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汉族人群高血压易感基因研究及血压反应性的遗传度分析共3篇汉族人群高血压易感基因研究及血压反应性的遗传度分析1随着人们生活水平的提高和生活方式的变化，高血压病已成为影响人民健康的一大疾病，也是社会经济发展的重大问题之一。
许多科学家和医学专家一直在努力研究高血压的成因和治疗方法。
越来越多的研究表明，高血压是一种复杂的多基因遗传病，其中也包括汉族人群。
汉族人群是世界范围内人口最多的民族，具有广泛的地域和种群学特征，因此对于汉族人群高血压易感基因的研究具有重要意义。
随着分子生物学和生物信息学的快速发展，越来越多的研究发现，高血压易感基因主要与血管内皮功能、心血管脂代谢以及钠盐稳态等生理机制相关联。
目前，通过基因表达谱技术和类遗传学分析手段，已鉴定出多个与高血压发生和发展有关的候选基因，其中一部分被确认为致病基因或偏向变异位点。
例如，人体的纤维连接素1（FN1）基因、过氧化氢酶（SOD）基因、甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因、肾素基因、酰化酶（AC）基因等，在高血压的易感性方面发挥了重要的作用。
除了高血压的易感基因外，血压反应性也是人们普遍关注的遗传现象之一。
血压反应性大致可以分为两种，一种是体内抗氧化能力下降所致的血压反应性增高，另一种是血管壁的弹性降低所致的血压反应性增高。
近年来，基于分子遗传学的研究表明，血压反应性与某些基因的变异型有关。
通过对汉族人群的血压反应性遗传度分析，我们可以发现，血压反应性除受基因遗传因素影响之外，还受到环境因素的影响。
例如饮食、环境、生活方式等各种环境因素都可能影响血压反应性的表达。
总之，汉族人群高血压易感基因和血压反应性的研究非常重要，这不仅能够为高血压的早期预防与治疗提供一定的理论依据，还能够为建立高血压的快速筛查和早期防治体系提供技术支持与信息保障。
但是，需要指出的是，遗传研究不能完全决定疾病的性质和表达方式，环境和生活方式因素同样重要。
因此，建议我们在高血压的预防和治疗中注重健康的生活习惯、科学的饮食规律、适度的运动等方面，以全面综合的预防策略推广为宜通过对汉族人群的遗传研究，我们了解到高血压易感基因和血压反应性对高血压的发病有重要作用，但环境和生活方式因素同样不可忽视。
作者单位: 1.延边大学基础医学院细胞生物学与医学遗传学教研室,吉林延吉133002;2.延边大学基础医学院生理学与病理生理学教研室作者简介:张子波(1972-),女,吉林人,副教授,硕士,研究方向:人类与分子遗传学。
论 著朝鲜族居民高血压遗传特征及危险因素分析张子波1,杨康鹃1,郝萍1,王玉萍1,孟繁平1,金元哲2摘 要:目的 了解吉林省延边州朝鲜族居民原发性高血压(E H)的遗传特征及其相关危险因素,为采取相应地干预措施提供参考依据。
方法 采用以医院为基础病例对照研究方法对2006年6月-2008年12月在吉林省延边州各大医院就诊的270例E H患者及同期体检的420名非高血压健康人群进行E H相关因素的问卷调查及生理和生化指标检测。
结果 延边州朝鲜族EH患者遗传度为57 0%,其中男性为62 3%,女性为54 6%;病例组家系一级亲属、家系男性一级亲属和家系女性一级亲属的患病率分别为30 45%、35 27%和27 13%,均高于对照组的15 13%、17 27%和13 11%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0 001);延边州朝鲜族EH患者分离比为0 16,符合多基因遗传病特征(分离比<0 25);多因素条件L og i sti c回归分析结果表明,有高血压家族史、肥胖、饮酒、高盐饮食、血浆脂联素!4 68 g/mL是延边州朝鲜族居民患E H的主要危险因素。
结论 延边州朝鲜族居民E H患者有明显遗传倾向,具有多基因遗传特征;有高血压家族史、肥胖、饮酒过量、高盐饮食、血浆低脂联素的朝鲜族居民患E H的危险性较大。
关键词:原发性高血压;遗传特征;危险因素;朝鲜族居民中图分类号:R181 3+3 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001 0580(2011)01 0040 03G ene tic characteristics and risk factors of essen tial hyper ten si on a m ong Ch inese K orean in Y anb i an area ZHA NG Z i bo,Y ANG K ang juan,HA O P i ng,e t a.l D epa r m en t o f C e ll B i o lo gy and M edica l G enetics,C o lleg e o f Ba sic M edic i ne, Yanb i an U n i v ersity(Yan ji133000,China)Abstract:Ob jective T o explo re t he g enetic cha rac t e ristics and ris k fac t o rs o f essenti a l hy per tensi o n a m o ng C hine se K orean i n Y anbian a rea.M e thods T o ta lly270essen tia l hyperten sion(EH)pati ents o f Y anbian Ch i nese K o rean w ere se l ec t ed as case g roup and420hea lt h i nd i v i dua ls as co ntro l group.T he i nfor m ati o n on gene ra l conditi o n,liv i ng sty le,d is ea se h isto ry,and fam ilial h isto ry w ere co ll ec t ed w it h a fcae to face i nterv ie w a m ong t he subjects.T he he igh,t w e igh,t w a ist circu m ference,hip circu m ference,b l oo d pressure,bo dy fat percentage,t o ta l cho lestero l(TC),tr i g l y ce ri de(TG),l ow density li popro te i n cho l e stero l(LDL C),high density li popro t e i n cho lestero l(HD L C),fasti ng p l a s m a g luco se(FPG),p l a s m a insulin,and adiponecti n o f the subjects w ere m easured.A ll data w ere ana l y zed w ith SPSS17 0so ft w a re.M u lti ple facto r log isti c reg re ssi o n and 2te st w ere us ed fo r ana l y sis.Re s u lts T he preva lence ra t e of E H a m ong f irst deg ree re l a tive s (30 44%)i n EH w a s higher t han that o f in t he con tro l g roup(15 13%,P<0 05).The heredity o f E H a m ong C hine se K orean i n Y anbian w a s57%.T he sepe ra tion rati o o f E H(0 16)s how ed a po l y genic i nher itance i n heredity m o de.EH fam ily h isto ry,body m ass i ndex(BM I),body fat ra te,a lcoho l dri nki ng,salt i n take,and t he l eve l o f plas m a ad i ponecti n w ere a sso ciated w it h E H by m ulti p l e facto r l o g istic reg ressi o n ana ly sis.Conc l u sion T he prev alence o f EH show s an obv iousl hered itary t endency and t he character o f po lygentic d isea se a m ong Y anbian C hinses K o rean.E H fa m il y hist o ry,obesity, a locho l dr i nk i ng,h i gher i n t ake of sal,t and l ow er plas m a adi ponecti n are i m po rtant r is k fac t o rs o f E H fo r Ch i nese K o rean i n Y anbian area.K ey word s:e ssenti a l hyperten sion;g enetic character istics;risk facto r;Ch i nese K o rean resi dent原发性高血压(e ssen tia l hypertensi on,EH)是由遗传因素和环境因素共同作用而引起的一种复杂性疾病,具有高患病率、高致残率和高死亡率的特点,严重威胁着人们的健康和生活质量。
空坐亟堕匡堂苤蠢！！堕生！旦筮堡鲞筮！翅垦笾！』里型地鲤：坠！型！翌！坚：型：丝：！坠！延边朝鲜族自治州朝鲜族和汉族人群血脂异常情况及其相关因素方今女金平锡周魏孙男熊英环【摘要】目的了解延边农村地区朝鲜族和汉族人群的血脂水平及血脂异常患病率，并探讨其相关因素。
