周转轮系epicyclic gear train肘形机构toggle mechanism轴shaft轴承盖bearing cup轴承合金bearing alloy轴承座bearing block轴承高度bearing height轴承宽度bearing width轴承内径bearing bore diameter轴承寿命bearing life轴承套圈bearing ring轴承夕卜径bearing outside diam eter轴颈journal 轴瓦、轴承衬bearing bush轴端挡圈shaft end ring轴环shaft collar轴肩shaft shoulder轴角shaft angle轴向axial direction轴向齿廓axial tooth profile轴向当量动载荷dynamic equi valent axial load轴向当量静载荷static equival ent axial load轴向根本额定动载荷basic dy namic axial load rating轴向根本额定静载荷basic sta tic axial load rating轴向接触轴承axial contact be aring轴向平面axial plane轴向游隙axial internal clearan ce轴向载荷axial load主动件driving link主动齿轮driving gear主动带轮driving pulley转动导杆机构whitworth mech anism转动副revolute (turning) pair转速swiveling speed ; rotating speed转动关节revolute joint转轴revolving shaft转子rotor转子平衡balance of rotor装酉己条件assembly condition 锥齿轮bevel gear锥顶common apex of cone锥品巨cone distance锥轮bevel pulley; bevel wheel锥齿轮的当量直齿轮equivale 轴向载荷系数axial load facto r轴向分力axial thrust loadnt spurgear of the bevel gear 锥面包络圆柱蜗杆milled heli coids worm准双曲面齿轮hypoid gear子程序subroutine子机构sub-mechanism自动化automation自锁self-locking自锁条件condition of self-loc king自由度degree of freedom, m obility总重合度total contact ratio总反力resultant force总效率combined efficiency; o verall efficiency组成原理theory of constitution组合齿形composite tooth for m 组合安装stack mounting组合机构combined mechanism阻抗力resistance最大盈亏功maximum differen ce work between plus and min us work 纵向重合度overlap contact ra 纵坐标ordinate组合机构combined mechanis m 最少齿数minimum teeth num ber最小向径minimum radius作用力applied force坐标系coordinate frametio。

机械设计专业术语的英语翻译阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD912不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit913齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation ; creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector914当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch915端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy916分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line917公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design918。

accelerando (accel.) 渐快的acappella 无伴奏合唱absolute music 纯音乐，非标题音乐absolute pitch 绝对音高（听觉）abstract music 抽象音乐accent 重音accidental(s) 变音记号accordion 手风琴acoustics 声学action 弦高，即弦距离指板的高度adagietto 小柔板 (66 拍/分钟 )adagio 柔板 (56 拍/分钟 )Added-sixth chord 加六度和弦allegretto 小快板(108 拍/分钟 ) allegro 快板 (132 拍/分钟 ) allemande 阿勒曼德alt 高音altered chord 变和弦Andalusia 安达露西亚(西班牙地名 ) andante 行板(72拍/分钟) andantino 小行板(80 拍/分钟 ) animato 活泼的快板(120 拍/分钟 ) Anti- impressionism 反印象主义anticipation 先现音anvil 乐砧Aranjuez 阿兰胡埃斯(吉他协奏曲 ) aria 咏叹调arpeggio 琶音artist 艺术家ascending 上行assai 非常快的快板(144 拍/分钟 )，很Asturias 阿斯图里亚斯(西班牙地名 )atonality 无调性augmentation 展开augmented sixth chord 增六和弦augmented triad 增三和弦augmented 增（音程）authentic cadence 正格终止Bach, Johann Sebastian约翰·塞巴斯第安·巴赫 [ 德国 ] back 背板ballad 叙事曲ballet 芭蕾band music 军乐band 军乐队bar 小节 (bar line 小节线 ,measure)baritone 男中音Baroque 巴洛克Barrueco, Manuel 马努埃·巴鲁埃科[ 古巴 ]bass 低音bass clarinet 低音单簧管bass clef 低音谱号bass drum 大鼓bass tuba 低音大号bass 低音号bass 男低音bassoon 大管（巴松）bel canto 美声binary form 二段式，二部曲式（ AB ）bitonality 双重调性blues 布鲁斯bongo 邦戈鼓bourree 布列brass wind instruments 铜管乐器Bream, Julian 朱里安·布里姆 [ 英国 ] breve 二全音符broken chord 分解和弦Brouwer, Leo 里奥·布劳威尔[ 古巴 ] cadenza 华彩乐段，装饰乐段musical form 体裁cadence 终止canon 卡农cantata 康塔塔capriccio 随想曲caprice 随想曲castanets 响板cedar 雪松cello 大提琴chaconne 恰空舞曲chaconne 恰空chimes 排钟choir 合唱团choral music 合唱音乐choral 众赞歌chord 和弦，和声chord 和弦chorus 合唱chromatic half-tone 变化半音chromatic interval 变化（音程）chromatic scale 半音阶chromatic tone 变化全音chromatic 半音的clarinet 单簧管（黑管，竖笛）Classicism 古典主义clavier （18 世纪）键盘乐器clef 谱号(G clef, F clef, C clef)climax 高潮coda 尾声coloratura soprano 花腔女高音common meter 普通拍子(4/4)comparison 对比complex tone 复音 (composite tone)compound duple meter(s) 复二拍子 (6/2,6/4,6/8) compound interval 复音程compound meter(s) 复拍子compound quadruple meter(s) 复四拍子(12/4,12/8,12/16) compound triple meter(s) 复三拍子 (9/4,9/8)concert master 首席concerto 协奏曲Concrete Music 具体音乐Accidentalism 偶然主义conductor 指挥consonant 协和（音程、和弦）contra C 大字二组 Ccontrabassoon低音大管Córdoba 科尔多巴(西班牙地名 )cornet 短号Coste, Napol oné拿破仑·科斯特[法国 ] counterpoint 对位courante 库朗特舞crotchet 四分音符 (quarter note，美 )cutaway 被切去的部分cymbal 钹deceptive cadence伪终止demisemiquaver 三十二分音符descending 下行development 发展 / 展开部diatonic interval 自然（音程）diatonic scale 自然音阶passing tone 经过音diminished seventh chord 减七和弦diminished triad 减三和弦diminished 减（音程）suite 组曲dissonant 不协和（音程、和弦）dominant seventh chord 属七和弦dominant(V) 属音，属和弦dot 附点dotted note 附点音符dotted rest 附点休止符double bass tuba 倍低音大号double bass 低音提琴double dot 复附点double mordent 复波音double-augmented 倍增（音程）double-diminished 倍减（音程）double-flat 重降号double-sharp 重升号dramatic soprano 戏剧女高音dramatic tenor 戏剧男高音duet 二重奏duo 二重唱duple meter(s) 二拍子(2/2,2/4,2/8) duplet 二连音duration 时值dynamic mark(s) 力度标记dynamics 力度ebony 乌木，乌檀echo 回音，回声eleventh 十一度English horn 英国管enharmonic intervals 等音程enharmonic notes 等音ensemble 合奏（团体）equalizer 均衡器estudio, etude 练习曲euphonium 尤风宁号exposition 呈示部Expressionism 表现主义false chord 假和弦fantasia 幻想曲fifth五度fingerboard 指板first inversion 第一转位five-part form 五段式fixed-do 固定唱名法movable-do 音调唱名法flat 降调flute 长笛four-line octave 小字四组(four-line) four-part form 四段式fourth chord 四度和弦fourth 四度fox trot 狐步舞French horn 圆号，法国号frequency 频率fret 品格fugue 赋格functional harmony 功能和声fundamental(tone) 基音 (first partial)Gallagher, Kevin R. 凯文·盖拉格[美国 ]gigue 吉格glissando 滑音glockenspiel 钟琴gong 锣Goni, Antigoni 安提戈尼·戈尼 [希腊 ]govotte 加沃特Granada 格拉纳达(西班牙地名 )grave 极慢板(40 拍/分钟 )great C 大字组 Cguitar 吉他guitarist 吉他演奏家，吉他手guitarra 吉他，吉他拉habanera 哈巴涅拉half cadence 半终止half-tone 半音harmonic analysis 和声分析harmonic interval 和声音程harmonic sequence 和声模进harmonic 和声的harmony 和声学harp 竖琴harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴head 符头head，headstock 琴头hemidemisemi quaver 六十四分音符(sixty-fourth note ，美 ) homophonic music 主调音乐homophony 主调hook 符尾 (tail)imperfect cadence 不完全终止Impressionism 印象主义instrumental music 器乐instrumentation 乐器法intensity 强度inter mezzo 间奏曲interlude 间奏（曲）interrupted cadence 阻碍终止interval 音程invention 创意曲inversion 转位（ complement）inverted mordent 逆波音（ lower mordent；inverted turn 回音irregular meter （不规则）混合拍子 (7/4,11/7) just intonation 纯律kettle drum 定音鼓key signature 调号key 调lacquer 硝基漆，日本漆larghetto 小广板 (60 拍 /分钟 )largo 广板 (46 拍/分钟 )leading tone(VII) 导音，导和弦(subtonic) legato 连音，连奏leger line(s) 加线 (ledger line(s))lento 慢板 (52 拍/分钟 )loudness 响度lullaby 摇篮曲lute 疏特琴lyra 乐徽lyric soprano 抒情女高音madrigal 牧歌maestoso 庄板 (88 拍/分钟 )magic flute 魔笛mahogany 桃花心木，红木major 大调major triad 大三和弦major 大（音程）大调marimba 玛林巴mass 弥撒mazurka 玛祖卡McFadden, Jeffrey 杰夫瑞·麦克法登[加拿大 ] mediant (III)中音，中音和弦melodic contour 旋律轮廓melodic interval 旋律音程melodic progression 旋律进行melodic sequence 旋律模进melodic 旋律的meter 拍子 (time)metronome 节拍器Metronome 节拍机(M.M.=Malzel's ~)mezzo soprano 次女高音，女中音Microtonalism 微分音主义minim 二分音符(half note，美 )Minimalism省略（简约）主义minor 小调minor triad 小三和弦minor 小（音程）minor 小调minuet 小步舞曲mode 调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）moderato 中板 (96 拍/分钟 )modulation 转调monophonic music 单声部音乐mordent 波音（ upper mordent）motive 动机movement 乐章movement 乐章multi-meter 变化拍子musical form 曲式musical instrument 乐器musical tone 乐音Nationalism in music 民族乐派natural half-tone 自然半音natural tone 自然全音nature 还原号intonation 音准neck 琴颈neighboring tone 辅助音（ auxiliary tone，upper or lower）Neoclassicism 新古典主义ninth chord 九和弦ninth 九度nocturn 夜曲noise 噪音notation 记谱法nut 琴马oboe 双簧管octave 八度one-lined octave 小字一组(one-line)one-part form 一段式，一部曲式opus (Op.) 作品oratorio 清唱剧orchestra 管弦乐队orchestra 管弦乐队orchestration 配器法organ 风琴ornament（s）装饰音overtone series 泛音列overtone(s) 泛音overture 序曲Paganini, Niccolo 尼古罗·帕格尼尼 [ 意大利 ] Papandreou, Elena 艾琳娜·帕潘德里欧 [ 希腊 ] parallel keys 同主音调Parkening, Christopher 克里斯托弗·帕肯宁 [美国 ] partial(s) 分音 (partial tone)passacaglia 帕萨卡利亚passion 受难曲pause 延长号 (hold, fermata)pedal 踏板peg 弦轴pentatonic 五声的percussion（s）打击乐perfect cadence 完全终止perfect 完全，纯（音程）period 乐段phrase 乐句phrasing 分句piano 钢琴piccolo 短笛pick 拾音器pipe organ 管风琴pitch name 音名pitch 音高plagal cadence 变格终止Platino, Franco 富兰科·普拉提诺[ 意大利 ] podium 指挥台Pointillism 点描派polka 波尔卡polonaise 波洛涅兹polyphonic music 复调音乐polyphony 复调polytonality 多调性Ponce, Manuel 马努埃·庞塞 [ 墨西哥 ]prelude 前奏曲prelude 前奏（曲）presto 急板 (184 拍/分钟 )Primitivism 原始主义program music 标题音乐psychoacoustics 心理声学pure tone 纯音purfling 镶边，环饰quadruple meter(s) 四拍子 (4/2,4/4,4/8) quadruplet 四连音quarter-sawn 将(原木 )纵向锯成四块再锯成木板的quartet 四重奏quaver 八分音符(eighth note，美 )quintet 五重奏quintuple meter 五拍子quintuplet 五连音range 音域 (compass)rattle 摇响器Realism 现实主义recapitulation 再现部recitative 宣叙调Recuerdos de la Alhambra 《阿尔罕布拉宫的回忆》reduction 改编（缩编）register 音区requiem 安魂曲relative keys 关系大小调relative pitch 相对音高（听觉）Renaissance 文艺复兴repertoire 保留曲目，全部曲目repetition 重复rest(s) 休止符rhapsody 狂想曲rhythm 节奏rhythmic pattern 节奏型Rococo 洛可可Rodrigo, Joaquin 胡埃金·罗德里戈 [西班牙 ] Romanticism 浪漫主义Romero, Angel 安杰尔·罗梅罗[西班牙 ] Romero, Celedonio 塞拉多尼奥·罗梅罗[西班牙 ] Romero, Celin 塞林·罗梅罗 [ 西班牙 ] Romero, Pepe 佩佩·罗梅罗 [西班牙 ]rondo form 回旋曲式（ ABACA ）rondo sonata form 回旋奏鸣曲式root position 原位root 根音（ fundamental）rosette 音孔环饰，玫瑰花饰rosewood 玫瑰木，青龙木，黑黄檀rounded binary form （有再现的）二段式rumba 伦巴Russel, David 大卫·罗素 [英国 ]sarabande 萨拉班德saxophone 萨克斯管scale degree （调式）音级scale step 音级（音级数： number of scale step）scale 音阶scherzo 谐谑曲score 乐谱score 总谱second inversion 第二转位second 二度Segovia, Andr s é安德列斯·塞戈维亚 [西班牙 ] semibreve 全音符 (whole note，美 ) semiquaver 十六分音符 (sixteenth note，美 ) septuplet 七连音sequence 模进serenade 小夜曲，月下情歌serenade 小夜曲Serialism 序列主义seventh chord 七和弦seventh 七度Seville 塞维利亚(西班牙地名 )sextuplet 六连音sharp 升调升号side 侧板side drum 小鼓sight-singing 视唱simple interval 单音程simple meter(s) 单拍子sixth chord 六和弦sixth-four chord 四六和弦small c 小字组 cS?llscher, G?ran 戈兰·索舍尔[ 瑞典 ]solo 