Spacelanguage---跨文化交际之空间语

跨⽂化交际复习纲要跨⽂化交际复习纲要Unit 11.Culture Defined from the Intercultural PerspectiveCulture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.2.Three Ingredients of cultureartifacts⼈造物品concepts (beliefs, values, world views…)behavior3.The Characteristics of CultureCulture is Not Innate, it is Learned.Culture is DynamicCulture is pervasiveFacets of Culture are InterrelatedCulture is EthnocentricCulture is adaptive4.The definition of communication/doc/488e977502768e9951e7388f.html ponents of communication (第⼀课课件P66-71)6.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds (perception and symbol system) are distinct enough to alter their communication (课本p.10).7.co-culturecultures which exist side-by sidethe following would be some good examples:The cultures of youth and the culture of older personsThe cultures of media-worshipers and mainstream American cultureUnit 21.Verbal intercultural communication“verbal” means “consisting of words”. Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Verbal communication refers to the communication that is carried either in oral or in written form with the use of words. Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.2.Individualism and collectivism34Cultures are typically divided into two categories: collectivist and individualist. Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement at the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition. Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires.Unit 31. Power distance权⼒差距Power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally”. (Hofstede)⼀个国家内的机构和组织的弱势成员期望和接受权⼒分配不均的程度。

跨文化交际的空间观与外语教学摘要：空间是会说话的语言。

然而，各种文化，因价值观念，思维方式、风俗习惯不同，形成千差万异的空间观。

“空间语言”的运用往往处于有意识或无意识的状态中，因此，在跨文化交际中，一个文化的人会本能地用自己的“空间语言”去与另一个文化的人交际，由于文化间的差别的存在，误会和冲突不可避免。

本文试图围绕空间观的文化差异问题，来讨论空间因素在跨文化交际中产生的作用及空间观对外语教学的启示。

关键词：空间观跨文化交际外语教学人们在社会交往中自然而然地形成空间观。

这种空间观分属不同文化的人，于不同文化背景的人的价值观念，思维方式，风俗习惯不同,这些因素都会对空间观形成差异。

也就是说，空间这一客观实实在在不同文化中有不同形式的反映。

空间观是文化深层结构的一部分，它影响我们对外界的感知，左右我们的判断，决定我们的行为方式；反过来，一定的行为又反映一定的空间观，传递关于空间观的某种信息，正如美国人类学家霍尔（Hall）所说，各个文化就像拥有自己的语言一样，拥有自己的“空间语言。

”“空间语言”有的是通过有意识的学习得来的，有的是在潜移默化中不知不觉地习得的,就像很多非语言符号一样。

因而，“空间语言”的运用往往也处于无意识或有意识状态中。

也正是这个原因，在跨文化接触中，一个文化的人会本能地用自己的“空间语言”去与另一个文化的人交际，而且会认为自己处理空间的方式是天经地义的，理所当然的。

双方都这样想，文化间的误会与冲突也由此而产生。

本文试图围绕空间观的文化差异问题，来讨论空间因素在跨文化交际中产生的作用，以及空间观对外语教学的启示。

一、教室空间观的文化差异教室空间的结构和利用可以说是价值观念和思维方式的产物。

如中国小学的教室一般是开放的，有前门、有后门，两侧则是宽敞明亮的大窗户，让外面的人一眼就能看到教室里的情况。

这体现出我国的教育比较重视对学生纪律的约束和管制。

美国小学的教室则大多都是封闭的，有门无窗，四周都是墙，教室只有一个门，室内靠灯光照明，靠空调调节室温。

学术研讨Academic research霍尔空间关系理论在跨文化交际中的应用——基于对“西方旅行者对桂林酒店评价”的调查研究摘要：人类的空间语是在长期的社会实践中形成的，分属不同文化的人会有不同的空间概念。

空间语在交际中传递着重要的信息，甚至会决定交际的成功与否。

通过调查和研究西方人在桂林旅行时对酒店的诸多评价和描述,发现西方人会有不同的文化体验。

本文从霍尔空间关系理论的角度，阐述了这种不同文化体验在空间语应用上的差异及分析了背后存在的原因。

在更好地掌握和理解空间语的基础上，可以顺畅地实现跨文化间的沟通和交流。

关键词：桂林旅行；文化体验；空间语；霍尔空间理论1空间语的定义空间语言是霍尔(Edward T.Hal1)在上世纪5O年代首先提出的。

在《无声的语言》中，霍尔详细论述了人类空间关系并以“空间会说话”(space speaks)为题专门作了精辟的论述。

霍尔区分出三种在我们的社会生活中具有交际意义的空间：一种是固定性空间，指的是结构与功能都固定的空间，如公园、建筑物、街道等；一种是半固定性交间，指的是里面的摆设可移动、功能可变的空间，这些摆设包括家具、设备等；还有一种是无定形空间，指的是紧紧环绕我们身体四周、随我们移动而移动的空间。

