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nh3实验室制法方程式英文回答：To synthesize NH3 in the laboratory, there are several methods that can be used. One common method is the Haber process, which involves the reaction of nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a catalyst.The balanced chemical equation for the Haber process is:N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3。
In this reaction, one molecule of nitrogen gas reacts with three molecules of hydrogen gas to produce two molecules of ammonia.The reaction is typically carried out in a high-pressure container to favor the forward reaction and increase the yield of ammonia. The pressure is usually around 200-300 atmospheres.The reaction is also exothermic, meaning it releases heat. To control the temperature and prevent the reaction from becoming too hot, a cooling system is often used.The catalyst used in the Haber process is typically iron, although other catalysts such as ruthenium or osmium can also be used. The presence of the catalyst increasesthe rate of the reaction without being consumed in the process.Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is cooledand the ammonia gas is condensed into a liquid. The liquid ammonia can then be collected and used for various purposes, such as fertilizer production or as a refrigerant.Overall, the laboratory synthesis of NH3 using theHaber process is an important industrial process thatallows for the production of large quantities of ammonia.中文回答：实验室制备NH3的方法有很多种。
ＣＯD(化学需氧量）的含义及其排放标准ﻫCOＤ( 化学需氧量)经常伴随着环保、污染这些词汇出现, 大家大概都能猜到，COD是个和污染有关的词汇，那么,它的含义究竟是什么呢？正像人们熟知的WTO （世界贸易组织）是World ＴｒadｅOrganization的缩写一样, ＣOD 也是Chｅmiｃal Oｘyｇen Dｅmand 的缩写,即第一个英文字母的组合, 翻译过来就是化学需氧量。
那么化学需氧量又究竟是什么意思呢?常用的化学需氧量( 即CODcｒ), 是指在强酸并加热的条件下, 用重铬酸钾作为氧化剂处理水样时所消耗氧化剂的量，以氧的mg/l来表示。
化学需氧量反映了水中受还原性物质污染的程度。
水中还原性物质包括有机物、亚硝酸盐、亚铁盐、硫化物等。
水被有机物污染是很普遍的,因此, 化学需氧量也作为有机物相对含量的指标之一,但只能反映能被氧化的有机物污染, 不能反映多环芳烃、PＣＢ等的污染状况。
COＤcr 是我国实施排放总量控制的指标之一。
CODcr 数值越小, 说明水被污染的越轻。
水样的化学需氧量, 可由于加入的氧化剂的种类及浓度,反应溶液的酸度、反应温度和时间, 以及催化剂的有无而获得不同的结果。
因此, 化学需氧量亦是一个条件性指标，必须严格按操作步骤进行。
ﻫ《水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法ＧＢ11９14- ８9》是国家规定的水中化学需氧量的测定标准。
标准中定义化学需氧量是在一定条件下, 经重铬酸钾氧化处理时,水样中的溶解性物质和悬浮物所消耗的重铬酸盐相对应的氧的质量浓度。
原理是:在水样中加入已知量的重铬酸钾溶液, 并在强酸介质下以银盐作催化剂，经沸腾回流后, 以试亚铁灵为指示剂，用硫酸亚铁铵滴定水样中未被还原的重铬酸钾由消耗的硫酸亚铁铵的量换算成消耗氧的质量浓度。
在酸性重铬酸钾条件下, 芳烃及吡啶难以被氧化，其氧化率较低。
在硫酸银催化作用下, 直链脂肪族化合物可有效地被氧化。
我们也经常听到或看到ＣODcr是多少, 和ＣＯDcｒ严重超标的话。
合成氨示范-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述在编写本文之前，先要对合成氨进行一定的概述。
合成氨是一种重要的化学品，也是工业生产中的关键物质之一。
它被广泛应用于农业、化肥、医药、化工等领域，并对现代社会的发展起到了至关重要的作用。
合成氨的化学式为NH3，它是由氮气和氢气在高温高压条件下催化反应生成的。
合成氨具有较强的还原性和碱性，能与酸发生反应，形成盐和水。
由于其与氮肥和农作物的关系密切，合成氨被广泛用于制造各类化肥，提高农作物的产量和质量。
在合成氨的制备方法方面，目前主要有哈柏－博斯特法、威斯卡法、龙宁法等。
这些方法具有不同的优势和适用范围，能够满足不同行业的需求。
此外，随着科学技术的不断进步，新的合成氨制备方法也在不断涌现，为合成氨产业的发展提供了更多的选择和可能性。
总的来说，合成氨在农业和工业生产中具有重要地位和广泛的应用前景。
本文将会从合成氨的历史背景和制备方法入手，探讨其重要性和未来发展的展望。
通过该文章的撰写，我们希望能够更深入地了解合成氨这一化学品的特性和用途，并为其在工业领域的应用提供一定的指导和参考。
1.2 文章结构文章结构本文主要包括以下几个部分：引言、正文和结论。
下面将对每个部分的内容进行详细介绍。
1. 引言：引言部分将对本文要讨论的主题——合成氨进行概述，旨在为读者提供一个整体的认识和了解。
首先，简要介绍合成氨的背景和意义，包括其在农业、化肥生产和工业领域的重要作用。
接着，给出本文的目的和结构，引导读者理解本文的主要内容和脉络。
2. 正文：正文是本文的核心部分，主要分为两个部分：合成氨的历史背景和合成氨的制备方法。
在合成氨的历史背景部分，将回顾合成氨研究的起源和发展历程，介绍了早期科学家的贡献以及相关的重要里程碑。
同时，还可以提及合成氨在农业领域的应用和对全球粮食安全的重要意义。
在合成氨的制备方法部分，将详细介绍目前常用的几种制备方法，如哈柏二氮烷法、费伦斯法和奥斯特瓦尔德法等。
工业氨合成
工业氨合成是一项重要的化学工艺，用于制造氨，它是大量生产化肥的基础。
此过程中用到了哈伯-博斯特过程，这是一种用于合成氨的工艺。
氨是原子序数为7的元素氮的化合物，其含有三个氢原子。
在实践中，制造氨的工艺主要是通过将氮气与氢气在高压和高温下反应而成，反应产物是氨。
.reactants。
反应方程式为：N2 + 3H2 →2NH3。
这种反应需要高压（一般为100-200 atm）和高温（一般为400-500°C）来加速反应速率。
通常用铁催化剂来加速反应，此过程中需要使用高纯度的氢气和氮气，以防止催化剂毒化或破坏反应速率。
此外，在反应中也需要加入适量的催化剂和热交换器来将反应产生的热量抽取出来，以防止过热和产物形成。
工艺技术方案process technology plan工艺流程图process flow diagram合成氨装置ammonia plant空气过滤器air filter天然气natural gas燃料气fuel gas天然气过滤器natural gas filter天然气压缩机natural gas compressor天然气入口分离器feed gas knockout drum燃气透平gas turbine水利透平hydraulic turbine转化汽包steam drum一段转换炉primary reformer二段转换炉secondary reformer加氢器hydrotreater加氢反应器hydrogenation reaction chamber低温变换炉low temperature shift converter高温变换炉high temperature shift converter工艺空气压缩机process air compressor一段炉引风机induced draft fan回路冷却器kickback cooler汽提后工艺冷凝液水冷器stripped condensate cooler工艺冷凝液汽提塔process condensate stripper工艺冷凝液泵process condensate pump高压蒸汽过热器HP steam superheater高压蒸汽过热器（热端）Hot HP steam superheater（热端）高压蒸汽过热器（冷端）Cold HP steam superheater（冷端）废热锅炉waste heat boiler一段炉出口输气管道Primary reformer effluent transfer line工艺冷凝汽提塔进/出口换热器process condensate stripper feed / effluent exchangerHTS effluent steam generator高变出口锅炉给水预热器HTS effluent BFW preheater低变开工加热器LTS start-up heater低变开工风机LTS start-up blower还原反应reduction低变还原分离器LTS reduction knockout drum低变还原冷却器LTS reduction cooler甲烷化methanation甲烷化炉methanator甲烷化炉开工加热器methanator start-up heater甲烷化炉出口水冷器methanator effluent cooler甲烷化炉进出口换热器methanator feed/effluent heat exchanger甲烷化炉出口分离器methanator effluent separator甲烷化炉出口氢冷器methanator effluent chiller分子筛干燥过滤器molecular sieve drier filter分子筛再生加热器molecular sieve regeneration heater分子筛干燥器molecular sieve drier净化器进出口换热器purifier feed/effluent heat exchanger净化器精馏塔冷凝器purifier rectifier condenser净化器精馏塔purifier rectifier净化器膨胀机发电机purifier expander generator净化器膨胀机purifier expander净化器冷箱purifier cold box package高压氨洗涤塔HP ammonia scrubber氨洗涤塔进料泵ammonia scrubber feed pump氨冷凝器ammonia condenser氨冰机ammonia refrigeration compressor氨分离器ammonia separator蒸氨塔出口水冷器ammonia distillation column effluent cooler蒸氨塔ammonia distillation column蒸氨塔再沸器ammonia distillation column reboiler蒸氨塔进出口换热器ammonia distillation column feed/effluent heat exchanger氨合成塔出口水冷器ammonia synthesis converter effluent cooler氨合成塔进出口换热器ammonia synthesis converter feed/effluent heat exchanger氨合成塔锅炉给水预热器ammonia synthesis converter BFW preheater 氨合成塔第一触媒床层内部换热器ammonia synthesis converter bed 1 heat interchanger高温变换触媒床层HTS bed of reforming catalyst低温变换触媒床层LTS bed of reforming catalyst热氨产品泵warm ammonia product pump开工加热炉start-up heater驰放气喷射器purge gas ejector冰机第三段间冷却器refrigeration compressor third stage intercooler组合式氨冷器ammonia unitized chiller一段冷冻闪蒸槽first stage refrigerant flash drum二段冷冻闪蒸槽second stage refrigerant flash drum闪蒸flash evaporation合成气压缩机synthesis gas compressor合成气压缩机段间冷却器synthesis gas compressor interstage cooler段间分离器interstage separator段间interstage低交出口LTS effluent高交出口HTS effluent低压蒸汽发生器LP steam boiler高压蒸汽发生器HP steam boiler低压闪蒸槽LP flash drum高压闪蒸槽HP flash drum低压闪蒸汽LP flash gas高压闪蒸汽HP flash gasCO2洗涤器CO2scrubberCO2汽提塔CO2stripperCO2吸收塔CO2absorberCO2吸收塔塔顶分离器CO2absorber overhead knockout drum CO2汽提塔塔顶冷凝器CO2stripper overhead condenserCO2汽提塔塔顶分离器CO2stripper overhead knockout drum CO2汽提塔再沸器CO2stripper reboilerCO2汽提塔回流泵CO2stripper reflux pumpCO2 再生塔CO2regenerating columnaMDEA输送泵aMDEA transfer pumpaMDEA地下槽过滤器aMDEA sump filteraMDEA溶液地下槽aMDEA solution sumpaMDEA溶液过滤器aMDEA solution filteraMDEA抗泡剂加药系统aMDEA antifoam injection system半贫液semi-lean solution贫液lean solution半贫液泵semi-lean solution pump贫液泵lean solution pump半贫液冷却器semi-lean solution cooler贫液冷却器lean