方法于２００５年８月至２００６年８月在延边农村地区采用简单随机抽样方法抽取３０一７０岁朝鲜族和汉族人群３０１１人，测量其身高、体重、腰围、臀围等指标，同时取清晨空腹（禁食１２ｈ）静脉血，并准确测定血脂指标。
结果朝鲜族男女的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇测定值分别为（１．０４±０．４５）、（１．Ｃｒ７±０．４３）ｒｒ蚰ｏＬ／Ｌ，汉族男女的测定值分别为（１．１６±０．５２）、（１．１９士０．５６）ｍｍｏ】／Ｌ。
朝鲜族男性的甘油三酯测定值［（２．１０±２．０８）ｍｍ彤Ｌ］显著高于汉族男性的测定值［（１．７２士１．７３）ｍｍｏ】／Ｌ］（Ｆ＝１３．５４３；Ｐ＜０．００１）。
朝鲜族男性的高胆固醇血症的患病率（２．３％）显著低于汉族（５．２％）（《＝６．６３９；Ｐ＜ｏ．０１），而高甘油三酯血症患病率（２３．３％）却显著高于汉族（１５．ｏ％）（Ｘ２＝１２－７２０；Ｐ＜ｏ．００１）。
朝鲜族女性的混合型高脂血症患病率（６．７％）高于汉族（４．１％）（Ｘ２＝６．３９４；Ｐ＜ｏ．０５）。
朝鲜族和汉族男性血脂异常粗患病率分别为３１．５％和丝４％，其年龄调整患病率分别为２８．７％和勉Ｏ％；女性朝鲜族和汉族血脂异常的粗患病率分别为２８．９％和２１．７％，其年龄调整患病率分别为２１．５％和２０．５％。
多因素分析结果表明，本地区人群的性别、年龄、腰围臀围比值、腰围身高比值和民族（朝鲜族）与血脂异常患病呈正相关。
结论朝鲜族和汉族人群的血脂水平及血脂异常患病率存在差异。
民族（朝鲜族）、性别、年龄、腰围臀围比值、腰围身高比值是本地区血脂异常的危险因素。
不同年龄段朝鲜族和汉族老年人生活质量比较分析目的：分析朝鲜族和汉族不同年龄段老年人生活质量的差异。
方法：对356例朝鲜族及350例汉族老年人生活质量进行问卷调查。
结果：在60～70岁年龄段中，朝鲜族老年人在情感职能维度得分高于汉族老年人，汉族老年人在总体健康、身体疼痛及活力维度得分高于朝鲜族老年人；在70岁以上年龄段，朝鲜族老年人精神健康维度得分高于汉族老年人，而汉族老年人在总体健康维度得分高于朝鲜族老年人。
结论：重视刚步入老年期的朝鲜族老年人在身体疼痛及活力方面的健康问题，并开展具有针对性及适宜文化性的社区干预措施。
标签：生活质量；少数民族；年龄段老年人生活质量指的是老年人对于自身躯体、精神及家庭、社会生活的美满程度及对老年生活的全面评价。
生活质量已成为老年人群保健的重要研究课题。
年龄是影响老年人生活质量的重要因素[1]，随着年龄的增长，老年人在躯体功能方面的衰退性变化通常表现为生活自理能力和适应能力的降低等，极大地影响了老年人生活质量。
目前对于少数民族地区老年人生活质量的研究多采用整体分析的方法，较少考虑到年龄因素对其生活质量的影响。
本研究探讨了不同年龄段朝鲜族和汉族老年人生活质量的差异问题，为今后少数民族老年人生活质量研究提供参考。
1 对象与方法1.1 对象利用方便抽样法，以延吉市社区的朝鲜族、汉族老年人为研究对象。
共纳入706例社区老年人，汉族350例，朝鲜族356例。
全部706例社区老年人中，平均年龄（70.63±6.68）岁，已婚者共501例，占全部样本的71.0%，丧偶者为163例，占全部样本的23.1%，其他婚姻状况者36例，占5.1%；在居住形态方面，夫妻同住者358例，占全部样本的50.7%，和子女一起居住者202例，占28.6%；主要照顾者方面，由子女照顾者364例，占全部样本的51.6%，由老伴照顾者262例，占37.1%。
纳入标准包括：（1）身份证标注民族为朝鲜族或汉族；（2）60岁及60岁以上；（3）具有认知判断能力，自愿合作参加本次调查。
・综述・ 中国少数民族高血压患病率及其危险因素颜穗珺李会芳【摘要】 高血压是一个常见的心血管疾病，随着人们生活水平的提高，我国少数民族高血压患病率逐年上升，且发病年轻化。
我国少数民族高血压患病率因地区和民族的不同存在差异。
少数民族高血压的主要危险因素有年龄、性别、遗传因素、超重及肥胖、脂代谢异常、高盐饮食、吸烟、饮酒及其他因素等。
现将近年我国少数民族高血压患病情况作一综述。
【关键词】 高血压；患病率；少数民族；危险因素Review of hypertension prevalence in Chinese minorities Yan Suijun, Li Huifang. Department ofDiabetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, ChinaCorresponding author: Li Huifang, Email: lhfkm2003041@【Abstract】Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disease. With the improvement of people'sliving standards, hypertension prevalence rate is rising year by year, and the onset age decreases year byyear. As the different regions and ethnic groups, the prevalence of hypertension is different in China. Themajor risk factors of hypertension include age, gender, genetic factor, over-weight and obesity,dyslipidemia, high salt diet smoking, drinking and other factors, etc. Now the prevalence of minorities'hypertension in recent years was reviewed.【Key words】 Hypertension; Prevalence; Minority groups; Risk factors高血压是慢性心脑血管疾病死亡的主要危险因素，是全球范围内威胁人们生命健康的重大公共卫生问题，随着人们生活水平的提高、生活方式的改变，少数民族高血压患病率逐年快速上升，且发病年龄年轻化。
Investigation of genetic and environmental risk factors on Essential hypertension in Y anbian Korean and Han Chinese populationsZibo Zhang , Kangjuan Yang , Tianxin Sheng , Liangwei Xu , Ping Hao , YupingWang , Fanping Meng , Yuanzhe JinDepartment of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Yanbian University College ofBasic Medicine, Yanji 133000, Jilin, ChinaAbstractThis study was designed to analyze the genetic and environment risk factors on essential hypertension (EH) in Yanbian Korean- and Han-Chinese populations. We enrolled a total of 488 subjects from Yanbian, including 240 Korean-Chinese (112 EH patients and 128 healthy individuals) and 248 Han Chinese (108 EH patients and 140 healthy individuals). More than 20 nature and environment factors were investigated and 10 clinical biochemical indicators were measured. we also researched their genealogy. PCR and sequencing were used for screening of 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (-11426A＞G、-11391G＞A、-11377C＞G、-11156insCA、-11043C＞T）of the promoter of adiponectin gene. Multiple factor logistic regression , ANOV A , χ2 test were used for analysis of data. The results indicated that hypertension family history ,body mass index (BMI),drinking , intake of Salt, the level of plasma adiponectin had significantly associated with EH in Yanbian Korean -Chinese and Han- Chinese populations （P﹤0.001）. The frequency of G allele -11426A＞G in EH group （19.91%）was obviously higher than in normal group（12.50%）in Yanbian Han- Chinese（P=0.025）. The frequency of haplotype -11426G -11377C in EH was higher than in normal group in Yanbian Han- Chinese（P=0.031）. The SNPs of -11426A and -11156N (no insert of CA) or -11426G and -11156I (an insert of CA) were always exist together with the same chromosome. There