大学英语跨文化沟通简答题及答案

Topics for Final Oral Exam (3-4mins each)1.Jean Safari, an American manager, was investigating a serious error made by aJapanese worker at the Japanese subsidiary（子公司）of a US multinational（跨国公司）. A component（零件）had been inserted upside down（颠倒，混乱）and the entire batch（一组）had been pulled out of production to be reworked.The cost of this was high. Jean asked the Japanese plant director about which employee had made the error. Had she been identified? What action was being taken against her? She was amazed when the director claimed not to know. “The whole work group has accepted responsibility,”he told her. How do you understand this explanation?= = As we have seen, when asked who had made the error, the Japanese worker answered”the whole work group has accepted responsibility.”However,Jean’s question means which one person is to blame for this mistake. This case reflects the differences between individualism and collectivism .Jean is an American manager while the worker is Japanese. American culture determines American attitude associated with individualism, they think each person seperated from others,they usually think in terms of “I”.So, they will think group has relatively little influence on the behavior of group members.That’s why Jean asked which employee had made the error,you know it’s which one people.On the other hand,Japanese attitude associated with collectivism,they think each person is part of a group, he can’t be be separated from the group,they usually think in terms of “we”.So,they think everyone in the group should assume the responsibility when one person in this group made a mistake.As the saying goes in china ,you know, youfutongxiang younantongdang. That’s why he answered, The whole work group has accepted responsibility.2.I was frustrated with a low-English-level Korean student who never askedquestions in class. My goal was to equalize classroom participation, and one aspect of it was to have students ask questions when they didn’t understand something during class. I taught techniques of how to ask a question, which the students from Mexico readily adopted, but not the Korean student. Why?= =From this case, we have seen the differences between the western class and the traditional eastern class because of the different culture. In fact ,this phenomenon is so common in our Chinese classes, students don’t like asking and teachers are always talking alone. So you know, our English class sometimes is so silent, as if there was teacher only one. The western class is student-centered, teachers just give some suggestion when help is needed. Because of this, students usually think by themselves and ask some questions when they don’t understand. The student-centered way can let teachers see the students’potential. However ,the traditional eastern class is teacher-centered. The teacher is the center of the class,students are often passively to accept the knowledge .In fact ,the students are so afraid of the teacher that they avoid making any mistakes, so they usually keep silent .3. A young Japanese student came to the United States, and he was overwhelmed（压倒，覆盖）by the cordial reception（热诚的接待）he was given. He said, “The American people are wonderful. They are so warm, so friendly-much beyond my expectations.” Some time later, while traveling in the west, this same young man had had dinner with an American family and had remarked that he greatly admired the country’s efficiency, organization, and accomplishment. But he said, there was one thing he would never quite understand, and that was why Americans were so cold, so distant. His host was deeply hurt, and the visit ended on a bit of a sour note（不愉快）. What had made the Japanese young man change his view about Americans? What can you infer about American friendship based on this case?= =This case was about a young Japanese student’s experience in the United States, especially in his thoughts about Americans. This young Japanese man’s feeling is typical as many foreign visitors do so. Because of the different treat received ,he totally changed his view about Americans.From this case, we can see that how Americans regard the word “friend ship”is quite different from us Asians. American friendships develop rapidly, and they may change rapidly. People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily with strangers. As we all know, Americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. They may call acquaintances and companions “friends”. These friendships are usually based on common interests. When what they shared activities end , the friendship may fade.4. Litz met a Chinese doctor in the United States, and fell in love with him and theygot married. Litz’s husband had long wished to bring his mother to live with them for a while. So, they invited her over. They are very happy about their mother’s visit. Litz knows being filial to parents is a great value Chinese people cherish. As wife of a Chinese, she tries to be as filial as her husband. Two days after the mother’s arrival, Litz talked to her husband, Dick, while his mother was sitting in the garden enjoying the sunshine.Litz: Dick, how long is your mum going to stay?Dick: I don’t know. I haven’t asked her.Litz: Why not ask her?Dick: What do you mean by asking her?Litz: I mean what I said. Just ask her how long she’ going to stay.What was going to happen the next day made Litz very confused. The mother overheard their conversation and decided to leave for China the very afternoon. Litz had never expected that her visit should be so shot.Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon? What went wrong?= =Because she heard what they said and feel that Litz may don’t welcome her. She felt sad and unhappy ,then she thought she had better leave .from this case ,we can see the big difference in language between China and America. Chinese people tend to speak more subtle , while the Americans are more directly . This difference is determined by the different cultures between ours. Chinese people pay more attention to subtle, and like to think the deep meaning of each of what others have said. Americans prefer to directly talk about their feelings and thoughts . They do not think that more.This will easily lead to ambiguity and then produce conflict. Just in this case ,Litz just want to know how long her Chinese mother-in-low is going to stay. However, her husband and his mother don’t think so , they think Litz don’t want his mother to live here. So this case arises.4.Linda was a young Puerto Rican girl studying in a New Y ork City high school.She was once suspected of smoking with a group of troublemakers and was punished with them by the principal. She was thought so because when she was interviewed by the principal, she avoided meeting his eyes and only stared down at the floor, hence（因此）being regarded as sly(诡秘的) and dishonest. Her mother insisted that she was a good girl while the principle firmly believed that she was not. This led to a demonstration（实证）of Puerto Rican parents at the school the next morning. And later the principal found that Linda was indeed a gentle and sweet girl.= =Linda is misunderstood because she avoided meeting the principal’s eyes and stared down at the floor.Her behaviors may express that she has down something terrible and she felt guilty .She told a lie and tried to conceal something.Sometimes eye contact plays a meaningful part in communication.Eye contact is an important aspect of body language.One could draw up quite a lot of 'rules' about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, who and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.People from American culture expects eye contact, though this does not have to be constant when communicating with one another. If you look at the other person’s eye when speaking,he will think you as a confident person and feel be respected.6.Attending a conference in Rio de Janeiro, Linda struck up a conversation with a young lady from the local group. As the lady talked, she appeared to be making a physical advance, moving toward Linda every time Linda moved away. Eventually, Linda found her back against the wall, unable to retreat any further. Concerned and uncomfortable, she excused herself curtly, left the party, and did not attend any others. Why?This case is about the cultural differences in the understanding of personal space.Riode janeiro is a big city in brazil.Brazilians simply do not give private,personal space high consideration.The local lady is not as sensitive about personal space as is linda.Maybe she only wants to express her enthusiasm,so she makes a physical advance.In this sense,she never realizes that her behaviors may be regarded as rude. By constrast,linda’s culture is more sensitive to privacy.When the lady approaches her,she feels an invasion of his private space,and thus becomes angry.。

1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。

大学跨文化英语综合教程学生用书第3册课后练习题含答案第一章跨文化交际和跨文化沟通
选择题
1.跨文化交际指的是：
A. 不同语言之间的交际
B. 不同国家之间的交际
C. 不同文化之间的交际
D. 不同年龄阶段之间的交际
答案：C
2.关于“跨文化沟通”的说法，错误的是：
A. 它期望个体能够在跨文化情境中获得顺利、成功的交流和互动。