solution cooler半贫液循环泵semi-lean solution circulating pump贫液循环泵lean solution circulating pump水平透平hydraulic turbine常温氧化铁脱硫槽normal temperature ferric oxide desulfurizer对流段convection section汽提段stripping section侧减压部lateral decompression section一段转化炉对流段in the convection section of the primary reformer 返回液流recycle stream富含氢的合成气hydrogen-rich synthesis gas热流量heat flux热含量heat content特技耐火材料super duty hard refractory干基on dry basis100% 氨计on 100% basis自然循环废热锅炉natural-circulation waste heat boiler锅炉给水boiler feed water尿素装置urea plant热回收heat recovery水冷套water jacket储存罐storage tank加热废气heated reject gas合成回路synthesis loop扩充气expander卧式的horizontal四级离心式压缩机four-stage centrifugal compressor 轴流式压缩机axial flow compressor燃烧室firebox热乏气hot exhaust gas燃烧空气combustion air燃烧反应combustion reaction燃烧combust吸热转化反应endothermic reforming reaction放热转化反应exothermic reforming reaction转化气reforming gas reformed gas变换shift conversion剩余的remanent再生regeneration脱盐水desalination water填料层packing layer填料段packing section逆流接触countercurrent contact逆流地countercurrently洗涤段washing section丝网除沫器wire mesh demister富液pregnant solution不纯物impurities纯度purity quotient传热和传质transfer heat and mass上升的气流up wards flow再沸器reboiler固体颗粒solid particles回流泵reflux pump回流circumfluence饱和的saturated板式翅片换热器board-fins heat exchanger透平膨胀机turboexpander补充气makeup gas冷量cold energy过量的superfluous蒸发evaporate再生气resurgent gases regenerated gas氢分析仪hydrogen analyzer合成循环气synthesis circulating gas固定床层fixed-bed卧式氨合成塔horizontal ammonia synthesis converter 下游downriver净化单元purification unit冷冻剂cryogen收集槽receiving tank电机electric motor脱盐水系统water desalted system介质medium蒸汽总管steam main脱氧槽deaerator盘管pipe coil汽包steam manifold（透平）抽凝式ext raction condensing背压式back pressure(non-condensi ng)外输辅助锅炉燃料auxiliary boiler fuel gas冷却水cool water含油量oil content含尘量dust content预处理pretreatment耐火refractory绝缘insulation热反应thermal response热效率thermal efficiency废气flue gas空气流量air flow rate烟道损失stack loss钝化空气passivation air垂直浮动头vertical floating-head可你的reversible平衡转化equilibrium conversion排污blow down氨升压机ammonia booster润滑油泵lube oil pump共用表面冷凝器combined surface condenser 加药系统injection system联氨加药系统hydrazine injection system溶液混合器solution mixer高压蒸汽排污罐HP steam blowdown drum 催化剂catalyst脱硫剂desulfurizer脱硫槽desulfurizer vessels无机硫inorganic sulfur有机硫organic sulfur化合物compounds氢气hydrogen氢化作用hydrogenation氧oxygen氮nitrogen铁ferric铜copper锌zinc镍nickel钴cobalt钼molybdenum镍催化剂nickel reforming catalyst 氩argon甲烷methane氧化锌zinc oxide ZnO硫化氢hydrogen sulfide HS2含硫量sulfur content一氧化碳carbon monoxides CO二氧化碳carbon dioxides CO2氢氧化物hydroxid碳氧化物oxycarbide镍基转化触媒床层a bed of nickel reforming catalyst 触媒床层a bed of reforming catalyst吞吐量handling capacity火把烟囱flare stack。
Large diameter III JD-ammonia synthesis system and trim technical design ideas and the latest developmentsThe Hunan Anchun high-tech Co., Ltd.Large diameter III JD ammonia converter and a system of high-tech Co., Ltd., Hunan Anchun in J Series III synthesis tower technology, based on, summed up the pieces III J Series ammonia industry in the country more than 400 times and manufacturers of operating experience, lessonssince the 1990s the international advanced technology as well as the introduction of the domestic large-scale ammonia plant synthesis tower operating experience, development and design of the new century technology. The DN1800 ammonia synthesis system developed into production at the end of 2003 in Shandong Rising Chemical Industry Group Company, with alcohol alkylation DN1800 successive, Shandong Deqilong Chemical Co., Ltd. joint section of the ammonia synthesis system will be put into operation; DN1600 ammonia synthesis system developed the first set of system has been successfully put into operation in Yueyang, Hunan Tianrun Chemical Co., Ltd. (Yueyang fertilizer plant) for the past five years; succession there Henan XLX Chemical Co., Ltd. (Henan Xinxiang Chemical Fertilizer Plant), Hebei Handan Iron and Steel Group fertilizers Factory, Fujian Sanming Chemical Plant the Shanxi Coal Gasification Co., Ltd., Henan Horse & Chemical Corporation fertilizer plants and other plant DN1600 ammonia synthesis system is put into normal production run successfully; developed DN1400 ammonia system in Hunan the Mahayana owned nitrogen Group 6 year; succession there are multiple sets of DN1400 system in Kunshan, Jiangsu Kam Kong Industrial Co., Ltd., Shanxi Hei Fung Group Linyi Branch, Jiangsu Xinyi Glorious Chemical Co., Ltd., Shanxi Tianji Group Jincheng Chemical Corporation plant put into operation.Based on the company's advanced technology, April 2002 24 to 25, China Nitrogen Fertilizer Industry Association has organized a national ammonia some experts, the double-A purification process and ammonia technology for the production of Shanxi Linyi site councilthe council ...... III JD ammonia synthesis system and device structure are used to optimize the design, in the leading domestic and international level, it is recommended that the popularization and application of nitrogen fertilizer industry. "At present, our company is in progress DN2000 ammonia synthesis system design, low pressure ammonia synthesis technology and system design work is in progress, will be China's ammonia technology localization of independent intellectual property rights to establish the full range of energy-saving technologies and ammonia process the use of a significant impact.1 ammonia synthesis towerAmmonia synthesis tower is one of the most important equipment in the ammonia plant production, research design and use of the various types of trim at home and abroad, and in 1987 began to study the design of a new trim the f600-III J within piece put into operation in 1988, put into operation, the large area of the country with the industry, has won a number of national patents. Identified by the Ministry of Chemical Technology in 1990, identified that: "the trim process ideas and techniques pioneered at home and abroad, the main technical indicators made a breakthrough, reached the international advanced level." This technology several major national scientific and technological achievements promote the project. Technological achievementsparticipated in international new technologies and products exhibition in Vienna, Kuala Lumpur, won the national title of new products by the year 1995 National Science and Technology Progress Award (So far, the highest award of the domestic synthesis tower), the gold medal of the patented technology, Hunan Science and Technology progress Award. There are nearly 400 more than the ammonia plant using the technology and trim. The notable feature of this type of tower is the net value of ammonia (ammonia net up to 15%), single-tower production capacity. Hunan Hengyang City nitrogen fertilizer plant, Shandong Xintai fertilizer plant, Jingmen a the the Henan water to fertilizer plants and other plant f600 tower Nissan an average of more than 