最新2019 英语语言学期末试题练习 +答案

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英语语言学期末试题练习答案

文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]英语语言学练习题I ∙ MatChingMatCh each Of the following terms in COlUmn A With One Of th©appropria te defi nit ions in COlUnIn B.COlUmn A1. displacement 10. motivation 19.blending2. IangUe 11.arbitrariness 20. CUItUre3. SUPraSegmentaI PetenCe 21. lea:Tningfeature 13. broad Strategies4. deep Strueture transcription 22.SeIeCtiOnaI5. PrediCatiOn 14.morphology restrictionsanalysis 15. CategOry 23.PhraSe Structure 6. idiolect 16. errors rules7・ Pidgin POnential 24.CUItUre8. IniStakeS analysis CIiffUSiOn9. interlanguage 18. COntextCOlUmn BA.LearnerS t independent SyStem Of the SeCOnd language, WhiChis Of neither the native IangUage nor the SeCOnd language, but a COntinUUnI Or approximation from his native IangUage to the target IangUage・9B.Learner, S attitudes and affective State Or Iearning drive,having a Strong impact On his efforts n Iearning a SeCOnelIangUage・21C.The rules that SPeCify the COnStituents Of SyntaCticCategories・ 23D.ThrOUgh COnlmUniCatiOnJ SOme el emen ts Of CUltUre A enter CUltUreB and become Part Of CUltUre B. 24E. A PerSOnaI dialect Of an individual SPeaker that COmbineSelements regarding regional, social, gender, and age VariatiOnS・6F. A SPeCiaI IangUage Variety that mixes Or blends IangUageS andit is USed by PeOPIe WhO SPeak different IangUageS for restricted PUrPOSeS SUCh as trading・7G.The kind Of analysis WhiCh involves the breaking down OfPrediCatiOnS into their COnStitUents ------- arguments andPrediCateS・ 5H.They refer to COnStraintS Orl What IeXiCaI items Can go WithWhat Others・22I.The StrUCture formed by the XP rule in accordance With the head' SSUbCategOriZatiOn PrOPertieS・ 4J. K. L. M. N. O.P. Q. R. S.T . U .V .W .X.The PhOnemiC features that OCCUr above the IeVeI Of the Segments. 3The StUdy Of the internal StrUCtUre Of WOrdSJ and the rules that govern the rule Of WOrd formation.The abstract IingUiStiCSPeeCh COnImUnity. 2 LangUage Can be USed immediate SitUatiOnS distinctive features Learner? S conscious,14SyStenl Shared by all the members Of arefer to COnteXtS removed from the theSPeaker・ It is One Of thehuman IangUage・ 1goal-oriented and PrObIenI-SOIVing basedtoOfOfefforts to achieve Iearning efficiency・10The total Way Of Iife Of a people, including the PatternS Of belief, CUStOmSJ ObjeCts, InStitUtions, IangUage that CharaCteriZeS the Iife Of 20The COnImOn knowledge Shared by both the 18techniques, and thehuman COnlmUnity.SPeaker and hearer.The Way Of WOrd formation by WhiCh new WOrdS may be formed by COmbining PartS Of Other WOrdS・ 19A group Of IingUiStic items WhiCh fulfill the Same Or SinliIar functions in a PartiCUIar language, SUCh as a sentence, a noun PhraSe Or a Verb・ 15A Way PrOPOSeCl by the StrUCtUraI SemantiCiStS to analyze WOrd meaning・ ThiS approach believes that the meaning Of a WOrd Can be dissected into meaning COmPOnents. 17The ideal USer, S knowledge Of the rules Of his IangUage・12 One Of the PrOPertieS Of human IangUage・ It means that there is no IOgiCal COnneCtiOn between meanings and SOUndS・ 11 A Way to transcribe SPeeCh SOUndS With letter-symbols only.13They reflect gaps In a Iearner, S knowledge Of the target IangUageJ not Self-COrrigibIe・16They reflect OCCaSiOnaI IaPSeS in PerfOrmanCe・ 8II ・ BIank-filling.FilI in the following blanks With a word, WhOSe initial Ietter has been given.1."A rose by any Other name WOUld SmelI as SWeet・” ThiSQUOtatiOn is a good illustration Of the a _______ nature OfIangUage・ Arbitrary2.The description Of a IangUage at SOme POint Of time inhistory is a SynChrOniC study; the description Of a IangUage as it ChangeS through time IS a d _________ StUdy. DiaChrOniC3.ChOmSky defines C _____ as the ideal user" S knowledge Of therules Of his language, and PerfOrmanCe the actual realization Of this knowledge in IingUiStic COmmUniCatiOrι. COmPetenCe4.In the PrOdUCtiOn Of VOWeIS the air Streain COlning from theIUngS meets With no o _____ ・ ThiS marks the essentialCIifferenCe between VOWeIS and COnSOnantS・ ObStrUCtiOn5.The different PhOneS that Can represent a PhOneme inCIifferent PhOnetiC environments are Called the a ______ Of the PhOneme・ AlIOPhOne6.AlIOPhOneS Of the Same PhOneme Cannot OCCUr in the SamePhOnetiC environment・ They are Said to be in C ______CIiStribUtiO n. COmPIeme nt ary7・ When pitch, Stress and SOUncl Iength are tied to the SentenCe rather than the WOrCl in ISOIation, they are COlIeCtiVeIy known as i ___________ ・IntOnation8.The m ____ Unit Of meaning is traditionally CalIed morpheme・MinimUln9.I ___ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the mostPart PUreIy grammatical markers, Signifying SUCh COnCePtS astense, number, CaSe and SO OrL InfIeCtiOnal10.PhraSeS that are formed Of more than One WOrd USUalIyCOntain three elements： head, SPeCifierJ and C ______ ・COmPlement11.COnCerning the StUdy Of meaning, COnCePtUaIiSt VieW holdsthat there IS no direct Iink between a IingUiStiC form and What it refers to; rather, in the interpretation Of meaning they are Iinked through the mediation Of C ________________ in the mind・COnCePt12.The SenSe relation between U animaI n and U dog v is CalIeclh ___ ・ hyponymy13.P ___ refers to the PhenOmenOn that the Same WOrd may have aSet Of CIifferent meanings・ POIySemy14.What essentially distinguishes Semantics and PragmatiCS isWhether in the StUdy Of meaning the C _______ Of USe is takeninto COnSideratiOn. COntext15.S ___ refers to the IingUiStic Variety CharaCteriStiC Of aPartiCUIar SOCiaI ClaSS・ SOCiOIeCt16.WHO is an a ____ derived from the initials Of "World HeaIthOrganization v・ ACronynI17.ACCOrding to HalIiday, IangUage VarieS as its function VarieS: itCIifferS in different SitUatiOnS・ The type OfIangUage WhiCh IS SeIeCted as appropriate to the type OfSitUatiOn is a r _____ ・ RegiSter18. In CrOSS-CUItUral CommUniCation, SOme elements Of CUltUre Aenter CUltUre B and become Part Of CUItUre B, thus bringing aboUt the PhenOmenOn Of CUltUraI d ____________ ・ DiffUSiOn19. WhiIe the first IangUage is acquired S ______ J the SeCOnd Orforeign IangUage is more COnImOnIy Iearned COnSCiOUSIy ・SUbCOnSCiOUSIy20. LangUage a ______ refers to a natural ability forSeCOnd IangUage ・ ACqUiSition21. VibratiOn Of VOCaI COrdS results in a QUaIity OfSOUndS CalIed U V ________ " , WhiCh is a feature Of and SOme COnSOnantS in EngIiSh ・ VOiCe22. The PhOnenIiC features that OCCUr above the IeVeI Segment are CalIed S ____ features ・ SUPraSegmentaI23. MOrPhOIOgy refers to the StUdy Of the internal StrUCtUre Of WOrdSand rules for WOrel f ・ FOrnlatiOn24. The minimal Unit Of meaning is traditionally CalIed m ________ ・MOrPheme25. The SenSe relation between "autumn" and U fall n is CalIeclS ___ ・ SynOnym26. H ___ refers to the PhenOmenOn that WOrdS having differentmeanings have the Same form, i ・ e. J different WOrdS areidentiCaI in SOUnd Or SPelIingJ Or in both. HOmOnymy27. In daily COnlmUniCation, PeOPIe do not always ObSerVe the fourmaxims Of the CO-OPeratiVe PrinCiPIe ・ COnVerSatiOnaIi ___ WOUld arise When the maxims are flouted ・ Implicature28. SARS is an a ____ derived from the initials Of U SeVere ACUteReSPiratOry SynClrOme M ・ Ac:TOnym29. I ___ is a PerSOnaI CIiaIeCt Of an individual SPeaker thatCOmbineS elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age VariatiOnS ・ IdiOIeCt30. RP, the ShOrt form Of "R ______ PrOnUnCiatiOn n refers to thePartiCUIar Way Of PrOnOUnCing Standard EngIiSh ・ ReCeiVedIlL MUItiPle ChOiCe ・ChOOSe the best answer to the following items ・1. ___ is COnSidered to be the father Of modern IingUiStiCS ・A. N ・ ChOmSkyB. F. de SaUSSUreC. LeOnarCi BIOOInfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2・ In the SCOPe Of IingUiStics, _____ form the Part Of IangUageWhiCh IinkS together the SOUnd Pattern and meaning ・ SPeeCh all VOWeISOf theA. morphology and SyntaXB. PhOnetiCS and semanticsC. SemantiCS and SyntaX D ・ mo:TPhOlOgy and SemantiCSStUdieS the SOUndS from the hearer , S POint Of view, i ・ e. , how the SOUndS are PerCeiVed by the hearer ・A ・ auditory PhOnetiCS B. acoustic PhOnetics C. articulatory PhOneticsWhiCh Of the following WOrdS begins With a velar voiced StOP A.godB. bossC. COCkD. dog WhiCh Of the following WOrdS ends With a dentaL voiceless friestive _A. roseB. WaVeC. ClOthD. massage WhiCh Of the following WOrdS COrItains a back, open andunrounded VOWel _inflectional morphemes except ___ ・A. PaintSB. PaiIIterC.Painted D. Painting WhiCh Of the following WOrdS has more than three morphemesA.PSyChOPhySiCS B. boyfriends C. forefather D.undesirabilityThe Pair Of WOrdS "dead and alive ,t is CalIed ______ ・A. gradable antonymsB. relational OPPOSiteS C ∙comp 1 ©mentary BntonyinSWhiCh Pair Of the following WOrdS Can be Categorized asStyliStiC SynOnymS __A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. IUggage & baggageX ： JOhn has given UP SmOking ・Y: JOhrl USed to SmOke ・The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is _____ 3.4.5. 6. 7. & 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.A. god WhiCh Of A. [h] WhiCh OfB. boot the following B. Ek] the following B. kill, D. taskSOUnd _____D . T?FC. WaIk is NOt a Velar C. [g] is NOt a IninimaI Pair ____ PilI C. peak, pig,D. meat, Seat is an OPerl CIaSS WOrdS ____ C. the D. theyA. bat, bite WhiCh Of the following A ・ emailB. but The Underlined morphemes in the following belong to theA・X βntails Y B. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With YD. X is InCOnSiStent With Y X: My father has been to LOndOn.Y: My father has been to UK.The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is _______A. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With YD. X is inconsistent With Y16. When We ViOlate any Of the maxims Of CO-OPeratiVe PrinCipie,OUr IangUage Inight become _____ ・A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirect D ・ UnClea:T17. ACCOrding to SearI t S CIaSSifiCatiOn Of SPeeCh acts, WhiChOf the following is an instance Of CIireCtiVeS ______A. I fire you!B. YOUr money Or your life!C. I'm SOrry for the mess I have made ・D ・ I have never Seen the man before ・imitation and habit formation ______ ・A. Th © behaviorist viewB. The InnatiSt VieWC. The interactionist VieWD. The COgrlitive theory23. WhiCh Of the following SentenCeS is an example OfOVergeneraliZatiOn _____ ・A. Jane told me to give UP SmOking ・B. Jane asked me to give UP SmOking ・C. Jane advised me to give UP SmOking ・D ∙ Jane suggested me to give UP smoking.24. WhiCh Of the following hypotheses is PUt forth by Dr.KraShen ____ ・A. CritiCaI PeriOd HyPOtheSiSB. InPUt HyPOtheSiSC. LangUage ACqUiSitiOn DeViCe HyPOthesisD. Sapir- WhOrf HyPOthesis25. WhO among the following IingUiSts PUt forward CO-OPeratiVethe following WOrdS is B. CraSh 18. WhiCh Of A ∙ t ΓΘΘ bang 19. The WOrd A. blend 20. WhiCh OfCIiPPing A. memo B. motel C. quake 21. ACCOrding to HalIiday, mode Of discourseOf COnImUniCatiOn. A. SUbjeCt B. role 22. WhiCh Of the following U KOdak n is a(n) _ B. COined WOrd entirely arbitraryC. tyPewriterD.C. CIiPPeel WOrd D ・ acronym the following WOrdS is NOt formed by means OfD. gym refersto theC. SitUation theories Of IangUage acquisition Iearning is SimPIy amatter Of D ∙ meansPrinCiPIeSA. PaUI GriCe B ・ JOhn SearIe C. KraShenA. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YD. LeeCh26. WhiCh Of the following IingUiStS is the initiator Oftransformational generative grammarA. F. de SaUSSUreB. N. ChOmSkyC. G ・ LeeCh D ・ M ・A. K. HaIIiday27. When a ______ COmeS to be adopted by a POPUIatiOn as itsPrimary IangUage and Children Iearn it as their first language, it becomes __________________ ・B. A. CreOIe ・・・ Pidgin B.pidgin... CreOleC. C. regional dialect ・・・ SOCiOIeCtD.SOCiOIeCt ・・・ regional dialect28. ___ StUdieS the SOUndS from the SPeaker , S POint Of view,i. e ・, how a SPeaker USeS his SPeeCh OrganS to articulate SPeeCh SOUndS ・A. AUCIitOry PhOnetiCSB. ACOUStiC PhOnetiCS C ∙ Articulatory phon ©tics29. We know the Verb "put" requires an NP followed by a PP OrAdV ・ Thus, the PrOCeSS Of PUtting WOrdS Of the Same IeXiCaI CategOry into SmalIer CIaSSeS according to their SyntaCtiC CharaCteriStiC IS CalIeel ______ ・A. CategOriZatiOn B ∙ SUbCategorizationC. SyntaCtiC CategOrieS D ・ COOrdinatiOn30. WhiCh Of the following WOrdS COntainS a front, ClOSe andUnrOUnded VOWeI ___A. badB. bed C ∙ beat D ・ but31. The UnderIined morphemes in the following belong to the33. The Pair Of WOrdS U borrow and Iend M is CalIed __________A. gradable antonyms B ∙ rβlational opposites C.COmPIementary antonyms34. WhiCh Pair Of the following WOrdS Can be CategOriZed asCOlIOCatiOnaI SynOnymS _____A. torch & flashlight B ∙ Pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. IUggage & baggage35. X: My SiSter WilI SOOn be divorced ・derivational morphemes A ∙ faster B. Writer32. WhiCh Of the following A. email B. but except ____ ・ C. IOVeIy D. ConVerSiOn is an OPerl CIaSS WOrdS____ C. the D. theyA. PaUI GriCe B ・ JOhn SearIe C. KraShenA. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YY: My SiSter IS a married WOlnan.The SenSe relation between the above SentenCeS is ________C. X is SynOnymOUS With Y D・ X is inconsistent With Y36.X: JOhn married a blond heiress・Y: JOhn married a blond・The SentenCe relation between X and Y is _______A. X entails YB. X PreSUPPOSeS YC. X is SynOnymOUS With Y D・ X is COntradiCtOry With Y37.ACCOrding to SearI t S CIaSSifiCation Of SPeeCh acts, WhiChOf the following is NOt an instance Of directiVeS _______A.OPen the window!B.YOUr money Or your Iife!C.WOUId you Iike to go to the PiCniC With USD.I have never seen the man before.38.The WOrd "brunch” is a(n) _______ ・A∙ blend B. COined WOrd C. CIiPPed WOrel D・ acronym39.ACCOrding to HalIiday, field Of discourse refers to the OfCOmmUniCatiOn.A. SUbjeCt B・ role C. SitUatiOn D・ means40.There are different tyPeS Of affixes Or morphemes・ The affix "ed"in the WOrcl "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morpheme D・ free form41.WhiCh Of the following theories Of IangUage acquisitionholds that human beings are biologically PrOgranlmed for IangUage and that the IangUage develops in the Child just as Otherbiological functions SUCh as WaIking ____________ ・A. The behaviorist VieWB∙ The innatist VieWC.The interactionist VieWD.The COgnitiVe theory42.The OPening between the VOCaI COrdS is SOmetimes referred toas ___ ■A. glottisB. VOCaI CaVityC. PharynXD. UVUIa43.WhiCh Of the following hypotheses is PUt forward by EriCLenneberg ___ ・A.ClritiCaI PeriOd HyPOthesisB.InPUt HyPOthesisngUage ACqUiSitiOn DeViCe HyPOtheSiSD.SaPir-WhOrf HyPOtheSiS44.MOrPhemeS that represent tense, number, gender and CaSe areCalIed ___ morpheme・A. infleCtiOnal B . free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the WOrd denationalizationA. threeB. four C∙ five D. SiXC. StatiCD. genetiCalIy transmitted47・ PitCh Variation is known as ____ When its Patterns areimposed On SentenCeS ・ A. intonation B. ton © C. PrOnUnCiatiOn D. VOiCe48. WhiCh One is different from the OtherS according to mannersOf articulation A. [z] 49. 