B. 它指的是各种跨越文化的交流和互动。

C. 它是一个跨越语言和文化障碍的交际活动。

D. 它只是指在文化相同的情况下的互动和交流。

答案：D
填空题
1.跨文化交际包括文化的 ______________，交际的 ___________ 和认
知的 ______________。

答案：差异、行为、过程
简答题
1.什么是“文化冲击”？如何应对“文化冲击”？
答：“文化冲击”是指个体通过跨越文化进行交流和互动时遭受到的非常规、难以理解的交流和交往中的困扰。

个体可以采取以下措施来应对文化冲击：•接受自己文化差异所造成的影响，保持开放的心态，尝试理解和感知新环境和文化，以及与文化差异所造成的不适应。

•尝试与文化差异的人们建立联系，结交新的朋友，增进相互了解和友谊。

•积极主动地了解文化差异，了解文化冲击产生的原因，并以客观的态度学习和理解这些差异。

增加跨文化意识和跨文化学习的能力。

•在和跨文化人员交往过程中，应该尽量避免出现不当的行为和行为模式，避免引起文化冲击和不必要的误解。

跨文化交际答案1大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一）I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each)Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement.1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each yearand has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__.A. macrocultureB. microcultureC. globalizationD. modernization2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. Thiscase reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup.A. deviant labelB. temporalityC. wanna-be behaviorD. unexamined3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culturefrom ___B___ perspective.A. anthropological人类学B. intellectual有才智的C. socialD. psychological心理4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, wouldbe termed __B_______.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC. international communicationD. interpersonal communication5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics butsimilar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___.A. Human nature is evil but perfectibleB. Human nature is a mixture of good and evilC. Human nature is good but corruptible容易堕落的D. None of the above6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culturethat he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___.A. separation and segregation隔离B. integration整合一体化C. assimilation吸收同化D. marginalization边缘化7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In hisfirst week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoon蜜月B. crisis危机C. reintegration再整合D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source hasknowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. ReceiverB. DecodingC. EncodingD. FeedbackII. Terms(15 points, 3 points each)Directions:There are five terms in this section. Try to explain the following terms in your own words. Then write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.11. Intercultural communicationcommunication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.12. Culture (from intercultural communication perspective)Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs,values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 从跨文化交际角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信念、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观念的积淀，以及他们获得的物质的东西和所有物。

三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?Learned, adaptive, pervasive, integrated, dynamic.2. What is the nature of culture?1. Culture is like an iceberg.2. Culture is our software.3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.3. What are the characteristics of communication?Communication is dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.4. What are the components of communication?Message, sender, receiver, channel, noise and feedback5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?(1) Assumptions of similarities(2) Language differences(3) Nonverbal misinterpretations(4) Preconceptions and stereotypes(5) Tendency to evaluate(6) High anxiety or tension6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?2. olfactics3. haptics4. kinesics5. chromatics6. attire7. What are the four modes of acculturation?Assimilation: is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.Integration:is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.Separation and segregation: Separation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated micro-cultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregation Marginalization:Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?1.Honeymoon//Crisis//Adjustmen//Biculturalism Period9. How is sex different from gender?Sex: biological, permanent, individual property.Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, social and relational qualityThe differences between sex and gender are sex refers to biological differences gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates/describes as masculine or feminine10. How to distinguish high context culture from low context culture?(了解)11. What are the forms of culture shock?1. Language shock2.Role shock3.Transition shock4.Cultural Fatigue5. Education Shock6.Adjustment Stress7.Culture Distance12. What are the components of cultural patterns?Beliefs, values, norms and social practices13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?80% of English compliments are of adjectives type. 16% make use of verbs.In Chinese, positive words expressing compliments are mainly adjectives, adverbs and verbs.Native English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments.14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.E.g. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.E.g. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?〔选择题20〕【本文档内容可以自由复制内容或自由编辑修改内容期待你的好评和关注，我们将会做得更好】。

大学生跨文化英语口语教程1答案1、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke2、It' s a pity that we have to stay at home when we are having（）weather. [单选题] *A. so fineB. so fine aC. such fine(正确答案)D. such a fine3、I _______ no idea of where the zoo is. [单选题] *A. thinkB. getC. have(正确答案)D. take4、There _____ wrong with my radio. [单选题] *A. are somethingB. are anythingC. is anythingD. is something(正确答案)5、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles6、You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. [单选题] *A. 词汇B. 拼写C. 发音(正确答案)D. 语法7、We had a(an)_____with him about this problem last night. [单选题] *A.explanationB.impressionC.exhibitionD.discussion(正确答案)8、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine9、Fresh _______ is good for our health. [单选题] *A. climateB. skyC. weatherD. air(正确答案)10、You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking, _______ you’ll get better soon. [单选题] *A. butB. afterC. orD. and(正确答案)11、16．We asked ______ engineer we met before to help repair the radio yesterday. [单选题] * A．aB．anC．the(正确答案)D．/12、Mr. Bliss became the first person to die in a car accident. [单选题] *A. 事故(正确答案)B. 竞赛C. 检阅D. 交易13、I am so excited to receive a _______ from my husband on my birthday. [单选题] *A. present(正确答案)B. percentC. parentD. peace14、Growing vegetables（）constantly watering. [单选题] *A. neededB. are neededC. were neededD. needs(正确答案)15、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off16、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have17、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)D. keies18、David ______ at home when I called at seven o’clock yesterday evening. （）[单选题] *A. didn’tB. doesn’tC. wasn’t(正确答案)D. isn’t19、We are living in an age（）many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)20、29．There is a book in your left hand. What’s in your ___________ hand? [单选题] * A．the othersB．other (正确答案)C．anotherD．others21、The little boy saved his money ______ he could buy his mother a gift on Mother’s Day.（）[单选题] *A. butB. such thatC. in order toD. so that(正确答案)22、The reason I didn't attend the lecture was simply _____ I got a bad cold that day. [单选题] *A. becauseB. asC. that(正确答案)D. for23、How can I _______ the nearest supermarket? [单选题] *A. get offB. get upC. get to(正确答案)D. get on24、42．—________ meat do you want?—Half a kilo. [单选题] *A．How much(正确答案)B．How manyC．WhatD．Which25、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)26、The secretary was asked to_____of the waste paper on the desk. [单选题] *A.disappearB.dispose(正确答案)C.declareD.got rid27、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next28、I haven’t met him _____ the last committee meeting. [单选题] *A. forB. since(正确答案)C. atD. before29、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道30、( ) It ___ the Chinese people 8 years to build the Dam. [单选题] *A. took(正确答案)B. costsC. paidD. spends。