100 tons of ammonia; the φ800 synthesis tower Anhui Guoyang fertilizer plant, Tianjin Soda Plant, Henan Newfield fertilizer plants, synthetic ammonia production in Hunan Miluo nitrogen fertilizer plant and other plant date of 140t to 170t, the net value of ammonia was ~ 16%; later for the development of various synthetic ammonia plant design manufacturing a III J-99 (a), III J-99 (B), ⅢJ -99 (C) Phi 1,000 synthesis tower and III the J-99φ1200 synthesis tower, the amount of catalyst were 5.8m3, 6.8m3, 7.8m3 and 11.4m3, ammonia design capacity of 60,000 tons, 80,000 tons, 100,000 tons and 120,000 tons. Chengdu Chemical Fertilizer Plant, Chongqing Tongnan Chemical Plant, Shandong Luxi Chemical Corporation, Lu of the East Group A fertilizer plant, Hunan Linxiang nitrogen fertilizer plant, Sichuan Meifeng Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. the Mahayana-owned nitrogen Group, Fujian Yongan Zhisheng chemical company, Shandong Rising Chemical Industry Group Company, Shandong Yishan Chemical Corporation, the Shandong Shouguang Union Chemical Corporation, Shandong Ming water fertilizer plants and other plants put into operation are ideal.Developed in recent years φ1400 palletizing li φ1800 III JD-type large-diameter ammonia synthesis tower, is the summary on the basis of successful experiences and technical sublimation. It is a summary of the original technical ideas and optimize the development of many years of the synthesis system development research.1.1 inner parts of the guiding ideologyAmmonia synthesis tower is a reversible reaction exothermic reaction must be carried out under high pressure, suitable conditions of temperature and catalyst. Due to the requirements of the reaction conditions, the structural design of the reactor internals from the theory, practical, economic system, the full range of dialectical considerations, as far as possible the following pointsThe high-pressure volumetric rate higher that the high-pressure outer cylinder of a certain size, catalyst loading in the inner parts of the design.Catalyst utilization factor to be higher per unit catalyst ammonia production within a unit time, or the yield is constant, the circulation amount is small, the net unreacted ammonia is high. Focuses on the bed temperature distribution close to the optimum temperature curve. The closer the catalyst utilization factor is higher.Catalysts TPR easier catalyst reduction quality, affect the activity of the catalyst, high activity, fast response, high yield of ammonia.Better operating flexibility ammonia synthesis reaction of the unreacted gas is heated by the heat of reaction, the formation of "heat recovery feedback to ensure that the temperature is in the best condition. When the outside interference: such as fluctuations in the volume and composition, destruction of the thermal equilibrium, the temperature change. By simple adjustment prompt return to its normal state, thus preventing "burn" or "off".Inner parts structure should be simple and reliable pieces assembled at room temperature, high temperature, and the use of the process temperature is often more substantial fluctuations within the member to be able to withstand temperature fluctuations without rupture.The inner parts of the catalyst bed resistance is smaller trim too much resistance, limit the production capacity of the play, the second is the increase in energy consumption, it is necessary to minimize the resistance.Heat recovery to high ammonia synthesis reaction, each producing one ton of ammonia released about 335KJ (80 million kcal) of heat to be designed into the inner parts of the recoverable heat, and the recovery rate is as high as possible.Easier loading and unloading catalyst8 to meet all, there are some difficulties, because the meantime each other there are some conditions of mutual restraint, the key is how to mediation constraints, to achieve the overall goal of dialectical thinking. III J Series trim is mutual constraints, integrated optimization considering design.1.2 ammonia synthesis tower are three basic forms of commentaryType of inner member of the ammonia synthesis, in respect of their common purposes, in any form reversible exothermic reaction, it begins are adiabatic reactor, until it reaches the hot spot temperature of the catalyst, the ammonia content of 7% to 8%. Ie only column reactor 35 to 38%. To proceed the reaction, the reaction heat must be removed to reduce the reaction temperature.To comment on the removal of the reaction heat, paragraph heat exchanger thermal shift way, the internal heat exchanger Heat Transfer, cold shock shift three basic types of thermal methods. Three types, such as the above-mentioned 8 criteria to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages.1.2.1 recuperativeI.e. set by indirect heat exchange between the catalytic bed, adiabatic reaction time, elevated temperature, cooled in a heat exchanger, and then the adiabatic reactor. Its advantage is in the case of the number of segments, the reaction is close to the optimum temperature curve. The more segments, the closer to the optimum temperature response curve curve, and the reaction faster, higher net ammonia. The disadvantage is that the heat exchanger accounted for a certain space, catalyst loading will be reduced, and the number of segments is more, the catalyst the less; more segments, the more complex the inner parts, maintenance assembly harder it. For example, three of the paragraph heat exchanger trim than other types of three sections of the inner parts less loaded catalyst of 15% to 25%.1.2.2 QuenchI.e. the gas in the catalyst basket adiabatic reaction time, the temperature rises after the cold gas, and then the unreacted had reacted directly mixing high-temperature gas cooling, and then the reaction, and then directly cooling. Quench biggest advantage is simple structure, no other components within each catalyst bed in addition to hot or cold air mixture distribution; second advantage is that the catalyst loaded more, such as cooling to the same f600 tower with four shock internals, catalyst loading 1.55m3 Quench biggest drawback is that each cold shock, the ammonia content in the gas mixture diluted reduce ammonia net.For small tower, Quench flower plate and distribution of assembly and disassembly difficult, catalyst handling difficulties, and the more the number of segments, the more difficult to dismantle. The operating flexibility of the tower is also small, the total gas, gas cold shock, temperature, ammonia content associated too closely, too sensitive, so that the operation to adjustthe speed of difficult to keep up with the rate of temperature change. Quench heat recovery is lower.1.2.3 internal heat exchanger (internal cooling)A certain number of pipe buried in the catalyst bed, side of ammonia synthesis