21. WhiCh PIaCeS Of A. [n] B. [w] C. [e] D. [v]One is different from the OtherS according toarticulationB. [m]C. [b]D. [p]30. WhiCh VOWeI is CIifferent from the OtherS according to theCharaCteriStiCS Of VOWeISA. [i:] B ・[u] C. [e] D. [i]51. What kind Of SOUndS Can We make When the VOCaI COrdS areVibratingA. VOiCeleSSB. VoicedC. GlOttai StOPD.COnSOnant32. When a ChiId USeS U mummy n to refer to any WOmanJ mostPrObabIy his "mummy” means ___________ ・A. + HUmanB. + HUman + AdUItC. + HUman + AdUlt - MaIe D ・ + HUman + AClUIt 一 MaIe + Parent33. The UtteranCe "We're already WOrking 25 hours a day, eightdays a Week ・"ObViOUSIy ViOIateS the maxim Of _________ ・A. QUaIity B ∙ quantity C. relation D ・ manner34. The Pair Of WOrdS U nOrth n and U SOUth n is _____________ ・A. gradable OPPOSiteSB. relational OPPOSitesC. co-hyponymsD. SynOnymS35. W hiCh Of the following SentenCeS is NoT an example Of cross-associationA. Other / anotherB. InUCh / manyC. StaIagmite / StaIagtite D ∙ bow / bow36. _____ describes Whether a PrOPOSitiOn is true Or false ・A. TrUthB. TrUth ValUeC. Truth COndition D ・ FaISehOOel37. "John Sent Mary a POSt Card ・"is a CaSe OfA. One 一PlaCe PreeIiCatiOnB. two-place PrediCatiOnC. thτθθ-place predication D ・ no 一PIaCe PrediCatiOn58. ,,John killed BilI but BilI didn' t die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. PreSUPPOSitionC. anomaly D ・ COntradiCtiOn59. ____ refers to the PrOCeSS Whereby a WOrd is ShOrtenedWithOUt a Change in the meaning and in the Part Of SPeeCh ・46. LangUage isA. instinctiveB. non —instinctive60.A. BIenCIing B. Back-formation C. CIiPPing D. COnVerSiOn61.W hiCh Of the following aspects is NOT the COre Of the StUdy Ofgeneral IingUiStiCSA. SOUndB. StructureC. meaningD. applicationΓV. TrUe Of false judgment∙JUdge Whether the following Stat©ments are true Or false. Write T in the corresponding brack©t for a true Statement and F for a false one∙1.LingUiStiCS StUdieS IangUageS in general, but not anyPartiCUIar language, e. g・ English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.MOdern IingUiStics regards the Written IangUage as the natural OrPrimary medium Of human IangUage・ F3.In narrow transcription, We transcribe the SPeeCh SOUndS WithIetter-SymbOIS OnIy WhiIe in broad transcription We transcribe the SPeeCh SOUndS With Ietter-SymbOIS together With the CIiaCritiCS・T4.By diachronic StUdy We mean to StUdy the ChangeS and development OfIangUage・ TPIete homonyms are Often brought into being by coincidence. T6.Of the three PhOnetics branches, the IOngeSt established one, andUntiI recently the most highly developed, is acoustic PhOnetiCS・ F 7・ The meaning Of the WOrd U SeaI M in the SentenCe "the SeaI COUld not be found v CannOt be determined UnIeSS the COnteXt in WhICh theSentenCe OCCUrS is restored・ T8.An InnatiSt VieW Of IangUage acquisition holds that human beingsare biologically PrOgranImecl for IangUage・ T9.ACCOrCIing to CO-OPeratiVe PrinCipie, the COnVerSatiOnaIPartiCiPantS have to StriCtly ObSerVe the four maxims, SO that the COnVerSatiOn Can go On SUCCeSSfUlly. F10.T he Same WOrd may Stir UP different association In PeOPIe Underdifferent CUItUraI background・ T11.A ChiId WhO enters a foreign IangUage SPeeCh COmmUnity by the ageOf three Or four Can Iearn the new IangUage WithOUt the trace Of an accent・ T12.In COmmUniCatiOn it WilI never be the CaSe that What is grammaticalis not acceptable, and What is UngranlmatiCaI may not beinappropriate. F13.MOdern IingUiStics is mostly descriptive・ T14.SinCe there is no IOgiCaI COnneCtion between meanings and SOUnds,IangUage is absolUtely arbitrary. F13.VOWeIS may be distinguished as front, Central and back according tothe manner Of articulation. F16.APPIied IingUiStiCS is the application Of IingUiStIC PrinCiPIeS andtheories to IangUage teaching and Iearning・ F17.A PhOnOIOgiCaI feature Of the EngIiSh COmPOUndS IS that the StreSSOf the WOrCl always falls On the first element, and the SeCOnCl element receives SeCOndary StreSS・ F18.AlI the affixes belong to bound morphemes・ T19.A POIySenIiC WOrd is the result Of the evolution Of the Primarymeaning Of the WOrd・ T20.ACCOrCIing to the innatist VieW Of IangUage acquisition, OnIy Whenthe IangUage is modified and adjusted to the IeVeI Of Children t S COmPrehenSion, do they PrOCeSS and internalize the IangUage ItemS・F21.When a Child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a1anguage-specific CUItUre and becomes SOCiaIiZed In Certain WayS・T22.ACCOrCIing to Austin, the PerfOrmatiVe UtteranCe IS USed toPerfOriII an action, it also has truth VaIUe・ F23.Children Can Iearn their native IangUage WelI WheneVer they Startand WhateVer kinds Of IangUage SamPIeS they receive・ F24.DUaIity is One Of the CharaCteriStiCS Of human IangUage・ It refersto the fact that IangUage has two IeVelS Of StrUCtUreS: the SyStem Of SOUndS and the SyStenI Of meanings・ T25.LingUiStiC forms having the Same SenSe may have CIifferentreferences in different SitUatiOnS WhiIe IingUiStic forms With the Same reference always have the Same SenSe・ FV. Give a ShOrt answer to each Of the following quβstiOns∙1.SenSe and reference are two terms Often encountered in the StUdy OfWOrd meaning・ What are they and how are they related to each Other P662.ACCOrcIing to HalIiday, What is register What are the SOCiaIVariabIeS that determine the register P117-1183.What are the main features Of human IangUage that essentially makeit different from Other animal COnImUniCation SyStems P8- 94.GiVe a brief illustration to the U SemantiC triangle n SUggeSted byOgden and RiChardS・ P63~64VL ESSay question.1.ACCOrding to AUStin, What are the three acts a PerSOn is POSSibIyPerfOrnling WhiIe making an UtteranCe GiVe an example toillustrate this P80-822.What are the four maxims Of the CP IlIUSt:Tate With examples howflouting these maxims gives rise to COnVerSational ImplicatureP85-883.PIeaSe ObSerVe the following SentenCeS: all Of them are IIOt WelIformed・ What rules does each Of the following SentenCeS ViOIate And What are the two aspects in terms Of Sentence meaning PIeaSe IlIUStrate briefly.1)He ated the Cake yesterday.2)We WilI gone to Beijing tomorrow.3)The table intended to marry the Chair・4)My favorite fruit is red PearS・Pleas© take a IOOk at the seetion 5.5. 2 (page 73) to thefirst ParagraPh On page 74∙1.The meaning Of SentenCe is not the SUm total Of the meanings Ofall ItS COmPOnentS・ And it includes both grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning・2.The grammatical meaning Of a SentenCe refers to itsgrammaticality, WhiCh is governed by the grammatical rules Of the IangUage・ Any ViOlatiOn Can result in mistakes, making a SentenCe UnaCCePtable・SUCh as SentenCe 1) has a WrOng WOrd "ated” and 2) has U WilI gone,,;3.BUt grammatically WelI-formed SentenCeS Can StilI beUnaCCePtabIe because Whether a Sentence is SemantiCalIy meaningful is decided by rules CalIeel SeIeCtiOnaI restrictions, in Otherwords, COnStraints On What IeXiCaI items Can go With What others・SOme SerItences may be grammatically WelI-formed, yet they may not be SemantiCalIy meaningful because they COntain WOrdS WhiCh are not SUPPOSed to go together・ For example, as We Can find inSentence 3) and 4), no table WOUId intend to marry the ChairUnIeSS in a children1 S StOry and there is no red PearS USUalIy in the WOrIcl・ Therefore, SOme SeIeCtiOnaI restrictions have been ViOIa ted.。