《大学英语跨文化交际课程》讨论问题及答案第一套：1 There are organizations devoted to Ford cars and trucks. Some people are preoccupied with that for a while and then lose interest and hence relinquish membership in the group.2 Army personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled (by grade) to salute except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as plans and buses , in public places such as inside the theaters, or when driving a vehicle).3. Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan's great disappointment, this time Susan didn't seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn't get along well from then on. Questions:(1) What are the differences in what American and Chinese young people expect from their friends?(2) What kind of advice would you give to hath of them so that they could get to know each other?第二套：1 Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI’ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.2. People in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15. Why?3. Can you use Confucianism to explain why Chinese people both have fan and chai in one meal?第三套：1.In 1997, a Danish woman left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New York City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cages is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside.2. Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃(109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness?第四套：1 Sometimes parents will say to their children “ We don’t associate with people like that.” Or “be careful when you’re with them.”2. A classic psychology study in the 1970s had two groups of undergraduates read stories about a woman. The stories were identical, except that one had the sentence “ Betty is now a lesbian.” On a test one week later, individuals in the group that had read that Betty is a lesbian were much more likely than individuals in the other group to recall having read that Betty never dated men. In fact, the story that both groups had read stated that Betty dated men occasionally.3. In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes, and Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. North Americans in an elevator maintain personal space if the physical space permits it. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.4. In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul. It is believed that a child’s spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted.第五套：1 Chinese students can not make good use of the following phrases which are comprised of only simple words, such as read between the lines,hold water, kick the bucket.2 During World WarⅡ, the Allies had issued the Potsdam Ultimatum demanding the surrender of the Japanese military to end the war. Prime Minister Suzuki said, “The government does not see much value in it. All we have to do is mokusatsu it.” But the word mokusatsu can mean anything from “ignore” to “treat with silent contempt.” The Allies took it as the most offensive meaning. 3. The US and China have continual conflicts on human rights. Both accused the other side that they have human rights abuses. Despite of great efforts in resolving the differences, the problem still exists.第六套：1 A student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph.D., teach at adistinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is because that places him in society much more so than any of his accomplishments in the United States.2．In Germany, there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations. Students expect their teachers to be experts who have all the answers. In the workplace, there is an inner need to work hard. Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed with changes step by step. 3．Employment decisions cannot be made on the basis of age, ancestry or ethnicity, disability, marital or parental status, race, religion, or sex.4．Time clocks are everywhere: In homes, cars, work sites, on wrists, at organized play sites. Many people report feeling uncomfortable not knowing the time. Perhaps only camping in the woods---without a radio and clocks--- can one be free of time awareness in the United States.第七套：1 Japanese advertising reflects Confucian and collectivistic values. Concepts of face and harmony relate to an indirect communication style, It is said that the goal of Japanese advertising is to win the trust and respect of the consumer; Taiwan advertising generally links the product to the consumer’s traditional Chinese values, such as family relations and respect for authority. 2．Disney’s ＄4.4 billion Euro Disney opened outside Paris in April 1992, later the park was losing ＄1 million a day. Disney was forced to take some measures; it had discounted its own value as a U.S. icon. It has now become the most popular tourist attraction in France.3．Post-World War ⅡJapanese products of the time were popularly known as “junk”, so General Douglas MacArthur asked Washington to send someone to help conduct a national census and assess Japan’s ability to rebuild. Dr. W. Edward Deming, a relatively unknown statistician for the U.S. government, was sent. Deming stressed achieving uniform results during production rather than through inspection at the end of the production line.Later, Dr. Joseph Juran lectured in Japan on extending quality from just manufacturing to the entire process from product design to product delivery to the customer. This and other efforts had by 1970s resulted in top-quality cameras, electronics, etc.Later, companies such as Lockheed and Honeywell started similar pilot programs, but the program did not fit in well with the dominant U.S value of individualism.Questions:（1）analyze the role of General MacArthur and Dr. Deming in the model?（2）why did the program did not have the same impact they had in Japan?第八套：1 When a person arrives in a new country, everything seems so new and exciting.2 An international student in a U.S. grocery may be asked, “Paper or plastic?” The student knows what paper is and what plastic is, but doesn’t understand the question.3 The practice of cao gio —rubbing coins with hot balm oil on the chest and back of a sick person —led to the jailing of one father, who subsequently committed suicide.4 The defendants, who were members of the Amish faith, refused to send their children, aged 14 and 15, to public school after the children had completed the eighth grade.第九套：1.Budweiser advertised to three regional subgroups: In California, Texas, and the Southwest, advertisements aimed at Spanish-speakers of Mexican heritage featured cowboys and cactus; In the Northeast, advertisements aimed at Puerto Ricans featured cityscapes and salsa music; and the Florida, advertisements aimed at Cubans featured palm trees, cigars, and bananas. Each advertisement featured differently accented Spanish and national-origin-appropriate music.2. The Nielsen study of Hispanic television viewing showed that Hispanics watch very differently TV shows than the general public does. Adults prefer Univision and Telemundo to the English-language network shows 3 to 1. Of English-language shows, only 1 in 4 of the top 10 shows shows preferred by the general public rated in the top 10 for Hispanics.3. Leslie Zhueng was a famous singer and movie star in Hong Kong. His fame and popularity brought a lot wealth to him. And he had a boyfriend, Mr. Tang.4. Southwest is the only major airline in the U.S. that has been profitable in each of the last five years. It has the youngest fleet, the best safety record, and awards for customer service. Like all the better-performing companies, Southwest Airlines has a well-defined set of values that helps the company to survive in those difficult times.第十套：1.A White male department manager posted training opportunities as required but strongly encouraged other White heterosexual man in the department to sign up. He never mentioned them to any women, ethnic group members, or lesbians and gay men.2.A new Spanish immigrant to the United States may have a strong feeling of discomfort, fear, or insecurity when he enters into the Unites States.参考答案第一套：1 This case can reflect one of features of subgroup ---Temporality. Membership in somegroup is temporary; that is, members may participate for a time and later become inactive or separate from it altogether.2 Every culture and subgroup provides its members with rules of behavior, or what are called rules and norms. Indeed, the extent to which a person is a member of a culture is often gauged by his or her adherence to norms. In communication studies, it is assumed that behavior governed by socially agreed-on norms or by one’s individual guidelines for behavior. Army personnel belongs to subgroups, therefore it has its own rules and norms . Salute is one of them.3.1)Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.2) In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends. While in China, people expect their friends to Be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over along period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.3) As an American, Susan would like to help her Chinese friend Li Lan. But she didn't expect Li Lan would ask for money, which goes against the principle of independence and equality. While as a Chinese, Li Lan regarded Susan as her good friend, and she considered it natural to ask to borrow money from Susan when she needed the money urgently.）4) Li Lan first should try to get to know American culture as much as possible. She may also need to have a discussion with Susan about the different ways of friendship in both cultures. If possible, she could try to ask for a loan from a bank.5) Susan should also try to learn to understand Chinese culture. She could also have a discussion with Li Lan about the different expectation of friendship in both cultures. If she could understand the Chinese ways, she might help Li Lan out financially by lending her the money.第二套：1．In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people .In the philosophy ofConfucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone , payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationship.2．Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. The effect of culture is great. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. So people in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.3．The distinctive process of preparing Chinese cuisine is based on Confucius and his philosophy fan and chai of balance. There is a division between fan, Chinese for grains and other starch foods, and chai vegetable and meat dishes. A balanced meal must have an appropriate amount of fan and chai.第三套：1. This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New York, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New York.2. The reason why some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness is that they negatively judge aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. This case reflects one of the barriers----- ethnocentrism.第四套：1 This case can reflect one of reasons for the persistence of prejudice--- socialization. Prejudicesare learned. Many prejudices are passed on from parents to children.2 The group’s stereotype of a lesbian influenced what they recalled having read. Stereotypes also impede communication when they cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true of any one individual. For example, if a group is stereotyped as dishonest, that does not mean that any on individual in that group is dishonest.3．This case can reflect one nonverbal communication category ---Proxemics. How much space we each want between ourselves and others depends on our cultural learning, our upbringing in our families, the specific situation, and our relationship with the people to whom we’re talking. The physical distance we want between ourselves and others does vary from culture to culture. 4. This case reflects one nonverbal communication category---Haptics. Haptics is communicating by touch. Touch can communicate a wide variety of messages. The meaning of touch depends on the kind of touch (hard, gentle, etc.) and the context. Different societies have different norms fortouching. These rules determine the kinds of touching that are appropriate for certain situations and social relationships.第五套：1. This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. 2 Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.第六套：1．This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’s welfare.2 This case can reflect the feature of high uncertainty avoidance cultures. Cultures strong in uncertainty avoidance are active, aggressive, emotional, compulsive, security seeking, and intolerant.3．Equality is an important cultural myth in the United States. The U.S. legal system promises equal treatment. It is popularly said that everyone should be treated equally. Everyone should have the same opportunity to work hard and succeed.4．In the United States, time is viewed as a commodity. Such phrases as “time is money,”“how much time do you have?”“ don’t waste time,” and “budget your time” are common. When time is thought of as a commodity, one needs to be constantly aware of it.第七套：1 This case can reflect the key to the diffusion and convergence processes across cultures isadaptation of the message to the receiving cultural. The key is to adapt to the local cultural, localize thinking, localize the product, and localize the marketing strategy.2 The introduction or rejection of an innovation has consequences for a society. All the parts of a culture are interrelated. One change can have repercussions in other areas. Not all of those consequences can be anticipated.3．(1) In this example, General Mac Arthur provided the opinion leadership and Dr. Deming was the change agent.(2) Because quality circles did not fit in well with the dominant U.S value of individualism.第八套：1. It’s the first stage of culture shock: “honeymoon stage” or initial euphoria.2. It’s the second stage of culture shock: disintegration of familiar cues and irritation hostility with the differences experienced in the new culture.3.This is one example of the differences between U.S. and Vietnamese cultures. Misunderstandings about folk medicine practiced by Vietnamese refugees have led to charges of child abuse and at least one suicide. Understanding of the cultural differences could help prevent further unfortunate incidents like this.4. After the eighth grade, Amish children may continue education at home on the farm to learn the practical skills of providing for family and community. Further education is discouraged as it instills feelings of superiority that would lead to placing the needs of the self over those of the community. So this example shows that the Amish people live separately from the dominant culture and maintain their own cultural identity.第九套：1 From these advertisements, we can discover that marketing to the Hispanic community involveds not only language and images that mean something to the buyer but also cultural traditions and valures. And the larger advertisers have learned that the Hispanic culture is not one culture but many.2. This study showed that Spanish language was the most important factor in reaching the Hispanic audience.3. Leslie Zhueng belonged to different subgroups and had various subgroup identities. According to region, he was a Hong Kong resident. According to occupation, he was a singer and actor. According to economic status, he was rich. And according to sexual orientation, he was a gay.4. Cooperate culture is a form of subgroup culture. Cooperate culture provides members in the organization a set of values and patterns of behavior. Like cultures, corporate culture has its own heroes, rituals, media and values.第十套：1. In the heterosexual White male dominant culture in the United States, women, ethnic group members, minorities groups and homosexual people often experience discrimination in employment activities.2. A new immigrant may experience culture shock when he enters into the United States. Cultural shock is psychological reaction, which naturally happens when a person enters into a new culture. There are certain syndromes at each period of culture shock.。

