To Build a Fire Summary

Unit1‎ Mr. Doher‎t y Build‎s His Dream‎LifeThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎the dream‎life of the autho‎r with his famil‎y on a farm, where‎t heautho‎r could‎write‎and live.The autho‎r viewe‎d his life in the count‎r y as a self-relia‎n t and satis‎f ying‎one, but somet‎imes the good life would‎get very hard. On the first‎winte‎r, the autho‎r was fond of every‎minut‎e inste‎a d with his famil‎y, which‎they would‎never‎forge‎t, while‎the follo‎w sprin‎g broug‎h t two flood‎s, which‎made them amaze‎d.After‎quitt‎i ng his job, the autho‎r’s incom‎e was reduc‎e d, but he and his famil‎y were able to manag‎e to get by. Besid‎e s, he ran a farm and benef‎ited more from it. A toler‎a nce for solit‎u de and a lot of energ‎y had made it possi‎b le for thefamil‎y to enjoy‎their‎life in the count‎r y.What’s more, they also had found‎the lifes‎tyle that they prefe‎r red in this place‎.Unit 2The Freed‎o m Giver‎sThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎ three‎perso‎ns, Josia‎h Henso‎n,John Parke‎r and Levi Coffi‎n, whowere the giver‎s of freed‎o m for black‎slave‎s in the Ameri‎c an histo‎ry.Besid‎e s, the autho‎r prais‎e d the explo‎i ts of civil‎-right‎s heroe‎s who helpe‎d slave‎s trave‎l the Under‎g roun‎d Railr‎o ad to freed‎o mby citin‎g more examp‎l es. What’s more, it was high time to honor‎the heroe‎s who helpe‎d liber‎a te slave‎s by forgi‎n g the Under‎g roun‎d Railr‎o ad in theearly‎civil‎-right‎s strug‎g les in Ameri‎c a.After‎winni‎n g his own freed‎o m from slave‎r y, John Parke‎r helpe‎d other‎slave‎s to escap‎e north‎to Canad‎a andfreed‎o m.Suppo‎r ted by a stron‎g relig‎i ous convi‎c tion‎,the white‎man Levi Coffi‎n riske‎d himse‎l f to helpmany black‎slave‎s to escap‎e. At last,by trave‎l ing the Under‎g roun‎d Railr‎o ad, Josia‎h Henso‎n reach‎e d his desti‎n atio‎n and becam‎e free.Unit 3The Land of the LockThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎the land of lock, which‎happe‎n ed in Ameri‎c an.When the autho‎r was young‎, it was the local‎custo‎m for peopl‎e to leave‎the front‎door at night‎but didn’t close‎it,and none of them carri‎e d keys. Howev‎e r, nowad‎a ysthose‎days were over, and the era of leavi‎n g the front‎door on the latch‎has drawn‎to a close‎. What a great‎chang‎e was that no locki‎ng had been repla‎c ed by dead-bolt locks‎, secur‎ity chain‎s, elect‎r onic‎alarm‎syste‎ms and so on. There‎f ore, the lock becam‎e the new symbo‎l of Ameri‎c a. What’s more, a new atmos‎p here‎of fear and distr‎u st had crept‎into every‎aspec‎t of daily‎life. As a resul‎t, secur‎i ty devic‎e s, in varie‎d forms‎, were put to use. In locki‎n g their‎ fears‎out, they becam‎e priso‎n ers of their‎ own makin‎g.Unit 4 Was Einst‎e in a Space‎Alien‎The passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎Alber‎t Einst‎e in, whowas a young‎husba‎n d and fathe‎r with a bushy‎hair. In order‎t o suppo‎r t his young‎ famil‎y,with a poor sleep‎, he had to work hard at the Paten‎t Offic‎e so that he was very tired‎. For which‎, he felt all the press‎u re and respo‎nsibi‎lity. Howev‎e r, aimin‎g to relax‎himse‎lf, he made aston‎i shin‎g achie‎v emen‎t s in physi‎c s and thus revol‎u tion‎i zed the field‎with five paper‎s about‎spare‎time, which‎were of great‎impac‎t on all over the world‎. Becau‎s e of his suppe‎r intel‎ligen‎c e and the contr‎ibuti‎o n to the socie‎t y, the Unite‎d Natio‎n s decla‎r ed 2005 as his mirac‎le year.What’s more, his disco‎v erie‎s were attri‎b utab‎l e to his imagi‎n atio‎n, quest‎i onin‎g,disre‎g ard const‎a ntly‎ for autho‎r ity, power‎s of conce‎n trat‎i on, and inter‎e st in scien‎c e.In fact, he was not a space‎alien‎,but just a commo‎n perso‎n.Unit 5Three‎Thank‎-You Lette‎r sThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎ the autho‎r’s three‎speci‎a l lette‎r s, bywhich‎h e wante‎d to celeb‎r ate the true meani‎n g of Thank‎s givi‎n g. OnThank‎s givi‎n g Day 1943, as a young‎coast‎g uard‎s man at sea, heworke‎d as a cook. While‎he was going‎to think‎about‎Thank‎s givi‎n g, he came up with the idea of expre‎s sing‎his grati‎t ude to peopl‎e who had helpe‎d himbefor‎e.There‎f ore, he wrote‎three‎thank‎-you lette‎r s to three‎perso‎ns, his fathe‎r, the Rev. Nelso‎n and his grand‎m othe‎r.At a mail call, he got three‎lette‎r s in reply‎, which‎drove‎him to think‎deepl‎y.After‎he retir‎e d from the Coast‎Guard‎, he still‎never‎forgo‎t these‎lette‎r swhich‎gave him an insig‎h t into expre‎ssing‎appre‎c iati‎o n for one’s effor‎t s. Furth‎e rmor‎e, he wishe‎d every‎o ne to find the good and then prais‎e it.Unit 6The Last LeafThe passa‎ge mainl‎y t alke‎d about‎the last leaf, which‎Johns‎y gave a sight‎to after‎she got the pneum‎onia and lived‎in the hospi‎t al. She looke‎d out the windo‎w and count‎e d the leave‎s on an old ivy vine. Furth‎e rmor‎e, she made up her mind to end her life when the last leaf fell. When she saw the last leaf still‎ cling‎to the vine after‎ two night‎s’ rain and wind, she decid‎e d not to give up her life. In fact, the last leaf, calle‎d a maste‎r piec‎e by Behrm‎a nwho riske‎d his life paint‎ing it there‎the night‎that the last leaf fell, was actua‎lly paint‎e d onto the wall. Howev‎e r, becau‎s e it looke‎d so real that she could‎have never‎imagi‎n ed that it was faked‎. In a deepe‎r sense‎, it saved‎her life.unit 1 Mr. Doher‎t y Build‎s His Dream‎LifeIn Ameri‎c a many peopl‎e have a roman‎t ic idea of life in the count‎r ysid‎e. Many livin‎g in towns‎dream‎of start‎i ng up their‎own farm, of livin‎g off the land. Few get round‎to putti‎n g their‎dream‎s into pract‎i ce. This is perha‎p s just as well, as the life of a farme‎r is far from easy, as Jim Doher‎t y disco‎v ered‎when he set out to combi‎n e being‎a write‎r with runni‎n g a farm. Never‎t hele‎s s, as he expla‎i ns, he has no regre‎t s and remai‎n s enthu‎s iast‎i c about‎his decis‎i on to chang‎e his way of life.在美国，不少人对乡‎村生活怀有‎浪漫的情感‎。

阻止森林发生火灾英语作文英文回答：Forest fires are a major threat to forests and ecosystems around the world. They can cause significant damage to property and infrastructure, and they can also have a devastating impact on human health and safety. There are a number of things that can be done to prevent forest fires, including:Public education: Educating the public about the dangers of forest fires and how to prevent them is one of the most important things that can be done. This can be done through public service announcements, school programs, and community outreach events.Fire prevention programs: Fire prevention programs can help to reduce the risk of forest fires by identifying and mitigating potential fire hazards. This can involve removing dead trees and brush from forests, creatingfirebreaks, and installing fire detection and suppression systems.Law enforcement: Law enforcement can play a role in preventing forest fires by enforcing fire regulations and investigating arson cases. This can help to deter people from starting fires intentionally and to hold those who do accountable for their actions.Land use planning: Land use planning can also help to reduce the risk of forest fires by limiting development in fire-prone areas. This can help to prevent the spread of fires and to make it easier for firefighters to access and contain fires that do occur.By taking these steps, we can help to prevent forest fires and protect our forests and ecosystems.中文回答：森林防火。

消防维保值守季度工作总结The quarterly work summary of fire protection maintenance and duty is a crucial task that requires attention to detail and dedication. 消防维保值守季度工作总结是一项至关重要的任务，需要关注细节并全力以赴。

During this quarter, our team has worked tirelessly to ensure that all fire protection systems are functioning properly and are up to code. 在本季度，我们的团队不知疲倦地努力工作，确保所有消防系统运行正常，并符合规范要求。

We have conducted regular inspections and maintenance on fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers to minimize the risk of fire emergencies. 我们定期对火警器、喷水灭火系统和灭火器进行检查和维护，以降低火灾事故的风险。

In addition, our team has also conducted fire drills and training sessions to ensure that all staff members are prepared in the event of a fire emergency. 此外，我们的团队还进行了火灾演习和培训，确保所有员工在火灾紧急情况下有所准备。

We have identified areas for improvement and have implemented new strategies to enhance the overall efficiency of our fire protection maintenance and duty procedures. 我们已经确定了需要改进的领域，并实施了新的策略，以提高我们消防维保值守工作程序的整体效率。