成人教育《英语语言学》期末考试复习题及参考答案

一、单项选择题1.The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same company.DA、would not workB、will not workC、does not workD、did not work2.Mike promised to keep me ______ how our business was going on.BA、informedB、informed ofC、to be informedD、to be informed of3.I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia.CA、to goB、goingC、to goingD、of going4.____ a teacher in our college, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.AA、To becomeB、One becomesC、Becoming ofD、Who becomes5.All the task ______ ahead of time, we planned to go on holiday for a week.DA、had fulfilledB、having fulfilledC、were fulfilledD、having been fulfilled6.Not until the game had begun ______ the sports ground.AA、did Peter arrive atB、Peter arrived atC、didn’t Peter arrive atD、Peter didn’t arrive at7.I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ________.DA、had toB、might have toC、have hadD、should have8.I will give the ticket to _______ wants to have it.BA、whomeverB、whoeverC、some oneD、anyone9.The reason _______ I did not go to the lecture yesterday was that I had something important to do.DA、whichB、for thatC、becauseD、why10.Be careful with those explosives _______ end up killing ourselves.CA、then we won’tB、but we won’tC、or we willD、and we will11.The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night.CA、at lengthB、in fullC、on endD、in time12.I don’t play basketball any more, _________ when I was a child.AA、but I used toB、I used toC、but I used to doD、I used to do13.Living here at the top of the mountain with no one else near, the old man must be very ____. DA、onlyB、aloneC、loneD、lonely14.I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin. They are too____.AA、faintB、foggyC、transparentD、misty15. A highly organized system of irrigation is ____ Chinese agriculture.AA、typical ofB、consistent withC、famous forD、subject to16.Jack is very ____ about wines.BA、awareB、knowledgeableC、learnedD、informed17.As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian.AA、fluencyB、clarityC、coherenceD、excellency18.It was _____ that we went for a picnic in the country.CA、such nic e a dayB、such nice dayC、so nice a dayD、so nice day19.By the end of next month I ______ here for five years.DA、will workB、have been workingC、have workedD、will have been working20.Much research _______ into the possible causes of the disease in the past few years.AA、has been doneB、was doneC、have been doneD、were done21.The teacher told us that we didn’t have to _____ every new word we ran into when reading. CA、look overB、look throughC、look upD、look into22.When he wrote to his father that he wanted to ____ his education and get married, his father cut off his allowance.AA、give upB、give outC、give inD、give away23.His speech was warmly received. It was several minutes before the applause _______.AA、died downB、died ofC、died outD、died off24.Mr. Zhang makes _____ a point to keep up with the latest development in his field.CA、thisB、thatC、itD、these25.In many countries now seat belts are _____ for the driver and front seat passengers at least.。

大学语言期末考试题及答案

大学语言期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“大学”的英文翻译？A. Middle SchoolB. High SchoolC. UniversityD. Elementary School答案：C2. “语言”在英语中通常指的是：A. CountryB. LanguageC. CityD. Culture答案：B3. “期末考试”在英文中通常被称为：A. Final ExamB. Midterm ExamC. Written TestD. Oral Test答案：A4. “阅读理解”在英语学习中是指：A. Reading ComprehensionB. Listening ComprehensionC. Writing ComprehensionD. Speaking Comprehension答案：A5. “词汇量”在英语中可以表达为：A. VocabularyB. LexiconC. DictionaryD. Glossary答案：A6. “语法”的正确英文翻译是：A. GrammarB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：A7. 下列哪个短语表示“完成作业”？A. Do homeworkB. Make homeworkC. Finish homeworkD. Complete homework答案：D8. “图书馆”在英语中通常指的是：A. LibraryB. BookstoreC. Reading RoomD. Classroom答案：A9. “论文”在学术英语中通常指的是：A. EssayB. ThesisC. ReportD. Article答案：B10. “口语”在英语中可以表达为：A. OralB. SpokenC. VerbalD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The _________ (大学) is a place where students can study and live.答案：University12. To improve your _________ (语言) skills, you should practice speaking regularly.答案：Language13. Many students feel stressed before the _________ (期末考试).答案：Final Exam14. In an English class, you might be asked to write an_________ (论文) on a specific topic.答案：Thesis15. When learning a new language, expanding your _________(词汇量) is essential.答案：Vocabulary16. The teacher asked the students to _________ (完成) their homework before the next class.答案：Complete17. You can find a wide range of books in a(n) _________ (图书馆).答案：Library18. The _________ (语法) section of the language test is often challenging for many students.答案：Grammar19. An _________ (阅读理解) exercise usually involves readinga passage and answering questions about it.答案：Reading Comprehension20. Public _________ (口语) is an important skill for effective communication.答案：Spoken三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读下面的短文，并回答问题。

(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))