reaction, heat is constantly being removed tube air conditioning (indirect heat). It was adapted to the characteristics of the reversible exothermic reaction. As the reaction proceeds, the increase in the ammonia content is removed continuously emit heat, so that the temperature drops. Internally cooled heat exchanger is equivalent to "no" segment, its biggest advantage is the reaction temperature is closest to the most suitable reaction temperature curve, the higher ammonia net. The J Series III trim ammonia net up 16%. The internally cooled disadvantage is more complex than the cold shock structure the cooling tube occupy part of the space, less catalyst loading. With the same f600 tower, generally installed catalyst 1.3m3 ~ 1.38m3, 1.46m3 to 1.58m3 equipment. Followed by the wall effect the cold tube through the bottom of the bed, a portion of the gas flow along the wall, resulting in this part of the gas did not reach a higher synthesis rate flowed out, as well as in the wall near the catalyst due to the reduction temperature The indicators can not meet the requirements, so that this part of the reduction of the catalyst is not completely. The old cold tube parts, the actual net value of ammonia is not high. The old cooling tube inner tube is too long, is connected with the cylinder or central tube, changes in temperature, the cooling tube is easy to crack. ⅢJ type internally cooled trim, cool improved tubular structure, the use of the advantages of the three forms of cooling methods to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional internal cooling trim, make ammonia net of 15% to 16%, cooling tube not broken, TPR Close Ling gas, the cooler around without too cold.Review on internally cooled through an improved, is still regarded as a good form, has many advantages; cold shock has its advantages, but there are disadvantages of a relatively large, such as Topsφe S-200 trim for the two-stage cold shockdue to the small number of segments, only 13.36% of the net value of ammonia. Casale Phi 1,000 Tati for our transformation program, a two-stage cold shock, only 14% of its net ammonia. Unde help the factory original three sections of the cold shock IGSAS to three sections of the cooled outlet ammonia concentration increased from 16.3% to 18.7% (3%) of imported ammonia. Domestic in φ800 f600 tower used three sections cooled, the middle installed two tube heat exchanger, the third paragraph of catalyst loading and unloading is very difficult. The actual net value of ammonia is not ideal.1.3 Synthesis tower selection Discussion on several problemsAmmonia synthesis system high pressure ring, especially the synthesis tower of the key equipment in the system. Thus the design and selection is very important. We combine many years engaged in the the synthesis tower design experience, determine the total size of the synthesis system and supporting systems, the synthesis column, select the following questions for discussion.Choice of height to diameter ratio, small synthetic ammonia plant tower by early domestic high-pressure vessel manufacturing technology and manufacturing capacity constraints, often made of synthetic tower "lanky" (height to diameter ratio of 15 or more), which kinds of tower almost entirely occupied the country, small ammonia synthesis section of the plant, also caused us a mindset. In recent years, with the introduction of foreign technology, but also with the progress of the equipment manufacturing industry, the domestic large-scale synthesis tower manufacturing processes and materials has also been resolved, and thus a new the synthesis reactor plant shouldchoose a low height to diameter ratio (high diameter of less than 10) tower, which will benefit the synthesis column pressure drop by the traditional tower 1.0MPa to 1.8MPa to 0.2MPa to 0.6Mpa. The radially basket setting is changed to the high temperature reaction in the direction of flow of the gas and the inner member, to set the catalyst bed radial casing, so as to reduce the resistance, and also use Multiple technologies. However, if the radial casing is set too long, the running operation "elastic" Poor gas distribution is difficult to control, effective high-pressure vessel using a small coefficient of shortcomings. The only reasonable set of radial the basket and radial distribution can bring advantages. My company over the past decade the synthesis tower the radial technology use and promotion of the nearly two hundred towers and manufacturers, accumulated some experience, use the radial gas distribution technology is quite mature. The program uses a large diameter synthetic tower is more conducive to the use of radial flow technology. DN1800, DN1600 DN1400 tower is set now has the radial section height of the total bed height of more than 65%.The catalyst production intensity selection before our small ammonia plant synthesis tower catalyst production strength most manufacturers up to 40 to 50 tNH3/m3.d, a small number of plants was as high as 60 to 70 tNH3/m3.d. Following per m3 of catalyst with an average life of 20,000 tons of ammonia, resulting in frequent change of the catalyst, Runtime "airspeed", the resistance is also high, which is a high-yield, high-consumption, low efficiency, "fight equipment" the old mode of production. This approach in a small tower type, short-term small-capacity ammonia plant can still have short-term benefits, but the large tower and the new system, the large capacity of the manufacturers should put an end to this way. 15MPa ~ 22MPa strength ammonia plant catalyst production abroad only 15 to 20 tNH3/m3.d, a trim, a batch of catalyst can be run continuously for more than eight years, per 1m3 catalyst ammonia production of 50,000 tons or more. Synthesis pressure of 30MPa, catalyst production strength positioned in 25 tNH3/m3.d, more in line with the international advanced energy-saving thinking. Select large diameter and small height to diameter ratio, the more loaded catalyst tower program is based on this consideration.大直径ⅢJD型氨合成系统和内件技术设计思想及最新进展湖南安淳高新技术有限公司大直径ⅢJD氨合成塔及系统，是湖南安淳高新技术有限公司在ⅢJ系列合成塔内件技术基础上，总结了ⅢJ系列内件在全国合成氨行业近400多台次和厂家的运行经验，汲取了90年代以来国际先进技术以及国内引进的大型氨厂合成塔的运行经验，开发设计进入新世纪的技术。
简述合成氨主要工艺流程的三个基本组成部分The main components of the primary process for synthesizing ammonia can be divided into three parts: the feedstock preparation, the synthesis loop, and the downstream processing.Feedstock Preparation:Feedstock preparation is an essential step in the ammonia synthesis process. It involves the treatment andpurification of raw materials before they can be used in the production of ammonia. The main feedstocks for ammonia synthesis are nitrogen (obtained from air) and hydrogen (usually from natural gas or other hydrocarbon sources). These feedstocks need to undergo various pretreatment processes such as desulfurization, removal of impurities, and compression to meet the required quality standards. The treated feedstocks are then mixed in a specific ratio before entering the next stage.中文翻译：合成氨的主要工艺流程包括三个基本组成部分：原料准备、合成回路和下游处理。