霍尔同时指出：“分属不同文化的人，不仅讲不同的语言，而且生活在不同的感知世界里。

”2空间语在中西文化交际中差异及其原因空间语作为一种“语言”，在交际中发挥重要的作用。

在中西文化交际中，空间语的表现形式也会有很大的不同，这与中西文化差异，人们的认知及宗教信仰，甚至使生存环境不同都是密不可分的。

2.1办公场地差异在外企，办公场所更加开放，上级领导和员工一样，都处在一个开放的空间里，更利于相互之间的沟通。

而大部分的国内企业，领导一般都会有自己的专属办公室，而且处在一个相对密闭的环境中。

中国文化中，中国人习惯于用围墙来保护自己，本质上是对群体隐私的一种维护。

与之形成鲜明对照的是美国人对空间极端的崇尚和高度的敏感。

OVERSEAS DIGEST 海外文摘2021年第21期总第874期No.21,2021Total of 8741空间、场域与跨文化交际作为客观的物理环境，空间是人类文化得以存在的根本，是社会交际赖以发生的条件之一。

任何文化都有其特定的空间，空间是社会学及跨文化交际研究的重要内容。

由于人们对其他文化的认知需要经历一个从感知到思维的过程[1]，因而在跨文化交流活动中，在既有文化认知的影响下，交际主体往往对客观存在的跨文化空间产生主观性认识偏误，从而给交际带来不利影响。

布迪厄（P·Bourdieu)从社会学的角度，用场域概念阐释社会结构中各存在主体的文化资本及其社会地位的关系。

他提出，社会是一个场域，社会资本的积累、转变和再生产，构成了社会场域的文化存在[2-3]。

根据布迪厄的场域理论，在社会场域中，人们通过积累、转换和交换包括经济、文化和社会三类资本在内的文化资本，从而进入和形成某一状态的社会关系。

布迪厄的场域理论主要是分析某一文化环境下社会主体的地位、人际交往与社会资本的关系。

在这一概括性的场域中，具体的物理地域概念被形态流动的文化资本所替代，物理空间意识模糊化。

但是，文化固有的地域物理特性亦即其客观的文化空间属性，从而可以说，布迪厄的场域概念下自然包括了文化的空间概念。

随着全球化的发展，人类跨文化交往逐渐成为寻常，跨文化交际成为社会交际的显性交际行为。

爱德华·霍尔(E·Hall)自20世纪50年代起就从跨文化交际的角度在关注空间，但他更多地是从同一文化空间下的亚空间角度阐述空间的文化意义，分析阐述某一文化中人们的社交距离以及物件布局的文化内涵[4]。