独奏（唱）sonata form 奏鸣曲式sonata 奏鸣曲sonatina 小奏鸣曲songs without word 无词歌soprano 女高音Sor, Fernando 费尔南多·索尔 [西班牙 ]sostenuto 持音sound 音space 间Spanish 西班牙的spruce 云杉staccato 断音，断奏staff 五线谱staff 乐谱stage 舞台stem 符干step 音级 (scale step, degree)string 琴弦stringed instruments 弦乐器Structuralism 结构主义subdominant(IV) 下属音，下属和弦submediant(VI) 下中音，下中音和弦(super-dominant) suite 组曲supertonic(II) 上主音，上主和弦suspension 延留音symphonic poem 交响诗symphony 交响曲syncopation 切分音tabor 塔波鼓Takemitsu, Toru 武满彻[日本 ]tambourine 铃鼓tango 探戈tarantella 塔兰台拉temperament 乐律tempered scale 平均律(equal temperament) temple block 木鱼tempo mark(s) 速度标记tempo 速度tenor drum 中鼓tenor tuba 次中音大号tenor 男高音ternary form 三段式，三部曲式（ ABA ）theater 剧场，戏剧thematic material 主题材料theme 主题theme with variation 主题与变奏third inversion 第三转位three -lined octave 小字三组 (three-line)tie 延音线timbre 音色 (tone color or quality)time signature 拍号toccata 托卡塔tonality 调性tone 音（乐音）tone-cluster 音簇tonic(I) 主音，主和弦top 面板transposition 移调treble clef 高音谱号tremolo 震音triad 三和弦triangle 三角铁trill颤音trio 三声中部trio 三重奏triple meter(s) 三拍子(3/2,3/4,3/8)triplet 三连音tri-tone 三全音trombone 长号trumpet 小号tuba 大号tubular bells 管钟tuning fork 音叉twelfth 十二度two-lined octave 小字二组(two-line)unaccented octave 小字组unison 齐奏（唱）unison 同度，一度（ prime）variation 变奏variation form 变奏曲式（ A，A1 ，A2，A3⋯）strophic form 分节歌（ a，a，a，a ⋯）variation 变奏variety 变化vibraphone 颤音琴vibration 振动viola 中提琴violin 小提琴vivace 有生气的快板(160 拍/分钟 )vivo 活泼的，有生气的vocal music 声乐voice 人声，声部waltz 圆舞曲，华尔兹wave form 波形whip 鞭响器whole tone 全音whole-tone 全音的Williams, John 约翰·威廉斯[ 澳大利亚 ]wood block 南梆子，盒梆wood wind instruments 木管乐器xylophone 木琴Yepes, Narciso 纳西索·耶佩斯[西班牙 ]Life is merely a fraction of a second. An infinitely small amount of time to fulfill our desires, our dreams, our passions. —Paul Gauguin.。

机器人顶刊论文机器人领域内除开science robotics以外，TRO和IJRR是机器人领域的两大顶刊，最近师弟在选择研究方向，因此对两大顶刊的论文做了整理。

TRO的全称IEEE Transactions on Robotics，是IEEE旗下机器人与自动化协会的汇刊，最新的影响因子为6.123。

ISSUE 61 An End-to-End Approach to Self-Folding Origami Structures2 Continuous-Time Visual-Inertial Odometry for Event Cameras3 Multicontact Locomotion of Legged Robots4 On the Combined Inverse-Dynamics/Passivity-Based Control of Elastic-Joint Robots5 Control of Magnetic Microrobot Teams for Temporal Micromanipulation Tasks6 Supervisory Control of Multirotor Vehicles in Challenging Conditions Using Inertial Measurements7 Robust Ballistic Catching: A Hybrid System Stabilization Problem8 Discrete Cosserat Approach for Multisection Soft Manipulator Dynamics9 Anonymous Hedonic Game for Task Allocation in a Large-Scale Multiple Agent System10 Multimodal Sensorimotor Integration for Expert-in-the-Loop Telerobotic Surgical Training11 Fast, Generic, and Reliable Control and Simulation of Soft Robots Using Model Order Reduction12 A Path/Surface Following Control Approach to Generate Virtual Fixtures13 Modeling and Implementation of the McKibben Actuator in Hydraulic Systems14 Information-Theoretic Model Predictive Control: Theory and Applications to Autonomous Driving15 Robust Planar Odometry Based on Symmetric Range Flow and Multiscan Alignment16 Accelerated Sensorimotor Learning of Compliant Movement Primitives17 Clock-Torqued Rolling SLIP Model and Its Application to Variable-Speed Running in aHexapod Robot18 On the Covariance of X in AX=XB19 Safe Testing of Electrical Diathermy Cutting Using a New Generation Soft ManipulatorISSUE 51 Toward Dexterous Manipulation With Augmented Adaptive Synergies: The Pisa/IIT SoftHand 22 Efficient Equilibrium Testing Under Adhesion and Anisotropy Using Empirical Contact Force Models3 Force, Impedance, and Trajectory Learning for Contact Tooling and Haptic Identification4 An Ankle–Foot Prosthesis Emulator With Control of Plantarflexion and Inversion–Eversion Torque5 SLAP: Simultaneous Localization and Planning Under Uncertainty via Dynamic Replanning in Belief Space6 An Analytical Loading Model for n -Tendon Continuum Robots7 A Direct Dense Visual Servoing Approach Using Photometric Moments8 Computational Design of Robotic Devices From High-Level Motion Specifications9 Multicontact Postures Computation on Manifolds10 Stiffness Modulation in an Elastic Articulated-Cable Leg-Orthosis Emulator: Theory and Experiment11 Human–Robot Communications of Probabilistic Beliefs via a Dirichlet Process Mixture of Statements12 Multirobot Reconnection on Graphs: Problem, Complexity, and Algorithms13 Robust Intrinsic and Extrinsic Calibration of RGB-D Cameras14 Reactive Trajectory Generation for Multiple Vehicles in Unknown Environments With Wind Disturbances15 Resource-Aware Large-Scale Cooperative Three-Dimensional Mapping Using Multiple Mobile Devices16 Control of Planar Spring–Mass Running Through Virtual Tuning of Radial Leg Damping17 Gait Design for a Snake Robot by Connecting Curve Segments and ExperimentalDemonstration18 Server-Assisted Distributed Cooperative Localization Over Unreliable Communication Links19 Realization of Smooth Pursuit for a Quantized Compliant Camera Positioning SystemISSUE 41 A Survey on Aerial Swarm Robotics2 Trajectory Planning for Quadrotor Swarms3 A Distributed Control Approach to Formation Balancing and Maneuvering of Multiple Multirotor UAVs4 Joint Coverage, Connectivity, and Charging Strategies for Distributed UAV Networks5 Robotic Herding of a Flock of Birds Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle6 Agile Coordination and Assistive Collision Avoidance for Quadrotor Swarms Using Virtual Structures7 Decentralized Trajectory Tracking Control for Soft Robots Interacting With the Environment8 Resilient, Provably-Correct, and High-Level Robot Behaviors9 Humanoid Dynamic Synchronization Through Whole-Body Bilateral Feedback Teleoperation10 Informed Sampling for Asymptotically Optimal Path Planning11 Robust Tactile Descriptors for Discriminating Objects From Textural Properties via Artificial Robotic Skin12 VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimator13 Zero Step Capturability for Legged Robots in Multicontact14 Fast Gait Mode Detection and Assistive Torque Control of an Exoskeletal Robotic Orthosis for Walking Assistance15 Physically Plausible Wrench Decomposition for Multieffector Object Manipulation16 Considering Uncertainty in Optimal Robot Control Through High-Order Cost Statistics17 Multirobot Data Gathering Under Buffer Constraints and Intermittent Communication18 Image-Guided Dual Master–Slave Robotic System for Maxillary Sinus Surgery19 Modeling and Interpolation of the Ambient Magnetic Field by Gaussian Processes20 Periodic Trajectory Planning Beyond the Static Workspace for 6-DOF Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots1 Computationally Efficient Trajectory Generation for Fully Actuated Multirotor Vehicles2 Aural Servo: Sensor-Based Control From Robot Audition3 An Efficient Acyclic Contact Planner for Multiped Robots4 Dimensionality Reduction for Dynamic Movement Primitives and Application to Bimanual Manipulation of Clothes5 Resolving Occlusion in Active Visual Target Search of High-Dimensional Robotic Systems6 Constraint Gaussian Filter With Virtual Measurement for On-Line Camera-Odometry Calibration7 A New Approach to Time-Optimal Path Parameterization Based on Reachability Analysis8 Failure Recovery in Robot–Human Object Handover9 Efficient and Stable Locomotion for Impulse-Actuated Robots Using Strictly Convex Foot Shapes10 Continuous-Phase Control of a Powered Knee–Ankle Prosthesis: Amputee Experiments Across Speeds and Inclines11 Fundamental Actuation Properties of Multirotors: Force–Moment Decoupling and Fail–Safe Robustness12 Symmetric Subspace Motion Generators13 Recovering Stable Scale in Monocular SLAM Using Object-Supplemented Bundle Adjustment14 Toward Controllable Hydraulic Coupling of Joints in a Wearable Robot15 Geometric Construction-Based Realization of Spatial Elastic Behaviors in Parallel and Serial Manipulators16 Dynamic Point-to-Point Trajectory Planning Beyond the Static Workspace for Six-DOF Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots17 Investigation of the Coin Snapping Phenomenon in Linearly Compliant Robot Grasps18 Target Tracking in the Presence of Intermittent Measurements via Motion Model Learning19 Point-Wise Fusion of Distributed Gaussian Process Experts (FuDGE) Using a Fully Decentralized Robot Team Operating in Communication-Devoid Environment20 On the Importance of Uncertainty Representation in Active SLAM1 Robust Visual Localization Across Seasons2 Grasping Without Squeezing: Design and Modeling of Shear-Activated Grippers3 Elastic Structure Preserving (ESP) Control for Compliantly Actuated Robots4 The Boundaries of Walking Stability: Viability and Controllability of Simple Models5 A Novel Robotic Platform for Aerial Manipulation Using Quadrotors as Rotating Thrust Generators6 Dynamic Humanoid Locomotion: A Scalable Formulation for HZD Gait Optimization7 3-D Robust Stability Polyhedron in Multicontact8 Cooperative Collision Avoidance for Nonholonomic Robots9 A Physics-Based Power Model for Skid-Steered Wheeled Mobile Robots10 Formation Control of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots Without Position and Velocity Measurements11 Online Identification of Environment Hunt–Crossley Models Using Polynomial Linearization12 Coordinated Search With Multiple Robots Arranged in Line Formations13 Cable-Based Robotic Crane (CBRC): Design and Implementation of Overhead Traveling Cranes Based on Variable Radius Drums14 Online Approximate Optimal Station Keeping of a Marine Craft in the Presence of an Irrotational Current15 