雷电是形成的,6年级英语作文12句话全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1How is Lightning Formed?Have you ever been outside during a thunderstorm and seen a bright flash of lightning? It's an amazing sight! Lightning is a powerful electric discharge that happens in the atmosphere. But how does it form?First, inside a thundercloud, the air currents cause particles of ice, water droplets, and ice crystals to bump and collide. This builds up an electrical charge, with the bottom of the cloud becoming positively charged and the top becoming negatively charged.As the opposite charges build up, they are attracted to each other. The positive charges on the ground are attracted to the negative charges in the cloud. When the electrical force becomes strong enough, a channel of electrically charged air particles forms, connecting the cloud to the ground.Electricity from the cloud searches for the path of least resistance to the ground. As it flows through this channel, it heats the air rapidly, causing it to expand and vibrate. This vibration creates the bright flash we see as lightning!The heat caused by lightning can reach over 50,000°F (27,760°C) - hotter than the surface of the sun! The rapid expansion of heated air around the lightning bolt creates a shock wave that we hear as thunder.So in summary - ice and water particles collide, building up opposite charges. When the charge becomes too strong, electricity flows through a channel, heating the air rapidly and creating that amazing lightning flash! Nature's light show is the result of physics in action.篇2How Lightning FormsLightning is one of the most amazing and powerful forces of nature. Have you ever wondered what causes those bright flashes in the sky during a thunderstorm? Well, I'm going to tell you all about how lightning forms!It all starts with clouds. When warm air rises, water vapor condenses into tiny water droplets and ice crystals. This creates a cloud. Inside the cloud, the rising air currents cause the water droplets and ice crystals to bump into each other. This causes a buildup of electrical charge.The positive charges move to the top of the cloud, while the negative charges sink to the bottom. When the negative charges build up enough, they are attracted to the positive charges on the ground. Electrons flow rapidly down through the air in a bright electrical discharge we call lightning!Lightning can travel up to 60,000 miles per second and reach temperatures hotter than the surface of the sun - around50,000°F! The bright flash we see is just the evidence of the electrical discharge. The loud thunder clap we hear is caused by the rapid expansion of super-heated air around the lightning bolt.Pretty amazing, right? Lightning is basically a huge spark of electricity between the cloud and the ground caused by the separation of charges. Next time there's a thunderstorm, watch carefully and you might just see this incredible force of nature in action! Just be sure to stay safe indoors.篇3How Lightning is FormedHave you ever been outside during a thunderstorm? The dark clouds, the booming thunder, and the bright flashes of lightning can be both scary and exciting! Lightning is one of nature's most incredible displays of power. But do you know how it forms? Let me explain the process to you.It all starts with those tall, dark clouds called cumulonimbus clouds. Inside these clouds, there is a lot of moisture and rapidly rising air currents. As the air currents rise, water droplets are carried up too. The higher they go, the colder it gets. Eventually, the water droplets freeze and turn into tiny ice crystals.As the ice crystals move around inside the cloud, they bump into each other and start building up electrical charges. The lighter ice crystals become positively charged, while the heavier ice particles become negatively charged. This separation of positive and negative charges creates an electrical imbalance within the cloud.The positive charges gather at the top of the cloud, while the negative charges collect at the bottom. This creates an extremely powerful electrical field between the positive and negativeregions of the cloud. The electrical field becomes so strong that it starts to ionize (or split apart) the air molecules in its path, creating a channel of ionized air called a "leader."The leader zigzags its way down from the cloud, following the path of least resistance. As it gets closer to the ground, it creates a powerful electrical attraction with the opposite charges on the Earth's surface. This causes a second leader to shoot up from the ground, trying to meet the first leader coming down from the cloud.When the two leaders finally connect, they create a continuous path for the electrical current to flow. This is when we see the bright flash of lightning! The lightning bolt is essentially a massive spark of electricity that travels along the ionized channel between the cloud and the ground, trying to equalize the electrical imbalance.The lightning bolt can heat the air around it to temperatures hotter than the surface of the Sun, causing the air to rapidly expand and create the loud sound wave we know as thunder.After the lightning strike, the electrical imbalance within the cloud is temporarily relieved. However, the process continues as long as the conditions inside the cloud allow for the separationof charges. That's why we often see multiple lightning strikes during a single thunderstorm.Lightning is not only beautiful to watch (from a safe distance, of course), but it also plays an important role in nature. It helps to fertilize the soil by producing nitrogen compounds that plants need to grow. It also helps to create ozone in the upper atmosphere, which protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.So, the next time you see a lightning bolt streak across the sky, remember the amazing process that went into creating it. It's nature's way of balancing out the electrical imbalances in the atmosphere, and it's a powerful reminder of the forces at work in our world.篇4How Lightning Is FormedLightning is one of the most amazing and powerful forces of nature. It's a brilliant flash of electricity that lights up the sky during thunderstorms. But have you ever wondered how lightning actually forms? Let me break it down for you!It all starts with those big, fluffy clouds that roll in before a storm. Inside those clouds, you've got millions of tiny water droplets and ice crystals. As the air moves up and down in the cloud, those particles bump into each other. This causes them to become electrically charged – some get a positive charge, while others get a negative charge.The lighter positive charges move up to the top of the cloud, while the heavier negative charges sink down towards the bottom. This separation of charges creates an electric field between the top and bottom of the cloud. As the charges build up more and more, the electrical potential (or strength of the electric field) increases too.At some point, the electrical potential gets so strong that the air can't resist the flow of electricity anymore. Suddenly, a powerful electrical current jumps from the negatively charged area towards the positively charged area – and zap! You get a lightning bolt!The lightning bolt is like a giant spark of electricity. It's super-hot, with temperatures reaching up to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit – that's hotter than the surface of the sun! As the lightning travels through the air, it heats up the air rapidly,causing it to expand in an explosive way. This expansion of air creates the loud boom of thunder that we hear.But that's not all – lightning can also strike between the cloud and the ground. How does that happen? Well, as the negative charges build up at the bottom of the cloud, they start to repel the negative charges on the Earth's surface. This creates an area of positive charge on the ground, right underneath the cloud.When the electrical potential between the cloud and the ground gets strong enough, the lightning can actually travel from the cloud down towards the positively charged area on the ground. This is why you'll sometimes see lightning strike trees, buildings, or even people if they're the tallest object around.Pretty crazy, right? The whole process happens so fast that the human eye can barely keep up. But with high-speed cameras, we can actually see the lightning bolt branching out and flickering across the sky.Now, you might be wondering – what about those bolts that seem to go from the ground up into the cloud? Well, those are called "upward streamers." They're kind of like little electrical pathways that shoot up from tall objects on the ground, trying toconnect with the negative charges in the cloud. If they make that connection, boom – you get a ground-to-cloud lightning strike!So there you have it, my friends – the awesome science behind how lightning is formed. The next time you see those brilliant flashes in the sky, you'll know exactly what's going on. Pretty electrifying stuff, don't you think? Just be sure to stay safe and head indoors when a thunderstorm rolls in. Lightning is amazing, but it's also incredibly powerful and dangerous if you get too close. Enjoy the show from a safe distance, and let nature put on a spectacular display!