is a perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) between -11426A>G and -11156insCA in Yanbian Korean- and Han-Chinese populations. The heritability of hypertension in Yanbian Korean- and Han- Chinese populations were 62.60% and 60.60%（P>0.05）. The prevalence rate of the EH first- degree relative was significantly higher than in normal group in both Yanbian Korean- and Han- Chinese populations. So the genetic factor is important in the mechanism of EH. These results indicated that hypertension family medical history ,overweigh or obesity, drinking , high salt diet, lower plasma adiponectin were the major risk factors of EH in Yanbian Korean- and Han-Chinese populations. The SNP of -11426A＞G might be associated with EH in Yanbian Han- Chinese. The allele-11426G and haplotype -11426G -11377C of the promoter of adiponectin gene were important risk factors with EH in Yanbian Han-Chinese populations. Prevent measure should be constituted to the people who have risk factors of EH.Keywords: essential hypertension; risk factors; polymorphisms of adiponectin gene; Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populations1IntroductionEssential hypertension (EH) is a kind of syndrome being characterized with increasing systemic arterial pressure. Long term hypertension could be an important risk factor in various cardiovascular diseases and be harmful to life and health. The prevalence rate of EH is increasing year by year all of the world. Its mechanism is complicated and unknown up to now. Presently, a majority of scholars have thought EH was caused by coactions and/or interaction of genetic and environmental factors. But the level and pattern of the genetic factor in EH is unknown. And the reports about EH are various with different nationalities, ethnicities and regions. Recently, adiponectin gene is recognized as candidate gene, which is for scholars detecting mechanism of obesity(Panagopoulou P,2009), diabetes(Foucan L,2009;Mohammadzadeh G,2009; Hwang JY,2010), cardiovascular diseases(Chang YC,2009), hypertension(Iwashima Y,2004) and the like. According to the samples survey about EH in 1991, the prevalence rate of EH in Korean-Chinese populations was 22.95%（Cheng-bin ZHU,2005）, taking the first place in China. A survey in 2006 (Lan CUI, 2006)had showed that in Yanbian the prevalence rates of EH of males in Korean and Han-Chinese populations were 53.8% and 39% respectively, and of females were 44.9% and 31.4% respectively, obviously higher than before 15 years. So we will carry out an epidemiological and genetic investigation in Yanbian Korean and Han-Chinese populations, Investigate the genetic and environment risk factors , the heritability, The prevalence rate of the first degree relative of EH, providing reliable materials for prevention and interfering of EH in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populations.Materials and methodsStudy subjectsAccording to the principle of knowing fact and freewill, a total of 220 patients were involved in this study, who had been diagnosed as EH in Yanbian University Hospital and other hospitals in Yanbian from 2007 to 2009, including 112 Korean-Chinese and 108 Han-Chinese( ages from 40 to 70 years old, 120 men and 100 women). The control group involved 268 healthy individuals matching with case group in age, sex, nationality and so on, including 118 Korean-Chinese and 140 Han-Chinese.MethodsAfter system training, investigators including teachers, doctors, graduates, questioned 20 surplus environment factors by the unified table, and the disease condition of probands and their first degree relatives including parents, brethren and children . We measured blood pressure of all the subjects , three constant times and 10 minutes interval at each two times, then calculated their means. We also measured their body height, weight, waist-to-hip circumference ratio(WHR) ,body fat rate et.al, and calculated body mass index (BMI). All individuals were taken blood with empty stomach in the morning for biochemical test and extracting genomic DNA.Diagnosis criteriaAll EH patients were diagnosed by <<Index against Hypertension in China>>, systolic blood pre ssure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. According to the criteria of WHO, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 could diagnose as overweigh and BMI≥ 28 could diagnose as obesity. Criteria of abdominal obesity: waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) in