Ultrahigh-Precision Rotational Positioning Under a Microscope: Nanorobotic System, Modeling, Control, and Applications16 Adaptive Gain Control Strategy for Constant Optical Flow Divergence Landing17 Controlling Noncooperative Herds with Robotic Herders18 ε⋆: An Online Coverage Path Planning Algorithm19 Full-Pose Tracking Control for Aerial Robotic Systems With Laterally Bounded Input Force20 Comparative Peg-in-Hole Testing of a Force-Based Manipulation Controlled Robotic HandISSUE 11 Development of the Humanoid Disaster Response Platform DRC-HUBO+2 Active Stiffness Tuning of a Spring-Based Continuum Robot for MRI-Guided Neurosurgery3 Parallel Continuum Robots: Modeling, Analysis, and Actuation-Based Force Sensing4 A Rationale for Acceleration Feedback in Force Control of Series Elastic Actuators5 Real-Time Area Coverage and Target Localization Using Receding-Horizon Ergodic Exploration6 Interaction Between Inertia, Viscosity, and Elasticity in Soft Robotic Actuator With Fluidic Network7 Exploiting Elastic Energy Storage for “Blind”Cyclic Manipulation: Modeling, Stability Analysis, Control, and Experiments for Dribbling8 Enhance In-Hand Dexterous Micromanipulation by Exploiting Adhesion Forces9 Trajectory Deformations From Physical Human–Robot Interaction10 Robotic Manipulation of a Rotating Chain11 Design Methodology for Constructing Multimaterial Origami Robots and Machines12 Dynamically Consistent Online Adaptation of Fast Motions for Robotic Manipulators13 A Controller for Guiding Leg Movement During Overground Walking With a Lower Limb Exoskeleton14 Direct Force-Reflecting Two-Layer Approach for Passive Bilateral Teleoperation With Time Delays15 Steering a Swarm of Particles Using Global Inputs and Swarm Statistics16 Fast Scheduling of Robot Teams Performing Tasks With Temporospatial Constraints17 A Three-Dimensional Magnetic Tweezer System for Intraembryonic Navigation and Measurement18 Adaptive Compensation of Multiple Actuator Faults for Two Physically Linked 2WD Robots19 General Lagrange-Type Jacobian Inverse for Nonholonomic Robotic Systems20 Asymmetric Bimanual Control of Dual-Arm Exoskeletons for Human-Cooperative Manipulations21 Fourier-Based Shape Servoing: A New Feedback Method to Actively Deform Soft Objects into Desired 2-D Image Contours22 Hierarchical Force and Positioning Task Specification for Indirect Force Controlled Robots。

转】音乐英语词汇（基础知识，不知道的都来补习吧）vibration 振动 sound 音 tone 音(乐音) musical tone 乐音 noise 噪音 acoustics 声学 psychoacoustics 心理声学 frequency 频率intensity 强度 time 时间 wave form 波形 pitch 音高 loudness 响度duration 时值 timbre 音色 ( tone color or quality ) tuning fork 音叉pure tone 纯音 complex tone 复音 (composite tone ) overtone (s )泛音(aliquot tone ， harmonics ， flageolet tone overtone series 泛音列partial ( s ) 分音( partial tone ) fundamental (tone ) 基音 ( firstpartial ) step 音级( scale step ， degree ) accidental (s ) 变音记号 sharp 升号 flat 降号 double-sharp 重升号 double-flat 重降号nature 还原号 intonation 音准 octave 八度 range 音域( compass )(voice ) register 音区 small c 小字组 c great C 大字组 C contra C大字二组 C unaccented octave 小字组 one-lined octave 小字一组(one-line ) two-lined octave 小字二组 (two-line ) three -linedoctave 小字三组( three-line ) four-line octave 小字四组 (four-line )temperament 乐律tempered scale 平均律 （equal temperament ） just inton ati on 纯律pitch name 音名en harm onic no tes 等音（whole ） tone 全音half-tone 半音n atural half-t one 自然半音 natural tone 自然全音 chromatic tone 变化全音 chromatic half-t one 变化半音 no tati on 记谱法staff 乐谱treble clef 咼音谱号bass clef 低音谱号clef 谱号 （G clef ， F clef ， Cclef ） note （s ） 音符rest （s ） 休止符breve二 全音符 semibreve 全音符（whole note ，美） minim 二分音符 （half note ，美crotchet 四分音符（quarter note ，美） quaver 八分音符 （eighthnote ，美） semiquaver 十六分音符（sixteenth note ，美）demisemiquaver 三十二分音符（thirty-second note ，美）hemidemisemi quaver 六十四分音符 （sixty-fourth note ，美）dot 附点 double dot 复附点 dotted n ote 附点音符 dotted rest 附点休止符 score 总谱 leger line （ s ） 力卩线 （ledger line （ s ）） head 符头 stem 符干 hook 符尾（tail ） space 间 line 线 tie 延音线 pause 延长号（hold ， fermata ） bar 小节 （bar line 小节线，measure ）legato 连音，连奏 staccato 断音，断奏 sostenuto 持音 trembolo 震音即 upper partials )叮叮小文库glissando 滑音relative pitch相对音高（听觉）absolute pitch 绝对音高（听觉）sight-singing 视唱fixed-do固定唱名法movable-do 音调唱名法lyra乐徽rhythm 节奏rhythmic pattern 节奏型accent重音syncopation 切分音meter 扌白子（time）duple meter （s）二拍子（2/2，2/4，2/8）triple meter （s）三拍子（3/2，3/4，3/8quadruple meter （s）四拍子（4/2，4/4，4/8）com mon meter 普通拍子（4/4）simple meter （s）单拍子compo und meter （s）复拍子compound duple meter （s）复二拍子（6/2，6/4，6/8）compound triple meter （s）复三拍子（9/4，9/8）compound quadruple meter （s）复四拍子（12/4，12/8，12/16）quin tuple meter 五拍子time sig nature 拍号multi-meter 变化拍子irregular meter （不规则）混合拍子（7/4，11/7）Metronome 节拍机（M.M.=Malzel ‘s ~duplet 二连音triplet 三连音quadruplet 四连音quintuplet 五连音sextuplet 六连音septuplet 七连音tempo速度dynamics 力度tempo mark （s）速度标记dynamic mark （s）力度标记mode调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）scale音阶key调tonality 调性atonality 无调性bitonality双重调性polytonality 多调性major大调mi nor小调key sig nature 调号pen tat onic 五声的natural自然的melodic旋律的harmonic和声的whole-tone 全音的chromatic半音的ascending 上行descending 下行scale degree （调式）音级tonic （I）主音，主和弦supertonic （II）上主音，上主和弦media nt （III）中音，中音和弦subdominant （IV）下属音，下属和弦dominant （V）属音，属和弦submedia nt （VI）下中音，下中音和弦（super-do minant）leading tone （VII）导音，导和弦（subtonic）broken chord 分解和弦altered chord 变和弦false chord 假和弦resolution 解决relative keys 关系大小调parallel keys 同主音调interval 音程melodic in terval 旋律音程harm onic in terval 和声音程root 根音（fun dame ntal）scale step 音级（音级数：number of scale step ）simple in terval 单音程compo und in terval 复音程en harm onic in tervals 等音程inversion 转位（complement）mi nor小（音程major大（音程perfect完全，纯（音程）augmented 增（音程）diminished 减（音程double-augme nted 倍增（音程）double-di mini shed 倍减（音程）unison 同度，一度（prime）second 二度third三度fourth四度fifth五度sixth六度seventh 七度octave八度ninth九度tenth十度eleventh 十'度twelfth 十二度tri-tone 三全音diato nic in terval 自然（音程）chromatic in terval 变化（音程）consonant 协和（音程、和弦）dissonant不协和（音程、和弦）chord和弦triad三和弦major triad 大三和弦minor triad 小三和弦dimini shed triad 减三和弦augme nted triad 增三和弦root positi on 原位first inv ersi on 第一转位second inversion 第二转位third inv ersi on 第三转位sixth chord 六和弦sixth-four chord 四六和弦seventh chord 七和弦dominant seve nth chord 属七和弦dimini shed seve nth chord 减七和弦ninth chord 九和弦augme nted sixth chord 增六和弦Added-sixth chord 加六度和弦fourth chord 四度和弦tone-cluster 音簇harmony 和声学harmonic analysis 和声分析functional harm ony 功能和声modulation 转调transposition 移调chromatic scale 半音阶diatonic scale 自然音阶passing tone 经过音neighboring tone 辅助音（auxiliary tone，upper or lower）anticipation 先现音suspension 延留音ornament （s）装饰音trill颤音mordent 波音（upper mordent ）inverted mordent 逆波音（lower mordent ;早期称Schneller）double morde nt 复波音inv erted turn 回音arpeggio 琶音melody旋律repetition 重复unity 统一variety 变化variation 变奏theme with variati on 主题与变奏comparison 对比augme ntati on 展开climax高潮sequenee 模进melodic sequenee 旋律模进harm on ic seque nee 和声模进melodic progressi on 旋律进行melodic con tour 旋律轮廓motive动机development 发展thematic material 主题材料phrase乐句phrasing 分句period乐段cade nee 终止perfect cade nee 完全终止imperfect cade nee 不完全终止half cade nee 半终止authe ntic cade nee 正格终止plagal cade nee 变格终止in terrupted cade nee 阻碍终止deceptive cade nee 伪终止musical form 曲式on e-part form 一段式，一部曲式bi nary form 二段式，二部曲式（AB）roun ded bi nary form（有再现的）二段式ternary form 三段式，三部曲式（ABA）four-part form 四段式five-part form 五段式variation form 变奏曲式（A, A1, A2, A3…）strophic form 分节歌（a, a, a, a …）rondo form 回旋曲式（ABACA）son ata form 奏鸣曲式exposition 呈示咅E development 展开咅Erecapitulation 再现咅E rondo son ata form 回旋奏鸣曲式movement 乐章prelude前奏（曲）interlude 间奏（曲）coda尾声trio三声中咅E cadanza 华彩乐段musical form 体裁reduction改编（缩编）trio三重奏quartet 四重奏quin tet 五重奏opera歌居U ballet芭蕾chorus合唱choir合唱团choral music 合唱音乐cantata康塔塔mass弥撒oratorio 7青唱居U passion受难曲symphony 交响曲concerto 协奏曲son ata奏鸣曲sonatina小奏鸣曲band军乐队band music 军乐etude练习曲march进行曲jazz爵士乐overture 序曲ballata叙事曲in ter mezzo 间奏曲waltz圆舞曲，华尔兹allemande阿勒曼德courante库朗特sarabande萨拉班德gigue吉格bourree 布列polonaise波洛涅兹tarantella 塔兰台拉govotte力卩沃特chaconne 恰空passacaglia帕萨卡禾U亚capriccio随想曲fantasia幻想曲lullaby摇篮曲tango探戈habanera哈巴涅拉madrigal 牧歌choral众赞歌reguiem安魂曲symphonic poem 交响诗toccata托卡塔serenade小夜曲nocturn 夜曲rhapsody 狂想曲minuet小步舞曲recitative 宣叙调aria咏叹调songs without word 无词歌invention 创意曲scherzo谐谑曲mazurka玛祖卡polka波尔卡fox trot狐步舞blues布鲁斯rumba伦巴disco迪斯科suite组曲fugue赋格in strume ntal music 器乐musical in strume nt 乐器in strume ntatio n 乐器法orchestra管弦乐队orchestration 配器法con ductor 指挥concert master 首席podium指挥台wood wi nd in strume nts 木管乐器piccolo 短笛flute长笛oboe双簧管clarinet单簧管（黑管）bass clarinet 低音单簧管bassoon 大管（巴松）contrabassoon 低音大管English horn 英国管brass wind in strume nts 铜管乐器French horn 圆号，法国号trumpet 小号cornet短号trombone 长号tuba大号bass tuba低音大号double bass tuba 倍低音大号tenor tuba 次中音大号bass低音号saxophone萨克斯管euphonium 尤风宁号percussion (s)打击乐kettle drum 定音鼓bass drum 大鼓tenor drum 中鼓side drum 小鼓triangle 三角铁chimes排钟marimba 玛林巴tubular bells 管钟glockenspiel 钟琴vibraphone 颤音琴casta nets 响板whip鞭响器rattle摇响器anvil乐砧tambourine 铃鼓tabor塔波鼓bongo邦戈鼓gong 锣temple block 木鱼wood block南梆子，盒梆cymbal 钹harp竖琴xyloph one 木琴piano钢琴pedal踏板stri nged in strume nts 弦乐器violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴double bass 低音提琴guitar 吉他lute疏特琴harpsichord拨弦古钢琴clavier （18世纪）键盘乐器organ风琴pipe organ 管风琴accordion手风琴keyboard 键盘（乐）vocal music 声乐bel canto 美声a cappella无伴奏合唱voice人声，声部soprano女咼音coloratura sopra no 花腔女高音lyric soprano 抒情女高音dramatic sopra no 戏居U女高音mezzo soprano次女高音，女中音tenor男高音dramatic tenor 戏剧男高音bariton 男中音bass男低音unison齐奏（唱）solo独奏（唱）duet二重奏ensemble合奏（团体）stage舞台theater剧场，戏剧Ren aissa nee文艺复兴Rococo洛可可Baroque巴洛克Classicism古典主义Romanticism 浪漫主义Impressi onism 印象主义Nati on alism in music 民族乐派An ti- impressi onism 反印象主义Realism现实主义Serialism序列主义Primitivism 原始主义Expressionism 表现主义Microtonalism微分音主义Neoclassicism新古典主义Structuralism 结构主义Concrete Music 具体音乐Accidentalism 偶然主义Minimalism省略（简约）主义Pointillism 点描派monophonic music 单声部音乐homophony 主调homophonic music 主调音乐polyphony 复调polyphonic music 复调音乐counterpoint 对位program music 标题音乐absolute music 纯音乐，非标题音乐abstract music 抽象音乐。