篇5How Lightning Is FormedHave you ever been outside during a thunderstorm and seen a bright flash of lightning in the sky? It's a pretty cool sight! Lightning is one of the most amazing and powerful forces of nature. But do you know how it actually forms? Let me explain the process to you.It all starts with clouds. As water vapor rises into the cooler air high up in the sky, it condenses into tiny water droplets and ice crystals. This forms the clouds we see floating overhead.Some clouds get really big and tall, especially the fluffy cumulus clouds on hot and humid days.Inside these big clouds, the water droplets and ice crystals bump into each other as they move around. This causes electrons to be knocked off some of the particles, creating positive and negative charges. The positive charges tend to collect at the top of the cloud, while the negative charges gather at the bottom.As the positive and negative charges build up more and more, they start to get pushed further apart within the cloud. Eventually, the positive and negative charges get so far apart that they get attracted to opposite charges on the ground or in other nearby clouds. This is when things start to get really exciting!Imagine the positive charges up high and the negative charges down low in the cloud are like two big buckets filled with charges. The positive "bucket" at the top wants to dump its charges down towards the negative charges on the ground. And the negative "bucket" wants to shoot its charges up towards the positive charges in the cloud above it.So the positive and negative charges send out "feelers" made of ionized air molecules called stepped leaders. Thepositive stepped leader shoots down from the cloud while the negative stepped leader shoots up from the ground, kind of like roots searching for each other in the soil.When the two leaders finally meet up and connect, an amazing thing happens - a powerful electric current starts flowing along the path they created! This is the bright flash we see as a lightning strike. The electricity flows so rapidly that it heats up the air to over 50,000°F, hotter than the surface of the Sun! This intense heat makes the air expand explosively, creating the loud boom of thunder that follows shortly after.The whole process of lightning forming happens incredibly fast - in less than a second! The electric current rapidly transfers the built-up positive charges down to the ground while the negative charges flow up from the ground into the cloud. This neutralizes the charge imbalance that started the whole lightning process in the first place.But just because the charges are balanced, it doesn't mean the lightning stops right away. Oh no, the show is just getting started! The intense heat from that first lightning bolt creates even more positive and negative charges in the air. So more stepped leaders zip out looking to neutralize those new charges.This back-and-forth dance of positive and negative leaders creates that flickering, branching look that lightning has.Sometimes there can be dozens of lightning strokes all happening within the same second before the charges finally equalize and balance out. By that time, the brilliant flash and rumbling thunder makes it look like the whole sky just exploded! No wonder lightning is one of the most amazing forces of nature.So next time you see lightning during a storm, remember the crazy process happening up there in the clouds. All those positive and negative charges are putting on an electrifying show just for you! Just make sure to stay safe indoors and away from anything that could possibly get struck. Lightning is powerful and we need to respect its awesome might. But feeling a little storm excitement from a safe distance is all part of the fun!篇6How Lightning Is FormedHave you ever been outside during a thunderstorm and seen a big bright flash of lightning? It's pretty cool, but also a little scary! Lightning is this powerful bolt of electricity that zigzagsacross the sky. But where does it actually come from? How is lightning formed? Let me tell you all about it!It all starts with these big, tall clouds called cumulonimbus clouds. They stretch way up high into the sky and can grow over 60,000 feet tall! Inside these clouds, water droplets are constantly bumping into each other and forming bigger drops. As the drops get bigger and heavier, they start falling to the bottom of the cloud.But on their way down, they bump into smaller drops that are getting pushed up by rising air currents. When the heavier falling drops hit the lighter rising drops, electrons get knocked off the rising drops. These electrons then build up at the bottom of the cloud, giving it a negative charge.At the same time, the rising air currents in the cloud are pushing the positive charges upwards towards the top. This separates the negative charges at the bottom from the positive charges at the top. Once this separation becomes big enough, you get an epic electrical field between the two charged areas!The negative charges at the bottom of the cloud start getting so strong that they actually start pushing away air molecules beneath the cloud. This causes a channel of negative charges to shoot down from the cloud in a zigzag path. As thisnegative charge moves down, it pushes away the air particles, heating them up and creating the bright flash we see as lightning!The negative charges keep zigzagging towards the ground in this crazy branched pattern, repelling the air particles out of its way as it goes. When it gets close to the ground, the negative charges induce an opposite positive charge to build up on the surface. Once the negative charge connects with the positive charge on the ground, we get a huge flow of current in the form of a lightning bolt!So in summary, lightning happens because the rising and falling air currents inside a thundercloud separate the positive and negative charges into two main areas. The really strong negative charge area at the bottom sends out a branching bolt of electricity that connects with the opposite charge on the ground to even everything out. It's like a giant spark, but way more intense!After the main lightning bolt comes down, you sometimes see smaller branches come out of it or go back upwards. These are just leftover charges evening themselves out. That's also what causes the rumbling sound of thunder - the rapid heating and cooling of air particles causing shockwaves.Lightning is honestly pretty wild when you think about all the crazy electrical stuff happening to create those big bright bolts in the sky. An average lightning bolt can carry up to 1 billion volts of electricity - that's like a hundred million car batteries worth of power! No wonder it's so dangerous to be outside near lightning.But as powerful and scary as it can seem, lightning is just a natural part of the cycle that moves energy through the atmosphere during thunderstorms. Clouds build up all this electrical charge separation, and lightning is nature's way of discharging it and evening everything back out. Pretty neat how storms can create so much energy and drama with all those electrical charges flying around!So next time you see lightning flash across the sky, you'll know exactly what's going on up there in those big thunderclouds. It's an epic display of electrical charges separating and then coming back together in a brilliant spark of power. Pretty awesome if you think about it! Just make sure to admire it from a safe distance indoors. Lightning is seriously no joke when it comes to raw electrical force. But isn't science and nature amazing sometimes?。

s u m m a r y例子和答案本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.MarchThe Development of WritingFew people would disagree with the belief that primitive man learned to speak long before he developed a system of writing. But while his early spoken language may have been nothing more than a few sounds, early man could transmit messages across distances by means of signals from drums, smoke and fire. It was probably a desire to record messages that led to the development of alphabets. For early man, who could speak and who could send messages, could not put those messages into permanent form. The desire to have permanent records may not be easily understood in today’s world where electronic science has made disk and tape recordings commonplace. If early man wanted to leave records of past events to remind him of good times and bad, he had to depend on his memory, and on primitive markings such as piles of stones, cuttings on sticks, etc. The limitations of this system led early man to turn to rock drawings for the expression of sophisticated ideas. This form of writing depended on pictures to convey ideas, and although more advanced than previous developments, it was still too limited for man to be entirely satisfied. Man finally was able to develop a system of picture writing that associated symbols and sound. This system, which was originated by the early Sumerians and the Egyptians more than 3,000 ., is based on the same principle that we sue today in most world alphabets. It was about 1,000 . that the Phoenicians took the complicated picturealphabets of the Egyptians and simplified then into about 30 symbols, each one standing for aconsonant sound. Finally, the ancient Greeks, about 800 ., refined this Phoenician alphabet and added signs for vowel sounds. The alphabet used in English, an din many other world languages, is called the Roman alphabet because it was developed by the Romans who had taken most of it from another Italic people, the Etruscan, who, in their turn, had learned it from the ancient Greeks. Letters on ancient monuments in Rome prove that the Roman alphabet, the same alphabet used today, had been perfected by . 