men ≥ 0.9 and WHR in women ≥ 0.85. Drinking definition was that drinking 50 grams or more of distillate spirit (or the same alcoholic amount of beer) average per day , and continuing 1 year or more. 1 or more cigarette average per day and continuing 1 year or more was definited smoking.2The amount of salt-eating exceeded 8 grams was definited high salt diet. The correlation factors and evaluate of EH (see table 1).Extraction of genomic DNAGenomic DNA was extracted with Axyprep DNA Blood Mini Kit ( Biao Biotech-nology company limited provided ,Changchun). Its purity and density was tested by DNA/RNA protein determinator .PCR amplificationPCR amplification was performed on GeneAmp PCR System 9700(Applied Biosystems Corp., Foster City, USA). The primers are F: 5′-GCACCTGACCTGAAGTTTAT -3′and R: 5′- TG ACCTGGACCCTGGATTTA -3′(SHENG Tian-xin,2009),which are synthesized by Shanghai Shensu Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).Reaction system of 25μL involves 2.5μL of genomic DNA, 2.5μL of dNTPs (2.5mM),2.5μL of 10×Buffer I(with Mg2+),0.5μL of forward primer(12.5μM),0.5μL of reverse primer(12.5μM),0.5μL of TansTaq HiFi DNA polymerase (Beijing TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China),and 16μL of ddH2O.The reaction program is: initial denaturation at 94℃ for 5 min; denaturation at 94℃ for 45 sec, annealing at 57℃for 45 sec, polymerization at 72℃for 45 sec ,35 cycles; final polymerization at 72℃ for 5 min.Sequencing and Screening for SNPsAll amplification products were sequenced on Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA Analyzer(Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, USA)by Beijing Genomics Institute (Beijing, China). SNPs were screened with Sequencher 4.8 Demo(Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, USA) and Chromas Lite 2.01 (Technelysium Pty., Ltd., Tewantin, Australia).Statistical analysisMultiple factor logistic regression, Mean±SD，ANOV A, χ2 test were used for risk factors of EH and treatment of clinical data of subjects with SPSS 17.0 for Windows(SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was determined with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium calculator (/software/hardy-weiberg.shtml). Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequencies were analysis with SHEsis (/my Analysis.php).ResultsThe Analysis result of multiple factor logistic regression for EH (See table 2) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that family medical history, drinking, high salt diet were statistically significant factors on EH.Clinical data of EH and control group were calculated (See table 3)The level of SBP, DBP, BMI, Body fat rate in EH group were obviously higher than that in normal group in both Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populations（P﹤0.001）. The level of plasma adiponectin in EH group was lower than that in normal group in Yanbian（P﹤0.001）. These results indicated that BMI, Body fat rate, plasma adiponectin were relative to EH .Other clinical data were analyzed .But no any statistical difference between EH and normal group or between Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese had been found.The results and analysis of PCR and SNPsThe amplification product is a DNA fragment of 993 base pair by 1.5% agarose gel- electrophoresis. There are -11426A＞G(rs16861194),-11391G＞A(rs17300539),-11377C＞G(rs266729),-11156insCA,-11043C＞T of the promoter of adiponectin gene .But only SNPs of-11426A＞G , -11377C＞G,-11156insCA were found in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese3populations. Of them, the SNPs of -11426A and -11156N(no insert of CA) or -11426G and -11156I(an insert of CA) were always exist together within the same chromosome. -11391G＞A and -11043C＞T were rare SNP in Yanbian .So it was enough to just examine the SNPs of -11426A＞G and -11377C＞G.