大学英语跨文化复习题一、选择题1. 跨文化交流中，以下哪个行为是尊重对方文化的体现？A. 坚持自己的习惯，不改变B. 尝试理解并接受对方的文化差异C. 只关注自己的文化，忽视对方的文化D. 强迫对方接受自己的文化2. 在英语国家，以下哪个行为是礼貌的？A. 直接打断别人说话B. 等待别人说完再发言C. 在公共场合大声喧哗D. 未经允许触摸他人的物品3. 在英语国家，以下哪个行为是不礼貌的？A. 见面时握手B. 请客人先入座C. 用食指指人D. 用“请”和“谢谢”4. 在英语国家，以下哪个礼物是不合适的？A. 巧克力B. 鲜花C. 钟表D. 书籍5. 在英语国家，以下哪个话题是敏感的？A. 工作B. 家庭C. 政治D. 天气二、填空题6. 在英语国家，人们通常不喜欢谈论个人_________，因为这可能涉及到隐私。

7. 当你被邀请到别人家中做客时，带上一份小礼物是一种_________的行为。

8. 在英语国家，人们在公共场合_________时，通常会保持较低的音量。

9. 在英语国家，_________是表示尊重的一种常见方式。

10. 在英语国家，人们在_________时，通常会避免讨论政治或宗教等敏感话题。

三、简答题11. 描述一下在英语国家，人们在商务场合中通常遵循的礼仪规则。

12. 解释为什么在跨文化交流中，了解和尊重对方的文化习惯是非常重要的。

13. 请举例说明在英语国家，如何通过非语言沟通（如肢体语言、面部表情等）来表达尊重和友好。

14. 描述一下在英语国家，人们在餐饮场合中通常遵循的礼仪规则。

15. 讨论一下在英语国家，如何避免文化冲突，并建立有效的跨文化交流。

四、论述题16. 论述跨文化交际中常见的误解和冲突，以及如何通过有效的沟通技巧来解决这些问题。

17. 分析在全球化背景下，掌握跨文化交际能力的重要性，并提出提高个人跨文化交际能力的策略。

五、案例分析题18. 阅读以下案例：一位中国学生在美国大学学习期间，由于不了解当地的文化习惯，在一次小组讨论中，他直接指出了一位美国同学的观点错误，导致该同学感到尴尬和不快。

大学英语跨文化交际所有CASE答案！!！是WORD格式不是PDF格式的！！！Case 1：An Interview in IndiaCase analysis: The case is about an interview between an American program host and anIndian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years. The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language，family pattern，marriage, wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food，etc。

From this case，guide the students in culture study and culture comparison. The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture。

Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive.Case 2：White DressCase analysis：The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they seethe western bride in white gown。

The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but wedo not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why。