在跨文化交际语境下，自然的空间是交际者的意识存在。

跨文化交际空间环境既是自然存在，同时也是主观上的探索、认知，从而对交际行为进行理性认识和有效调整。

从原生文化内交际的空间、文化、惯习无意识，到跨文化交际中有意识地认识交际双方的文化、惯习并在此基础上认识跨文化交际的空间，有助于更好地审视交际的目标和策略。

对外经济贸易大学《跨文化交际（英）》期末考试I. True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Write T for “true” and F for “false”. （每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. The term “intercultural communication” was first used by Geert Hofstede in1959.2. Hall defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in ourdaily interactions.3. In most of Africa, Argentina and Peru, putting one’s index finger to his templemeans ‘You are crazy.’4. Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizesyour experiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.5. Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.They are the innermost “skin of the onion.”6. People from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereasthis may be understood as evading or even insulting in other cultures.7. Unbuttoning one’s coat is a sign of openness, friendliness or willingness to reachan agreement.8. In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must providefor a win-lose situation.9. Edward Hall’s theory states that the four levels embody the total conceptof culture like an onion – symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.10. Successful intercultural business communication involves knowing theethnocentrisms of persons in other cultures. Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.11. Ethnocentrism is the belief that somebody else’s cultural background, includingways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbalcommunication, is better than our own.12. People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do notlike change as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures.13. When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes andother forms of humor during the actual business sessions.14. In the business circle, American business people use first names immediately.15. Companies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as inArab countries men may refuse to work with women.16. In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your righthand.17. When accepting a business card, German business people carefully look at thecard, observe the title and organization, acknowledge with a nod that theyhave digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or aska polite question.18. The OK sign may be interpreted as asking for money by Japanese businesspeople.19. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of interculturalcommunication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks auniversal language.20. In short, intercultural communication competence requires sufficientawareness knowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is sufficient to achieve intercultural communication competence.II. Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. stereotypes2. paralanguage3. ethnocentrism4. masculinity5. high-context culture6. monochronic time7. speech act 8. conversation taboos9. vocal qualifiers 10. power distance11. 译码12.偏见13. 文化震惊14.不确定性回避15. 概念意义16.语用错误17. 礼貌原则18.归纳法19. 空间语言20.礼仪与礼节III. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer. （每题 1 分，共20 分）1. Understanding another culture .a. enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe andact as they dob. is best achieved through “do’s and don’ts” listsc. is important for businesspeople because they can appear to bebetter informedd. isn’t necessary for businesspeople2. Non-linear languages .a. are object orientedb. see time as a continuum of present, past andfuture c. are circular, tradition oriented andsubjectived. lead to short-range planning in business practices3. Which statement about values is incorrecta. Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons ina culture.b. Values are learned by contacts with family members, teachers,and religious leaders.c. Values will be influenced by what is seen on television or read innewspapers.d. People in various cultures have basically similar values.4. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tendto a. do one thing at a time.b. be committed to people.c. borrow and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationships.5. Which statement regarding haptics is incorrecta. In Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.b. Japan is considered a "don't touch" culture.c. Greece is considered a "touch" culture.d. In Latin American countries, touching between men is unacceptable.6. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is .a. a view of hierarchical structure of social relationshipb. a view of group orientation structure of social relationshipc. a view of individual orientation structure of social relationshipd. none of the above7. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone fromanother culture include all of the following except:a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b. avoid telling jokes.c. avoid personal questions.d. keep the conversation positive.8. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshakea. In the ., a handshake should be firm.b.An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival anddeparture. d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.9. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrecta. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c. When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with thefacts and goes to generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation withdifferent cultures.10. Which statement is incorrecta. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledgeof another culture's nonverbal communication patterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.c. Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messagesin intercultural encounters.d. When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watchthe behavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.11. Language is important because ita. helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls howwe perceive others.b. allows us to be understood by foreigners.c. is determined by colonialism.d. is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12. Which of the following countries uses high-context languagea. Canadab. Germanyc. Japand. United States13. Slang is generallya. understood by everyone.b. spoken by the masses.c. easily translated.d. used by subgroups.14. Nonverbal communication does not includea. chromatics.b. chronemics.c. haptics.d. semantics.15. Dominance, harmony, and subjugation are all value orientations that correspond to which of the following cultural problemsa. What is the nature of human beingsb. What is the relationship of humans to naturec. What is the orientation of humans to timed. What is the human orientation to activity16. Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultural communicationbecause .a. they provide a compact description of a culture’s valuesb. they tell a great deal about what a culture praises and what itrejects c. they unite a people with the wisdom of their ancestorsd. all of the above17. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidancea. One group's truth should not be imposed onothers. b. Scientific opponents cannot be personalfriends.c. Citizen protest should be repressed.d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people.18. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is thata. language is just a device for reporting a person's experience.b. two languages can represent the same social reality.c. the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speakthe language.d. language functions as a way of shaping a person's experience.19. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated bya. sending only top executives abroad.b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c. testing associates to see who is most qualified.d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possesscertain personal and professional qualifications.20. Which of the following statement is incorrecta. Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpful whenconversing with persons in another culture.b. We need to keep things in perspective and not get offended each timewe deal with someone who has a different attitude toward touchingc. Good advice when communicating with persons in other cultures isto keep gestures to a minimumd. Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbal communication is almost always interpreted the same in eachculture.IV. Answer the following essay question. (共 20 分)Compare and contrast the following proverbs from two different cultures: “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot” and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”How do people from these cultures perceive silence and talk In light of their different perceptions, how might they view each other What problems might arise in their interactionsV. Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective. (共 20 分)The following conversation took place between two Chinese friends.A: We’re going to New Orleans this weekend.B: What fun! I wish we were going with you. How long are you going to be thereA: Three days.B: Do you need a ride to the airport I’ll take you.A: Are you sure it’s not too much troubleB: No, no. It’s no trouble at all.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation f rom an intercultural perspective.参考答案及评分标准A 卷VI. True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for “true” a nd F for “false”. （每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. T8. F9. F 10. T11. F 12. F 13. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. T 19. T 20. FVII.Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题 1 分，共20 分）1. stereotypes 定势/刻板印象2. paralanguage 辅助语言/副语言3. ethnocentrism 民族中心主义4. masculinity 男性特征5. high-context culture 高语境文化6. m onochronic t ime 单一时间观念7. speech act 言语行为8. conversation taboos 对话禁忌9. vocal qualifiers 声音修饰10. power distance 权力距离11. 译码 decoding 12. 偏见prejudice13. 文化震惊 cultural shock 14. 不确定性回避uncertaintyavoidance15. 概念意义 denotational meaning 16. 语用错误 pragmatic f ailure17. 礼貌原则 the Politeness Principle 18. 归纳法inductivepattern19. 空间语言 spatial language/proximics 20. 礼仪与礼节etiquette andprotocolVIII. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer. （每题 1 分，共 20 分）1. a2. a3. d4. a5. d6. a7. a8. d9. c 10. b11. a 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. d IX. Answer the following essay question. (共 20 分)测试重点： Compare and contrast the proverbs “It is the duck that squawks that gets shot”and “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.”The former is an English proverbwhile the latter is a Chinese proverb. In light of their different perceptions, the two cultures might differ in terms of silence and talk etc. and problems might arise in their interactions.评分标准：从以上角度进行分析，其他根据具体答题情况酌情。