(See table 4).The genotypes and alleles with the promoter of adiponectin gene in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populations were analyzed. The frequency of allele -11426G in EH was greater than in normal group in Yanbian Han Chinese （P=0.025）. The SNPs of -11426A＞G might be associated with EH in Yanbian Han Chinese. The allele -11426G of the promoter of adiponectin gene was a risk gene with EH in Yanbian Han Chinese populations. The genotypes and alleles of -11377C＞G was not any statistical difference between EH and normal group or between Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populations. Analysis of haplotypesThe SNPs of -11426A>G and-11377C>G were determined to be in complete linkage disequilibrium (D’>0.85)and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(P>0.05).The haplotypes of the SNPs of -11426A>G and-11377C>G could be examined(See table 5).A haplotype of -11426G-11377C was discovered has statistical difference between EH and normal in Yanbian Han Chinese. The frequency of haplotype of -11426G-11377C in EH group was higher than in normal group in Yanbian Han Chinese(P=0.031).Relationship between genotypes of -11426A＞G and clinical data（See table 6）No any statistical difference between different genotype and clinical data in Yanbian Han Chinese had been found.Estimation of heritability of Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese (See table 7) From Table7, the total heritability of EH in Yanbian was 61.40%, including 62.60% in Korean-Chinese and 60.60% in Han-Chinese. So the genetic factor is important in the mechanism of EH. There was not statistical difference of EH heritability between Korean and Han-Chinese populations.Comparing of prevalence rate of EH fist degree relatives(See table 8)The prevalence rate of first degree relatives in case group was statistically higher than in control group(P <0.001) in both Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populations. There was not statistically difference between Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese.Table 1Correlation factor and evaluate of EHCorrelation factor evaluatesex man=1，woman=2nation Korea=1，Han=2educational background below middle school=1，above middle school=2income <1000=1,>1000=2smoking no=0，yes=1drinking no=0，yes=1stress incident no=0，yes=1life tension no=0，yes=1WHR <0.85=0,mam≥0.9=1，woman≥0.85=1intake of Salt ≤8=0，＞8=14intake of Meat 1-2order/week=0，≥3order/week=1intake of Hot same as aboveintake of Vegetables same as aboveintake of Egg same as aboveintake of Sweet same as aboveintake of Fish same as aboveintake of Milk same as aboveeHypertension FMH no=0，yes=1DM history no=0，yes=1Hyperlipemia history no=0，yes=1Heart disease history no=0，yes=1Cerebrovascular disease history no=0，yes=1Table 2Analysis result of multiple factor logistic regression for Essential hypertension in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populationsEXP(B) 95% Variable β S.E. Wald P OR Lower Upper Drinking 1.246 0.559 4.969 0.026 3.477 1.162 10.400 Salt intake 1.138 0.476 5.723 0.017 3.119 1.228 7.923 Hypertension FMH 2.660 1.263 4.436 0.035 14.302 1.203 170.028Table 3Clinical Characteristics of the study populationYanbian Korean Chinese Yanbian Han Chinesehypertension healthy group P hypertension healthy group P Age(years) 53.92±10.49 49.84±10.32 0.276 52.39±9.60 49.25±10.84 0.172 SBP(mmHg) 148.54±16.51 117.39±12.77 <0.001 * 155.40±17.63 118.62±10.41 <0.001* DBP(mmHg) 94.13±10.02 77.76±7.13 <0.001* 92.28±9.32 78.28±7.53 <0.001* BMI(kg/m2) 25.59±3.32 22.68±5.24 <0.001* 25.92±3.10 23.07±3.77 <0.001* Body fat (%) 33.69±6.10 29.19±6.69 <0.001* 32.40±7.13 29.33±6.67 0.002* FPG(mmol/L) 5.81±2.01 5.28±1.48 0.061 5.83±2.10 5.48±2.02 0.054 TC(mmol/L) 5.28±1.04 4.91±1.03 0.080 5.09±1.27 4.88±0.91 0.055 TG(mmol/L) 2.58±1.97 2.21±1.34 0.183 2.30±1.51 1.98±1.73 0.143 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.52±0.33 1.45±0.31 0.162 1.42±0.43 1.45±0.27 0.588 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.86±0.77 2.64±0.68 0.173 2.86±0.91 2.42±0.65 0.162 Insulin secretion(ng/mL) 21.13±13.31 19.46±10.75 0.712 22.27±16.28 20.02±14.10 0.053 APM-1(μg/mL) 2.64±3.39 5.01±4.60 <0.001* 3.20±2.89 4.12±3.38 0.016* Data are mean±standard deviation.P values were calculated by comparing mean of data between Essential hypertension and healthy group with ANOV A.5Table 4Genotypes and alleles within the promoter of adiponectin gene in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populationsYanbian Korean Chinese Yanbian Han ChineseGenotype(%) allele(%) Genotype(%) allele(%)-11426A>G AA AG GG A G AA AG GG A G Hypertension 76(67.85) 33(29.46) 3(2.69) 185(82.58) 39(17.42) 71(67.54) 31(28.70) 6(5.56) 173(80.09) 43(19.91) Healthy group 75(58.59) 52(40.62) 1(0.78) 202(78.90) 54(21.10) 110(78.57) 25(17.85) 5(3.58) 245(87.50) 35(12.50) P 0.122 0.308 0.078 0.025*-11377C>G CC CG GG C G CC CG GG C G Hypertension 72(64.28) 33(29.46) 7(6.26) 177(79.01) 47(20.99) 66(61.11) 37(34.25) 5(4.64) 169(78.24) 47(21.76) Healthy group 78(60.93) 46(35.93) 4(3.14) 202(78.90) 54(21.10) 85(60.71) 38(27.14) 17(12.15) 