中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校工作站名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内;考试结束后,把试卷和答题纸放在桌上;试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场;二、仔细阅读题目的说明,并按题目要求答题;答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上,写在试卷上的答案无效;三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题,使用铅笔答题无效;Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are：Section I：Listening20 points,30 minutesSection II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy30 points,20minutesSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension20 points,30 minutesSection lV：Communication Analysis30 points,40 minutesThe total marks for this examination are 100 points．Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours1 20 minutesallowed for completing this examination is hours 120 minutes．Section I：Listening 20 pointsYou are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A,B,C and D toanswer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．1．Concerning the issue of maternity,what ideas prevail among Chinese womenA．The modern concept．B．The traditional concept．C．The responsibility to the society．’D．The responsibility to the family．2．According to the passage,raising children——．A．is an unbearable burden to womenB．is a significant part of a woman’s lifeC．is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3．Giving birth ．A．brings great pleasure to womenB．differs men from women physically and spirituallyC．makes the women’s life completeD．all the above4．Those oppose giving birth think that ．A．giving birth is something rather primitiveB．women do not need to follow their mothers’ideasC．they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD．giving birth is necessary for women5．According to the passage,which statement is true9．A．City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get old．B．Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．C．City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．D．Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline．Part 2：Questions 6—15 are based on this part．10 pointsYou are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity．As you listen,fill in the blanks tocomplete Sentences 6—1 5．Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank．6．Diversity——our lives．7．Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for thebenefit of all．8．Yet consider how——life would be if we all looked alike,thought alike,and acted alike9．Together we can overcome and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful andproductive world．10．People may fear diversity simply because they are to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable．11．Others may somehow feel ．because they perceive increased participation bytraditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace．12．Education universalizes the human ．13．The word university is to this idea．14．I believe that the is also true：if you lose a language,you lose a world．15．We can cross and feel comfortable in other worlds．This is the end of the Listening TestSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy 30 pointsInstructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below．You are offered four choices markedwith A,B,C,and D for each statement．Choose the most appropriate one and write it on theAnswer Sheet．．16. Maybe it's asking too much 0f you to follow the idea of‘love me love my dog’,but atleast you should tolerate my love for jazz．A．10ve my dog as much as loving meB．10ve everything about me because you love meC．tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD．10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17．What a fabulous car—I’m very jealous．A．red with envyB．blue with envyC．green with envyD．white with envy18．As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcy．A．the great white hopeB．the great red hopeC．the great green hopeD．the great black hope1 9．He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows．A．boastingB．imagingC．telling 1ies aboutD．denying20．I’m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made beforehe came into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilled． A．Dutch courageB．fl piece of cakeC．the salt of the earthD．castles in the air21． These days Mr.．Smith looks anxious and restless．What happenedI heard his wife was in the family way this month．A．badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22．“Well,”said the Master,“if you won’t listen to what I say,I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances．A．zip my lips ofB．wash hands ofC．1ick my boots ofD．sit at my feet of23．She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas．A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD．agreeing wi th others ’ideas24．It’s not easy to organize such a party,as everyone has his own likes and dislikes． A．every dog has his dayB．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD．one man’s meat is another’s poison．25．When Greeks meet,then comes the tug of war．A．If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time,chaos will reign． B．Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy．C．There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness．D．When two adversaries are of equal strength of character,the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought．26．Which of the following statements are true of collectivist cultureA．Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful．B．People are suspicious of outsiders．C．Uniformity is not highly thought of．D．There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement．27．I can’t stand listening to jazz．It’s just ．A．a storm in a tea cupB．not my cup of teaC．not for all the tea in ChinaD．a cuppa28．Which one in the following expressions is Not TrueA．as wise as a fox．‘B．as happy as a lark．C．as strong as a horse．D．as stupid as a goose．29．Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb “驴唇不对马嘴” to hisAmerican friend Bob．What he means is ．A．the donkey’s lip is not suitable to the horse’s mouthB．1eft right outC．out of left fieldD．1eft way out30．The‘ring’gesture is an insult in ．A．FranceB．the U．S．A．C．South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension 20 pointsPart 1：Questions 3 1—35 are based on this part．10 pointsRead Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1——35 briefly．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close,though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate,personal,socialand public．Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters．Beyond this comes personal stance．．This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters·It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives;Social distance coversPeople who work together or are meeting at social gatherings．．Distances here tend to be kept between 1．3 to 2 meters．Beyond this comes Public distance, much as that between a lecturer and his audience．All Cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what ills an inappropriateSocial;t distance for different types of realty;unship．They differ,however,in where they draw these lines．Look at an international reception with representatives from the U S．andArabic countries,conversing and you will see the American pirouettingbackward surround the hall pursued by their Arab partners．The Americans wilt be trying to keep a distancebetween themselves and their partners—which they have grown used to and regard as "normal”．They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arab partners whom they regard as being a bit” pushy"．The Arabs,On the Other hand, coming from a cherisher,e much closer distance is the norm, may feel that the Americans are a little‘stand-offish'．Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation With,they will relentlessly pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them．The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures．0ne study 0f the number of times people converse in coffee shops over a one—hour period showed thefollowing interesting variations：London,0；Florida,2；Paris,10；and Puerto Rico 18b．Not only does it vary between societies,however,it also varies between differentsub—cult rues within one society．Young people in Britain,for example,are more likely to touch and hug friends than the older generation．This may be partly a matter of growingolder,but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at fl time when touchingwas less common for all age groups．Forty years ago,for example,footballers would neverhug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today．31．What are the four main categories of distance for Americans32．How far apart should people who work together stand when communicating with eachother33．Why are Americans trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arabpartners34．Why do Arabs feel that Americans are being‘stand—offish’35．When conversing,do the English and Americans touch each other more than the FrenchPart 2：Questions 3 6—40 are based on this part．1 0 pointsRead Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36—40 are True or False according to the information given in the passage．Write ”T" for true and“F”for false on the Answer Sheet．Passage 2Nobody actually wants to cause offence but,as business becomes even more international,it is increasingly easy to get it wrong．There may be a single European marketbut it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark．In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture．In France goodmanners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present．Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries,including Germany,Belgium and Italy．But Northern Europeans,such as the British and Scandinavians,are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness．In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food,but the way youbehave as you eat．In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course．Business has its place：after the cheese course．Unless you are prepared toeat in silence you have to talk about something——something,that is,other than thebusiness deal,which you are continually chewing over in your head．Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining．In fact,in Italy the biggest fear,as course after course appears,is that you entirely forget you are thereon business．If you have the energy,you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends,and offer to pay．Then,after a lively discussion,you must remember the next politething to do—let your host pick up the bill．The Germans are notable for the amount of formality they bring to business．As a1outsider,it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30years or have just met for the first time in their life．1f you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange．To the Germans,titles are important．Forgettingthat someone should be called Herr Doctor or Frau Directory might cause serious offence．It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess．In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that everyone with auniversity degree can be called Nott ore and engineers,lawyers and architects may alsoexpect to be called by their professional titles．These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in aforeign language．Language,of course,is full of difficulties——disaster may be only asyllable away．But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with,theless likely you are to get into difficulties．It is worth the effort．It might be rather hard toexplain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price,but the factthat You offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif．Good manners areadmired：they can also make or break the deal．36．People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany．37．In France people prefer talking about business during meals．38．It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy．39．German business people don’t like to be called by their titles．40．Italian professionals are usually addressed by their titles．Section IV：Communication Analysis 30 pointsInstructions：The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication．In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon．Writean analysis on what is to be desired formore successful communication or cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions4 l一43 respectively．Your analysis of each case should be about l00—l 50 words．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Note Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test．Case 17 pointsI have an American friend．I have invited him several times,and at long last he invitedme to his home one day．He told me to get there at 3 pm．I thought we could chat and havea meal together．I gave him a Chinese calendar,a woman’s scarf and a bottle of Chinesewhite wine．He only took out a dish of nuts,a plate of bread and a bottle of wine．After twohours chat,I found there was no hint of a meal and said good—bye to him．He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year．After I got home,I found the box hadalready been opened．I was Very surprised．Question 4 1：What surprised meCase 210 pointsLin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York．He needed a good meal．His American friend,Mike,met him．But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice．Lin was used to having a main course,and asked Mike if he had anyrice．Mike said he only had fried noodles,and Lin had to make do with it．Though Lin knewAmericans didn’t care very much about what food they ate,he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing——Quanjude——when hearrived in Beijing．Question 42：Why did Lin feel surprised Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America．Case 313 pointsWhen Zhang Tao traveled in America,he lived in the home of his American friend,Bill．0nce after he had traveled back,he found Bill was in a bad mood．When he asked what theproblem was,Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar poweredshower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water．Bill told Zhang Tao that he shouldwalk more softly in future,and have a fast shower to save water．Zhang Tao felt uneasy．How could the host set such rules for his guestQuestion 43：Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy试卷代号：1028中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准供参考2004年7月Section I：Listening Bo pointsPart 1．10 points,2 points each．1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．CPart 2．10 points,1 point each．The exact words are required．6．enriches7．shared8．dull9．prejudice10．accustomed11．threatened12．spirit13．related14．reverse1 5．boundariesSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy 30 points'30 points,2 points each．16．B 17．C 18．A 19．A 20．D21．D 22．B 23．A 24．D 25．D26．B 27．B 28．A 29．C 30．CSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension 20 pointsPart 1．10 points,2 points each．0．5 point off for each grammar／spelling mistake,but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar／spelling mistakes．The exact wording is not required,but the meaning must be the same．3 1．Intimate,personal,social and public．32．Between 1．3 and 2 meters．33．Because they are trying to follow their own standards about the appropriate distance to maintain．34．Because in the Arabian culture,standing very close is the norm．35．N0．Part 2．10 points,2 points each．36．F 37．F 38．T 39．F 40．TSectionⅣ：Communication Analysis 30 pointsQuestion 41．Case 17 points,5 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．1In China,a visit to home always includes a meal．And the guest always brings a relativelyrich present to the host．And the present should be well wrapped or untouched．2In the west,a visit to home only means a meeting,not necessarily including a meal．Andthe present is treated not as importantly as it is in China．3I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs,So I felt the American way was veryinterestingunusual．Question 42．Case 21 0 points,8 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．1On the topic of hospitality,the Chinese stress is on warmth and demonstrating friendship．They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good expensivemeal to show their hospitality．And the Chinese are used to having a big meal．The moredishes they put out,the greater the warmth and friendship they show·2In western countries,people stress on freedom．They give the guest great freedom tochoose their own foods． And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert,which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese．Note If the studentanswers that Western people have only three courses,this is also correct 3Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the newworld1ifestyle．He should have known the custom there first,and felt more at ease inMike’s home．Question 43．Case 313 points,11 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality·1In China,when people host someone,they put the guest in the place of honor to showhospitality．They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortableand at ease．2In America,people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually,naturally and truthfully．3Zhang Tao knew he was a guest,and thought in terms of Chinese expectations ofhospitality．He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him4Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings,he should have known about the customs there sooner．。