114.Secret to Longevity Lies in Genes, Study FindsTue Jun 11, 5:16 PM ETby Maggie Fox, Health and SciencesCorrespondentWASHINGTON (Reuters) Want to live to be 100 Pick old grandparents. It’s an old irony, but researchers said on Tuesday they had shown this is remarkably true when it comes to surviving into old age, and they believe a cluster of just a few genes may be responsible. They have set up a company that studies centenarians to see if the generic secret to living a long and healthy life may result in drugs that can prevent the diseases of aging, such as Alzheimer’s and heart disease. "It isn’t really that obvious," Dr. Thomas Perls, who led the study, said in a telephone interview. "It isn’t old age that runs in families. It’s exceptional old age that runs in families. We think this may be a handfulof genes that could be playing really substantial roles in the ability to get to very old age, much of it in good health."Perl’s team at Harvard University and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School studied 444 families, including more than 2,000 relatives of people who live to 100. Demographer John Wilmoth of the University of California Berkeley compared this data to the 1900 census and the Social Security Administration database. "Female siblings had death rates at all ages at about one-half the national level," they wrote in their report, published in this week issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "Male siblings of centenarians were at least 17 times as likely to attain age 100 themselves, while female siblings were at least eight times as likely." Perls is not interested in extending life at any cost.WHO WANTS TO GET THAT OLD, ANYWAY？"People might think, who wants to live to 100 anyway because people get the idea that the older you get, the sicker you get." But his study found just the opposite. "You can get Alzheimer, stroke, cancer in your 60s and 70s and expect to live another 30,40 years." Earlier work has shown many of these people share similarities in their DNA, especially on chromosome 4. Perls hopes his company, Centagenetix can home in on the important genes and perhaps make discoveries that will lead to drugs that can stave off disease."Discovering these genes will lead to understanding the biochemical pathways that those genes affect," he said. "My hope is that that wouldhelp a lot of other people age more slowly and delay and, my goodness even escape, something like Alzheimer."Which genes you do not have may be as important as those you do, Perls said. For instance, he found the 100-year-olds were very unlikely to have a version of a gene called APOE-4, which is associated with high cholesterol and Alzheimer. Environment did not seem to be too important to those who lived to be 100. Census Bureau data showed they were more likely to be poor and poorly educated something not usually associated with old age.But for most of us, environment and behavior is key. "I think the average set of genes gets us to our mid- to late-80s," said Perls, a geriatrician who now works at Boston Medical Center. "I base this on twin studies and on Seventh Day Adventists, who have a life expectancy of 87 years, who do everything right。

引起森林的大火英语作文Title: The Devastating Consequences of Forest Fires。

Forest fires are a scourge that not only threaten the environment but also endanger lives and property. In recent years, the frequency and intensity of forest fires have increased, wreaking havoc on ecosystems and communities alike. In this essay, we will explore the causes and consequences of forest fires, as well as potentialsolutions to mitigate their impact.Firstly, it's crucial to understand the various factors that contribute to the outbreak of forest fires. One of the primary causes is human activities, including careless behavior such as discarding cigarettes or leaving campfires unattended. Additionally, activities like logging and land clearing can create conditions conducive to fires by leaving behind dry vegetation that acts as fuel. Furthermore, climate change plays a significant role, as rising temperatures and changing weather patterns createdrier conditions, increasing the likelihood of fires spreading rapidly.Once ignited, forest fires can have far-reaching consequences. The immediate impact includes the destruction of wildlife habitats and biodiversity loss. Countless species of plants and animals depend on forests for survival, and when these habitats are destroyed, it can lead to the extinction of species and disruption of entire ecosystems. Moreover, forest fires release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and exacerbating climate change.In addition to environmental damage, forest fires pose a serious threat to human lives and property. As fires rage out of control, they can engulf homes, businesses, and infrastructure, displacing communities and causing immense economic losses. The smoke and ash produced by fires can also have severe health effects, exacerbating respiratory problems and posing risks to vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.Addressing the issue of forest fires requires a multi-faceted approach. First and foremost, efforts must be madeto prevent fires from occurring in the first place. This includes implementing strict regulations on activities that can spark fires, such as campfires and fireworks, and investing in education and public awareness campaigns to promote responsible behavior in forested areas. Additionally, land management practices such as controlled burns and vegetation management can help reduce the buildup of flammable materials and mitigate the risk of large-scale fires.Furthermore, it's essential to improve firefighting capabilities to effectively combat fires when they do occur. This includes investing in equipment and training for firefighters, as well as enhancing coordination between local, national, and international agencies to ensure aswift and coordinated response to fire emergencies. Additionally, utilizing technology such as drones and satellite imagery can aid in early detection and monitoring of fires, allowing for more proactive firefighting efforts.Lastly, addressing the root causes of forest fires requires addressing the broader issue of climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through measures such as transitioning to renewable energy sources and implementing sustainable land use practices is essential to mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing the frequency and severity of forest fires.In conclusion, forest fires represent a significant threat to both the environment and human well-being. By addressing the underlying causes of fires and implementing effective prevention and mitigation strategies, we can work towards minimizing their impact and protecting our forests for future generations. It is imperative that we take decisive action to address this pressing issue before it's too late.。

T o B u i l d a F i r eA Y HAD DA WNED COLD AND GRA Y WHENthe man turned aside from the main Yukon trail. He climbed the high earth-bank where a little-traveled trail led east through the pine for-est. It was a high bank, and he paused to breathe at the top. He excused the act to himself by looking at his watch. It was nine o’clock in the morning. There was no sun or promise of sun, although there was not a cloud in the sky. It was a clear day. However, there seemed to be an indescribable darkness over the face of things. That was because the sun was absent from the sky. This fact did not worry the man. He was not alarmed by the lack of sun. It had been days since he had seen the sun.The man looked along the way he had come. The Yukon lay a mile wide and hidden under three feet of ice. On top of this ice were as many feet of snow. It was all pure white. North and south, as far asD phis eye could see, it was unbroken white. The one thing that relieved the whiteness was a thin dark line that curved from the pine-covered island to the south. It curved into the north, where it disappeared be h ind another pine-covered island. This dark line was the trail—the main trail. It led south 500 miles to the Chilcoot Pass, and salt water. It led north 75 miles to Dawson, and still farther on to the north a thousand miles to Nulato, and finally to St. Michael, on Bering Sea, a thousand miles and half a thousand more.But all this—the distant trail, no sun in the sky, the great cold, and the strangeness of it all—had no effect on the man. It was not be c ause he was long familiar with it. He was a newcomer in the land, and this was his first winter.The trouble with him was that he was not able to imagine. He was quick and ready in the things of life, but only in the things, and not in their meanings. Fifty degrees below zero meant 80 degrees of frost. Such facts told him that it was cold and uncomfortable, and that was all. It did not lead him to consider his weaknesses as a creature affected by temperature. Nor did he think about man’s general weakness, able to live only within narrow limits of heat and cold. From there, it did not lead him to thoughts of heaven and the meaning of a man’s life.50 degrees below zero meant a bite of frost that hurt and that must be guarded against by the use of mittens, ear coverings, warm moccasins, and thick socks. 