RLV再入神经网络自适应姿态控制器设计余光学;程兴;杨云飞【摘要】The control of reusable launch vehicle (RLV)is challenging due to the changes in the dynamics as the vehicle flies through large flight envelopes.There are uncertainties and disturbances in the reentry phase of RLV,influencing attitude control performance.Based on radical basis function neural network (RBFNN),an adaptive attitude controller design scheme was presented.Firstly,an RLV control model was developed.The fast and slow loops control system was designed based on time-scale separate theory.Then an RBFNN was implemented to generate the estimation of model uncertainty and disturbance.The adaptive controller based on RBFNN was used to compensate for the effect of the modeling error and disturbance torque. Results show that the control scheme meets the attitude tracking performance requirements. Simulation demonstrates that the RBFNN can estimate the modeling uncertainty and disturbance torque effectively.%可重复使用运载器(RLV)大包线再入过程中,广泛存在模型不确定与外界干扰,会给姿态控制器的设计带来不利影响,为此提出了一种神经网络自适应控制器设计方案.基于时标分离原理设计了快、慢双回路控制结构.在此基础上设计了径向基神经网络(RBFNN)自适应律,用于在线估计模型不确定和外界干扰力矩,并在控制器中进行补偿.仿真验证表明,RBFNN自适应控制器能良好地完成姿态跟踪控制,有效地抑制干扰力矩对姿态控制的影响.自适应律能够在线估计真实的飞行器动态和外界干扰力矩,控制器具有抗扰动能力.【期刊名称】《中国空间科学技术》【年(卷),期】2018(038)001【总页数】8页(P36-43)【关键词】可重复使用运载器;再入;自适应控制;RBF神经网络;抗干扰;不确定性【作者】余光学;程兴;杨云飞【作者单位】北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京100076;北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京100076;北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京100076【正文语种】中文【中图分类】V448.22可重复使用运载器(Reusable Launch Vehicle, RLV)再入返回跨越临近空间，面临高超声速空气动力学问题，气动特性不能精确获得；随着质量特性、高度、马赫数等飞行条件的改变，飞行器动力学特性变化显著；外界大气环境扰动会对飞行器产生干扰，这些因素给RLV再入姿态控制器的设计带来了困难和挑战[1-4]。

accelerando (accel.) 渐快的acappella 无伴奏合唱absolute music 纯音乐，非标题音乐absolute pitch 绝对音高（听觉）abstract music 抽象音乐accent 重音accidental(s) 变音记号accordion 手风琴acoustics 声学action 弦高，即弦距离指板的高度adagietto 小柔板 (66拍/分钟)adagio 柔板 (56拍/分钟)Added-sixth chord 加六度和弦allegretto 小快板 (108拍/分钟) allegro 快板 (132拍/分钟) allemande 阿勒曼德alt高音altered chord 变和弦Andalusia 安达露西亚 (西班牙地名) andante 行板 (72拍/分钟) andantino 小行板 (80拍/分钟) animato 活泼的快板 (120拍/分钟) Anti- impressionism 反印象主义anticipation 先现音anvil 乐砧Aranjuez 阿兰胡埃斯 (吉他协奏曲) aria 咏叹调arpeggio 琶音artist 艺术家ascending 上行assai 非常快的快板 (144拍/分钟)，很Asturias 阿斯图里亚斯 (西班牙地名)atonality 无调性augmentation 展开augmented sixth chord 增六和弦augmented triad 增三和弦augmented 增（音程）authentic cadence 正格终止Bach, Johann Sebastian 约翰·塞巴斯第安·巴赫 [德国] back 背板ballad叙事曲ballet 芭蕾band music 军乐band 军乐队bar 小节 (bar line小节线,measure)baritone 男中音Baroque 巴洛克Barrueco, Manuel 马努埃·巴鲁埃科 [古巴]bass 低音bass clarinet 低音单簧管bass clef 低音谱号bass drum 大鼓bass tuba 低音大号bass 低音号bass 男低音bassoon 大管（巴松）bel canto 美声binary form 二段式，二部曲式（AB）bitonality 双重调性blues 布鲁斯bongo 邦戈鼓bourree 布列brass wind instruments 铜管乐器Bream, Julian 朱里安·布里姆 [英国] breve 二全音符broken chord 分解和弦Brouwer, Leo 里奥·布劳威尔 [古巴] cadenza 华彩乐段，装饰乐段musical form 体裁cadence 终止canon 卡农cantata 康塔塔capriccio 随想曲caprice 随想曲castanets 响板cedar 雪松cello 大提琴chaconne 恰空舞曲chaconne 恰空chimes 排钟choir 合唱团choral music 合唱音乐choral 众赞歌chord 和弦，和声chord 和弦chorus 合唱chromatic half-tone 变化半音chromatic interval 变化（音程）chromatic scale 半音阶chromatic tone 变化全音chromatic 半音的clarinet 单簧管（黑管，竖笛）Classicism 古典主义clavier （18世纪）键盘乐器clef 谱号 (G clef, F clef, C clef)climax 高潮coda 尾声coloratura soprano 花腔女高音common meter 普通拍子 (4/4)comparison 对比complex tone 复音 (composite tone)compound duple meter(s) 复二拍子(6/2,6/4,6/8) compound interval 复音程compound meter(s) 复拍子compound quadruple meter(s) 复四拍子 (12/4,12/8,12/16) compound triple meter(s) 复三拍子(9/4,9/8)concert master 首席concerto 协奏曲Concrete Music 具体音乐Accidentalism 偶然主义conductor 指挥consonant 协和（音程、和弦）contra C 大字二组Ccontrabassoon 低音大管Córdoba 科尔多巴 (西班牙地名)cornet 短号Coste, Napoléon 拿破仑·科斯特 [法国]counterpoint 对位courante 库朗特舞crotchet 四分音符(quarter note，美)cutaway 被切去的部分cymbal 钹deceptive cadence 伪终止demisemiquaver 三十二分音符descending 下行development 发展 / 展开部diatonic interval 自然（音程）diatonic scale 自然音阶passing tone 经过音diminished seventh chord 减七和弦diminished triad 减三和弦diminished 减（音程）suite 组曲dissonant 不协和（音程、和弦）dominant seventh chord 属七和弦dominant(V) 属音，属和弦dot 附点dotted note 附点音符dotted rest 附点休止符double bass tuba 倍低音大号double bass 低音提琴double dot 复附点double mordent 复波音double-augmented 倍增（音程）double-diminished 倍减（音程）double-flat 重降号double-sharp 重升号dramatic soprano 戏剧女高音dramatic tenor 戏剧男高音duet 二重奏duo 二重唱duple meter(s) 二拍子 (2/2,2/4,2/8) duplet 二连音duration 时值dynamic mark(s) 力度标记dynamics 力度ebony 乌木，乌檀echo 回音，回声eleventh 十一度English horn 英国管enharmonic intervals 等音程enharmonic notes 等音ensemble 合奏（团体）equalizer 均衡器estudio, etude 练习曲euphonium 尤风宁号exposition 呈示部Expressionism 表现主义false chord 假和弦fantasia 幻想曲fifth 五度fingerboard 指板first inversion 第一转位five-part form 五段式fixed-do 固定唱名法movable-do 音调唱名法flat 降调flute 长笛four-line octave 小字四组 (four-line) four-part form 四段式fourth chord 四度和弦fourth 四度fox trot 狐步舞French horn 圆号，法国号frequency 频率fret 品格fugue 赋格functional harmony 功能和声fundamental(tone) 基音 (first partial)Gallagher, Kevin R. 凯文·盖拉格 [美国]gigue 吉格glissando 滑音glockenspiel 钟琴gong 锣Goni, Antigoni 安提戈尼·戈尼 [希腊]govotte 加沃特Granada 格拉纳达 (西班牙地名)grave 极慢板 (40拍/分钟)great C 大字组Cguitar 吉他guitarist 吉他演奏家，吉他手guitarra 吉他，吉他拉habanera 哈巴涅拉half cadence 半终止half-tone 半音harmonic analysis 和声分析harmonic interval 和声音程harmonic sequence 和声模进harmonic 和声的harmony 和声学harp 竖琴harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴head 符头head，headstock 琴头hemidemisemi quaver 六十四分音符 (sixty-fourth note，美) homophonic music 主调音乐homophony 主调hook 符尾(tail)imperfect cadence 不完全终止Impressionism 印象主义instrumental music 器乐instrumentation 乐器法intensity 强度inter mezzo 间奏曲interlude 间奏（曲）interrupted cadence 阻碍终止interval 音程invention 创意曲inversion 转位（complement）inverted mordent 逆波音（lower mordent；inverted turn 回音irregular meter （不规则）混合拍子(7/4,11/7) just intonation 纯律kettle drum 定音鼓key signature 调号key 调lacquer 硝基漆，日本漆larghetto 小广板 (60拍/分钟)largo 广板 (46拍/分钟)leading tone(VII) 导音，导和弦 (subtonic) legato 连音，连奏leger line(s) 加线 (ledger line(s))lento 慢板 (52拍/分钟)loudness 响度lullaby 摇篮曲lute 疏特琴lyra 乐徽lyric soprano 抒情女高音madrigal 牧歌maestoso 庄板 (88拍/分钟)magic flute 魔笛mahogany 桃花心木，红木major 大调major triad 大三和弦major 大（音程）大调marimba 玛林巴mass 弥撒mazurka 玛祖卡McFadden, Jeffrey 杰夫瑞·麦克法登 [加拿大] mediant (III) 中音，中音和弦melodic contour 旋律轮廓melodic interval 旋律音程melodic progression 旋律进行melodic sequence 旋律模进melodic 旋律的meter 拍子 (time)metronome 节拍器Metronome 节拍机 .=Malzel's ~)mezzo soprano 次女高音，女中音Microtonalism 微分音主义minim 二分音符 (half note，美)Minimalism 省略（简约）主义minor 小调minor triad 小三和弦minor 小（音程）minor 小调minuet 小步舞曲mode 调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）moderato 中板 (96拍/分钟)modulation 转调monophonic music 单声部音乐mordent 波音（upper mordent）motive 动机movement 乐章movement 乐章multi-meter 变化拍子musical form 曲式musical instrument 乐器musical tone 乐音Nationalism in music 民族乐派natural half-tone 自然半音natural tone 自然全音nature 还原号intonation 音准neck 琴颈neighboring tone 辅助音（auxiliary tone，upper or lower）Neoclassicism 新古典主义ninth chord 九和弦ninth 九度nocturn 夜曲noise 噪音notation 记谱法nut 琴马oboe 双簧管octave 八度one-lined octave 小字一组 (one-line)one-part form 一段式，一部曲式opus (Op.) 作品oratorio 清唱剧orchestra 管弦乐队orchestra 管弦乐队orchestration 配器法organ 风琴ornament（s）装饰音overtone series 泛音列overtone(s) 泛音overture 序曲Paganini, Niccolo 尼古罗·帕格尼尼 [意大利] Papandreou, Elena 艾琳娜·帕潘德里欧 [希腊] parallel keys 同主音调Parkening, Christopher 克里斯托弗·帕肯宁 [美国] partial(s) 分音(partial tone)passacaglia 帕萨卡利亚passion 受难曲pause 延长号(hold, fermata)pedal 踏板peg 弦轴pentatonic 五声的percussion（s）打击乐perfect cadence 完全终止perfect 完全，纯（音程）period 乐段phrase 乐句phrasing 分句piano 钢琴piccolo 短笛pick 拾音器pipe organ 管风琴pitch name 音名pitch 音高plagal cadence 变格终止Platino, Franco 富兰科·普拉提诺 [意大利] podium 指挥台Pointillism 点描派polka 波尔卡polonaise 波洛涅兹polyphonic music 复调音乐polyphony 复调polytonality 多调性Ponce, Manuel 马努埃·庞塞 [墨西哥]prelude 前奏曲prelude 前奏（曲）presto 急板 (184拍/分钟)Primitivism 原始主义program music 标题音乐psychoacoustics 心理声学pure tone 纯音purfling 镶边，环饰quadruple meter(s) 四拍子 (4/2,4/4,4/8) quadruplet 四连音quarter-sawn 将(原木)纵向锯成四块再锯成木板的quartet 四重奏quaver 八分音符 (eighth note，美)quintet 五重奏quintuple meter 五拍子quintuplet 五连音range 音域(compass)rattle 摇响器Realism 现实主义recapitulation 再现部recitative 宣叙调Recuerdos de la Alhambra 《阿尔罕布拉宫的回忆》reduction 改编（缩编）register 音区requiem 安魂曲relative keys 关系大小调relative pitch 相对音高（听觉）Renaissance 文艺复兴repertoire 保留曲目，全部曲目repetition 重复rest(s) 休止符rhapsody 狂想曲rhythm 节奏rhythmic pattern 节奏型Rococo 洛可可Rodrigo, Joaquin 胡埃金·罗德里戈 [西班牙] Romanticism 浪漫主义Romero, Angel 安杰尔·罗梅罗 [西班牙] Romero, Celedonio 塞拉多尼奥·罗梅罗 [西班牙] Romero, Celin 塞林·罗梅罗 [西班牙] Romero, Pepe 佩佩·罗梅罗 [西班牙]rondo form 回旋曲式（ABACA）rondo sonata form 回旋奏鸣曲式root position 原位root 根音（fundamental）rosette 音孔环饰，玫瑰花饰rosewood 玫瑰木，青龙木，黑黄檀rounded binary form （有再现的）二段式rumba 伦巴Russel, David 大卫·罗素 [英国]sarabande 萨拉班德saxophone 萨克斯管scale degree （调式）音级scale step 音级（音级数：number of scale step）scale 音阶scherzo 谐谑曲score 乐谱score 总谱second inversion 第二转位second 二度Segovia, Andrés 安德列斯·塞戈维亚 [西班牙] semibreve 全音符 (whole note，美)semiquaver 十六分音符(sixteenth note，美) septuplet 七连音sequence 模进serenade 小夜曲，月下情歌serenade 小夜曲Serialism 序列主义seventh chord 七和弦seventh 七度Seville 塞维利亚 (西班牙地名)sextuplet 六连音sharp 升调升号side 侧板side drum 小鼓sight-singing 视唱simple interval 单音程simple meter(s) 单拍子sixth chord 六和弦sixth-four chord 四六和弦small c 小字组cSöllscher, Göran 戈兰·索舍尔 [瑞典]solo 独奏（唱）sonata form 奏鸣曲式sonata 奏鸣曲sonatina 小奏鸣曲songs without word 无词歌soprano 