208(74.28) 72(25.72) P 0.220 0.544 0.086 0.306The P values were produced by comparing genotypes or alleles between Essential hypertension and healthy group with χ2test.Table 5Haplotypes of the SNPs of -11426 A>G and -11377 C>G within the promoter of adiponectin gene in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populationsYanbian Korean Chinese Yanbian Han Chinesehypertension(%) healthy group(%) P hypertension(%) healthy group(%) P -11426 -11377A C 138(61.60) 148(57.81) 0.519 126(58.33) 173(61.78) 0.189 A G 47(20.98) 54(21.09) 0.766 47(21.75) 72(25.71) 0.054 G C 39(17.42) 54(21.10) 0.289 43(19.90) 35(12.50) 0.031* The P values were produced by comparing haplotypes between hypertension and healthy individuals with χ2 test.Table 6Relationship between genotypes and clinical data of EH and healthy group in Yanbian Han Chinesehypertension group healthy groupP PAA AG+GG AA AG+GGn 71 37 110 30SBP(mmHg) 155.13±18.01 158.13±17.72 0.433 119.77±10.47 120.61±9.22 0.764 DBP(mmHg) 92.90±8.37 93.39±10.72 0.800 79.25±6.67 76.44±7.37 0.086 BMI(kg/m2) 25.77±3.04 26.53±3.34 0.255 23.41±3.23 22.40±6.32 0.378 Body fat(%) 32.72±7.42 32.11±6.72 0.716 29.17±7.21 30.77±8.23 0.437 TC (mmol/L) 5.09±1.37 5.22±1.11 0.633 4.79±0.82 4.68±1.19 0.677 TG (mmol/L) 2.31±1.65 2.20±1.30 0.727 2.08±2.12 2.01±1.03 0.883 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.74±0.87 2.94±0.85 0.301 2.50±0.60 2.44±0.83 0.759 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.40±0.33 1.30±0.26 0.134 1.49±0.32 1.37±0.29 0.161 FPG (mmol/L) 5.98±2.06 5.45±1.34 0.523 5.82±2.26 5.95±2.31 0.544 Insulin secretion (ng/mL) 22.71±18.31 25.30±20.69 0.524 17.72±7.46 22.62±16.07 0.0856APM-1 (ug/mL) 3.77±2.35 3.07±2.36 0.167 5.41±3.39 4.21±2.51 0.175Data are means ± SD . The P values were produced by comparing means of data between wild type subjects and heterozygote and homozygote subjects with ANOVA.Table 7 Estimation the disease incidence and heritability of EH first degree relative in Yanbian Korean and Han Chinese populationsnation characteristic genealogy total cases case rate（%）X a b h2first degree relative of men in control68 453 78 17.21 0.946 1.482first degree relative of men in index case 62 419 148 35.32 0.385 1.058 0.313 62.60 Korean first degree relative of women in control60 339 45 13.27 1.112 1.616 first degree relative of women in index case50 405 110 27.16 0.613 1.225 0.268 53.54 first degree relative of control128 792 123 15.53 1.015 1.537first degree relative of index case112 824 258 31.31 0.496 1.138 0.285 57.02first degree relative of men in control78 616 78 12.66 1.414 0.639first degree relative of men in index case58 472 136 28.81 0.553 1.180 0.313 62.60 Han first degree relative of women in control62 493 60 12.71 1.165 1.659 first degree relative of women in index case50 408 115 28.18 0.583 1.202 0.308 61.60 first degree relative of control140 1109 138 12.44 1.155 1.651first degree relative of index case108 880 251 28.52 0.583 1.202 0.303 60.60 Total first degree relative of control268 1901 261 13.72 1.094 1.601 first degree relative of index case220 1704 509 29.87 0.524 1.159 0.307 61.4 Table 8Comparison of case rate between first degree relative of index case and controlYanbian Korean Chinese Yanbian Han ChineseCharacteristic total case case rate（%）P total case case rate（%）P first degree relative of men in control 453 78 17.21 0.194a 616 78 12.66 0.828a first degree relative of men in index case 419 148 35.32 <0.001* 472 136 28.81 <0.001* first degree relative of women in control 339 45 13.27 0.067b 493 60 12.71 0.878b first degree relative of women in index case 405 110 27.16 <0.001* 408 115 28.18 <0.001* first degree relative of control 792 123 15.53 1109 138 12.44first degree relative of index case824 258 31.31 <0.001* 880 251 28.52 <0.001*a is the comparison between first degree relative of men and women in control;b is the comparison between first degree relative of men and women in index case.DiscussionWith the increasing living standards, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases have already become the main threatening to health and life of human beings. For preventing hypertension occurring, many domestic and overseas investigators are looking for the risk factors which could be the pathogenesis of hypertension diligently.Many domestic and overseas publications indicate that long-term drinking, overweight, and obesity could cause hypertension. Henriksson KM (2003) had confirmed the volume of drunken