50 degrees below zero was to him nothing more than50 degrees below zero. That it should be more important than that wasa thought that never entered his head.As he turned to go, he forced some water from his mouth as an experiment. There was a sudden noise that surprised him. He tried it again. And again, in the air, before they could fall to the snow, the drops of water became ice that broke with a noise. He knew that at 50 below zero water from the mouth made a noise when it hit the snow. But this had done that in the air. Undoubtedly it was colder than 50 below. But exactly how much colder he did not know. But the tem-perature did not matter.He was headed for the old camp on Henderson Creek, where theboys were already. They had come across the mountain from the Indian Creek country. He had taken the long trail to look at the possibility of floating logs from the islands in the Yukon down the river when the ice melted. He would be in camp by six o’clock that evening. It would be a little after dark, but the boys would be there, a fire would be burn-ing, and a hot supper would be ready. As he thought of lunch, he pressed his hand against the package under his jacket. It was also under his shirt, wrapped in a handkerchief, and lying for warmth against the naked skin. Otherwise, the bread would freeze. He smiled contentedly to himself as he thought of those pieces of bread, each of which enclosed a generous portion of cooked meat.He plunged among the big pine trees. The trail was not well marked here. Several inches of snow had fallen since the last sled had passed. He was glad he was without a sled. Actually, he carried noth-ing but the lunch wrapped in the handkerchief. He was surprised, how-ever, at the cold. It certainly was cold, he decided, as he rubbed his nose and face with his mittened hand. He had a good growth of hair on his face, but that did not protect his nose or the upper part of his face from the frosty air.Following at the man’s heels was a big native dog. It was a wolf dog, gray-coated and not noticeably different from its brother, the wild wolf. The animal was worried by the great cold. It knew that this was no time for traveling. Its own feeling was closer to the truth than the man’s judgment. In reality, it was not merely colder than 50 below zero; it was colder than 60 below, than 70 below. It was 75 below zero. Because the freezing point is 32 above zero, it meant that there were 107 degrees of frost.The dog did not know anything about temperatures. Possibly in its brain there was no understanding of a condition of very cold, such as was in the man’s brain. But the animal sensed the danger. Its fear made it question eagerly every movement of the man as if expecting him to go into camp or to seek shelter somewhere and build a fire. The dog had learned about fire, and it wanted fire. Otherwise, it would dig itself into the snow and find shelter from the cold air.The frozen moistness of its breathing had settled on its fur in a fine powder of frost. The hair on the man’s face was similarly frosted, but more solidly. It took the form of ice and increased with every warm, moist breath from his mouth. Also, the man had tobacco in his mouth. The ice held his lips so tightly together that he could not empty the juice from his mouth. The result was a long piece of yellow ice hang-ing from his lips. If he fell down it would break, like glass, into many pieces. He expected the ice formed by the tobacco juice, having been out twice before when it was very cold. But it had not been as cold as this, he knew.He continued through the level forest for several miles. Then he went down a bank to the frozen path of a small stream. This was Hen-derson Creek and he knew he was ten miles from where the stream divided. He looked at his watch. It was ten o’clock. He was traveling at the rate of four miles an hour. Thus, he figured that he would arrive where the stream divided at half-past twelve. He decided he would eat his lunch when he arrived there.The dog followed again at his heels, with its tail hanging low, as the man started to walk along the frozen stream. The old sled trail could be seen, but a dozen inches of snow covered the marks of the last sleds. In a month no man had traveled up or down that silent creek. The man went steadily ahead. He was not much of a thinker. At that moment he had nothing to think about except that he would eat lunch at the stream’s divide and that at six o’clock he would be in camp with the boys. There was nobody to talk to; and, had there been, speech would not have been possible because of the ice around his mouth.Once in a while the thought repeated itself that it was very cold and that he had never experienced such cold. As he walked along he rubbed his face and nose with the back of his mittened hand. He did this without thinking, frequently changing hands. But, with all his rubbing, the instant he stopped, his face and nose became numb. His face would surely be frozen. He knew that and he was sorry that he had not worn the sort of nose guard Bud wore when it was cold. Such a guard passed across the nose and covered the entire face. But it did notmatter much, he decided. What was a little frost? A bit painful, that was all. It was never serious.Empty as the man’s mind was of thoughts, he was most observant. He noticed the changes in the creek, the curves and the bends. And always he noted where he placed his feet. Once, coming around a bend, he moved suddenly to the side, like a frightened horse. He curved away from the place where he had been walking and retraced his steps several feet along the trail. He knew the creek was frozen to the bot-tom. No creek could contain water in that winter. But he knew also that there were streams of water that came out from the hillsides and ran along under the snow and on top of the ice of the creek. He knew that even in the coldest weather these streams were never frozen, and he also knew their danger. They hid pools of water under the snow that might be three inches deep, or three feet. Sometimes a skin of ice half an inch thick covered them, and in turn was covered by the snow. Sometimes there was both water and thin ice, and when a man broke through he could get very wet.That was why he had jumped away so suddenly. He had felt the ice move under his feet. He had also heard the noise of the snow-cov-ered ice skin breaking. And to get his feet wet in such a temperature meant trouble and danger. At the very least it meant delay, because he would be forced to stop and build a fire. Only under its protection could he bare his feet while he dried his socks and moccasins.He stood and studied the creek bottom and its banks. He decided that the flowing stream of water came from the right side. He thought a while, rubbing his nose and face. Then he walked to the left. He stepped carefully and tested the ice at each step. Once away from the danger, he continued at his four-mile pace.During the next two hours he came to several similar dangers. Usually the snow above the pools had a sunken appearance. However, once again he came near to falling through the ice. Once, sensing dan-ger, he made the dog go ahead. The dog did not want to go. It hesitated until the man pushed it forward. Then it went quickly across the white, unbroken surface. Suddenly it fell through the ice, but climbed out onthe other side, which was firm. It had wet its feet and legs. Almost immediately the water on them turned to ice. The dog made quick efforts to get the ice off its legs. Then it lay down in the snow and began to bite out the ice that had formed between the toes. The animal knew enough to do this. T o permit the ice to remain would mean sore feet. It did not know this. It merely obeyed the commands that arose from the deepest part of its being.But the man knew these things, having learned them from expe-rience. He removed the mitten from his right hand and helped the dog tear out the pieces of ice. He did not bare his fingers more than a minute, and was surprised to find that they were numb. It certainly was cold. He pulled on the mitten quickly and beat the hand across his breast.At twelve o’clock the day was at its brightest. Yet the sun did not appear in the sky. At half-past twelve, on the minute, he arrived at the divide of the creek. He was pleased at his rate of speed. If he contin-ued, he would certainly be with the boys by six o’clock that evening.He unbuttoned his jacket and shirt and pulled forth his lunch. The action took no more than a quarter of a minute, yet in that brief moment the numbness touched his bare fingers. He did not put the mitten on, but instead, struck the fingers against his leg. Then he sat down on a