女高音Sor, Fernando 费尔南多·索尔 [西班牙]sostenuto 持音sound 音space 间Spanish 西班牙的spruce 云杉staccato 断音，断奏staff 五线谱staff 乐谱stage 舞台stem 符干step 音级(scale step, degree)string 琴弦stringed instruments 弦乐器Structuralism 结构主义subdominant(IV) 下属音，下属和弦submediant(VI) 下中音，下中音和弦 (super-dominant) suite 组曲supertonic(II) 上主音，上主和弦suspension 延留音symphonic poem 交响诗symphony 交响曲syncopation 切分音tabor 塔波鼓Takemitsu, Toru 武满彻 [日本]tambourine 铃鼓tango 探戈tarantella 塔兰台拉temperament 乐律tempered scale 平均律 (equal temperament) temple block 木鱼tempo mark(s) 速度标记tempo 速度tenor drum 中鼓tenor tuba 次中音大号tenor 男高音ternary form 三段式，三部曲式（ABA）theater 剧场，戏剧thematic material 主题材料theme 主题theme with variation 主题与变奏third inversion 第三转位three -lined octave 小字三组(three-line) tie 延音线timbre 音色 (tone color or quality)time signature 拍号toccata 托卡塔tonality 调性tone 音（乐音）tone-cluster 音簇tonic(I) 主音，主和弦top 面板transposition 移调treble clef 高音谱号tremolo 震音triad 三和弦triangle 三角铁trill 颤音trio 三声中部trio 三重奏triple meter(s) 三拍子 (3/2,3/4,3/8)triplet 三连音tri-tone 三全音trombone 长号trumpet 小号tuba 大号tubular bells 管钟tuning fork 音叉twelfth 十二度two-lined octave 小字二组 (two-line)unaccented octave 小字组unison 齐奏（唱）unison 同度，一度（prime）variation 变奏variation form 变奏曲式（A，A1，A2，A3…）strophic form 分节歌（a，a，a，a …）variation 变奏variety 变化vibraphone 颤音琴vibration 振动viola 中提琴violin 小提琴vivace 有生气的快板 (160拍/分钟)vivo 活泼的，有生气的vocal music 声乐voice 人声，声部waltz 圆舞曲，华尔兹wave form 波形whip 鞭响器whole tone 全音whole-tone 全音的Williams, John 约翰·威廉斯 [澳大利亚]wood block 南梆子，盒梆wood wind instruments 木管乐器xylophone 木琴Yepes, Narciso 纳西索·耶佩斯 [西班牙]Life is merely a fraction of a second. An infinitely small amount of time to fulfill our desires, our dreams, our passions. —Paul Gauguin.。

机械原理重要名词术语中英文对照表Aarchimedes worm 阿基米德蜗杆BFifth-power polynomial motion 五次多项式运动规律oscillating follower 摆动从动件cam with oscillating follower 摆动从动件运动规律oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆动导杆机构cycloidal gear 摆线齿轮cycloidal motion 摆线运动规律cycloidal-pin wheel 摆线针轮angle of contact 包角back cone 背锥back angle 背锥角back cone distance 背锥距scale 比例尺closed kinematic chain 闭式运动链closed chain mechanism 闭式链机构arm 臂部modified gear 变位齿轮modification coefficient 变位系数standard spur gear 标准直齿轮combine in parallel 并联式组合amount of unbalance 不平稳量intermittent gearing不完全齿轮wave generator 波发生器number of waves 波数Cgeneva wheel 槽轮geneva mechanism 槽轮机构groove cam 槽凸轮backlash 侧系differential gear train 差动轮系differential screw mechanism 差动螺旋机构differentials 差速器space 齿槽space width 齿槽宽addendum 齿顶高addendum circle 齿顶圆dedendum 齿根高dedendum circle 齿根圆thickness 齿厚circular pitch 齿距face width 齿宽tooth profile 齿廓tooth curve 齿廓曲线gear 齿轮pinion and rack 齿轮齿条机构pinion cutter 齿轮插刀hob,hobbing cutter 齿轮滚刀gears 齿轮机构blank 齿轮轮坯teeth number 齿数gear ratio 齿数比rack 齿条rack cutter 齿条插刀coincident points 重合点contact ratio 重合度transmission ratio, speed ratio 传动比transmission angle 传动角combine in series 串连式组合driven pulley 从动带轮driven link, follower 从动件width of flat-face 从动件平底宽度follower dwell 从动件停歇follower motion 从动件运动规律driven gear 从动轮Dbelt drives 带传动belt pulley 带轮universal joint 单万向联轴节unit vector 单位矢量equivalent spur gear 当量齿轮equivalent teeth number 当量齿数equivalent coefficient of friction 当量摩擦系数cutter 刀具lead 导程lead angle 导程角constant acceleration and deceleration motion 等加速等减速运动规律constant diameter cam等径凸轮constant breadth cam 等宽凸轮uniform motion, constant velocity motion等速运动规律equivalent link 等效构件equivalent force 等效力equivalent moment 等效力矩equivalent mass 等效质量equivalent moment of inertia 等效惯性力lower pair 低副clearance 顶隙ordinary gear train 定轴轮系dynamic balance 动平稳dynamic balancing machine 动平稳机dynamic characteristics 动态特性dynamic reaction 动压力dynamic load 动载荷transverse plane 端面transverse parameters 端面参数transverse circular pitch 端面齿距transverse contact ratio 端面重合度transverse module 端面模数transverse pressure angle 端面压力角inline roller follower对心滚子从动件inline flat-faced follower 对心平底从动件inline slider crank mechanism对心曲柄滑块机构in-line translating follower对心移动从动件polynomial motion 多项式运动规律rotor with several masses 多质量转子idler gear 惰轮Fgenerating line 发生线generating plane 发生面normal plane法面normal paramenters 法面参数normal circular pitch 法面齿距normal module 法面模数normal pressure angle 法面压力角feedback combining 反馈式组合inverse cam mechanism 反凸轮机构inverse (backward) kinematics 反向运动学kinematic inversion 反转法generating 范成法form cutting 仿形法flywheel飞轮moment of flywheel 飞轮距nonstandard gear非标准齿轮aperiodic speed fluctuation 非周期性速度波动noncircular gear非圆齿轮standard pitch line分度线standard pitch circle分度圆standard pitch cone分度圆锥planetary differential封闭差动轮系additional mechanism附加机构compound hinge 复合铰链compound combining复合式组合compound screw mechanism复式螺旋机构complex mechanism复杂机构Ginterference干涉rigid circular spline刚轮body guidance mechanism 刚体导引机构rigid impulse (shock) 刚性冲击rigid rotor 刚性转子higher pair高副grashoff’s law 格拉晓夫定理undercutting根切working space工作空间effective resistance工作阻力effective resistance moment工作阻力矩working stroke 工作行程common normal line 公法线general constraint公共约束metric gears公制齿轮power 功率conjugate profiles共轭齿廓conjugate cam共轭凸轮link 构件fixed link, frame 固定构件jointed manipulator关节型操作器inertia force惯性力partial balance of shaking force 惯性力部分平稳moment of inertia, shaking moment惯性力矩balance of shaking force 惯性力平稳full balance of shaking force 惯性力完全平稳path generator轨迹发生器hob，hobbing cutter滚刀roller滚子radius of roller 滚子半径roller follower 滚子从动件undercutting 过度切割Hfunction generator函数发生器interchangeable gears互换性齿轮slider 滑块return，return-stroke 回程compound gear train 复合轮系Jmechanism 机构analysis of mechanism机构分析balance of balance机构平稳mechanism机构学kinematic design of mechanism机构运动设计kinematic diagram 机构运动简图synthesis of mechanism机构综合constitution of mechanism机构组成frame，fixed link机架kinematic inversion 机架变换machine机器robot 机器人manipulator 机器人操作器robotics 机器人学machinery 机械dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力分析dynamic design of machinery 机械动力设计dynamics of machinery 机械动力学mechanical advantage机械利益balance of machinery 机械平稳manipulator机械手mechanical behavior 机械特性mechanical efficiency机械效率mechanisms and machine theory, theory of mechanisms and machines机械原理coefficient of speed fluctuation机械运转不平均系数fundamental mechanism 基础机构base circle基圆radius of base circle 基圆半径base pitch 基圆齿距pressure angle of base circle 基圆压力角base cylinder 基圆柱base cone 基圆锥quick-return mechanism 急回机构quick-return characteristics 急回特性quick-return motion 急回运动ratchet棘轮ratchet mechanism棘轮机构pawl 棘爪extreme position极限位置crank angle between extreme positions极位夹角computer aided design运算机辅助设计computer integrated manufacturing system 运算机集成制造系统acceleration加速度acceleration analysis加速度分析acceleration diagram 加速度曲线knife-edge follower尖底从动件intermittent motion mechanism 间歇运动机构simple harmonic motion (SHM for short) 简谐运动involute helicoid 渐开线螺旋面involute 渐开线involute profile 渐开线齿廓involute gear 渐开线齿轮generating line of involute 渐开线发生线involute equation 渐开线方程involute function 渐开线函数involute worm 渐开线蜗杆pressure angle of involute 渐开线压力角simple harmonic motion 简谐运动cross-belt drive交叉带传动crossed helical gears交错轴斜齿轮angular acceleration 角加速度angular velocity 角速度angular velocity ratio 角速比correcting plane校正平面structure 结构structural and mechanical error 结构误差pitch point 节点pitch line节线pitch circle 节园thickness on pitch circle 节园齿厚pitch diameter节圆直径pitch cone 节圆锥pitch cone angle节圆锥角analytical design 解析设计diametral pitch 径节clearance 径向间歇static balance 静平稳passive degree of freedom 局部自由度absolute motion 绝对运动absolute velocity 绝对速度load balancing mechanism 均衡装置Kopen-belt drive 开口传动open kinematic chain 开式链open chain mechanism 开式链机构spatial mechanism 空间机构spatial linkages 空间连杆机构spatial cams 空间凸轮机构spatial kinematic pair 空间运动副spatial kinematic chain 空间运动链block diagram 框图Lpitch curve 理论廓线force 力force polygon 力多边形force-closed cam mechanism 力封闭型凸轮机构moment 力矩equilibrium 力平稳couple [of forces], couples 力偶moment of couple 力偶矩connecting rod, couple 连杆linkages 连杆机构couple curve 连杆曲线line of centers 连心线chain wheel 链轮two-dimensional cam 两维凸轮critical speed 临界转速six-bar linkage 六杆机构blank 轮坯gear train 轮系screw 螺杆thread pitch 螺矩nut, screw nut螺母thread of a screw 螺纹helical pair 螺旋副screw mechanism 螺旋机构helical angle 螺旋角helix, helical line 螺旋线Mmodule 模数friction摩擦friction angle 摩擦角friction force 摩擦力friction moment 摩擦力矩coefficient of friction 摩擦系数friction circle 摩擦圆end-effector 末端执行器objective function 目标函数Nmechanism with flexible elements 挠性机构flexible rotor 挠性转子internal gear 内齿轮ring gear 内齿圈engaging-out啮出engagement, meshing engagement, meshing 啮合meshing point 啮合点angle of engagement 啮合角contacting line, pressure line, line of engagement 啮合线length of contacting line 啮合线长度engaging-in啮入nomogram诺模图Pdisk cam 盘形凸轮parabolic motion抛物线运动belt pulley 皮带轮offset distance 偏距offset circle 偏距圆eccentric 偏心盘offset roller follower 偏置滚子从动件offfser knife-edge follower 偏置尖底从动件offset flat-face follower 偏置平底从动件offset slider-crank mechanism 偏置曲柄滑块机构frequency频率flat belt drive 带传动flat-face follower 平底从动件face width 平底宽度balance 平稳balancing machine 平稳机balancing quality 平稳品质correcting plane 平稳平面balance mass, quality of mass 平稳质量counterweight 平稳重balancing speed 平稳转速planar pair, flat pair 平面副planar mechanism 平面机构planar kinematic pair 平面运动副planar linkage 平面连杆机构planar cam 平面凸轮parallel helical gears 平行轴斜齿轮Qother mechanism most in use 其它常用机构starting period 起动时期pneumatic mechanism 气动机构singular position 奇特位置initial contact ,beginning of contact 起始啮合点forced vibration 强迫振动depth of cut 切齿深度crank 曲柄grashoff’s law曲柄存在条件rotation guide-bar mechanism 转动导杆机构slider-crank mechanism 曲柄滑块机构crank-rocker mechanism曲柄摇杆机构curvature曲率radius of curvature 曲率半径curved-shoe follower曲面从动件curve matching 曲线拼接driving force驱动力driving moment 驱动力矩whole depth全齿高spherical pair球面副spherical involute 球面渐开线spherical motion球面运动sphere-pin pair球销副polar coordinate manipulator球坐标操作器Rherringbone gear，double