大学跨文化英语口语教程4听力答案1、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _______. [单选题] *A. takes offB. is taking off(正确答案)C. has taken offD. took off2、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)3、If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a _____. [单选题] *A. message(正确答案)B. letterC. sentenceD. notice4、Marie is a _______ girl.She always smiles and says hello to others. [单选题] *A. shyB. friendly(正确答案)C. healthyD. crazy5、91．—Do you live in front of the big supermarket?—No. I live ________ the supermarket ________ the post office. [单选题] *A．across; fromB．next; toC．between; and(正确答案)D．near; to6、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)7、All he _______ was a coat. [单选题] *A. had on(正确答案)B. had toC. had a restD. had a good time8、We must try hard to make up for the lost time. [单选题] *A. 弥补(正确答案)B. 利用C. 抓紧D. 浪费9、____ father is a worker. [单选题] *A.Mike's and Mary'sB. Mike and Mary's(正确答案)C. Mike's and MaryD. Mike and Marys'10、Amy and her best friend often ______ books together.（）[单选题] *A. read(正确答案)B. readsC. is readingD. to read11、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it12、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully13、9．There will be a lot of activities at English Festival nest month. Which one would you like to ________? [单选题] *A．take part in (正确答案)B．joinC．attendD．go14、A modern city has sprung up in _____was a waste land ten years ago. [单选题] *A.whichB.what(正确答案)C.thatD.where15、It was _____the policeman came_____the parents knew what had happened to their son. [单选题] *A.before…asB. until…whenC. not until…that(正确答案)D.until…that16、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)17、I am worried about my brother. I am not sure _____ he has arrived at the school or not. [单选题] *A. whether(正确答案)B. whatC. whenD. how18、20．Jerry is hard-working. It’s not ______ that he can pass the exam easily. [单选题] * A．surpriseB．surprising (正确答案)C．surprisedD．surprises19、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)B. myC. ID. me20、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)21、I didn't hear _____ because there was too much noise where I was sitting. [单选题] *A. what did he sayB. what he had said(正确答案)C. what he was sayingD. what to say22、I don’t know how to improve my English. Can I ask you for some _______? [单选题] *A. answersB. advice(正确答案)C. questionsD. words23、He studied harder to _______ his reading skills. [单选题] *A. improve(正确答案)B. rememberC. memorizeD. forget24、--What are the young people doing there？--They are discussing how to _______?the pollution in the river. [单选题] *A. come up withB. talk withC. deal with(正确答案)D. get on with25、I had _______ egg and some milk for breakfast this morning. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /26、Will you please say it again? I _______ you. [单选题] *A. didn’t hear(正确答案)B. don’t heardC. didn’t heardD. don’t hear27、The manager isn’t in at the moment. May I _______ a message? [单选题] *B. makeC. haveD. keep28、51．People usually ________ the prices before they buy something. [单选题] *A．receiveB．payC．spendD．compare(正确答案)29、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for30、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksD. talks。

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be verycom partmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time. Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture What is polychronic cultureMonochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system? Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive.Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.. Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture What is Low-context cultureHigh context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures What is the function of silence in high-context cultures It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different culturesDifferent in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process Does everyone have the same experienceThe five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。