snow-covered log to eat. The pain that followed the strik-ing of his fingers against his leg ceased so quickly that he was fright-ened. He had not had time to take a bite of his lunch. He struck the fingers repeatedly and returned them to the mitten. Then he bared the other hand for the purpose of eating. He tried to take a mouthful, but the ice around his mouth prevented him.Then he knew what was wrong. He had forgotten to build a fire and warm himself. He laughed at his own foolishness. As he laughed, he noted the numbness in his bare fingers. Also, he noted that the feeling which had first come to his toes when he sat down was already passing away. He wondered whether the toes were warm or whether they were numb. He moved them inside the moccasins and decided that they were numb.He pulled the mitten on hurriedly and stood up. He was some-what frightened. He stamped forcefully until the feeling returned to his feet. It certainly was cold, was his thought. That man from Sulphur Creek had spoken the truth when telling how cold it sometimes got in this country. And he had laughed at him at the time! That showed one must not be too sure of things. There was no mistake about it, it was cold. He walked a few steps, stamping his feet and waving his arms, until reassured by the returning warmth. Then he took some matches and proceeded to make a fire. In the bushes, the high water had left a supply of sticks. From here he got wood for his fire. Working carefully from a small beginning, he soon had a roaring fire.Bending over the fire, he first melted the ice from his face. With the protection of the fire’s warmth he ate his lunch. For the moment, the cold had been forced away. The dog took comfort in the fire, lying at full length close enough for warmth and far enough away to escape being burned. When the man had finished eating, he filled his pipe with tobacco and had a comfortable time with a smoke. Then he pulled on his mittens, settled his cap firmly about his ears, and started along the creek trail toward the left.The dog was sorry to leave and looked toward the fire. This man did not know cold. Possibly none of his ancestors had known cold, real cold. But the dog knew and all of its family knew. And it knew that it was not good to walk outside in such fearful cold. It was the time to lie in a hole in the snow and to wait for this awful cold to stop. There was no real bond between the dog and the man. The one was the slave of the other. The dog made no effort to indicate its fears to the man. It was not concerned with the well-being of the man. It was for its own sake that it looked toward the fire. But the man whistled, and spoke to it with the sound of the whip in his voice. So the dog started walking close to the man’s heels and followed him along the trail.The man put more tobacco in his mouth and started a new growth of yellow ice on his face. Again his moist breath quickly powdered the hair on his face with white. He looked around him. There did not seem to be so many pools of water under the snow on the left side of Henderson Creek, and for half an hour the man saw no signs of any.And then it happened. At a place where there were no signs, the man broke through. It was not deep. He was wet to the knees before he got out of the water to the firm snow.He was angry and cursed his luck aloud. He had hoped to get into camp with the boys at six o’clock, and this would delay him an hour. Now he would have to build a fire and dry his moccasins and socks. This was most important at that low temperature. He knew that much.So he turned aside to the bank, which he climbed. On top, under several small pine trees, he found some firewood which had been car-ried there by the high water of last year. There were some sticks, but also larger branches, and some dry grasses. He threw several large branches on top of the snow. This served for a foundation and prevented the young flame from dying in the wet snow. He made a flame by touch-ing a match to a small piece of tree bark that he took from his pocket. This burned even better than paper. Placing it on the foundation, he fed the young flame with pieces of dry grass and with the smallest dry sticks.He worked slowly and carefully, realizing his danger. Gradually, as the flame grew stronger, he increased the size of the sticks with which he fed it. He sat in the snow, pulling the sticks from the bushes under the trees and feeding them directly to the flame. He knew he must not fail. When it is 75 below zero, a man must not fail in his first attempt to build a fire. This is especially true if his feet are wet. If his feet are dry, and he fails, he can run along the trail for half a mile to keep his blood moving. But the blood in wet and freezing feet cannot be kept moving by running when it is 75 degrees below. No matter how fast he runs, the wet feet will freeze even harder.All this the man knew. The old man on Sulphur Creek had told him about it, and now he was grateful for the advice. Already all feel-ing had gone from his feet. To build the fire he had been forced to remove his mittens, and the fingers had quickly become numb. His pace of four miles an hour had kept his heart pushing the blood to all parts of his body. But the instant he stopped, the action of the heart slowed down. He now received the full force of the cold. The blood ofhis body drew back from it. The blood was alive, like the dog. Like the dog, it wanted to hide and seek cover, away from the fearful cold. As long as he walked four miles an hour, the blood rose to the surface. But now it sank down into the lowest depths of his body. His feet and hands were the first to feel its absence. His wet feet froze first. His bare fingers were numb, although they had not yet begun to freeze. Nose and face were already freezing, while the skin of all his body became cold as it lost its blood.But he was safe. Toes and nose and face would be only touched by the frost, because the fire was beginning to burn with strength. He was feeding it with sticks the size of his finger. In another minute he would be able to feed it with larger branches. Then he could remove his wet moccasins and socks. While they dried, he could keep his naked feet warm by the fire, rubbing them first with snow. The fire was a success. He was safe.He remembered the advice of the old man on Sulphur Creek, and smiled. The man had been very serious when he said that no man should travel alone in that country after 50 below zero. Well, here he was; he had had the accident; he was alone; and he had saved himself. Those old men were rather womanish, he thought. All a man must do was to keep his head, and he was all right. Any man who was a man could travel alone. But it was surprising, the rapidity with which his face and nose were freezing. And he had not thought his fingers could lose their feeling in so short a time. Without feeling they were, because he found it very difficult to make them move together to grasp a stick. They seemed far from his body and from him. When he touched a stick, he had to look to see whether or not he was holding it.All of which mattered little. There was the fire, promising life with every dancing flame. He started to untie his moccasins. They were coated with ice. The thick socks were like iron almost to the knees. The moccasin’s strings were like ropes of steel. For a moment he pulled them with his unfeeling fingers. Then, realizing the foolishness of it, he grasped his knife.But before he could cut the strings, it happened. It was his ownfault, or instead, his mistake. He should not have built the fire under the pine tree. He should have built it in an open space. But it had been eas-ier to pull the sticks from the bushes and drop them directly on the fire.Now the tree under which he had done this carried a weight of snow on its branches. No wind had been blowing for weeks and each branch was heavy with snow. Each time he pulled a stick he shook the tree slightly. There had been just enough movement to cause the awful thing to happen. High up in the tree one branch dropped its load of snow. This fell on the branches beneath. This process continued, spread-ing through the whole tree. The snow fell without warning upon the man and the fire, and the fire was dead. Where it had burned was a pile of fresh snow.The man was shocked. It was like hearing his own judgment of death. For a moment he sat and stared at the spot where the fire had been. Then he grew very calm. Perhaps the old man on Sulphur Creek was right. If he had a companion on the trail he would be in no danger now. The companion could have built the fire. Now, he must build the fire again, and this second time he must not fail. Even if he succeeded, he would be likely to lose some toes. His feet must be badly frozen by now, and there would be some time before the second fire was ready.Such were his thoughts, but he did not sit and think them. He was busy all the time they were passing through his mind. He made a new foundation for a fire, this time in the open space, where no tree would be above it. Next, he gathered