helical gear 人字齿轮redundant degree of freedom 冗余自由度flexspline 柔轮flexible impulse, soft shock 柔性冲击flexible manufacturing system 柔性制造系统flexible automation 柔性自动化Sthree-dimensional cam 三维凸轮kennedy’s theorem，theorem of three centers 三心定理planetary drive with small teeth difference 少齿差行星传动design variable 设计变量rise 升程cam profile 实际廓线real part 实部vector矢量output work输出功output link 输出构件output mechanism 输出机构output torque 输出力矩output shaft 输出轴input link 输入构件mathematical model 数学模型double-slider mechanism, ellipsograph 双滑块机构double crank mechanism 双曲柄机构constant-velocity universal joints 双万向联轴节double rocker mechanism 双摇杆机构oldham coupling 双转块机构instantaneous center 瞬心dead point 死点four-bar linkage 四杆机构velocity 速度speed fluctuation 速度波动coefficient of speed fluctuation 速度波动系数velocity diagram 速度曲线instantaneous center of velocity 速度瞬心Tstep pulley 塔轮sun gear 太阳轮characteristics 特性equivalent mechanism 替代机构governor调速器stopping phase 停车时期dwell 停歇synchronous belt drive同步带传动cam 凸轮cams, cam mechanism 凸轮机构cam profile 凸轮(实际)廓线layout of cam profile 凸轮廓线绘制pitch curve 凸轮理论廓线graphical design 图解设计rise 推程Wexternal gear 外齿轮external force 外力universal joint, hooke’s coupling 万向联轴节wrist 腕部reciprocating motion 往复移动differential screw mechanism 差动螺旋机构displacement 位移displacement diagram 位移曲线pose, position and orientation 位姿steady motion period 稳固运转时期robust design 稳健设计worm 蜗杆worm gearing 蜗杆传动机构number of threads 蜗杆头数diametral quotient 蜗杆直径系数worm and worm gear 蜗杆蜗轮机构worm gear 蜗轮Xcrank arm, planet carrier 系杆field balancing 现场平稳centrifugal force 离心力relative velocity 相对速度relative motion 相对运动pinion 小齿轮harmonic drive 谐波传动helical gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮stroke 工作行程coefficient of travel speed variation, advance-to return-time ratio 行程速比系数planet gear 行星轮planet gear train行星轮系planet carrier 行星架form-closed cam mechanism 形封闭凸轮机构virtual reality 虚拟现实redundant constraint 虚约束imaginary part 虚部allowable amount of unbalance 许用不平稳量allowable pressure angle 许用压力角circulating power load 循环功率流Ypressure angle 压力角jacobi matrix 雅克比矩阵rocker 摇杆hydrodynamic drive 液力传动hydraulic mechanism 液压机构reciprocating follower 移动从动件sliding pair, prismatic pair移动副prismatic joint 移动关节wedge cam 移动凸轮increment or decrement work 盈亏功optimal design 优化设计detrimental resistance有害阻力simple harmonic motion 余弦加速度运动round belt drive 圆带传动circular gear 圆形齿轮cylindric pair 圆柱副cylindrical cam 圆柱凸轮cylindrical worm 圆柱蜗杆cylindrical coordinate manipulator 圆柱坐标操作器bevel gears 圆锥齿轮机构cone angle 圆锥角driving link 原动件constraint 约束constraint condition 约束条件jerk 跃度jerk diagram 跃度曲线kinematic inversion 运动倒置kinematic analysis 运动分析kinematic pair 运动副moving link 运动构件kinematic diagram 运动简图kinematic chain 运动链motion skewness 运动失真kinematic design 运动设计cycle of motion 运动周期kinematic synthesis 运动综合coefficient of velocity fluctuation 运动不平均系数Zload 载荷generating 展成法，范成法tension pulley 张紧轮vibration 振动shaking couple 振动力矩frequency of vibration 振动频率amplitude of vibration 振幅tangent mechanism正切机构direct (forward ) kinematics 正向运动学sine generator, scotch yoke 正弦机构spur gear 直齿圆柱齿轮cartesian coordinate manipulator 直角坐标操作器diametral quotient 直径系数mass-radius product 质径积mid-plane 中间平面center distance 中心距center distance change 中心距变动central gear 中心轮final contact，end of contact 终止啮合点periodic speed fluctuation 周期性速度波动epicyclic gear train 周转轮系toggle mechanism 肘形机构shaft angle 轴角axial thrust load 轴向分力driving gear 主动齿轮driving pulley主动带轮rotating guide-bar mechanism 转动导杆机构revolute pair 转动副revolute joint 转动关节rotor 转子balance of rotor 转子平稳assembly condition 装配条件bevel gear 锥齿轮common apex of cone 锥顶cone distance 锥距cone pulley 锥轮sub-mechanism 子机构automation 自动化self-locking 自锁degree of freedom (dof for short )自由度total contact ratio 总重合度resultant force 总反力overlap contact ratio 纵向重合度combined mechanism 组合机构minimum teeth number 最少齿数minimum radius 最小向径applied force 作用力coordinate frame 坐标系。

上一篇| 下一篇音乐专业英语词汇大全时间: 2009-8-25 10:45 | 发布: 乐之韵| 来源: Internet | 查看: 2015次这里归纳了大部分的音乐专业的英语词汇。

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（更快速的查询，请点击常用的音乐专业英语词汇或查看音乐英语词汇精选（A-Z））音乐专业英语词汇大全sound 音tone 音（乐音）musical tone 乐音noise 噪音acoustics 声学psychoacoustics 心理声学frequency 频率intensity 强度time 时间wave form 波形pitch 音高loudness 响度duration 时值timbre 音色(tone color or quality)tuning fork 音叉pure tone 纯音complex tone 复音vibration 振动(composite tone)overtone(s) 泛音(aliquot tone, harmonics, flageolet tone 即upper partials)overtone series 泛音列partial(s) 分音(partial tone)fundamental(tone) 基音(first partial)step 音级(scale step, degree)accidental(s) 变音记号sharp 升号flat 降号double-sharp 重升号double-flat 重降号nature 还原号intonation 音准octave 八度range 音域(compass) (voice) register 音区small c 小字组cgreat C 大字组Ccontra C 大字二组Cunaccented octave 小字组one-lined octave 小字一组(one-line)two-lined octave 小字二组(two-line)three –lined octave 小字三组(three-line)four-line octave 小字四组(four-line)temperament 乐律tempered scale 平均律(equal temperament)just intonation 纯律pitch name 音名enharmonic notes 等音(whole) tone 全音half-tone 半音natural half-tone 自然半音natural tone 自然全音chromatic tone 变化全音chromatic half-tone 变化半音notation 记谱法staff 乐谱treble clef 高音谱号bass clef 低音谱号clef 谱号(G clef, F clef, C clef)note(s) 音符rest(s) 休止符breve 二全音符semibreve 全音符(whole note，美)minim 二分音符(half note，美)crotchet 四分音符(quarter note，美)quaver 八分音符(eighth note，美)semiquaver 十六分音符(sixteenth note，美)demisemiquaver 三十二分音符(thirty-second note，美)hemidemisemi quaver 六十四分音符(sixty-fourth note，美)dot 附点double dot 复附点dotted note 附点音符dotted rest 附点休止符score 总谱leger line(s) 加线(ledger line(s))head 符头stem 符干hook 符尾(tail)space 间line 线tie 延音线pause 延长号(hold, fermata)bar 小节(bar line小节线,measure)legato 连音，连奏staccato 断音，断奏sostenuto 持音trembolo 震音glissando 滑音relative pitch 相对音高（听觉）absolute pitch 绝对音高（听觉）sight-singing 视唱fixed-do 固定唱名法movable-do 音调唱名法lyra 乐徽rhythm 节奏rhythmic pattern 节奏型accent 重音syncopation 切分音meter 拍子(time)duple meter(s) 二拍子(2/2,2/4,2/8)triple meter(s) 三拍子(3/2,3/4,3/8)quadruple meter(s) 四拍子(4/2,4/4,4/8)common meter 普通拍子(4/4)simple meter(s) 单拍子compound meter(s) 复拍子compound duple meter(s) 复二拍子(6/2,6/4,6/8)compound triple meter(s) 复三拍子(9/4,9/8)compound quadruple meter(s) 复四拍子(12/4,12/8,12/16)quintuple meter 五拍子time signature 拍号multi-meter 变化拍子irregular meter （不规则）混合拍子(7/4,11/7)Metronome 节拍机(M.M.=Malzel’s ~)duplet 二连音triplet 三连音quadruplet 四连音quintuplet 五连音sextuplet 六连音septuplet 七连音tempo 速度dynamics 力度tempo mark(s) 速度标记dynamic mark(s) 力度标记mode 调式（狭指教会调式；广指调式）scale 音阶key 调tonality 调性atonality 无调性bitonality 双重调性polytonality 多调性major 大调minor 小调key signature 调号pentatonic 五声的natural 自然的melodic 旋律的harmonic 和声的whole-tone 全音的chromatic 半音的ascending 上行descending 下行scale degree （调式）音级tonic(I) 主音，主和弦supertonic(II) 上主音，上主和弦mediant (III) 中音，中音和弦subdominant(IV) 下属音，下属和弦dominant(V) 属音，属和弦submediant(VI) 下中音，下中音和弦(super-dominant)leading tone(VII) 导音，导和弦(subtonic)broken chord 分解和弦altered chord 变和弦false chord 假和弦resolution 解决relative keys 关系大小调parallel keys 同主音调interval 音程melodic interval 旋律音程harmonic interval 和声音程root 根音（fundamental）scale step 音级（音级数：number of scale step）simple interval 单音程compound interval 复音程enharmonic intervals 等音程inversion 转位（complement）minor 小（音程）major 大（音程）perfect 完全，纯（音程）augmented 增（音程）diminished 减（音程）double-augmented 倍增（音程）double-diminished 倍减（音程）unison 同度，一度（prime）second 二度third 三度fourth 四度fifth 五度sixth 六度seventh 七度octave 八度ninth 九度tenth 十度eleventh 十一度twelfth 十二度tri-tone 三全音diatonicinterval 自然（音程）chromatic interval 变化（音程）consonant 协和（音程、和弦）dissonant 不协和（音程、和弦）chord 和弦triad 三和弦major triad 大三和弦minor triad 小三和弦diminished triad 减三和弦augmented triad 增三和弦root position 原位first inversion 第一转位second inversion 第二转位third inversion 第三转位sixth chord 六和弦sixth-four chord 四六和弦seventh chord 七和弦dominant seventh chord 属七和弦diminishedseventh chord 减七和弦ninth chord 九和弦augmented sixth chord 增六和弦Added-sixth chord 加六度和弦fourth chord 四度和弦tone-cluster 音簇harmony 和声学harmonic analysis 和声分析functional harmony 功能和声modulation 转调transposition 移调chromatic scale 半音阶diatonic scale 自然音阶passing tone 经过音neighboring tone 辅助音（auxiliary tone，upper or lower）anticipation 先现音suspension 延留音ornament（s）装饰音trill 颤音mordent 波音（upper mordent）inverted mordent 逆波音（lower mordent；早期称Schneller）double mordent 复波音inverted turn 回音arpeggio 琶音melody 旋律repetition 重复unity 统一variety 变化variation 变奏theme with variation 主题与变奏comparison 对比augmentation 展开climax 高潮sequence 模进melodic sequence 旋律模进harmonicsequence 和声模进melodic progression 旋律进行melodic contour 旋律轮廓motive 动机development 发展thematic material 主题材料phrase 乐句phrasing 分句period 乐段cadence 终止perfectcadence 完全终止imperfect cadence 不完全终止half cadence 半终止authentic cadence 正格终止plagal cadence 变格终止interrupted cadence 阻碍终止deceptive cadence 伪终止musical form 曲式one-part form 一段式，一部曲式binary form 二段式，二部曲式（AB）rounded binary form （有再现的）二段式ternary form 三段式，三部曲式（ABA）four-part form 四段式five-part form 五段式variation form 变奏曲式（A，A1，A2，A3…）strophic form 分节歌（a，a，a，a …）rondo form 回旋曲式（ABACA）sonata form 奏鸣曲式exposition 呈示部development 展开部recapitulation 再现部rondo sonata form 回旋奏鸣曲式movement 乐章prelude 前奏（曲）interlude 间奏（曲）coda 尾声trio 三声中部cadanza 华彩乐段musical form 体裁reduction 改编（缩编）trio 三重奏quartet四重奏quintet 五重奏opera 歌剧ballet 芭蕾chorus 合唱choir 合唱团choral music 合唱音乐cantata 康塔塔mass 弥撒oratorio 清唱剧passion 受难曲symphony 交响曲concerto 协奏曲sonata 奏鸣曲sonatina 小奏鸣曲band 军乐队band music 军乐etude 练习曲march 进行曲jazz 爵士乐overture 序曲ballata 叙事曲inter mezzo 间奏曲waltz 圆舞曲，华尔兹allemande 阿勒曼德courante 库朗特sarabande 萨拉班德gigue 吉格bourree 布列polonaise 波洛涅兹tarantella 塔兰台拉govotte 加沃特chaconne 恰空passacaglia 帕萨卡利亚capriccio 随想曲fantasia 幻想曲lullaby 摇篮曲tango 探戈habanera 哈巴涅拉madrigal 牧歌choral 众赞歌reguiem 安魂曲symphonic poem 交响诗toccata 托卡塔serenade 小夜曲nocturn 夜曲rhapsody 狂想曲minuet 小步舞曲recitative 宣叙调aria 咏叹调songs without word 无词歌invention 