大学跨文化英语口语教程3答案PDF1、Some students are able to find jobs after graduation while _____will return to school for an advanced degree. [单选题] *A. otherB. anotherC. others(正确答案)D. the other2、24．Kitty’s father ______ a policeman since 2 He loves helping people. [单选题] *A．isB．wasC．has been (正确答案)D．have been3、-Do you have tickets for Friday? -Sorry, we've got _____ left. [单选题] *A. eitherB. none(正确答案)C. no oneD. neither4、It _____ us a lot of time to do this job. [单选题] *A. spentB. madeC. took(正确答案)D. cost5、Sichuan used to have more people than ______ province in China. [单选题] *A. otherB. any other(正确答案)C. anotherD. any others6、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksC. tells(正确答案)D. talks7、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)8、______ in the library. （）[单选题] *A. Don’t smokingB. No smokeC. No smoking(正确答案)D. Doesn’t smoke9、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play10、____ China is ____ old country with ____ long history. [单选题] *A. /, an, a(正确答案)B. The, an, aC. /, an, /D. /, the, a11、Just use this room for the time being ,and we’ll offer you a larger one _______it becomes available [单选题] *A. as soon as(正确答案)B unless .C as far asD until12、I got caught in the rain and my suit____. [单选题] *A. has ruinedB. had ruinedC. has been ruined(正确答案)D. had been ruined13、My brother is _______ actor. He works very hard. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. one14、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought15、The carbon we produce when we breathe is much less than（）produced by a car. [单选题] *A. oneB. itC. that(正确答案)D. those16、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道17、Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not _______ her to do so. [单选题] *B. allowC. follow(正确答案)D. ask18、What lovely weather,（）? [单选题] *A.is itB. isnt it(正确答案)C. does itD.doesn’t it19、4．—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] * A．warmB．kindC．smallD．free(正确答案)20、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedD. to repair21、--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A. workersB. nursesC. waitersD. teachers(正确答案)22、I am worried about my brother. I am not sure _____ he has arrived at the school or not. [单选题] *A. whether(正确答案)B. whatC. whenD. how23、The city is famous _______ its beautiful scenery. [单选题] *A. for(正确答案)B. ofC. asD. to24、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] *A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take25、84．There is a big tree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?the house and the river. [单选题] *A．between(正确答案)B．inC．overD．of26、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be27、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple28、He made ______ for an old person on the bus. [单选题] *A. room(正确答案)B. roomsC. a roomD. some rooms29、He has two sisters but I have not _____. [单选题] *A. noneB. someC. onesD. any(正确答案)30、He spoke too fast, and we cannot follow him. [单选题] *A. 追赶B. 听懂(正确答案)C. 抓住D. 模仿。

大学英语跨文化交际教程第二版答案the French in1、( ) The Great Wall was listed by the UNESCO as ___ World Heritage Site. [单选题]*A. a(正确答案)B. theC.\D.an2、21．Design a travel guide for Shanghai! ________ the competition and be the winner! [单选题] *A．JoinB．AttendC．EnterD．Take part in (正确答案)3、We ______ to set up a food bank to help hungry people next week.（）[单选题] *A. hadB. are going(正确答案)C. were goingD. went4、53．On your way home, you can buy some fruit, meat, vegetables and ________. [单选题] * A．something else(正确答案)B．else somethingC．everything elseD．else everything5、--Which is Tom?--He is _______ of the two boys. [单选题] *A. tallB. tallerC. the taller(正确答案)D. the tallest6、11．No one ________ on the island(岛). [单选题] *A．liveB．lives(正确答案)C．livingD．are living7、Across the river（）. [单选题] *A. lies a new built bridgeB.lies a newly built bridge(正确答案)C. a new built bridge liesD.a newly built bridge lies8、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)9、65．There is a big sale on in the shop! Every-thing is ________ price. [单选题] * A．bigB．fullC．zeroD．half(正确答案)10、It’s one of _______ means of transportation. [单选题] *A. cheapB. convenientC. second-handD. the most convenient(正确答案)11、He couldn’t ______ the maths problem without your help. [单选题] *A. work out(正确答案)B. work atC. work forD. work with12、A?pen _______ writing. [单选题] *A. is used toB. used toC. is used for(正确答案)D. used for13、Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason _____ they go to school? [单选题] *A. why(正确答案)B. whichC. becauseD. what14、We must try hard to make up for the lost time. [单选题] *A. 弥补(正确答案)B. 利用C. 抓紧D. 浪费15、—Does your grandpa live ______ in the country?—Yes. So I often go to visit him so that he won’t feel ______. （）[单选题] *A. alone; aloneB. lonely; lonelyC. lonely; aloneD. alone; lonely(正确答案)16、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)17、Finally,I have _____ interesting to share with you,and I am sure you will be interested in it. [单选题] *A. everythingB. something(正确答案)C. nothingD. anything18、The street was named _____ George Washington who led the American war for independence. [单选题] *A. fromB. withC. asD. after(正确答案)19、Now people can _______ with their friends far away by e-mail, cellphone or letter. [单选题] *A. keep onB. keep in touch(正确答案)C. keep upD. keep off20、40．Star wars is ______ adventure film and it is very interesting. [单选题] *A．aC．theD．/21、I paid him 50 dollars for the painting, but its real（）must be about 500 dollars. [单选题] *A. feeB. value(正确答案)C. priceD. fare22、—Why is Mary asking Bob about the school trip? —Because she wants to know ______.（）[单选题] *A. how does he think of the tripB. what does he think of the tripC. what he likes the tripD. how he likes the trip(正确答案)23、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *A. atB. toC. in24、He either watches TV _______ reads books in the evening. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. toD. so25、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in26、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much27、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation28、Both Mary and Linda don't care for fish. [单选题] *A. 喜欢(正确答案)B. 关心C. 照料D. 在乎29、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *A. 到达B. 惊奇C. 重复(正确答案)D. 返回30、27．Will it ______ warm in the room? [单选题] *A．areB．be(正确答案) C．is D．going to be。