I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.2. Lin guistics studies particular lan guage, not lan guages in gen eral.3. A scie ntific study of lan guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks.4. In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on lan guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts.5. Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of lan guage as a whole.6. Gen eral li nguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and me thods applicable in any lin guistic study.7. Pho netics is differe nt from pho no logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful senten ces.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be comb ined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syn tax is differe nt from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces.11. The study of meaning in lan guage is known as sema ntics.12. Both sema ntics and pragmatics study meanin gs.13. Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolati on, but in con text.14. Social cha nges can ofte n bring about lan guage cha nges.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar.18. A diachro nic study of lan guage is the descripti on of lan guage at s ome point in time.19. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as primary, not the writte n lan guage.20. The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was propo sed by F. de Saussure.n . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee as the ideal user ' ___________of the rules of his lan guage.22. Lan gue refers to the a ________ lin guistic system shared by allthe members of a speech commu nity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules.23. D ________ is one of the desig n features of huma n lan guage which refers to the phe nomenon that lan guage con sists of two levels: alower level of mea nin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of me anin gful un its.24. Lan guage is a system of a ________ v ocal symbols used for human com muni cati on.25. The discipli ne that studies the rules gover ning the formati on of w ords into permissible senten ces in lan guages is called s ______ .26. Huma n capacity for lan guage has a g ____ basis, but the details of lan guage have to be taught and lear ned.27. P ______ refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use.28. Findings in lin guistic studies can ofte n be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applicati ons is gene rally known as a __________ lin guistics.29. Lan guage is p _________ in that it makes possible the con struction and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users .In other words, th ey can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of sentenc es which they have n ever heard before.30. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the s _____ study of lan guage.ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt:31. If a lin guistic study describes and an alyzes the lan guage people a ctually use, it is said to be _______ .A. prescriptiveB. an alyticC. descriptiveD. li nguistic32. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n lan guage ?A. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess33. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n lan guage as ____ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______ .A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount ofin formati on con veyedC. speech is always the way in which every n ative speaker acquires h ismother ton gueD. All of the above35. A historical study of Ian guage is a ______ study of Ian guage.A. syn chro nicB. diachro nicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) ______ view of Ian guage, while Chomsky lo oks at Ian guage from a ______ point of view.A. sociological …psychologicalB. psychological …sociologicalC. applied …pragmaticD. semantic …linguistic37. Accord ing to F. de Saussure, ______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech com muni ty.A. paroleB. performa neeC. la ngueD. Language38. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne eti on betwee n _____ and meanin gs.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the im mediate situati ons of the speaker. This feature is called ______ ,A. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on40. The details of any lan guage system is passed on from one gener ati on to the n ext through _____ , rather tha n by in st in ct.A. learni ngB. teachi ngC. booksD. both A and BIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics42. Phon ology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholi nguistics46. Language47. Pho netics48. Morphology49. Sema ntics50. Socioli nguistics51. Applied Lin guistics52. Arbitrari ness53. Productivity54. Displaceme nt55. Duality56. Desig n Features57. Compete nee58. Performa nee59. Lan gue60. ParoleSuggested an swers to suppleme ntary exercises:I . Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:I. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. FII. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. Fn . Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n:21. kno wledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)ID . There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the stateme nt.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DIV . Define the following terms:41. Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of lan guage.42. Phono logy: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n com muni cati on is called pho no logy.43. Syn tax: The study of how morphemes and words are comb ined t o form senten ces is called syn tax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholi nguistics: The study of Ian guage with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholi nguistics.46. Lan guage: Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm uni cati on is called phon etics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arra n ged to form words is called morphology.49. Sema ntics: The study of meaning in lan guage is called sema ntics.50. Socioli nguistics: The study of lan guage with reference to society i s called socioli nguistics.51. Applied lin guistics: In a n arrow sen se, applied lin guistics refers to the applicati on of lin guistic prin ciples and theories to lan guage teach ing and lear ning, especially the teach ing of foreig n and sec ond langu ages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicati on of lin guistic finding s to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of lan guage. It mea ns that there is no logical conn ecti on betwee n meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-structi on and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users.54. Displaceme nt: Displaceme nt means that lan guage can be used to refer to thi ngs which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined m atters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the i mmediate situati ons of the speaker55. Duality: The duality n ature of lan guage means that lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of huma n lan guage that dist in guish it from any ani mal system of com muni cati on57. Compete nee: Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal user 'n owledge of the rules of his lan guage,58. Performanee: performanee is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in lin guistic com muni cati on.59. la ngue: Lan gue refers to the abstract lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com muni ty; Lan gue is the set of conven tions and rules which lan guage users all have to follow; Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge freque ntly60. Parole: Parole refers to the realizati on of lan gue in actual use; pa role is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules; parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situati on to situ atio n.。

19级英语期末试题及答案

19级英语期末试题及答案第一部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A根据最新研究，微睡一下可能实实在在地改善人们的工作效率。

研究人员盯住25名18岁至64岁的参与者，在实验开始时以及临近午觉前和午觉后三小时进行认知测试。

结果显示，小睡可能提高注意力、反应时间和工作记忆。

小睡的定义是在一天的时间里，在各种类别中到进入睡眠阶段之前的那段时间内容许的短暂休息。

这段时间一般持续10到30分钟，部分人甚至到1小时。

考虑到大部分员工只能"迷迷糊糊"地度过整整一天时间，专家普遍推崇小睡使用。

然而，困扰着政府和企业主的一个问题是，小睡利益是否会显著大于其成本。

人们在工作时如果持续认真和精神矍铄将能完成更多任务，而且在短时间内也不会感到显著的困倦。

不幸的是，这个观点找不到令人信服的科学证据支持。

有人据此提出了一个问题：尽管更多员工认为小睡会提高效率，但是政府和企业主接受这个观点，并实际对此进行规定的可能性如何？研究人员发起了一项为期30分钟的小睡计划，从去年一年的夏天开始。

他们报告说，假期中的小睡计划为两周或两周以上，在其推行周期内其在公司的时间持续至少四周，每周进行两至三次。

然而，研究人员没有在这个周期中记录到任何结果。

因此我们尚没有证据证明，小睡或许能改善工作效率。

1. According to the research, a nap can ________.A. improve people's work efficiencyB. make people lose attentivenessC. lead to poor memoryD. increase sleep disorders2. A nap, according to experts, would typically last ________.A. less than an hourB. about 90 minutesC. over 2 hoursD. as long as 10 hours3. What hinders government and employers from accepting the benefitsof napping?A. The lack of scientific evidenceB. The high costs of nappingC. The absence of employee interestsD. The opposition from researchers4. How long did the researchers study the nap plan?A. 10 weeksB. Less than a monthC. Over 2 monthsD. Two yearsBGlobal warming is a major environmental issue that affects the world we live in. One of the main causes of global warming is human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels (石化燃料) such as oil, coal and natural gas. These activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The gases trap heat from the sun and cause the earth's temperature to rise. This rise in temperature is known as global warming.Global warming affects the climate in various ways. The increased temperature affects Earth's natural system, leading to melting ice caps and glaciers (冰川). As a result, sea levels are rising, with the potential to cause flooding in lower-lying coastal areas. Rising sea levels also cause the loss of coastal wetlands, which are important habitats for wildlife.Global warming also affects weather patterns, causing more intense and frequent hurricanes, droughts and heatwaves. These extreme weather events can have devastating effects on communities, destroying homes, businesses and infrastructure. For example, in recent years, hurricanes like Katrina and Sandy have caused billions of dollars' worth of damage in the United States.1. According to the passage, one main cause of global warming is________.A. the rise of sea levelsB. the release of greenhouse gasesC. the increase in hurricane numbersD. the destruction of coastal wetlands2. What does the underlined phrase "coastal wetlands" in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Raised land around the coastB. Low-lying areas near the coastC. Ice caps and glaciersD. Habitats for wildlife near the coast3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of global warming?A. Flooding in coastal areasB. Damage from hurricanesC. Outbreaks of infectious diseasesD. Loss of coastal wetlands4. According to the passage, the intensification of extreme weather events results from ________.A. the rise in sea levelsB. the burning of fossil fuelsC. the release of greenhouse gasesD. the loss of coastal wetlandsCOnline shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years. It offers convenience and 24/7 accessibility. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to online shopping.One of the big advantages of online shopping is the ability to shop from the comfort of your own home. You no longer have to drive to a crowded mall or worry about finding a parking spot. With just a few clicks, you can browse through hundreds of products and easily compare prices and features. This saves you both time and money.Another advantage is the wide variety of products available online. You can find almost anything you're looking for without having to visit multiple stores. Furthermore, many online stores offer customer reviews, which can help you make informed decisions about the products you want to buy.Despite its advantages, online shopping also has its drawbacks. One major drawback is the inability to physically see and touch the products before purchasing. This means you can't try on clothes or test out electronics before buying them. Additionally, there is the risk of fraud and scams when making online purchases.1. What is one of the advantages of online shopping?A. The ability to shop outdoors.B. The convenience of trying on clothes.C. The chance to directly compare prices.D. The opportunity to meet new people.2. According to the text, what can customer reviews help you with?A. Avoiding crowded malls.B. Finding parking spots.C. Making informed decisions.D. Saving time and money.3. What is a drawback of online shopping?A. The availability of a wide variety of products.B. The ability to test out items before buying them.C. The risk of fraud and scams.D. The chance to physically see and touch products.4. What does the word "drawbacks" in Paragraph 3 mean?A. AdvantagesB. LimitationsC. FeaturesD. Strategies第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