创意曲scherzo 谐谑曲mazurka 玛祖卡polka 波尔卡fox trot 狐步舞blues 布鲁斯rumba 伦巴disco 迪斯科suite 组曲fugue 赋格instrumental music 器乐musical instrument 乐器instrumentation 乐器法orchestra 管弦乐队orchestration 配器法conductor 指挥concert master 首席podium 指挥台wood wind instruments 木管乐器piccolo 短笛flute 长笛oboe 双簧管clarinet 单簧管（黑管）bass clarinet 低音单簧管bassoon 大管（巴松）contrabassoon 低音大管English horn 英国管brasswind instruments 铜管乐器French horn 圆号，法国号trumpet 小号cornet 短号trombone 长号tuba 大号bass tuba 低音大号double bass tuba 倍低音大号tenor tuba 次中音大号bass 低音号saxophone 萨克斯管euphonium 尤风宁号percussion（s）打击乐kettle drum 定音鼓bass drum 大鼓tenor drum 中鼓side drum 小鼓triangle 三角铁chimes 排钟marimba 玛林巴tubular bells 管钟glockenspiel 钟琴vibraphone 颤音琴castanets 响板whip 鞭响器rattle 摇响器anvil 乐砧tambourine 铃鼓tabor 塔波鼓bongo 邦戈鼓gong 锣temple block 木鱼wood block 南梆子，盒梆cymbal 钹harp 竖琴xylophone 木琴piano 钢琴pedal 踏板stringed instruments 弦乐器violin 小提琴viola 中提琴cello 大提琴double bass 低音提琴guitar 吉他lute 疏特琴harpsichord 拨弦古钢琴clavier （18世纪）键盘乐器organ 风琴pipe organ 管风琴accordion 手风琴keyboard 键盘（乐）vocal music 声乐bel canto 美声a cappella 无伴奏合唱voice 人声，声部soprano 女高音coloratura soprano 花腔女高音lyric soprano 抒情女高音dramatic soprano 戏剧女高音mezzo soprano 次女高音，女中音tenor 男高音dramatic tenor 戏剧男高音bariton 男中音bass 男低音unison 齐奏（唱）solo 独奏（唱）duet 二重奏ensemble 合奏（团体）stage 舞台theater 剧场，戏剧Renaissance 文艺复兴Rococo 洛可可Baroque 巴洛克Classicism 古典主义Romanticism 浪漫主义Impressionism 印象主义Nationalism in music 民族乐派Anti- impressionism 反印象主义Realism 现实主义Serialism 序列主义Primitivism 原始主义Expressionism 表现主义Microtonalism 微分音主义Neoclassicism 新古典主义Structuralism 结构主义Concrete Music 具体音乐Accidentalism 偶然主义Minimalism 省略（简约）主义Pointillism 点描派monophonic music 单声部音乐homophony 主调homophonic music 主调音乐polyphony 复调polyphonic music 复调音乐counterpoint 对位program music 标题音乐absolute music 纯音乐，非标题音乐abstract music 抽象音乐音乐专业英语词汇大全时间: 2009-8-25 10:45 | 发布: 乐之韵| 来源: 本站原创| 查看: 2015次（上接第1页，共3页）严守原节拍,Abattuta装饰音符,Abbellimenti简略记法,Abbreviation晚间音乐,Abendmusik节略奏鸣曲式,Abridged sonata-form绝对协和,Absolute consonance绝对音乐,Absolute music绝对音高,Absolute pitch抽象音高,Abstract music音乐学院,Academy of Music无伴奏,A capplla任意速度,A capriccio渐快,Accelerando渐快,Accelerato重音,Accent强助音,Accented auxiliary note强小节,Accented bar强经过音,Accented passing note辅助音,Accessory tone伴唱声部,Accessory voices碎音,Acciccatura临时记号,Accidental偶成和弦,Accidental chord-form有伴奏卡农,Accompanied canon有伴奏复格,Accompanied fugue伴奏,Accompaniment手风琴,Accordion音响低音,Acoustic bass音响学,Acoustics敲击系统,Action动音级,Active scale-step动音级,Active tone间奏曲,Act tune稍慢板,Adagietto慢板,Adagio极慢板,Adagissimo附加自由声部,Added free part加线,Added line加六和弦,Added sixth合成拍子,Added time附加伴奏,Additional accompaniment 附加导入,Additional entry附加声部,Additional voice自由速度,Ad libitum (拉)风鸣琴,Aeolian harp伊奥利亚调式,Aeolian mode伊奥利亚音阶,Aeolian scale气鸣乐器,Aerophone美化强音,Aesthetic accent音乐美学,Aesthetics of music渐快,Affretando后句,After phrase羔羊赞,Agnus Dei (拉)弹性处理,Agogic歌调,Air歌调变奏曲,Air with variation阿贝低音,Alberti bass二二拍子,Alla breve进行曲速度,Alla marcia渐慢且渐强,Allargando高八度奏,All'attava稍快板,Allegretto最急板,最快板,Allegrissimo快板,Allegro颂赞曲(哈利路亚),Alleluia (拉)阿勒曼舞曲(德国舞曲),Allemende (法) 渐慢,Allentamento渐慢,Allentando字母谱,Alphabetic notation阿尔卑斯号(瑞士木号),Alphorn逆模仿,Al roverscio imitation变化和弦,Altered chord变化音,Altered tone拍子交替,Alternation of time乐段交替,Alternativement乐段交替,Alternativo中音,女低音,中音乐器,Alto暧昧和弦,Ambiguous chord安布罗斯圣歌,Ambrosian chant安布罗斯调式,Ambrosian modes阿门终止,Amen cadence安奈舞曲,Amener振幅,Amplitude近琴马奏法,Am Steg (德)弱拍,Anacrusis乐曲分析,Analysis of Composition古组曲,Ancient suite行板,Andante小行板,Andantino英格兰圣歌,Anglaise (法)摇竹,Anklung答句,Answer增值答句,Answer by augmentation减值答句,Answer by diminution安塔拉萧(秘鲁排萧),Antara前分句,Antecedente phrase颂歌,Anthem先现音,Anticipation古代风格,Antico对应,Antiphonal对应,Antiphonary对应,Antiphoner对唱,Antiphonal singing应句与启句,Antithesis and thesis砧琴,Anvil随意表现,A piacere (义)实用曲式学,Applied form延音,完全圆滑音,Appoggiando倚音,Appoggiatura倚音和弦,Appoggiatura chord阿拉达鼓(海地排鼓),Arada (西)建筑音响学,Architectural acoustics大鲁特琴,Archlute用弓奏,Arco咏唱调,Aria小咏唱调,Arietta似咏唱调,Arioso竖琴,Arpa (义)琶音,Arpeggio编曲,Arrangment古艺术,Ars antiqua (拉)新艺术,Ars nova (拉)咬字吐音,Articulation人为泛音,Artificial harmonics人为调式,Artificial mode人为音,Artificial note艺术歌,Art song上行,Ascending阿索尔琴(犹太古琴),Asor无调性主义,Atonalism无调性,Atonality无调性音乐,Atonal music立即开始,Attacca subito (义)立即开始,Attack (英,德)近调,Attendant key晨间音乐,Aubade (法)试听,听力,Audition起拍,Auftakt (德)增值,Augmentation增音程和弦,Augmented chord奥鲁管,Aulos奥利斯古舞曲(西班牙舞曲),Aurresku正格终止,Authentic cadence正格半终止,Authentic half cadence正调式,Authentic mode音乐手稿,Autographs (Musical Autographs) 助音,Auxiliary note辅助的六四和弦,Auxiliary sixth-four chord 助音,Auxiliary tone松弦奏法,Avec la corde relachee圣母颂,Ave Maria (拉)圣体颂,Ave Verum (拉)小平台钢琴,Baby grand piano诙谐风舞曲,Badinage诙谐风舞曲,Badinerie (法)钢琴小曲,Bagatelle (法,德)囊管,Bagpipe鼓槌,Baguette巴拉莱卡琴(俄国三弦),Balalaika叙事曲(歌),Ballad叙事曲(歌),Ballade (法,德)舞歌,Ballata芭蕾女角,Ballerina芭蕾男角,Ballerino芭蕾舞曲,Ballet竹笛,Bamboo pipe乐队,Band班都拉琴(哥伦比亚琴),Bandola班多拉琴,Bandora班杜瑞亚琴(西班牙琴),Bandurria (西) 班究琴(美国琴),Banjo小节,Bar船歌,Barcarolle (法)上低音,男中音,上低音号,Baritone小节线,Bar-line巴罗克音乐,Baroque music巴莱和弦(吉他琴奏法),Barre (法)低音,男低音,低音号,Bass低男中音,Bass Baritone低音谱号,Bass clef低音弦组,Bass-course大鼓,Bass drum巴塞管,Basset horn大提琴,Bassetto (义)低音号,Bass horn诙谐男低音,Basso Buffo抒情男低音,Basso cantante持续低音,Basso continuo低音管,Bassoon庄重男低音,Basso profondo低音部,Bass part低音谱表,Bass stave低音,Bass tone低音长号,Bass trombone低音小号,Bass trumpet低音号,Bass tuba低音声部,Bass voice指挥棒,Baton战曲,Battaglia拍子,小节,Battuta巴突克舞曲(巴西舞曲),Batucada巴突克舞曲(葡萄牙舞曲),Batuque直笛(见recorder),Beak flute拍,Beat本位记号,Becqrre (法)本位记号,Bequadro (义)伴奏,Begleitung (德)美声唱法,Bel canto (义)钟,Bell编钟,Bell Chimes钟形竖琴,Bell harp里拉钟,Bell-lyra降半音,Bemol (法)降半音,Bemolle (义)摇篮曲,Bercause柏加摩舞曲(义大利舞曲),Bergamasca 法国牧歌,Bergerette重降B,Bes长方形手风琴,Bible regal音乐目录,Bibliography of Music二部曲,Bicinium (拉)二段式,Binary form括线,Bind再次,Bis (法)复调性,Bitonality眩目八度,Blind octave贝姆长笛,Boehm flute贝姆式键制,Boehm system波蕾洛舞曲,Bolero (西)波隆那乐派,Bologna school本巴敦低音号,Bombardon班戈鼓,Bongo借用和弦,Borrrowed chord闭口唱法,Bouche fermee布瑞舞曲,Bourree布他德舞曲(法国舞曲),Boutade弓,Bow弓竖琴,Bowed harp弓毛,Bow hair弓法,Bowing弓弦乐器,Bow instrument儿童歌队,Boy-choir男童高音,Boy soprano大括弧,Brace布雷尔记谱法(盲人记谱法),Braille music notation 勃浪舞曲(法国舞曲),Branle管乐队,Brass band铜管乐器,Brass instrument中提琴(德),Bratsche呼吸记号,Breath-mark倍全音符,短音符,Breve琴马,Bridge过渡乐段,Bridge passage饮酒歌,Brindisi (义)分解和弦,Broken chord丑角,Buffone (义)军号,Bugle布根第乐派,Burgundian school滑稽曲,Burla (义)滑稽曲,Burlesca (义)滑稽曲,Burlesco (义)滑稽剧,Burletta (义)滑稽剧,Burlesque (法)拜占庭圣歌,Byzantine chant拜占庭圣歌C,Byzuntine music跑马歌,Cabaletta狩猎歌,Caccia卡去恰舞曲(西班牙舞曲),Cachucha终止式,Cadence终止转调,Cadence modulation终止六四和弦,Cadential six-four终止式,装饰乐段,Cadenza (义)鼓,Caisse (法)渐慢而弱,Calando (义)卡拉他舞曲(义大利舞曲),Calata卡伦达舞曲(西班牙舞曲),Calenda钟,铃(复述),Campana (义)钟,铃(复述),Campane (义)小钟,小铃,Campanella卡纳利舞曲(法国舞曲),Canarie (法)卡纳利舞曲(法国舞曲),Canary康康舞曲(法国舞曲),Can-can本位记号,Cancel逆模仿,Cancrizans imitation深沈歌,Canle Jondo (西)卡农,Canon增值卡农,Canon by Augmentation 减值卡农,Canon by Diminution逆卡农,Canon Concrizans卡农式模仿,Canonic imitation卡农式进入,Canonic stretto卡农式变奏,Canonic variation古情歌,同canzonet,Canso, Canzo 清唱剧,Cantata小清唱剧,Cantatilla (西)男歌手,Cantatore (义)女歌手,Cantatrice (义)弗拉门哥歌曲,Cante Flamenco深沈歌,Cante Hondo (西)柔声唱,Cantellerando颂歌,Canticle柔声曲调,Cantilena (义)朗诵式圣歌,Cantillation歌调,Canto (义)定旋律,Canto fermo (义)领唱人,教会乐长,Cantor歌,Cantus (拉)定旋律,Cantus firmus (拉)素歌,Cantus planus (拉)歌曲,Canzona短歌,小曲,Canzonet (义)短歌,小曲,Canzonetta (义)弦枕,Capotasto弦枕,Capodastro随想曲,Capriccio (义)随想曲,Caprice (法,英)排钟,Carillon (法)季节圣歌,Carol轻组曲,Cassation响板(梨形),Castanets男唱女声,Castrato幽默轮唱曲,Catch天主教音乐,Cathedral music短曲,Cavatina钢片琴,Celesta大提琴,Cello大键琴,Cembalo (义)夏康舞曲,Chaconne古单簧管,单簧管低音区,Chalumeau室内乐,Chamber music室内歌剧,Chamber opera室内乐团,Chamber orchestra换音,Changing note换音,Changing tone歌曲,Chanson英雄史诗歌,Chanson de geste纺织歌,Chanson de toile圣歌,Chant民歌,Chant national (法)牧歌,Chant pastoral (法)音乐记号,Character散曲,Characteristic piece增五和弦,Charrd of the augmented fifth 狩猎歌,Chasse (法)胸声区,Chest-register胸腔共鸣,Chest-resonant胸音,Chest-tone胸声,Chest-voice琴马,Chevalet (法)谢威谱式,Cheve system琴轸琴栓,Cheville (法)琴斗,栓斗,Cheviller (法)管钟,Chimes吉他琴,Chitarra (义)圣歌队,Choir歌队音高,Choir pitch圣咏,合唱,Choral (德,英)圣咏清唱剧,Choral cantata圣咏幻想曲,Chorale fantasia圣咏复格曲,Chorale fugue圣咏前奏曲,Choral prelude圣咏变奏曲,Choral variations和弦,Chord和弦构成,Chord construction和弦形式,Chord-form转位和弦,Chord-inversion六和弦,Chord of six六四和弦,Chord of six-four加六和弦,Chord of the added sixth增六和弦,Chord of the augmented sixth 增五和弦,Chord of the augmented fifth增六五和弦,Chord of the augmented sixth and fifth增二和弦,Chord of the augmented sixth and second增四三和弦,Chord of the sugmented sixth fourth and third 减七和弦,Chord of the diminished seventh十一和弦,Chord of the eleventh四三和弦,Chord of the four-three九和弦,Chord of the ninth二和弦,Chord of the second七和弦,Chord of the seventh六五和弦,Chord of the six-five六五和弦,六五三和弦,Chord of the sixth fifth and third 二和弦,六四二和弦,Chord of the sixth fourth and second 四三和弦,六四三和弦,Chord of the sixth fourth and third 十三和弦,Chord of the thirteenth弦鸣乐器,Chordophone和弦进行,Chord-progression同和弦反复,Chord-repetition合唱,合唱团,Chorus半音的,变化的,Chromatic半音变化,Chromatic alteration变化助音,Chromatic auxiliary note变化和弦,Chromatic chord变化协和和弦,Chromatic concord变化不协和和弦,Chromatic discord半音竖琴,Chromatic harp变化音程,Chromatic interval变化小音阶,Chromatic minor scale半音阶转调,Chromatic modulation半音经过音,Chromatic passing-note半音进行,Chromatic progression半音音阶,Chromatic scale变化半音,Chromatic semitone变化七和弦,Chromatic seventh变化记号,Chromatic sign变化三和弦,Chromatic triad教会清唱剧,Church cantata教会调式,Church mode教会音乐,Church music扬琴(匈牙利乐器),Cimbalom细管低音号,Cimbasso (义)回圈卡农,Circle canon五度圈,Circle of fifths调子圈,Circle of keys回圈卡农,Circular Canon西特琴,Cither西特琴,Cittern拍板,铃舌,Clapper单簧管,Clarinet高音小号(古名),Clarino (义)古典形式,Classical form古典主义,Classicism大键琴,Clavecin (法)大键琴,Clavicembale (义)古钢琴,Clavichord谱号,Clef终止,Close密集和弦,Close chord闭管,Closed pipe紧复格,Close fugue密集和声,Close harmony紧模仿,Close imitation密集位置,Close position终止解决,Closing resolution音堆,Cluster尾声,Coda小尾声,Codetta用弓奏,Col