合成氨工段工艺英文作文The synthesis of ammonia is a crucial industrialprocess with widespread applications in the fertilizer industry, among others. This complex process involves several stages, each designed to optimize the reaction conditions for the conversion of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia.The first stage of the process is the preparation ofthe feedstock, which consists mainly of nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrogen is typically obtained from the air through a process called nitrogen separation, while hydrogen is often derived from natural gas or coal gasification. These gases are then purified to remove any impurities that could interfere with the synthesis reaction. The purified gases are then compressed and heated tothe appropriate reaction conditions. This step is crucialas it ensures that the gases are at a high enough pressure and temperature for the synthesis reaction to occur efficiently. The reaction is catalyzed by the use of iron-based catalysts, which lower the activation energy required for the reaction to proceed.Once the reaction conditions are met, the gases are passed over the catalyst bed, where the synthesis reaction takes place. This reaction is endothermic, meaning it absorbs heat, and it is also reversible, meaning it can proceed in both directions. To favor the formation of ammonia, the reaction is carried out at high pressures and temperatures, and the resulting ammonia is removed from the reaction mixture as it forms.The resulting ammonia is then separated from the unreacted gases and purified to remove any residual impurities. This purified ammonia is then ready for use in various applications, such as the production of fertilizers and other chemicals.The synthesis of ammonia is not only technically complex but also environmentally challenging. The process requires a significant amount of energy, and the by-products of the process can have adverse environmental effects. Therefore, ongoing research is focused on developing more efficient and environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing ammonia.In conclusion, the synthesis of ammonia is a crucial industrial process that requires meticulous attention to detail. The careful control of reaction conditions, the use of appropriate catalysts, and the purification of the feedstock and product are all essential for achieving high yields of pure ammonia. Despite the technical and environmental challenges, the widespread applications of ammonia make this process a vital part of modern industrial production.**合成氨工艺详解**合成氨是一项至关重要的工业过程，在肥料工业等领域有着广泛的应用。
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)package 包装packed absorption tower 填充吸收塔packed column 填充塔packed dyeing 填充染色packed reaction column 填充反应塔packed rectification tower 填充精馏塔packed tower 填充塔packing 填充物packing density 填充密度packing paper 包装纸padding 表面染色paddle agitator 桨式混合机paddle mixer 桨式混合机paint 涂料paint hardner 镀金粘料paint remover 油漆去除剂paint stripper 油漆去除剂pair annihilation 对湮没pair creation 正负电子对产生pair ion 离子对pale crepe 苍铍胶palladium 钯palladium asbestos 钯石棉palladium black 钯黑palladium chloride 氯化钯palladium nitrate 硝酸钯palladium oxide 氧化钯palladium sponge 海绵钯palm kernel oil 棕榈仁油palm oil 棕榈油palmarosa oil 掌玫油palmitate 棕榈酸盐palmitic acid 棕榈酸palmitin 棕榈精palmitone 棕榈酮pan mill 碾磨盘panchromatic film 全色胶片panchromatic plate 全色干片pancreatin 胰酶pancreozymin 肠促胰酶素pangamic acid 潘氨酸pantothenic acid 泛酸papain 木瓜酶papaverine 罂粟碱paper chromatography 纸色谱分析法paper electrophoresis 纸电泳paper filter 纸滤器paper industry 造纸工业paper machine 造纸机paper pulp 纸浆paper stencilling 刻花纸paper yarn 纸绳para aminohippuric acid 对氨基马尿酸para hydrogen 仲氢para isomer 对位异构体para molecule 仲分子para position 对位para red 对位红para rubber 三叶橡胶paraaldehyde 仲醛parabanic acid 仲班酸parabola 抛物线paracasein 副酪朊parachor 等张比容paraconic acid 仲康酸paracyanogen 仲氰paraffin 石蜡paraffin base crude 石蜡基原油paraffin hydrocarbon 烷属烃paraffin oil 石蜡油paraffin stock 石蜡原油paraffin wax 石蜡paraformaldehyde 仲甲醛parafuchsine 副品红paragenesis 共生paragonite 钠云母paraldol 仲醛醇parallel flow 并流平行流parallel reaction 平行反应paralysis 麻痹paralyzer 麻痹药paramagnetic resonance 顺磁共振paramagnetic substance 顺磁质paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参数paramine 对胺paramorphism 同质异晶paranitroaniline red 对位红pararosaniline 副蔷薇胺parastrophe 对位取代化合物parathion 硝苯硫磷酯paraxanthine 副黄嘌呤paraxylene 对二甲苯parchment 羊皮纸parchment paper 仿羊皮纸parent name 母体名parent substance 母体parinol 苯吡醇paris green 巴黎绿paris white 巴黎胡粉白parity 奇偶性parkerizing 磷化处理parpon 帕尔庞partial combustion 部分燃烧partial condensation 部分冷凝partial condenser 分馏柱partial molar quantity 偏摩尔数量partial molar volume 偏摩尔体积partial pressure 分压partial reaction 部分反应partial valence 余价participation of neighboringgroup 邻基参与particle 粒子particle counting 粒子计数法particle diameter 颗粒直径particle electrophoresis 粒子电泳particle induced x ray emission粒子诱导x 射线发射particle scattering factor 粒子散射因数particle size 粒度particle size analysis 粒径分析particle thickness technique 质点厚度测量技术parting 分离parting agent 分离剂partition 配分partition chromatography 配分色层法partition coefficient 配分系数partition function 配分函数partition wall 隔墙passivation 钝化酌passivation potential 钝化电势passive state 钝态passivity 钝态paste 糊剂paste mixer 惮机paste paint 厚漆paste resin 糊状尸pasteboard 纸板pasted plate 涂浆的板pasteurization 巴氏杀菌pasteurizer 巴氏灭菌器pasting 糊化patchouli oil 绿叶油patent 专利pattern 图样pattern recognition 模式辫认peak 峰值peak inverse voltage 最大反向电压peak load 峰值负荷peak potential 顶点电位peanut oil 花生油pearl 珍珠pearl ash 珍珠灰pearl essence 珍珠粉pearl polymerization 成珠聚合pearl white 锌钡白pearlite 珍珠岩peat 泥炭peat tar 泥煤焦油pebble mill 砾磨机pectic acid 果胶酸pectic substances 果胶质pectin 果胶pectinase 果胶酶pectization 凝结pectocellulose 果胶纤维素peeling 剥落peep hole 窥孔pegmatite 伟晶岩pelargonaldehyde 壬醛pelargonic acid 正壬酸pelargonidin 花葵素pellet 粒状pellet cooler 颗粒冷却器pelletizer 造粒机pellotine 佩落碱pendulum mill 摆旋式研磨机penetrability 穿透性penetrant 渗透剂penetrating agent 渗透剂penetration 穿透;渗入度penetration complex 透入配合物penetration test 贯入度试验penetrator 针入度计penetrometer 透度计penicillase 青霉素酶penicillin 青霉素pentacarbonyl iron 五羰基铁pentacene 并五苯pentachlorophenol 五氯酚pentadiene 戊二烯pentaerythritol 季戊四醇pentaerythritol tetranitrate 季戊四醇四硝酸酯pentamethylene 环戊烷pentamethylenediamine 戊甲撑二胺pentane 戊烷pentane thermometer 戊烷温度计pentanol 戊醇pentasol 成氯醇pentene 戊烯penthrit 季戊四醇四硝酸酯pentlandite 镍黄铁矿pentobarbital 戊巴比妥pentosan 多缩戊糖pentose 戊糖pentose phosphate cycle 戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate pathway戊糖磷酸途径pentyl alcohol 戊醇pentyne 戊炔peppermint 薄荷peppermint oil 薄荷油pepsin 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原peptidase 肽酶peptide 肽peptide bond 肽键peptide linkage 肽键peptide synthetase 肽合成酶peptidoglycan 肽聚糖peptization 胶溶酌peptized fuel 胶溶燃料peptizer 胶溶剂peptizing agent 