dry grasses and tiny sticks. He could not bring his fingers together to pull them out of the ground, but he was able to gather them by the handful. In this way he also got many pieces that were undesirable, but it was the best he could do. He worked carefully, even collecting an armful of the larger branches to be used later when the fire gathered strength. And all the while the dog sat and watched him. There was an anxious look in its eyes, because it depended upon him as the fire provider, and the fire was slow in coming.When all was ready, the man reached in his pocket for the sec-ond piece of tree bark. He knew the bark was there, although he could not feel it with his fingers. He tried again and again, but he could notgrasp it. And all the time, in his mind, he knew that each instant his feet were freezing. This thought alarmed him, but he fought against it and kept calm.He pulled on his mittens with his teeth, and began swinging his arms. Then he beat his hands with all his strength against his sides. He did this while he was sitting down. Then he stood up to do it. All the while the dog sat in the snow, its tail curled warmly over its feet and its sharp wolf ears bent forward as it looked at the man. And the man, as he waved his arms and hands, looked with longing at the creature that was warm and secure in the covering provided by nature.After a time, he began to notice some feeling in his beaten fin-gers. The feeling grew stronger until it became very painful, but the man welcomed the pain. He pulled the mitten from his right hand and grasped the tree bark from his pocket. The bare fingers were quickly numb again. Next, he brought out his pack of matches. But the awful cold had already driven the life out of his fingers. In his effort to sepa-rate one match from the others, the whole pack fell in the snow. He tried to pick it out of the snow, but failed. The dead fingers could nei-ther touch nor hold.Now he was very careful. He drove the thought of his freezing feet, and nose, and face, from his mind. He devoted his whole soul to picking up the matches. He followed the movement of his fingers with his eyes, using his sense of sight instead of that of touch. When he saw his fingers on each side of the pack, he closed them. That is, he willed to close them, because the fingers did not obey. He put the mitten on the right hand again, and beat it fiercely against his knee. Then, with both mittened hands, he lifted up the pack of matches, along with much snow, to the front of his jacket. But he had gained nothing.After some struggling he managed to get the pack between his mit-tened hands. In this manner he carried it to his mouth. The ice broke as he opened his mouth with a fierce effort. He used his upper teeth to rub across the pack in order to separate a single match. He succeeded in getting one, which he dropped on his jacket. His condition was no better. He could not pick up the match. Then he thought how he mightdo it. He picked up the match in his teeth and drew it across his leg. T wenty times he did this before he succeeded in lighting it. As it flamed he held it with his teeth to the tree bark. But the burning smell went up his nose, causing him to cough. The match fell into the snow and the flame died.The old man on Sulphur Creek was right, he thought in the mo m ent of controlled despair that followed. After 50 below zero, a man should travel with a companion. He beat his hands, but failed to pro-duce any feeling in them. Suddenly he bared both hands, removing the mittens with his teeth. He caught the whole pack of matches between his hands. His arm muscles were not frozen and he was able to press the hands tightly against the matches. Then he drew the whole pack along his leg. It burst into flame, 70 matches at once!There was no wind to blow them out. He kept his head to one side to escape the burning smell, and held the flaming pack to the tree bark. As he so held it, he noticed some feeling in his hand. His flesh was burning. He could smell it. The feeling developed into pain. He con-tinued to endure it. He held the flame of the matches to the bark that would not light readily because his own burning hands were taking most of the flame.Finally, when he could endure no more, he pulled his hands apart. The flaming matches fell into the snow, but the tree bark was burning. He began laying dry grasses and the tiniest sticks on the flame. He could not choose carefully because they must be pieces that could be lifted between his hands. Small pieces of green grass stayed on the sticks, and he bit them off as well as he could with his teeth. He treated the flame carefully. It meant life, and it must not cease.The blood had left the surface of his body and he now began to shake from the cold. A large piece of a wet plant fell on the little fire. He tried to push it out with his fingers. His shaking body made him push it too far and he scattered the little fire over a wide space. He tried to push the burning grasses and sticks together again. Even with the strong effort that he made, his trembling fingers would not obey and the sticks were hopelessly scattered. Each stick smoked a little and died. The fireprovider had failed. As he looked about him, his eyes noticed the dog sitting across the ruins of the fire from him. It was making uneasy move-ments, slightly lifting one foot and then the other.The sight of the dog put a wild idea into his head. He remembered the story of the man, caught in a storm, who killed an animal and shel-tered himself inside the dead body and thus was saved. He would kill the dog and bury his hands in the warm body until feeling returned to them. Then he could build another fire.He spoke to the dog, calling it to him. But in his voice was a strange note of fear that frightened the animal. It had never known the man to speak in such a tone before. Something was wrong and it sensed danger. It knew not what danger, but somewhere in its brain arose a fear of the man. It flattened its ears at the sound of the man’s voice; its uneasy movements and the liftings of its feet became more noticeable. But it would not come to the man. He got down on his hands and knees and went toward the dog. But this unusual position again excited fear and the animal moved away.The man sat in the snow for a moment and struggled for calmness. Then he pulled on his mittens, using his teeth, and then stood on his feet. He glanced down to assure himself that he was really standing, because lack of feeling in his feet gave him no relation to the earth. His position, however, removed the fear from the dog’s mind.When he commanded the dog with his usual voice, the dog obeyed and came to him. As it came within his reach, the man lost control. His arms stretched out to hold the dog and he experienced real surprise when he discovered that his hands could not grasp. There was neither bend nor feeling in the fingers. He had forgotten for the moment that they were frozen and that they were freezing more and more. All this happened quickly and before the animal could escape, he encircled its body with his arms. He sat down in the snow, and in this fashion held the dog, while it barked and struggled.But it was all he could do: hold its body encircled in his arms and sit there. He realized that he could not kill the dog. There was no way to do it. With his frozen hands he could neither draw nor hold hisknife. Nor could he grasp the dog around the throat. He freed it and it dashed wildly away, still barking. It stopped 40 feet away and observed him curiously, with ears sharply bent forward.The man looked down at his hands to locate them and found them hanging on the ends of his arms. He thought it curious that it was necessary to use his eyes to discover where his hands were. He began waving his arms, beating the mittened hands against his sides. He did this for five minutes. His heart produced enough blood to stop his shak-ing. But no feeling was created in his hands.A certain fear of death came upon him. He realized that it was no longer a mere problem of freezing his fingers and toes, or of losing his hands and feet. Now it was a problem of life and death with the cir-cumstances against him. The fear made him lose control of himself and he turned and ran along the creek bed on the old trail. The dog joined him and followed closely behind. The man ran blindly in fear such as he had never known in his life. Slowly, as he struggled through the snow, he began to see things again—the banks of the creek, the bare trees, and the sky.The running made him feel better. He did not shake any more. Maybe, if he continued to run, his feet would stop freezing. Maybe if he ran far enough, he would find the camp and the boys. Without doubt, he would lose some fingers and toes and some of his face. But the boys would take care of him and save the rest of him when he got there. And at the same time, there was another thought in his mind that said he would never get to the camp and the boys. It told him that it was too many miles away, that the freezing had too great a start and that he would soon be dead. He pushed this thought to the back of his mind and refused to consider it. Sometimes it came forward and demanded to be heard. But he pushed it away and tried to think of other things.It seemed strange to him that he could run on feet so frozen that he could not feel them when they struck the earth and took the weight of his body. He seemed to be flying along above the surface and to have no connection with the earth.His idea of running until he arrived at the camp and the boys pre-。