arco用弓背奏,Col legno连八度奏,Coll ottava华彩,Coloratura华彩女高音,Coloratura soprano混合对位法,Combined counterpoint 喜歌剧,Comic opera音差,Comma普通和弦,Common chord四四拍子,Common meansure四四拍子,Common time共同音高,Common pitch领主曲,Communio比较音乐学,Comparative musicology 音域,Compass声部音域,Compass of voice转位音程,Complement转位音程,Complementary interval完全小节,Complete bar完全终止,Complete cadence完全转调,Complete modulation复杂音型法,Complex figuration复节奏,Complex rhythm作曲家,Composer乐曲,作曲,Composition复式正格终止,Compound authentic cadence 复助音,Compound auxiliary tone (note)复二段式,Compound binary form复换音,Compound changing tone (note)复二拍子,Compound duple time复合音型法,Compound figuration复音程,Compound interval复拍子,Compound measure复拍子,Compound meter复转调,Compound modulation复四拍子,Compound quadruple time复节奏,Compound rhythm复挂留音,Compound suspensions复拍子,Compound time完全音,Compound tone复三拍子,Compound triple time音乐会,Concert音乐会咏唱调,Concert aria大平台钢琴,Concert grand (piano)演奏听,Concert hall六角手风琴(小型手风琴),Concertina小协奏曲,大协奏曲中独奏群,Concertino演奏家,Concertist音乐会经理,Concert manager乐团首席,Concert master音乐会音乐,Concert music协奏曲,Concerto大协奏曲,Concerto grosso音乐会序曲,Concert overture演奏家,Concert performer音乐会散曲,Concert piece音乐会音高,Concert pitch曲目,Concert program演奏室,Concert room歌唱家,Concert singer简明二段式,Concise binary form协和和弦,Concord协和和弦和声,Concord harmonies指挥法,Conducting指挥家,Conductor康都曲式,康都曲风,Condustus连续级,Conjunct degree级进,Conjunct motion连续四阶,Conjunct tetrachord速度略快,Con moto连续属和弦,Consecutive dominant chords 连续五度,Consecutive fifths连续四度,Consecutive fourths连续八度,Consecutive octaves连续(即平行),Consecutives连续二度,Consecutive seconds连续七度,Consecutive sevenths连续一度,Consecutive unisons后分句,Consequent phrase音乐院,Conservatory协和,Consonance协和和弦,Consonant chord协和音程,Consonant interval用弱音器,Con sordini对句,Conter-subject连续性,Continuity数位低音,Continuo低音提琴,Contrabass倍低音萨鲁管,Contrabass sarrusophone 倍低音萨克管,Contrabass saxophone倍低音长号,Contrabass trombone倍低音号,Contrabass tuba乐句缩短,Contraction of sentence换词歌曲,Contrafactum倍低音管,Contrafagotto中音,女低音,Contralto对位法家,Contrapuntist反行,Contrary motion对比构造,Comtrast Constraction对比动机,Contrasted motive倍低音管,Contre basson (法)对舞舞曲,Contredanse方便记谱法,Convenient notation号角,Cor (法)英国管,Cor anglais (法)活塞号角,Cor-a-piston弦,Corda (义)弦,Corde (法)短号,Cornet短号,Cornet a-piston (法)短号,Cornetto (义)号角,Corno (义)低音号角,Corno-basso (义)巴塞号角,Corno di bassetto (义)英国管,Corno-inglese (义)活塞号角,Corno ventile停留记号,Corona (义)哥萨克舞曲,Cosaque (法)哥萨克舞曲,Cossak (英)拍,Count当代音乐,Countemporary music次呈示部,Counter-exposition对位法,Counterpoint高次中音,Counter-tenor数拍,Counting time乡村舞曲,Country dance二连音,二连音符,Couplet库朗舞曲,Courante隐伏五度,Covered fifth隐伏八度,Covered octave隐伏一度,Covered unison牛铃,Cow-bell牛号角,Cow-horn蟹行,Crab motion信经,Credo渐强,Crescendo八分音符,Croche (法)八分音符,Croma (义)变音管,Crook轻唱(低声唱),Croon交叉强音,Cross accent交叉指法,Cross-fingering声部交叉,Crossing of Parts交叉关系,Cross relation交叉节奏,Cross rhythm四分音符,Crotchet克鲁特琴,Crowd克鲁特琴,Crwth库安多舞曲(拉丁美洲舞曲),Cuando 连章形式,Cyclic form钹,Cymbals反始记号,D.C.=Da capo (义)(见前),D.S.=Dal segno反始,反始记号,Da capo制音器,Damper舞曲形式,Dance form舞乐,Dance music舞诗,Dance-poem暗音,Dark tone垂点,Dash死音程,Dead interval初次登台,Debut (法)假终止,Deceptive cadence假解决,Deceptive resolution十连音,十连音符,Decimole渐弱,Decrescendo (义)十连音,十连音符,Decuplet音级,Degree of scale谱级,Degree of stave移位(弦乐器),Demancher (法)十六分休止符,Deminquaver rest十六分音符,Demiquaver三十二分音符,Demisemiquaver三十二分休止符,Demisemiquaver rest 非独立和弦,Dependent chord衍生和弦,Derivative chord支音,Derivative tone降D,Des (德)下行,Descending描写音乐,Descriptive music重降D,Deses (德)长断音,Detach走音(德),Detonieren发展部,Development问答歌,Dialogue听写与练耳,Diatonic and Ear Training 自然助音,Diatonic auxiliary note自然协和和弦,Diatonic concord自然不协和和弦,Diatonic discord自然音阶和声,Diatonic harmony自然音程,Diatonic interval自然小音阶,Diatonic minor scale自然音阶转调,Diatonic modulation自然经过音,Diatonic passing-note自然音阶,Diatonic scale自然半音,Diatonic semitone自然音阶七和弦,Diatonic seventh自然音阶三和弦,Diatonic triad读音,Diction减七和弦,Diminished chord of the seventh减五度,Diminished fifth减四度,Diminished fourth减音程,Diminished interval减八度,Diminished octave减七度,Diminished seventh减六度,Diminished sixth减三度,Diminished third减三和弦,Diminished triad渐弱,Diminuendo顺卡农,Direct canon直接远系转调,Direct extraneous modulation指挥家,Dirigent (德)升D,Dis (德)反行复音,Discant高音谱号,Discant clef反行复音,Discantus不协和和弦,Discord不协和和弦和声,Discord harmony伪装动机,Disguised motive重升D,Disis跳进,Disjunct motion不连续四阶,Disjunct tetrachord不规则强音,Displaced accent不协和音,Dissonance不协和和弦,Dissonant chord不协和音程,Dissonant interval不协和三和弦,Dissonant triad远系调,Distant keys酒神之歌,Dithyramb大三度,Ditonus嬉游曲,Divertimento (义)复格式插句,混成曲,幕间插曲,Divertissement (法) 分离音栓,Divided stop细分,Divisi音型,Division十二音技巧,Dodecaphonic十二连音,十二连音符,Dodecimole十二音音阶,Dodecuple scale十二连音,十二连音符,Dodecuplet属音,Dominant属七和弦,Dominant chord of the seventh属十一和弦,Dominant eleventh属九和弦,Dominant ninth属持续音,Dominant pedal属七和弦,Dominant seventh属十三和弦,Dominant thirteenth属三和弦,Dominant triad忧郁曲,Domp速度加倍,Doppio movimento多裏亚调式,Dorian多裏亚调式,Dorian mode多裏亚音阶,Dorian scale多裏亚六度,Dorian sixth点,Dot附点,Dot of prolongation反复点,复附点,Dots附点四分音符,Dotted crotchet附点四分休止符,Dotted crotchet rest附点三十二分音符,Dotted demisemiquver附点三十二分休止符,Dotted demisemiquver rest附点八分音符,Dotted eighth note附点二分音符,Dotted half note附点二分音符,Dotted minim附点二分休止符,Dotted minim rest附点音符,Dotted note附点四分音符,Dotted quarter note附点八分休止符,Dotted quaver附点八分休止符,Dotted quaver rest附点休止符,Dotted rest附点全音符,Dotted semibreve附点全休止符,Dotted semibreve rest附点十六分音符,Dotted semiquaver附点十六分休止符,Dotted semiquaver rest附点十六分音符,Dotted sixteenth note附点三十二分音符,Dotted thirty second note附点全休止符,Dotted whole note古变奏曲,Double (法)两节作用踏瓣,Double action pedal倍增六四三和弦,Double augmented six-four-three chord 复纵线,Double bar低音提琴,Double bass倍低音管,Double bassoon回音终止,Double cadence二主题卡农,Double canon八部合唱,双合唱团,Double chorus双协奏曲,Double concerto双音,Double corde复对位,二部复对位法,Double counterpoint十一度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the eleventh十五度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the fifteenth十四度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the fourteenth 九度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the ninth八度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the octave十度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the tenth十三度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the thirteenth十二度二部复对位,Double counterpoint in the twelfth十六分音符,Double croche (法)再减值,Double diminution复附点四分音符,Double dotted crotchet复附点四分休止符,Double dotted crotchet rest复附点十六分音符,Double dotted demiquaver复附点十六分休止符,Double dotted demiquaver rest复附点三十二分音符,Double dotted demisemiquaver复附点三十二分休止符,Double dotted demisemiquaver rest 复附点八分音符,Double dotted eighth note复附点二分音符,Double dotted half note复附点二分音符,Double dotted minim复附点二分休止符,Double dotted minim rest复附点音符,Double dotted note复附点四分音符,Double dotted quarter note复附点八分音符,Double dotted quaver复附点八分休止符,Double dotted quaver rest复附点休止符,Double dotted rest复附点全音符,Double dotted semibreve复附点全休止符,Double dotted semibreve rest复附点十六分音符,Double dotted semiquaver复附点十六分休止符,Double dotted semiquaver rest复附点十六分音符,Double dotted sixteenth note复附点三十二分音符,Double dotted thirty second note复附点全音符,Double dotted whole note复呈示部,Double exposition二重音型法,Double figuration二主题复格,Double fugue二主题模仿,Double imitation倍全音符,Double note重八度,Double octave (octaves)二重经过音,Double passing tone双持续音,Double pedal notes复乐段,Double period双簧,Double reed双簧乐器,Double reed instrument双根音,Double root双根音和弦,Double root chord双震音,Double shake大谱表,Double stave双音,Double stopping双弦,Double string复结构曲,Double structure复挂留音,Double suspension双吐吹法,Double tongueing双触键,Double touch双震音,Double trill复双奏曲,Double variation倍全音符,Double whole-note二连音,二连音符,Doublet重复音,Doubling重复音,Doubling of notes重复音,Doubling of tones下拍,Down best下弓,Down bow下弓,Down stroke戏剧音乐,Dramatic music戏剧女高音,Dramatic soprano戏剧男高音,Dramatic tenor省略,Dropping of interval鼓,Drum二元论,Dualism二元论,Dualistic theory二重奏,二重奏曲,二重唱,二重唱曲,Duet扬琴,Dulcimer混浊音,Dull tone忧郁曲,Dump二重奏,二重奏曲,二重唱,二重唱曲,Duo (义) 二重模仿,Duo imitation十二音音阶,Duodecuple scale二连音,二连音符,Duole (德)弦乐二重奏,Duos for strings二拍子节奏,Duple rhythm二拍子,Duple time二连音,二连音符,Duplet双乐器,Duplex instruments重复法,Duplicating古对位声部,Duplum大调,Dur (德)长度,Duration力度,Dynamic力度记号,Dynamic mark练耳,Ear-training宗教舞曲,Ecclesiastical dance教会调式,Ecclesiastical mode逃脱音,echappee tone (note)回声曲,Echegiatta木琴,Echelette回声风琴,Echo organ阿古依乐派,Ecole d'Arcueil埃柯赛斯舞曲,ecossaise (法)古代语音记谱法,Ecphonetic notation 牧歌,Eglogue八小节乐句,Elight-bar rhythm八小节乐句,Eight-bar sentence八度,Eighth八度音,八分音符,Eighth note八分休止符,Eighth rest八键笛,Eight keyed flute八对一对位,Eight notes to one八部对位,Eight-part counterpoint八不和声,Eight-part harmony高E,E in alt最高E,E in altissimo升E,Eis (德)重升E,Eisis (德)电子乐器,Electronic instrumnet电子音乐,Electronic music电鸣乐器,Electrophone悲歌,elegie (法)悲歌,Elegy十一度,Eleventh华彩曲调,Embellished melody吹口,运舌法,Embouchure加强,Emphasis再来一次,Encore (法)英国复音乐曲,English discant英国指法,English fingcring英国笛,English flute英国管,English horn四分音,等音,Enharmonic等音变换,Enharmonic change等音和弦,Enharmonic chord等音半音阶,Enharmonic chromatic scale 等音音程,Enharmonic interval等音调,Enharmonic key等音转调,Enharmonic modulation等音音阶,Enharmonic scale等音改记法,Enharmonic trans-Formation 谜语卡农,Enigma canon谜语变奏曲,Enigma variations重奏,合奏,Ensemble (法)休息,间奏曲,Entr'acte (法)进来,Entry插句,插入段,Episode有插入段之乐章,Episodical movement 等值对位,Equal counterpoint平均律,Equal temperament平均律音阶,Equal tempered scale同声,Equal voices调性和弦,Equivocal chord和弦音配殖法,Erection of chord逃脱音,Escape note表情,Espressione (义)表情,Espresive (义)主要不协和和弦,Essential discord器乐小曲,Estampie (法)器乐小曲,Estampida (法)刚可听见,Estinto (义)民族音乐学,Ethnomusicology练习曲,etude (法)粗管上低音号,Euphonium同值音,Even note (tone)晚祷歌,Evensong特殊解决法,Exceptional resolution技巧练习,键盘组曲,Exercise爆气子音,Explosive consonant呈示部,Exposition表情,Expression表现主义,Expressionism表情记号,Expression mark即兴演奏,Extemporization扩大二段式,Extended binary form开离和弦,Extended chord开离和串,Extended harmony开离位置,Extended position扩大句,Extended sentence。