胶溶剂peptone 胨peracetic acid 过乙酸peracid 过酸peralcohol 过醇perbenzoic acid 过苯酸perborate 过硼酸盐perboric acid 过硼酸perbromate 过溴酸盐perbromic acid 过溴酸percarbonate 过碳酸盐percent grafting 接枝率perchlorate 高氯酸盐perchloric acid 高氯酸perchloride 高氯化物perchloroethane 六氯乙烷percolation 沥滤percolator 渗滤器percussion cap 雷管percussion powder 雷管火药perfect analysis 完全分析perfect black body 完全黑体perfect combustion 完全燃烧perfect crystal 完整晶体perfect elasticity 完全弹性perfect fluid 理想铃perfect gas 完美气体perfect mixing 完全混合perfect solution 完美溶液perfluorocyclobutane 过氟化环丁烷perforated pipe distributor 喷淋器多孔管分布器perforated plate 多孔板perforated plate distillation 多孔板蒸馏perforated plate tower 孔板塔performance testing 性能试验performic acid 过甲酸perfume 香料perfume extracting solvent 香料抽出溶剂perfume industry 香料工业perhydride 过氢化物perhydrol 强双氧水periclase 方镁石perilla oil 紫苏子油period 周期periodate 高碘酸盐periodic acid 高碘酸periodic law 周期律periodic precipitation 间歇沉淀periodic reaction 周期反应periodic system of elements 元素周期系periodic table 周期表periodide 高碘化物periphery 边界periplogenin 杠柳甙元perissad 奇价元素peritectic 包晶peritectic point 包晶点perkin reaction 佩金反应permanence 持久性permanent current 持恒电流permanent dipole 永久偶极子permanent expansion 永久膨胀permanent gas 永久气体permanent hardness 永久硬度permanent magnet 永磁铁permanent set 永久变形permanganate 高锰酸盐permanganate bleaching 高锰酸盐漂白permanganate titration 高锰酸盐滴定法permanganic acid 高锰酸permanganometry 高锰酸盐滴定法permeability 渗透性permeable membrane 可透膜permeameter 渗透计permeametry 渗透测定法permeation 渗透permissible error 容许误差permissible explosive 安全炸药permitted explosive 安全炸药permselective membrane 选择性渗透膜permselectivity 选择渗透性permutation 置换permutite 人造沸石perovskite 钙钛矿peroxidase 过氧物酶peroxide 过氧化peroxide effect 过氧化物效应peroxide index 过氧化值peroxide number 过氧化值peroxo acid 过氧基酸peroxy acid 过酸peroxydisulfuric acid 过硫酸perpetual motion 永久运动perphenazine 佩吩嗪perrhenate 高铼酸盐perrhenic acid 高铼酸perruthenate 过钌酸盐persalt 过酸盐persian red 铬红persistent current 持恒电流personal error 人为误差persorption 吸混酌persulfate 过硫酸盐persulfide 过硫化物persulfuric acid 过硫酸peru balsam 秘鲁香脂pesticide 杀虫剂pestle 杵棒pethidine 哌替啶pethidine hydrochloride 盐酸哌替啶petri dish 陪替氏培养皿petrochemical industry 石油化学工业petrochemical reaction 石油化学反应petrochemicals 石油化学产品petrochemistry 石油化学petrolatum 矿脂petroleum 石油petroleum acid 石油酸petroleum asphalt 石油沥青petroleum benzine 石油醚petroleum chemicals 石油化学产品petroleum chemistry 石油化学petroleum coke 石油焦炭petroleum distillation 石油蒸馏petroleum emulsion 石油乳剂petroleum ether 石油醚petroleum gas 石油气体petroleum grease 石油润滑脂petroleum industry 石油工业petroleum isomerizationprocess 石油异构化过程petroleum jelly 矿脂petroleum pitch 石油沥青petroleum pitch coke 石油沥青焦炭petroleum product 石油产品petroleum refinery 石油加工厂petroleum refining 石油提炼petroleum refining industry 石油炼制工业petroleum resin 石油尸petroleum wax 石油蜡ph 氢指数ph electrode ph 电极ph indicator ph 指示剂ph meter ph 计ph standard solution ph 标准溶液ph test paper ph 试验纸ph value ph 值phanerocrystalline 显晶质pharmaceutical chemistry 药物化学pharmaceutics 制药学pharmacology 药理学pharmacy 药学phase 相phase average 相平均phase boundary 相界phase boundary potential 相界电位phase change 相转移phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜phase diagram 相图phase equilibrium 相平衡phase modulation 相位灯phase rule 相律phase sensitive detection 相敏检波phase separation 相分离phase shifter 移相器phase solubility 相溶解度phase solubility analysis 相溶度分析phase space 相空间phase titration 相滴定phase trajectory 相位轨道phase transfer catalyst 相转移催化剂phase transition 相转移phellandren 菲兰烯phenacetin 非那巍phenacite 硅铍石phenacyl alcohol 苯甲酰甲醇phenacyl bromide 苯甲酰甲基溴phenadon 非那酮phenamine 非那明phenanthrene 菲phenanthrenequinone 菲醌phenanthroline 二氮杂菲phenanthroline indicator 菲绕啉指示剂phenazine 吩嗪phenetidin 氨基苯乙醚phenetidine 氨基苯乙醚phenetole 苯乙醚phenobarbital 苯巴比妥phenocryst 斑晶phenol 酚phenol ether 苯酚醚phenol formaldehyde resin 苯酚甲醛尸phenol lignin 苯酚木素phenol red 酚红phenolase 酚酶phenolate 酚盐phenolic acid 酚酸phenolic resin 酚尸phenolic resin varnish 酚醛清漆phenolphthalein 酚酞phenolsulfonic acid 苯酚磺酸phenoplast 酚醛塑料phenosafranine 酚藏花红phenothiazine 吩噻嗪phenoxazine 吩恶phenoxide 酚盐phenoxyacetic acid 苯氧基乙酸phenyl acetate 醋酸苯酯phenyl ether 苯基醚phenyl isocyanate 异氰酸苯酯phenyl salicylate 萨罗phenylacetaldehyde 苯乙醛phenylacetamide 苯乙酰胺phenylacrylic acid 苯基丙烯酸phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸phenylbutazone 苯基丁氮酮phenylcinchonic acid 辛可芬phenylene 苯撑phenylenediamine 撑二氨phenylethyl acetate 醋酸苯乙酯phenylethyl alcohol 苯基乙醇phenylethyl isobutyrate 异丁酸苯乙酯phenylethyl propionate 丙酸苯乙酯phenylethylacetic acid 苯乙基醋酸phenylhydrazine 苯肼phenylmagnesium bromide 溴化苯镁phenylmagnesium chloride 氯化苯镁phenylmagnesium halide 卤化苯镁phenylmagnesium iodide 碘化苯镁phenylmercuric acetate 核酸汞phenylmercuric chloride 氯化苯汞phenylmorpholine 苯替吗啉phenylphenol 苯基苯酚phenylpiperazine 苯基哌嗪pheromone 信息素phlogiston 燃素phlorizin 根皮甙phloroglucinol 根皮山梨醇phonochemistry 声化学phonon 声子phorone 佛尔酮phosgene 光气phosphamide 磷酰胺phosphamidon 磷酰胺酮phosphatase 磷酸酶phosphate 磷酸盐phosphate glass 磷酸盐玻璃phosphatic ferfilizer 磷肥phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸phosphatizing 磷酸盐处理phosphide 磷化物phosphine 磷化氢phosphite 亚磷酸盐phosphocreatine 磷酸肌酸phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸phospholipid 磷脂phosphomolybdate 磷钼酸盐phosphomolybdic acid 磷钼酸phosphomonoesterase 磷酸单酯酶phosphoprotein 磷蛋白phosphor 磷光体phosphor bronze 磷青铜phosphor salt 磷盐phosphorescence 磷光phosphoretted hydrogen 磷化氢phosphoric acid 磷酸phosphoric acid anhydride 磷酐phosphorimetric analysis 磷光分析phosphorimetry 磷光分析phosphorite 磷钙土phosphoro organic insecticide 磷有机杀虫剂phosphorolysis 磷酸解phosphoroscope 磷光计phosphorous acid 亚磷酸phosphorous anhydride 亚磷酸酐phosphorus 磷phosphorus chloride 氯化磷phosphorus nitride 氮化磷phosphorus oxychloride 磷酰氯phosphorus pentabromide 五溴化磷phosphorus pentachloride 五氯化磷phosphorus pentasulfide 五硫化二磷phosphorus sesquisulfide 三硫化四磷phosphorus tribromide 三溴化磷phosphorus trichloride 三氯化磷phosphorus trifluoride 三氟化磷phosphorus triiodide 三碘化磷phosphoryl chloride 磷酰氯phosphorylase 磷酸化酶phosphotungstic acid 磷钨酸photobiochemistry 光生物化学photocatalysis 光催化酌photocell 光电池photochemical catalysis 光催化photochemical equilibrium 光化学平衡photochemical reaction 光化反应photochemistry 光化学photochromic reaction 彩色反应photochromism 光致变色现象photochromy 彩色照相术photoconductor 光电导体photocurrent 光电流photodetachment 光致分离photodimerization 光二聚酌photodissociation 光解酌photodosimetry 照相剂量学photoelasticity 光弹性photoelectric cell 光电池photoelectric color comparator比色仪photoelectric colorimeter 光电比色计photoelectric colorimetry 光电比色法photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectric fraction collector光电分级收集器photoelectric pyrometer 光电高温计photoelectricspectrophotometer 光电分光光度计photoelectric tube 光电管photoelectrochemistry 光电化学photoelectron 光电子photoemission 光电发射photofission 光致裂变photogel 摄影煤photographic characteristiccurve 照相特性曲线photographic chemistry 照相化学photographic contrast 照相对比度photographic densitometer 照相密度计photographic density 照相底片密度photographic developer 显象剂photographic development 照相显相photographic emulsion 照相乳胶photographic emulsion layer感光层photographic film 胶片photographic material 照相材料photographic negative 照相底片photographic