Unit 1AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing gene rosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the Britisher feel quite unhappy in this situation? Answer: The loud speaking made the reserved Britisher feel quite unhappy.Unit1BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer 白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. They are in search of greater prosperity and freedom.3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is that the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. 4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.Because he did something that he think it is friendly, but the Englishseemed unfriendly.American: outgoing/optimistic/casual/friendlyEnglish: Reserved/politeSuggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Unit2Akey concept: Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想humanism 人道主义 individualism个人主义 collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1.cording to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friend. ”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism , collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit ,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People incollectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”. 5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .Unit3Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because American expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)Families place older relatives in nursing homes(2)Theirfnancial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And Older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.Unit3BKey concepts ：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence 暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose /individual’s needs come first ./contractual /friendly/compartmentalized/2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group ,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○1I and family dearest friends work colleagueswho are familiar but not so closeEveryone but under obligation everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the differencebetween inner and out side is from most important to least important .4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and American ?American social relationship are based on a shared activity, event, or experience, so they have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few.Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable.Case 1Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case3Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school .No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent andbased on a shared class , activity or event .If one drop of it , the relationship will fragmented.Unit5AKey concepts ：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knivesat dinner?Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staplefood. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasizedthe delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and tastethat Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients,herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Because in their eyes ,food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, havinglittle to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the blance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.Unit6AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imaginationto produce new ideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?（1）For Chinese, they show a child how to do the something, or teach themby holding their hands .But in American, they teach children to rely onthemselves for solutions to problems.（2） Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4 . Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?It is at least partially responsible for the reputation of American business being cut off from human beings and unwilling to recognize the importance of employees morale. Feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent or serious as in M-time culures.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Nothing is solid or firm, particularly plans for the future, evenimportant plans may be changed right up to the minute of execution. 5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?M-time systemStrengths: stimulating productive desirableWeaknesses: often feel uncomfortableP-time systemStrengths: oriented punctuality schedules proceduresWeaknesses: wastedUnit9AKey concepts:Silence 沉默 high-context culture 高语境文化 low-context culture 低语境文化implicitness 含蓄 explicitness 明确 impersonal sources of information 客观的信息来源 personal sources of information 人际间的信息来源 verbalizing 以言语表述1.What is high-context culture？What is low-context culture？1) Communication occurs in ways other than through language is high context. It is rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communicate or communication or an internalized social context or both, to convey a large part or even all of a message's meaning.2) Communication that occurs mostly through language is low context. it is assumed to be understood, messages are explicit ,direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.2. How do people of different communicative cultures behave differently in their daily life？High-context are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative and they use the context to communicate the message. Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.?3. What does silence mean in high-context cultures？What is the function of silence in high-context cultures？In high context cultures silence means agreement. can communicate apathy, confusion, repressed hostility, thoughtfulness, contemplation, sadness, regret, obligation, respect, agreement, disagreement, embarrassment, awe or any number of meanings.?4.What does silence means in low-text cultures？Why do the Westerners feel uncomfortable to silence？1). In low-context cultures, silence is often interpreted as the absence of communication. 2) Because silence dose not fit with it’s emphasis on precision and clarify, it may indicate that the receiver of the message did not hear the message, is angry at the message, needs time to think,or is embarrassed.5. Why does silence mean differently in different cultures？Because this is very different from the tendency in individualist culture to verbalize--that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph in presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it .In collectivist cultures, being right isn't as important as being in concord with the group.Case16. Do you think the old Chinese couple tired or not after theLong flight ？Why did he reply with keyi?I think the old Chinese couple tired. Because to the Chinese ,silence means agreement.7. Why did the young traveler reply differently to the same question? Because silence mean differently in different cultures. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph. In presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it.8. According to Chinese custom, what will probably be the response to the young traveler's reply?According to Chinese custom, we will reply that you can have a good rest.Unit9BKey concepts:1.culture shock文化冲击 2.emotional and physical symptoms 情感和身体症状3.bewilderment and disorientation 困惑和迷惘4.adjestment process适应过程Comprehension questions2. how does culture shock affect people who are exposed to a new cultural environment?Culture as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. When the way we lived before is not as or considered as normal in the new place.3. What are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?(1) Honeymoon period, culture shock, initial adjustment, mental isolation, acceptance and integration. (2) Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivation for being in the new country.4. How do individuals differ in the degree of culture shock? Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation,job status, and motivation for being in the new country.5. Which suggestion is most helpful to you ？Can you give other suggestions to cope with culture shock?Develop friendship, take a course or read a book on cross-cultural communication, re-exam your values and outlookCase studyCase 11.第一小问自述题，第二小问Chinese students typically focus on single-mindedly on their studies that they lose sight of the larger picture ,that is ,their ultimate role as cultural interpreters between their homeland and the foreign .2..自述题Case 21.找不到具体答案要根据课文理解给出2.自述题Case 31.It seemed that the representative was always changing the subject and they persisted in asking lots of personal questions about Tom2..无找不到确定答案3.During the next few days ,Tom noticed that though they had said they wanted to discuss details of his presentation ,they seemed to spend an inordinate amount of time on inconsequentiality .。

大学跨文化英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Cross-Cultural CommunicationSection A: Understanding Culture1. What is culture?Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It includes both material and non-material aspects.2. How does culture influence communication?Culture influences communication by shaping the way we perceive, interpret, and express verbal and nonverbal messages. It also affects our attitudes towards time, space, relationships, and social norms.Section B: Cultural Dimensions1. Hofstede's Cultural DimensionsHofstede identified five cultural dimensions that can help us understand cultural differences:- Power Distance: The extent to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power.- Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus on individual goals vs. group harmony and interdependence.- Masculinity vs. Femininity: The emphasis on assertiveness, competition, and material success vs. cooperation and quality of life.- Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society tolerates ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk.- Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: The focus on future rewards and persistence vs. tradition and immediate gratification.2. Trompenaars' Cultural DimensionsTrompenaars proposed seven cultural dimensions that complement Hofstede's model:- Universalism vs. Particularism: The emphasis on rules and standards vs. flexibility and relationships.- Individualism vs. Communitarianism: The importance of personal interests vs. collective welfare.- Neutral vs. Emotional: The display of emotions in social interactions.- Specific vs. Diffuse: The separation of personal and professional life vs. overlapping roles.- Achievement vs. Ascription: The emphasis on individual achievements vs. social status.- Sequential vs. Synchronic: The perception of time as linear and structured vs. flexible and fluid.- Internal vs. External Control: The belief in personal control over events vs. fate and destiny.Unit 2: Verbal Communication across CulturesSection A: Language and Meaning1. Language and CultureLanguage reflects cultural values, beliefs, and worldview. It includes not only words but also grammar, sentence structure, and idiomatic expressions. To communicate effectively across cultures, it is important to remember that words may have different meanings or interpretations.2. High-context vs. Low-context CulturesIn high-context cultures, such as China and Japan, meaning is often embedded in the context and nonverbal cues. In contrast, low-context cultures, like the United States and Germany, rely more on explicit verbal communication.Section B: Pragmatics and Speech Acts1. Speech ActsSpeech acts refer to utterances that perform actions, such as making requests, giving compliments, or offering apologies. However, the appropriateness and interpretation of speech acts vary across cultures due to differences in politeness norms, directness, and indirectness.2. Politeness StrategiesPoliteness strategies aim to maintain social harmony and avoid face-threatening acts. They can be categorized into positive politeness, which emphasizes friendliness and solidarity, and negative politeness, which focuses on respect and deference.Unit 3: Nonverbal Communication and CultureSection A: Nonverbal Codes1. Body LanguageBody language includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture. These nonverbal cues can convey different meanings and emotions across cultures. For example, a thumbs-up gesture may be positive in the United States, but offensive in some Middle Eastern countries.2. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the use of space in communication. Different cultures have different preferences for personal space, which can range from intimate distance to public distance. Violating these norms can lead to discomfort or misinterpretation.Section B: Nonverbal Communication Styles1. Display RulesDisplay rules refer to cultural norms that dictate the appropriateness and intensity of displaying emotions. Some cultures encourage emotional expressiveness, while others value emotional restraint or suppression.2. ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how time is perceived and used in different cultures. It includes attitudes towards punctuality, the pace of speech, and the organization of daily activities. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.Note: The above content is a sample outline for a 1000-word article on the answers to cross-cultural English textbook questions. It is important to further develop and expand each section to meet the desired word count.。