山东师范大学英语语言学期末考试试卷及参考答案

山东师范大学英语语言学期末考试试卷及参考答案山东师范大学成人高等教育期末考试试题年级：专业：考试科目：英语语言学试题类别：Ａ卷考试形式：闭卷Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A, B, C or D. (20%)1. _______ is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this aspect is Trubetzkoy who published Principles of Phonology in 1939.A. The London SchoolB. Traditional grammarC. American StructuralismD. The Prague School2. Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which Saussure called _______.A. langue and paroleB. signifier and signifiedC. speech and writingD. system and function3. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____approach to language study.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. descriptive4. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof thathuman language is .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. logicalD. cultural5. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound .A. [n]B. [h]C. [w]D. [j]6. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Morphemes that represen t “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are calledmorphemes.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational8. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.A. fourB. threeC. twoD. five9. “Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town” is a sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. compound 10. In the phrase structure rule “S NP VP”, t he arrow can be read as .A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates11. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.A. old and youngB. male and femaleC. hot and coldD. buy and sell12. The stimulus-response theory was proposed by .A. FirthB. HallidayC. BloomfieldD. Chomsky13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded thefamous Cooperative Principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics aremore interested in its ______ meaning.A. literalB. logicalC. contextualD. grammatical15.is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identifiedby shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A nation16. A speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc., governing theskilled use of language in a society is termed ______.A. competenceB. performanceC. communicative competenceD. communicative strategy17. The phonemes /k/, /a:/ and /p/ are in ______ relations in the words /ka:p/ (carp)and/pa:k/ (park).A. synchronicB. syntagmaticC. diachronicD. paradigmatic18. The Prague School claims that a sentence may be analyzed from the functionalside in terms of ______as well as from the grammatical side.A. theme and rhemeB. argument and predicateC. subject and predicateD. performative and constative19. In the proposition “Professor Green is a linguist”, the predicate linguist is a______.A. no-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place predicateD. three-place predicate20. The following conversation exchange clearly violates ______.A:Let’s get the kids something.B: Okey, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.。

英语语言学期末考试题

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2.5%×10=25%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n)___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physicalarticulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Short answer questions(15%x3=45%)1. what features of language do you think should be included in agood, comprehensive definition of language?Language is a rule-governed system.Language is basically vocal.Language is arbitrary.Language is used for human communication.2. what are the major individual factors for SLA?The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors.the rate and ultimate success in SLA are also affected by individual learner factors.(1)The early years of one’s life before puberty;(2)They must have strong motivation, instrumental or integrative;(3)The extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community, that is , acculturation.(4)Learner’s personality.3.State briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study?⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes.⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.⑷It’s recognized that children acquired their native language without explicit learning, which a second language is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2learner.⑸A rule can be learned before it is internalized(i.e. acquired),but having learned a rule does not necessarily preclude having to acquire it laterIII. Text Analysis (10%x3=30%)Read the following passage and answer the questions in your answer sheet.About one of man’s frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote, “he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.”This observation is related to a principle by which I try (without always succeeding) to live. I believein living in the present because it is futile to dwell on the past, to worry about the future, or to miss anything in the only reality I know. It is futile to dwell on the past. What existed or happened in the past may have been beautiful or exciting and may now bring profound and precious memories; but the past is dead, and it is not healthy for living spirits to linger over a world inhabited by ghosts. The past may also be a place of horror, of regret, of spilled milk, of unfortunate deeds that “cannot be undone,”of sad words like “might have been.”However, it is painful and pointless to fixate on a period that cannot be relived or repaired. It is unproductiveself-punishment. The past must be kept in its place, outlived and outgrown.It is also useless to worry about the future. Why fly to heaven before it is time? What anxious visions haunt the person who thinks too much about the future? He may envision the horrible mushroom cloud; the earth shriveling from radiation; the overpopulated, abused earth gone dead. He may imagine his own life going awry, appointments missed; advancements given to someone else; his house burned to the ground; his love lost; everything in his life as in a nightmare, slipping away from him. There is no end to the disasters a person can worry about when he focuses anxiously on the future. There are events in his future, including his own demise, over whichhe has little or no control, but he can ruin his life worrying about them. There are some disasters he may be able to prevent, but he must do that by living well in the present, not simply by worrying about the future.The present moment, which is even now moving into the past, is the reality I know, and I don't want to miss it. The wild-cherry cough drop dissolving in my mouth is sweet and soothing. Even my sore throat and back-ache have meaning. The cool night air, the crackling noises of my furnace, my cat yawning and stretching -- these, are the tangible realities I can recognize. They exist in this moment, together with my own breathing, the warm lamp overhead, the jerking of my typewriter. Along with these are the realities of other people and of all life on this earth, which matters to me now, not at some past or future time.Everyone needs a sense of history, I think, particularly a feeling for his own roots, but history needs to keep its distance to be appreciated. It is also vital to have some sense of direction, which means making plans for the future but not becoming preoccupied with them. What is most important, I believe, is living in the present, that is, being alive now.Questions:What is the thesis statement in the passage? (5 points) How does the writer develop his ideas in this passage? (10 points)Please comment on one of the author’s views. (10 points)。

2019年高三英语第一学期期末测试卷

2019年高三英语第一学期期末测试卷（附参考答案）第一卷（三部分，共115分）第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1．Where is Miss Brown from?A．Singapore B．America C．Japan2．What do you know about Bob?A．He is interested in maths.B．He is often absent from class.C．He often does his homework with others’ help.3．What can we learn about William?A．He couldn’t ride a bike.B．He used to have a bike like the boy’s.C．He would like to have a bike.4．What is the woman going to do?A．Mail an invitation to the Smiths.B．Invite Alan to the party.C．Visit the Smiths.5．What did the man mean?A．He could lend her an extra pen.B．He had lost his pen.C．He could offer her a pencil.第二节（共15小题；每题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