paper 印相纸photographic plate 照相底片photographic positive 照相正片photographic process 照相法photography 照相photogyration 照相底片photohomolysis 光同种溶解photoionization 光致电离photoisomer 光异构体photolithography 照相平版印刷photoluminescence 光致发光photolysis 光分解photomeson 光介子photometer 光度计photometric titration 光度滴定photon 光子photonuclear reaction 光致核反应photooxidation 光氧化photophoresis 光泳现象photophosphorylation 光磷酸化photopigment 光色素photopolymer 光聚合物photopolymerization 光聚合photoreactive chlorophyll 光反应性叶绿素photoreduction 光致还原photorespiration 光呼吸photosensitive glass 光敏玻璃photosensitive polymer 光敏聚合物photosensitive resin 感光尸photosensitivity 光敏性photostructural transformation 光结构转变photosynthesis 光合酌phototropy 光致变色现象phototube 光电管phthalaldehyde 酞醛phthalaldehydic acid 苯醛酸phthalamide 酞酰胺phthalate 邻苯二甲酸盐phthalazine 酞嗪phthalein 酞phthalein dye 酞类染料phthalic acid 酞酸phthalic anhydride 酞酐phthalide 苯酞phthalimide 酞亚胺phthalocyanine 酞菁phthalocyanine blue 酞菁蓝phthalonic acid 酞酮酸phthalonitrile 酞腈phthalyl chloride 酞酰氯phthalylsulfathiazole 邻苯二甲酰基磺胺噻唑phylloquinone 叶绿醌physical adsorption 物理吸附physical chemistry 物理化学physical chemistry of highpolymer 高聚物物理化学physical development 物理显影physical property 物理性质physical ripening 物理成熟physico chemical analysis 物理化学分析法physiological acidic fertilizer 生理酸性肥料physiological chemistry 生理化学physiological salt solution 生理盐溶液physiological solution 生理溶液physisorption 物理吸附physostigmine 毒扁豆碱phytase 植酸酶phytic acid 肌醇六磷酸phytin 非汀phytochemistry 植物化学phytochrome 光敏素phytol 植醇phytosterol 植物甾醇phytotoxin 植物毒素picene 二萘品苯picoline 皮考啉picolinic acid 皮考啉酸picral 苦醛腐蚀溶液picramic acid 苦氨酸picrate 苦味酸盐picric acid 苦味酸picrolonate 苦酮酸盐picrolonic acid 苦酮酸picrotoxin 苦毒piezochemistry 高压化学piezoelectric effect 压电效应piezoelectric vibrator 压电振子piezoelectricity 压电piezometer 压力计pig iron 生铁pigment 颜料pigmentation 着色pilocarpine 匹鲁卡品pilot cell 领示电池pilot ion 领示离子pilot plant 中间工厂pimaric acid 海松酸pimaricin 匹马菌素pimelic acid 庚二酸pimple 小突起pinacol 频哪醇pinacolin 特己酮pinacolin rearrangement 邻二叔醇重排酌pinacone 频哪醇pinane 蒎烷pincette 小钳子pinch cock 弹簧夹pinch effect 夹紧效应pine oil 松释pine resin 松脂pine tar oil 松焦油pinene 蒎烯pinic acid 蒎酸pink salt 锡盐pinoline 松香烃pipe furnace 管式炉pipe line 管路pipe still 管式蒸馏装置pipecoline 哌可啉piperazine 哌嗪piperic acid 胡椒酸piperidine 氮己烷piperine 胡椒碱piperonal 胡椒醛piperonylic acid 胡椒基酸piperylene 戊间二稀pipet 吸移管pipet support 吸移管架pisang wax 香蕉蜡pisanite 铜绿矾piston compressor 活塞压缩机piston pump 活塞泵pitch 沥青pitch coke 沥青焦炭pitchblende 沥青铀矿pitot tube 皮托管pitting 点腐蚀pivalic acid 特戊酸placer gold 砂金plain water 淡水planck's constant 普朗克常数planck's law of radiation 普朗克辐射定律planckian radiator 完全黑体plane curve 平面曲线plane of polarization 偏光面plane of symmetry 对称面plant base 植物盐基plant chemistry 植物化学plant fermentation 植物发酵plant growth regulator 植物生长第剂plant sterol 植物甾醇plasma 等离子体;血浆plasma chemistry 等离子体化学plaster of paris 烧石膏plasterboard 石膏板plastic clay 塑粘上plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic flow 塑性怜plastic refractory 耐火塑料plastic state 塑性状态plasticator 塑炼机plasticity 可塑度plasticizer 增塑剂plasticizing efficiency 可塑效率plasticizing oil 增塑油plastics 塑料plastification 增塑plastigel 塑性凝胶plastisol 塑溶胶plastomer 塑料plastometer 塑性计plastometry 塑性测定法plate 板plate efficiency 板效率plate glass 板玻璃plate rectification column 板极整六plate theory 塔板理论platelet 血小板plating 镀锌platinized asbestos 披铂石棉platinocyanide 铂化物platinum 铂platinum black 铂黑platinum chloride 氯化铂platinum dish 白金碟platinum electrode 铂电极platinum foil 铂箔platinum oxide 氧化铂platinum plating 镀铂platinum rhodium 铂铑合金platinum sponge 铂棉platinum tetrachloride 四氯化铂platinum wire 铂丝platinzation 镀铂pleochroism 多色性pleomorphism 多形现象plexiglass 普列克斯玻璃plumbate 铅酸盐plumbism 铅中毒plumbite 亚铅酸盐plumbite process 铅酸钠精制过程plumbite solution 博士溶液plunger 柱塞plunger pump 柱塞泵plus strand 正链plutonium 钚plutonium bromide 溴化钚plutonium hydride 氢化钚plutonium oxide 氧化钚plutonium reactor 钚反应堆ply 层plywood 层板pneumatic conveying 气动输送pneumatic conveying drying气辽燥pneumatic conveyor 气动输送机pneumatic drier 气辽燥器pneumatic separation 气力分选pneumatic stirring 气动搅拌podophyllin 足叶草硷point charge 点电荷point group 点群point of neutralization 中和点poise 泊poiseuille's law 泊肃叶定律poison 毒poison gas 毒气poisoning 中毒poisson's coefficient 泊松系数poisson's distribution 泊松分布poisson's ratio 泊松比polar adsorption 极性吸附polar axis 极轴polar bond 极性键polar compound 极性化合物polar coordinates 极坐标polar molecule 极性分子polar solvent 极性溶剂polarimeter 偏光计polarimetric analysis 旋光分析polarimetry 旋光分析polarity 极性polarizability 极化率polarization 极化polarization analysis 偏光解析polarization capacity 极化额polarization colorimeter 偏光比色计polarization curve 极化曲线polarization potential 极化电势polarization resistance 极化阻力polarized light 偏光polarizer 起偏器polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polarogram 极谱图polarograph 极谱仪polarographic analysis 极谱分析polarographic cell 极谱池polarographic maximum 极谱极大polarographic wave 极谱波polarography 极谱法pole 极polishing 磨光pollution 沾污pollution load 污染负荷polonium 钋poly 聚polyacid 缩多酸polyacidic base 多价碱polyacrylamide 聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylate 聚丙烯酸酯polyacrylic acid 聚丙烯酸polyacrylonitrile 聚丙烯腈polyaddition reaction 加聚合反应polyalcohol 多元醇polyallomer 聚异质同晶体polyamide 聚酰胺polyamino acid 聚氨基酸polyampholyte 聚两性电解质polyatom 多原子polyatomic molecule 多原子分子polyazo dye 多偶氮染料polybasic acid 多元酸polybutadiene 聚丁二烯polybutadiene rubber 聚丁二烯橡胶polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯polychloroprene 聚氯丁二烯polycondensate 缩聚物polycondensation 缩聚polycrystal 多晶体polycyclic 多环的polycyclic compound 多环化合物polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环烃polydisperse sol 多分散胶polydispersity 多分散性polyelectrolyte 聚合电解质polyene 多烯polyester 聚酯polyester fiber 聚酯纤维polyester resin 聚酯尸polyether 聚醚polyethylene 聚乙烯polyethylene glycol 聚乙二醇polyethylene oxide 聚氧化乙烯polyethylene terephthalate 聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯polyformaldehyde 聚甲醛polyfunctionality 多功能性polyglycol 聚乙二醇polyhalide 多卤化物polyhalogenide 多卤化物polyhexamethylene adipamide聚己二酰己二胺polyhydric alcohol 多元醇polyisobutylene 聚异丁烯polyisoprene 聚异戊二烯polymer 聚合物polymer analogue 聚合物系类polymer blend 共混聚合物polymer gasoline 聚合汽油polymer homologue 同系聚合物polymer isomer 聚合物异构体polymeric plasticizer 高分子增塑剂polymerization 聚合polymerization accelerator 聚合促进剂polymerization degree 聚合度polymerization inhibitor 聚合抑制剂polymerization initiator 聚合引发剂polymerization retarder 聚合抑制剂polymerized oil 聚合油polymery 聚合现象polymethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸酯polymethyl methacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯polymethylene 聚甲烯polymorphic transition 多形转变polymorphism 多形现象polynaphthene 多环烷polynitroethylene 聚硝基乙烯polynuclear complex 多核配合物polynuclear hydrocarbon 多环烃polynucleotide 多核甙酸polyolefin 聚烯烃polyolefine 聚烯烃polyoxyethylene 聚乙二醇polyoxymethylene 聚氧化甲烯polypeptide 多肽polyphase equilibrium 多相平衡polyphenol 多元酚polyphosphate 多聚磷酸酯polypropylene 聚丙烯polypropylene oxide 聚环氧丙烷polyprotic base 多价碱polysaccharide 多糖polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polystyrol 聚苯乙烯polysulfide 多硫化合物polysulfide rubber 聚硫橡胶polysulfonamide 