alcohol is related to the increasing of blood pressure. Hurile (2005) and Ying CQ (2007) pointed out that drinking and obesity are the main risk factors of EH occurring in Mongolian populations. This study indicates drinking, overweight, and obesity are the main risk factors of EH occurring in Yanbian Korean- and Han-Chinese populations, especially in Korean-Chinese populations because of the drinking culture in which the custom of not a seat without alcohol had already been7built up among them. Alcohol could make high blood pressure by exciting sympathetic nervous system, increasing aldosterone secretion, and retention of water and sodium ions. Increased total blood volume of obese individuals and blood volume pulsed to vessels could cause high blood pressure. Furthermore, the increasing risk of arterial sclerosis could make EH occurring. At the same time drinking and obesity could improve this affect.High salt diet is a main pathogenesis of EH. Intake of salt is positively related to EH (Fang KF, 2007). This study indicates high salt diet is the main risk factor of EH in Yanbian Korean- and Han-Chinese populations. Excessive salt could cause retention of water and sodium ions, increasing internal pressure of vessels, increasing resistance of blood flow, and increasing blood pressure. Excessive salt also could accelerate intake of cholesterol in intestines, induce deposit of blood fat in arterial vessels, cause aggregation of blood platelet, hurt endothelial cells, misbalance NOS/NO and ET-1 system, and then increase high blood pressure (Kui REN, 2008). Especially, Korean-Chinese have the habits of eating Kimchi, drinking soy sauce. All these foods contain a lot of salt and are potential risk factors of EH occurring.Adiponectin is a special hormone secreted by adipocyte. It also is a protecting factor in vivo. Decreasing adiponectin level predicts increasing risk of cardiovascular diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, et al (TANG Xiao-ming ,2008; Weyer C,2001) . Adiponectin gene (MIM: 605441, GeneID: 9370) is located on chromosome 3q27, including 16 kbp and 3 exons and 2 introns. According to research of this gene, 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8 mutations had been observed(Waki H,2003; Stumvoll M,2002; Hara K,2002; Menzaghi C,2002; Kondo H,2002) Of them 5 SNPs, -11426A>G, -11391G>A, -11377C>G, -11156insCA, and-11043C>T which are located on promoter, had been observed.First time Adamczak (2003) reported adiponectin has some function in the process of EH occurring and development, adiponectin level of case group is significantly lower than of control group. Iwashima (2004)indicated adiponectin gene polymorphism is significantly related to hypoadiponectinemia and hypertension, and observed hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor of EH. Furuhashi(2003)also indicated hypoadiponectinemia is significantly related to EH. Researching the relationship between adiponectin gene polymorphism and EH, Ronconi V (2010)observed the SNPs of adiponectin gene are significantly related to EH. But there are opposite reports also(Yan WL, 2006; WANG Zong-li,2008)This study demonstrates the frequency of allele G of -11426A>G in Yanbian Han-Chinese case group is significantly different with of control group (P < 0.05), indicating SNP -11426 is significantly related to EH in Yanbian Han-Chinese population, allele G is a risk factor of EH and has some function in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Researching about the haplotypes of–1426A>G -11377C>G, the significant difference (P < 0.05) between case and control group in Yanbian Han-Chinese has been observed, indicating haplotype of -11426G –11377C is a risk factor of EH occurring.Schwarz PE (2006)reported the adiponectin level in German Caucasians with haplotype of-11391G -11377G, and indicated SNPs on promoter of adiponectin gene are related to diabetes. But in this study we did not find any SNP of -11391G>A. At the same time, our results indicate there is a perfect LD between -11426A>G and -11156insCA in Yanbian Korean- andHan-Chinese populations. But these SNPs are not related to EH. Despite promoter of adiponectin gene cannot produce relative hormone (adiponectin) through direct transcription and translation,8but it has important regulative functions in the process of adiponectin formation viz. expression of adiponectin gene. If this process has been inhibited, hypoadiponectinemia and then EH will occur. Overall, prevention of EH should been carried out. For the dangerous populations with some risk factors such as EH family history, we should pay attention to the function of environment, decrease the exposed level to environmental risk factors, in order to prevent and decrease the morbidity and mortality of Yanbian Korean- and Han-Chinese EH patients.ReferencesPanagopoulou P, Stamna E, Tsolkas G, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Pavlitou-Tsiontsi E,Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Vavatsi-Christaki N.