《英语语音》期末考试试卷及答案

《英语语音》考试试卷（A卷、闭卷）I. Of the four words, try to find the one which has different word stress (15%)（）1. A. balloon B. Bamboo C. bedroom D. belief（）2. A. discipline B. Diffuse C. Discover D. dismiss （）3. A. Difference B. diverse C. devote D. delay （）4. A. radiation B. relax C. remarkable D. repeat （）5. A. blacksmith B. DoorbellC. BlackboardD.good-looking（）6. A. primary school B. National DayC. lawn tennisD. shoe factory（）7. A. working people B. crying babyC. flying fishD. dining-room（）8. A. business man B. shopping centerC. stage managerD. nice fellow（）9. A. London Bridge B. Oxford StreetC. the Yellow RiverD. the Communist Party（）10. A. pick-pocket B. ill-treatmentC. vice-presidentD. misbehaviorII. Choose one word which has different pronunciation from the other three (15%)（）1. A. Subtle B. tomb C. cabinet D. doubt （）2. A. censor B. courtesy C. circle D. cynical （）3. A. condemn B. mutton C. solemn D. damn （）4. A. wrestle B. wreckage C. wrinkle D. weary （）5. A. shepherd B. rhetoric C. forehead D. inherit （）6. A. psychology B. cupboard C. punctual D. corps（）7. A. medicine B. nickname C. business D. venison （）8. A. hidden B. resent C. interest D. palely （）9. A. handkerchief B. handsomeC. WednesdayD. kingdom（）10. A. satisfactory B. territorialC. laboratoryD. victoryIII. True or false. (15%)( ) 1. A phoneme may have several allophones.( ) 2. English vowels can be voiced or voiceless.( ) 3. The mouth should be more open for / i: / than for / /.( ) 4. / k / and / g / have the same place of articulation. ( ) 5. In English sound system some consonant phonemes are voiced or voiceless, but all the vowel phonemes are voiced. ( ) 6. There is more air out of mouth for voiced consonants than for voiceless consonants.( ) 7. Auxiliary verbs are usually unstressed in a sentence. ( ) 8. Since diphthongs are composed of two vowel elements, they are treated as two syllables.( ) 9. A syllable is a unit of speech sounds consists of a vowel or a vowel with one or more than one consonant. A word has as many syllables as there are vowels in it.( )10. The falling intonation is often associated with uncertainty and incompleteness.IV. Fill in the blanks. ( 1 point for each, 20%)1. The six stops (plosives) in consonants are ______, ______, ______, ______,______, ______. The voiceless stops are______, ______, ______; the voiced are ______, ______, ______.2. A speech sound formed with the lower lip and the upper teeth is called________________ sound.3. Phonetics has three branches: ____________ phonetics,____________phonetics and ____________ phonetics.4. Monophthongs are made with no ____________ or change of the speech organs, while a diphthong is a vowel sound in thepronunciation of which its quality ____________, beginning as one vowel and ending as another.5. All English diphthongs are falling diphthongs, which have the characteristics of: 1) the main stress is put on the ____________ element of the two; 2) the duration of the first element is____________ than the second.V. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20%).1. The “Cardinal Vowel System” designed by Daniel Jones is mainly used to_______.A. define pure vowels in EnglishB. define pure vowel system in any languageC. make contrasts between one and many other languages2. The soft palate can move up and down. When it is _______ to let the air pass only through the nose, nasal sounds are formed.A. upB. LoweredC. at a standstill3. There are forty-sixty ________ in English.A. speech soundsB. SymbolsC. phonemes4. In the word “curtain”, “cool”, “cause” and “sky”, the pronunciation of the letter “c” and “k” are said to be ________.A. different phonemesB. allophonesC. in the complementary distribution5. The correct meaning of “ John loves Mary.” is _______.A. It’s Mary who John loves.B. It’s John who loves Mary.C. John shows his affection not hatred for Mary.6. I’ll have ________ X-ray examination tomorrow.A. anB. aC. the7. Which of the following is a passive articulator _______A. teeth ridgeB. soft palateC. uvula8. The explosion of /-t/ and /-d/ are known as _______A. nasal plosionB. double plosionC. lateral plosion9. Usually stress falls on words which are ________ important ina sentence.A. phoneticallyB. grammaticallyC. semantically10. The correct rhythmic patterns of the following are ________:A. E. E. C 3 8B. 3 1 0 2 P. R.C.C. 2 8 3 3 5 7 U. S. A.VI. Mark out the component parts of the following tone-group (15%) Example: There’s plenty of time to pre pare the lesson.There’s plenty of time to pre pare the les son.Pre-head Head Nucleus Tail1. You must 'light a 'fire to 'warm the dining-room.2. Will you 'have 'time to 'type this for me3. 'Why did he 'ask such a silly question4. You can have the book, if you like.5. The 'more I thought about it, the 'less I liked it.《英语语音》考试答案（A卷、闭卷）I. Of the four words, try to find the one which has different word stress (15%) (每小题1.5 分，共15分)1. C2. A3. A4. A5. D6. C7. D8. C9. B 10.AII. Choose one word which has different pronunciation from the other three (15%) (每小题1.5 分，共15分)1. C2. B3. B4. D5. D6. C7. B8. B9. D 10. BIII. True or false. (15%) (每小题1.5 分，共15分)1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. FIV. Fill in the blanks. ( 1 point for each, 20%)(每空1 分，共20 分)1. / p /, / b /, / t /, / d /, / k /, / g /; / p /, / t /, / k /; / b /, / d /, / g /.2. Labi0-dental3. articulatory, acoustic, auditory4. movement, changes5. first, longerV. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20%). (每小题2 分，共20分) 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C6. A7. A8. C9. C 10. CVI. Mark out the component parts of the following tone-group (15%) (每小题3 分，共15 分)1. You must 'light a 'fire to 'warm the dining-room.P H N T2. Will you 'have 'time to 'type this for meP H N T3. 'Why did he 'ask such a silly questionH N T4. You can have the book, if you like.P N T P N5. The 'more I thought about it, the 'less I liked it. P H N T P H N TWelcome To Download欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

资料英语语言学期末考试试卷考卷及答案副本

英语语言学期末考试试卷第一部分选择题I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C orD in the brackets. (2%X10=20%)1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ inthat ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took apsychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took asociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic pointof viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmaticpoint of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedB. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collectionof distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmativeto interrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, whichis the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing thespeaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answersuch questions as how the human mind works when people use language.12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________.14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three importantareas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity. 15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particularhemisphere of the brain is called l_____________.16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence theinterpretation of meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, andsentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings areidentical in sound or spelling, or in both.19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classifyfamilies of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstructthe p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. Thesocial group isolated for any given study is called the speech c___________. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that languageare able to produce and comprehend.( ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.( ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%×10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33. allophones:34. phrase structure rules:35. context36. Historical Linguistics:37. standard language:38. linguistic taboo:39. acculturation:40. care-taker speech:V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors insecond language acquisition and give your examples.42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identifythe major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.参考答案第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C orD in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. A2. D3. C4. C5.B6. A7. B8. C9. C 10. D第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Psycholinguistics12. diachronic13. duality14. oral15. lateralization16. Suprasegmental17. recursive18. Homonymy19. protolanguage20. communityIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%X10=20%)( T ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( T ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.( F ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can begeneralized into the study of another language.( F ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language. ( T ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.( F ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.( F ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”( T ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.( F ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.( T ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%X10=30%)31. parole: It refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concreteand varies with context.32. Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is thetranscription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.33. Allophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments.34. Phrase structure rules are the rewrite rules which allow for the possiblecombination of words to form phrases and sentences.35. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by thespeaker and the hearer.36. Historical linguistics studies language change ( or historical development oflanguage).37. Standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.38. Linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.39. Acculturation is a process of adapting to the culture and value system of thesecond language community.40. It is simple and modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, etc. when theytalk to young children who are acquiring their native language.V. Answer the following questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors insecond language acquisition and give your examples.1) Mother tongue interference2) interlingual interference3) Overgeneralization42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identifythe major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.Major periods: Old English (449-1100)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English (1500-present)Historical events: The old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-Saxons from Europe, and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Conquest. The Middle English period is distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest. The European renaissance movement marked the beginning of the Modern English period.。

英语语言学练习(含答案)

Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

英语语言学期末试题练习答案

英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmentalfeature4.deep structure5.predicationanalysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes9.interlanguage 10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broadtranscription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponentialanalysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learningstrategies22.selectionalrestrictions23.phrase structurerules24.culturediffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which isof neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the targetlanguage. 9B.Learner’s atti tudes and affective state or learning drive,having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language.21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter cultureB and become part of culture B. 24E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combineselements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and itis used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down ofpredications into their constituents---- arguments and predicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with whatothers. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ssubcategorization properties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 15S. A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12 U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there isno logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W.They reflec t gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotationis a good illustration of the a____ nature of language.Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in historyis a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rulesof his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from the lungsmeets with no o____. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the a____ of the phoneme.Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phoneticenvironment. They are said to be in c____ distribution.Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentencerather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most partpurely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually containthree elements: head, specifier, and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds thatthere is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a setof different meanings. Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics iswhether in the study of meaning the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of aparticular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World HealthOrganization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies;it differs in different situations. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture Aenter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second or foreignlanguage is more commonly learned consciously. Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning asecond language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech soundscalled “v”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Voice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segmentare called s____ features. Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of wordsand rules for word f____. Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____.Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is calleds____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, . , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe the fourmaxims of the co-operative principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker thatcombines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the sh ort form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to theparticular way of pronouncing standard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of language whichlinks together the sound pattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics andsemanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology andsemantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, ., howthe sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatoryphonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop?____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voicelessfricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unroundedvowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [?]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to theinflectional morphemes except ____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD.undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylisticsynonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, ourlanguage might become ____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which ofthe following is an instance of directives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mes s I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means ofclipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____ ofcommunication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believesthat language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example ofovergeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen?____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. InputHypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-WhorfHypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operativePrinciples?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator oftransformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A.K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primarylanguage and children learn it as their first language, itbecomes .B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin...creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD.sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, .,how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatoryphonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv.Thus, the process of putting words of the same lexical categoryinto smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close andunrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to thederivational morphemes except ____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized ascollocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which ofthe following is Not an instance of directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the _____of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed"in the word "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holdsthat human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred toas .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by EricLenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case arecalled ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposedon sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners ofarticulation?A. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to placesof articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to thecharacteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords arevibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD.Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probablyhis “mummy” means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight daysa week." obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example ofcross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56. describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59. refers to the process whereby a word is shortened withouta change in the meaning and in the part of speech.60.A. Blending B. Back-formation C. Clipping D. Conversion61.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study ofgeneral linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not any particularlanguage, . English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the naturalor primary medium of human language. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds withletter-symbols only while in broad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, anduntil recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the seal couldnot be found” cannot be determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beingsare biologically programmed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversationalparticipants have to strictly observe the four maxims, so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people underdifferent cultural background. T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the ageof three or four can learn the new language without the trace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what isgrammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds,language is absolutely arbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back accordingto the manner of articulation. F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principlesand theories to language teaching and learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stressof the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primarymeaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, only whenthe language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items.F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires alanguage-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways.T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used toperform an action, it also has truth value. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they startand whatever kinds of language samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refersto the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have differentreferences in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to e ach of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the studyof word meaning. What are they and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday, what is register? What are the socialvariables that determine the register? P117-1183.What are the main features of human language that essentially makeit different from other animal communication systems? P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggestedby Ogden andⅥ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possiblyperforming while making an utterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples howflouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not wellformed. What rules does each of the following sentences violate?And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning? Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of the meaningsof all its components. And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence 3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

英语语言学练习题(含答案))

Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not t he written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human languageA. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community. A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined m atters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com munication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s kn owledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowle dge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conven tions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。

语言学期末复习练习及答案

语言学期末复习练习及答案英语语言学期末预测及答案Translate the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%×10=5%)1) affricate 2)distinctive feature 3) parole 4) generative grammar 5) bilingualism 6) felicity condition 7) design feature8) denotation 9) labiodental 10) linguistic relativity Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%×10=5%)11)人际功能 12) 真值条件 13)女性语域 14)音节划分 15)结构主义16)社会语言学 17) 论元 18)单元音 19)衔接 20)对比分析III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C orD on the answer sheet. (1%×20=20%)1). language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2). A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3). There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4). The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5). “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6). Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7) “Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes8) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9) Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10) Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above11) In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental12) Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13) Which of the following is a correct description of reference?A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression usedin an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14) What is function of the sentence “How do you do’?A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15) In the following sounds, ________is a central vowel.A. /?/B. /u/C./?/D. /з/16) Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?A. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17) Which description of the meaning components of the word “father” is right?A. [+human, +adult,-male]B. [+human, -adult, +male]C. [–human, +adult, -male]D. [+human, +adult, +male]18) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20) “Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.A. an overheated animalB. a kind of foodC. a barking dogD. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(15 pts, 1 point for each)Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: (1%×15=15%)1)Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.2)According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the actual realization of his knowledgein utterance.3)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.4)Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.5)Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of alanguage.6)Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.7)The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.8)Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticalitybelong to the same syntactic category.9)According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol andreferent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by theutterance.14) Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by peoplebelonging to particular social classes.15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)1)The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics, auditoryphonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2)One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacyof speech overw_________.3)S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4)C____________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word canbe divided into meaning components.5)The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.7)Linguistics’ found that it would be impossible to give an adequate descriptionof meaning if the c_________ of language use was left unconsidered.8)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a_______of messages.9)Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages isrelative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.10)S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.II.Translate the following terms: (0.5%×20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%×10=5%)1)塞擦音 2)区别性特征 3) 言语 4)生成语法 5)双语现象6)适切条件 7)结构特征 8)外延 9)唇齿音 10)语言相对论Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%×10=5%)11)interpersonal function 12) truth condition 13)women register14)syllabification 15) structuralism 16) sociolinguistics 17) argument 18) monophthong 19)cohesion 20) contrastive analysis III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.(1%×20=20%) 1-5 DBCCA 6-10 CDABB 11-15 BBCBA 16-20 BDBDBIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.(1%×15=15%)1-5 FFFFF 6-10 FFFTT 11-15 FTFTFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue. (1％×10=10％)1) articulatory 2) writing 3) syntax 4) contituent5)homograph6) broad 7)context 8)receiver 9) hypothesis 10) Speech。

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最新2019 英语语言学期末试题练习 +答案Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.最新2019 英语语言学期末试题练习 +答案ngue3.suprasegmental feature4.deep structure5.predication analysis6.idiolect7.pidgin 8.mistakes9.interlanguage10.motivation11.arbitrariness12.13.broad transcription14.morphology15.category16.errors17.18.context19.blending20.culture21.learning strategies22.selectional restrictions23.phrase structure rules24.culture diffusion最新2019 英语语言学期末试题练习 +答案A.Learners’ independe nt system of the second language，which is of neither the native languagenor the second language，but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive，having a strong impact on his effortsn learning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.24E. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speakdifferent languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties.4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words，and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious，goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.20P.18Q.. 19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language，such as a sentence，a noun phrase or a verb. 15S.17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.12U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language，not self-corrigible. 16 X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word，whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’ Competence4._. This marks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. They aresaid to be in c____ distribution.7.When pitch，stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation，they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers，signifying such concepts as tense，number，case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head，specifier，and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning，conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link betweena linguistic form and what it refers to; rather，in the interpretation of meaning they are linkedthrough the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning thec____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials o f “World Health Organization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday，language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.Diffusion19.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v”，which is afeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is called s____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form，i.e. ，different words are identical in sound or spelling，or in both. Homonymy27.Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an indi Idiolect30.RP，the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics，____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view，i.e.，how the sounds are perceivedby the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental，voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back，open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [ŋ]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat，biteB. kill，pillC. peak，pig，D. meat，seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational opposites13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts，which of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input HypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27. .B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view，i.e.，how a speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv. Thus，the process of puttingwords of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front，close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational opposites34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts，which of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings arebiologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense，number，gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman，most probably his “mummy”means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day，eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and inthe part of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general，but not any particular language，e.g. English，Chinese，Arabic，and Latin，etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium of humanlanguage. F3.In narrow transcription，we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. T5.T6.Of the three phonetics branches，the longest established one，and until recently the mosthighly developed，is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the seal could not be found” cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologically programmedfor language. T9.According to co-operative principle，the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims，so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.T12. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds，language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.V owels may be distinguished as front，central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teachingand learning. F17. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition，only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children’ F21.T22.According to Austin，the performative utterance is used to perform an action，it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language hastwo levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. What arethey and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday，what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-1183.P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggested by Ogden and Ri chards.P63-64 Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin，what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maxims givesrise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules does eachof the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning?Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence And it includes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality，which is governed bythe grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes，making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions，in other words，constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed，yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example，as we can find in sentence3) and 4)，no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is nored pears usually in the world. Therefore，some selectional restrictions have been violated.。

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