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：草房子梗概500字六年级下册第二单元英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Grass House by Beverley Randell - A SummaryThe story The Grass House is about a young girl named Rongo who lives in a small village in New Zealand. Rongo'sfamily is very poor and they don't have much, but they are still happy together.At the beginning of the story, Rongo's father Whatu gets very sick. He can't work or do anything to help support the family. This makes things really hard for Rongo, her mother Ariana, and her little brother Kingi. They are struggling to get enough food and money.One day, Rongo's teacher at school tells the class about a contest where kids can write letters telling how their families need help. The prize is a grass house, which is a special house made out of grass that rich people in New Zealand used to live in a long time ago. Rongo decides she has to try and win this contest for her family.Rongo works really hard on writing her letter. She talks all about how her dad is so sick that he can't work. She says how her mom has to take care of him and also try to find little jobs to make a tiny bit of money. And she writes about her little brother Kingi who is so young and deserves a better life. When she's done, Rongo gives her letter to her teacher to enter into the contest.A few weeks later, there is an assembly at school where the winner of the grass house is announced. Rongo is super nervousbut trying not to get her hopes up too high. When they call out her name as the winner, she can't believe it! Her family is getting the grass house and all their lives are going to be so much better.Rongo and her family are taken to where the grass house is already built on some land near their village. It's a beautiful little house with a living room, kitchen, and two bedrooms. There is even a small garden outside. Rongo's family is amazed at how nice it is compared to the small, rundown shack they were living in before.At first Rongo's dad is too sick to really appreciate the house. But eventually with the better living conditions of the grass house, he starts to get better. He is able to go back to work and provide for his family again. Rongo, her mom, and Kingi are all so grateful for their new home and for the chance to have a better life.In the end, winning the grass house contest completely changed Rongo's family's life for the better. Instead of struggling every day to get by, they now have a nice place to live and Rongo's dad is healthy enough to work again. It shows how even a little girl's hopes and hard work can make a big difference. The grass house gave Rongo's family the opportunity for a brighter future.篇2The Grass House Story SummaryMy name is Emily and I recently read the novel "The Grass House" by Gloria Whelan for my 6th grade English class. It's a really interesting story about the hard life of a family during the Great Depression. I'm going to summarize the main events and characters in this essay.The book takes place in the 1930s in Michigan. The main characters are Vida, who is 13 years old, her 7-year-old brother David, and their father Graham. Their mother died a few years earlier from influenza. At the start of the book, the family has to leave their home in Detroit because Graham can't find any work. He decides they will go live off the land and be farmers, even though they don't have any farming experience.They move to an abandoned farm in the countryside. It has a rundown shack that leaks when it rains. They have hardly any money and just a few pots, a plow, and some seeds to get started. Vida and David have to start doing all kinds of chores like milking the cow, feeding the chickens, chopping wood, fetching water from the well, and cooking over a fire since they don't have electricity or running water.At first, it's really difficult for them to survive off the land. The garden doesn't grow well at first and the roof of the shack leaks so much that they have to start living in a little house made of sod and grass, which is where the title comes from. They struggle with hunger, cold temperatures, and feeling isolated in the countryside away from other people.But eventually they start getting the hang of farming. Their garden begins producing food and they learn to can fruits and vegetables to get through the winter. They make friends with some neighbors, including a girl named Louise who shows Vida how to quilt. The family has to get creative, like using grass stuffed into old ticking for mattresses.A major conflict happens when a fire starts, threatening their crops and grass house. Vida and David have to work together frantically to try to put it out. I don't want to give away how it ends, but there are some really tense and dramatic moments!Vida and David learn a lot about perseverance, hard work, and sticking together as a family through all the challenges. By the end, even though life is still hard, you can see how much they've grown from the struggles. The grass house symbolizes their resilience through the tough times.Some of the themes explored include:The difficulties of the Great Depression and povertyThe importance of close family bondsThe value of an appreciation for nature and self-sufficiencyComing of age and growing up quickly due to adversityThe rewards that come from determination and not giving upOverall, I really enjoyed The Grass House even though parts were quite sad or tough to read about. It's an engaging story that opens your eyes to what life was like during the Great Depression, especially for kids who had to take on a lot of adult responsibilities at a young age. I'd definitely recommend this historical fiction novel to others interested in that time period or just great storytelling in general. It's packed with valuable life lessons too.篇3The Grass House Summary EssayHey there! I'm going to give you a full rundown on the story "The Grass House" that we read in our English class. This one was pretty wild, let me tell you!It all starts off with this kid named Soonchild living in a village in Africa with his family. Soonchild is a cool name, right? Anyway, one day Soonchild comes across these two sketchy guys in the bushes. They're up to no good, whispering about some crazy plan to burn down all the houses in the village made of grass and reed. Can you imagine? Soonchild overhears them and gets freaked out.So Soonchild goes and tells his dad, Bamurru, what he heard those shady dudes plotting. Bamurru is the chief of the village, so he takes it pretty seriously. He calls an emergency meeting with all the villagers to warn them about the threat of arson. Some people are like "nah, no way, that's crazy talk!" But Bamurru insists they have to be ready just in case.The next day, Soonchild goes off playing with his friend Kuta. They wander a little too far from the village and get lost in the fields. This fog rolls in out of nowhere, making it impossible to see anything. They're just wandering around aimlessly, getting more and more turned around.Meanwhile, back in the village, people start smelling smoke. At first they think maybe it's just a cooking fire or something. But then they realize - oh no! The houses are on fire! Panic modeengages as everyone starts grabbing water and trying to put out the flames.Just when it seems like all hope is lost, Soonchild and Kuta hear the villagers' cries for help through the fog. They stumble towards the sounds and emerge from the fields to see the horrible scene of all the grass houses going up in flames, just like those jerks said they'd do.Soonchild has this idea to burn off a big clearing in the fields to create a firebreak and stop the fire from spreading any further. The villagers all jump in to help with this plan. Sure enough, it works! The fire is contained and the rest of the village is saved.In the aftermath, Bamurru announces they'll have to build all new houses out of stronger materials that can't burn down so easily, like brick and mud. And you know what? The story ends with the villagers all coming together to start constructing these cool new fire-resistant homes. After that harrowing experience, they know they've got to be prepared for anything.That's the gist of the wild tale of The Grass House! There's adventure, suspense, a daring rescue, and the village banding together to overcome a huge challenge. I don't know about you, but I was on the edge of my seat the whole time reading it. Definitely one of the most exciting stories we've covered so far.Let me know if you need me to go over any part of the summary again!。