(2009) Adiponectin gene polymorphisms in obese Greek youth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. Oct;22(10):955-959.Foucan L, Ezourhi N, Maimaitiming S, Hedreville S, Inamo J, Atallah A,Bangou-Bredent-J,Aubert R, Chout R, Fumeron F, Donnet JP, Marre M.(2009)Adiponectin Multimers and ADIPOQ T45G in Coronary Artery Disease in Caribbean Type 2 Diabetic Subjects of African Descent. Obesity (Silver Spring). Dec 3.Mohammadzadeh G, Zarghami N.(2009)Associations between single-nucleotide polymorphis- ms of the adiponectin gene, serum adiponectin levels and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranian obese individuals. Scand J Clin lab Invest.69(7):764-771.Hwang JY, Park JE, Choi YJ,Huh KB, Kim WV.(2010). SNP276G>T polymorphism in the adiponectin gene is associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with type II diabetes mellitus in Korea. Eur J Clin Nutr.Jan;64(1):105-7.Chang YC, Jiang JY, Jiang YD, Chiang FT, Hwang JJ, Lien WP, Chuang LM. (2009). Interaction of ADIPOQ genetic polymorphism with blood pressure and plasma cholesterol level on the risk of coronary artery disease. Circ J.Oct;73(10):1934-1938.Iwashima Y, Katsuya T, Ishikawa K, Ouchi N, Ohishi M, Sugimoto K, Fu Y, Motone M, Yamamoto K, Matsuo A, Ohashi K, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Rakugi H, Matsuzawa Y, Ogihara T.(2004). Hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension.43:1318- 1323.Cheng-bin ZHU.(2005).Progression of epidemiology on essential hypertension in minority of China. Journal of Report and medical research. 34(5):57-59.Lan CUI, Ping-xi JIN, Yong-zhe JIN, Jin-nv FANG . (2006). Comparative study on different types of hypertension among the Korean nationality and Han nationality. Journal of medical science Yanbian University.29(3):190-193.SHENG Tian-xin, LI Zhou-na, PIAN Li-na, GE Rui, ZHANG Zi-bo, JIN Xiong-ji, WANG Wei-jie, WANG Xu-min, YANG Kang-juan.(2009)Association between the Adiponectin gene and Type 2 Diabetes in Yanbian Han and Korean Chinese Populations. International Journal of Genetics. 32(6):395-399.Henriksson KM, Lindblad U, Gullberg B, Agren B, Nilsson-Ehle P, Råstam L.（2003）. Body composition, ethnicity and alcohol consumption as determinants for the development of blood pressure in a birth cohort of young middle-aged men. Eur J Epidemiol.18(10):955-63.Rile Hu, Rile Hu, Chunyu Zhang, Xiaoyan Hou. (2005). Epidemiological investigation on Neimenggu Mongolia and Han Chinese populations. Practical Preventive Medicine.12(5):1120-21 Changqing Ying, Y onghong Zhang, Weijun Tong, Qun Xu, Yanhua Wang, Changchun Qiu.(2007).Analysis on genetic and environmental risk factors on essential hyperentsion in Mongolia population. Chinese Journal of Public Healty.23(9):60-62.Kuaifa Fang, Pingsheng Wu, Taicheng Bao, Juguang Gao, Wenhui Wei, Liang9。
延边州朝鲜族和汉族60岁以上老年人慢性病患病状况调查分析目的对延边州朝鲜族和汉族60岁以上老年人冠心病及其慢性病患病的状况进行分析。
方法本次调查是延边州首次针对60岁以上老年人慢性病患病状况的调查，分析其慢性病患病状况。
结果调查人群中朝鲜族男7394人、汉族男26720人、朝鲜族女11430人、汉族女36187人；朝鲜族冠心病、高血压、血脂异常患病率高于汉族，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05），汉族糖尿病患病率高于朝鲜族；差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。
女性冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常率均高于男性，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。
结论加强慢性病综合防控示范区建设，强化各部门在慢性病防控中的作用，要制定切实可行的措施，才能达到较好的慢性病预防控制效果。
标签：老年人；朝鲜族；慢性病人口老龄化带来的健康问题已经成为公共卫生面临的巨大挑战。
研究表明老年人群慢性病患病率是其他年龄组的2～3倍，并且常同时伴有多种疾病[1]。
慢性病是导致老年人群躯体功能障碍、生活自理能力下降、健康期望寿命损失和生活质量下降最重要的原因。
现报告如下。
1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料本次调查是延边州首次针对60岁以上老年人慢性病患病状况的调查。
调查样本量81731人。
朝鲜族男7394人、汉族男26720人、朝鲜族女11430人、汉族女36187人。
本研究经分析延边州朝鲜族和汉族60岁以上老年人慢性病患病率分析出其关系。
1.2 方法从好医生居民健康档案管理系统中导出2016年延边州60周岁以上老年人健康体检结果，进行统计分析。
1.3 观察指標主要慢性病患病率：体检之前在医疗机构诊断过冠心病、高血压、糖尿病的患者数占总调查人数比例。
血脂异常率：按照《2007年中国血脂异常防治指南》[2]的成人血脂异常诊断标准对总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇进行判定。
1.4 统计学方法本次研究数据经过SPSS 19.0进行总汇处理，用率（%）来代表计数资料，x±s 来代表计量资料，进行x2和t检验，当检验结果为P＜0.05，则代表数据差异有统计学意义。