聚磺酰胺polysulfone 聚砜polyterpene 聚萜烯polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯polythene 聚乙烯polythionic acid 连多硫酸polythiourea 聚硫脲polyurea 聚脲polyurethane 聚氨酯polyurethane foam 聚氨酯泡沫体polyurethane resin 聚氨酯尸polyvinyl acetate 聚醋酸乙烯酯polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇polyvinyl butyral 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛polyvinyl carbazole 聚乙烯咔唑polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯polyvinyl chloroacetate 聚氯醋酸乙烯酯polyvinyl ether 聚乙烯醚polyvinyl fluoride 聚氟乙烯polyvinylamine 聚乙烯胺poppy seed oil 罂粟油population 群体population inversion 粒子数反转porcelain 瓷器porcelain clay 瓷土porcelain crucible 瓷坩埚porcelain earth 瓷土porcelain enamel 搪瓷porcelain glaze 瓷釉porcelain mortar 瓷乳钵pore 微孔porosity 多孔性porous ion exchange resin 多孔离子交换尸porous pot 素瓷器素烧瓶porphin 卟吩porphyrin 卟啉portland cement 波特兰水泥position representation 位置表象positional isomer 位置异构物positive catalyst 正催化剂positive displacement meter正排量计positive displacement pump 正排量泵positive electrode 阳电极positive ion 阳离子positive lens 会聚透镜positive maximum 正极大positive plate 阳极板positive valency 正化合价positron 阳电子postignition 后点火postprecipitation 后沉淀pot 罐pot life 可用时间potash 草碱potash alum 茂potash bulb 钾球potash fusion 钾熔化potash glass 钾玻璃potash lye 钾碱液potash mica 钾云母potash soap 钾皂potassic fertilizer 钾肥料potassium 钾potassium acetate 醋酸钾potassium alum 茂potassium aluminate 铝酸钾potassium antimonyl tartrate酒石酸氧锑钾potassium arsenate 砷酸钾potassium arsenite 亚砷酸钾potassium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钾potassium bisulfate 硫酸氢钾potassium bisulfite 亚硫酸氢钾potassium bromate 溴酸钾potassium bromide 溴化钾potassium carbonate 碳酸钾potassium chlorate 氯酸钾potassium chloride 氯化钾potassium chromate 铬酸钾potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾potassiumdihydrogenphosphate 磷酸二氢钾potassium feldspar 钾长石potassium ferricyanide 铁氰化钾potassium ferrocyanide 亚铁氰化钾potassium fluoride 氟化钾potassium hexacyanoferrate亚铁氰化钾potassium hydrogen oxalate草酸氢钾potassium hydrogen phthalate氢酞酸钾potassium hydroxide 氢氧化钾potassium hypochlorite 次氯酸钾potassium iodate 碘酸钾potassium iodide 碘化钾potassium nitrate 硝酸钾potassium nitrite 亚硝酸钾potassium perchlorate 高氯酸钾potassium periodate 高碘酸钾potassium permanganate 过锰酸钾potassium peroxodisulfate 过硫酸钾potassium persulfate 过硫酸钾potassium phosphate 磷酸钾potassium polysulfide 多硫化钾potassium primary phosphate磷酸二氢钾potassium pyroantimonate 焦锑酸钾potassium pyrophosphate 焦磷酸钾potassium pyrosulfate 焦硫酸钾potassium rhodanide 硫氰酸钾potassium silicate 硅酸钾potassium sodium carbonate 碳酸钠钾potassium sodium tartrate 罗谢尔盐potassium sulfate 硫酸钾potassium sulfide 硫化钾potassium sulfite 亚硫酸钾potassium tartrate 酒石酸钾potassium thiocyanate 硫氰酸钾potassium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸钾potassium xanthate 黄原酸钾potato starch 马铃薯淀粉potential 势potential barrier 势垒potential difference 电势差potential energy 位能potential gradient 电势梯度potential well 势阱potentiometer 电势计potentiometric analysis 电势分析potentiometric cell 电位滴定池potentiometric titration 电势滴定potentiostatic electrolysis 静电位电解potter's clay 塑粘上pottery 陶器potting 浇灌pour point 怜点pour point depressant 降凝剂powder 粉powder metallurgy 粉末冶金powdered catalyst 粉状催化剂powdered coal 粉煤powdery yeast 粉状酵母power 力power consumption 功率消耗power factor 功率因数pozzolanic cement 火山灰水泥practical units 实用单位prandtl number 普朗特数praseodymium 镨praseodymium acetate 醋酸镨praseodymium bromate 溴酸镨praseodymium bromide 溴化镨praseodymium carbonate 碳酸镨praseodymium chloride 氯化镨praseodymium hydroxide 氢氧化镨praseodymium molybdate 钼酸镨praseodymium nitrate 硝酸镨praseodymium oxalate 草酸镨praseodymium oxychloride 氯氧化镨praseodymium selenate 硒酸镨praseodymium sesquioxide 二氧化二镨praseodymium sulfate 硫酸镨praseodymium sulfide 硫化镨precious metal 贵金属precious stone 宝石precipitability 沉淀性precipitant 沉淀剂precipitate 沉淀物precipitated barium carbonate沉淀碳酸钡precipitated sulfur 沉淀硫precipitating agent 沉淀剂precipitation 沉淀;降水precipitation agent 沉淀剂precipitation analysis 沉淀分析precipitation membrane 沉淀膜precipitation reaction 沉降反应precipitation titration 沉淀滴定precipitation value 沉淀值precipitator 沉淀器precision 精度precision balance 精密天平precision instrument 精密仪器precleaning 预净化precooling 预冷却precure 早期硫化precursor 前驱物质predissociation 预离解predrying 预干燥pregnenolone 孕烯醇酮preheater 预热器preheating 预热preheating furnace 预热炉preheating oven 预热炉preliminary cleaning 预净化preliminary drying 预干燥preparation 制法preparation of a surface 表面处理preparative gaschromatography 制备级气相色谱法prepared paint 低涂料prepolymer 预聚合物preservation 保存preservatives 保存剂preserve hydrogen with rareearths 用稀土金属储存氢press 压机press cake 滤饼press cure 加压硫化press filter 压滤机press vulcanization 加压硫化pressed glass 压制玻璃pressed yeast 压缩酵母pressing 压制pressure 压力pressure base factor 基压系数pressure distillation 加压蒸馏pressure filtration 加压过滤pressure gage 压力计pressure loss 压力损失pressure medium 压力介质pressure regulator 压力第器pressure sensitive adhesive 压敏粘着剂pressure sensitive dye 压敏色素pressure still 加压蒸馏器pressure tank 压力罐pretreatment 预处理prevulcanization 早期硫化primary air 一次空气primary alcohol 伯醇primary amine 伯胺primary carbon atom 伯碳原子primary cell 原电池primary phase 初晶相primary salt 一代盐primary winding 初级线圈prime coat 底涂primer 底层涂料primidone 普里米酮priming coat 底涂priming paint 底层涂料priming tube 雷管primitive cell 初基胞primitive lattice 初基点阵principal axis of inertia 惯性轴principal component 知组分principal fermentation 知发酵酌principal quantum number 挚子数principal reaction 知反应principal series 值列principal valence 汁子价principle of corresponding states 对应状态原理principle of energy dissipation 能量耗散原理principle of least action 最小酌原理principle of maximumoverlapping 最大重迭原则principle of superposition 迭加原理prins reaction 普林斯反应printing 印刷printing ink 印刷墨printing paper 印刷纸prism 棱镜prism for infrared ray 红外线棱镜prism spectrograph 棱镜光谱仪prismatic spectrum 棱镜光谱pristane 姥鲛烷probability 概率probability amplitude 概率幅probability density 概率密度probability distribution 概率分布probability space 概率空间probable error 概率误差procainamide 普鲁卡因胺procaine 普鲁卡因procaine base 普鲁卡因碱process 工程process analyzer 工程分析计process monitoring 工程监视process steam 加工蒸汽process variable 工艺变量processing 加工processing aid of textile 织物加工助剂producer 发生炉producer gas 发生炉煤气producer gas reaction 发生炉气体反应product 产品product of distillation 蒸馏产物production 生产production of pairs 正负电子对产生proflavine 前黄素progesterone 孕酮prolactin 促乳泌素prolamin 醇溶朊prolidase 脯肽酶proline 脯氨酸promazine 普马嗪promedol 二甲哌替啶promethazine 普鲁米近promethium 钜prominence 日珥promotor 促进剂pronamide 拿草特propadiene 丙二烯propagation 增长反应propagation rate 传播速率propanal 丙醛propane 丙烷propanoic acid 丙酸propanol 丙醇propargyl alcohol 炔丙醇propargyl bromide 炔丙基溴propargylic acid 丙炔酸propeller 螺旋桨propeller agitator 螺旋桨式搅拌器propeller stirrer 螺旋桨式搅拌器propene 丙烯proper value 本盏proper vibration 固有振动propiolic acid 丙炔酸propionaldehyde 丙醛propionamide 丙酰胺propionic acid 丙酸propionic anhydride 丙酸酐propionitrile 丙腈propiophenone 苯丙酮propolis 蜂巢腊胶proportion 比例proportional counter 正比计数管proportional intensification 比例加强proportional limit 比例极限。
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(A-C)2- -is 氨基分解aminonaphthol 氨基萘酚aminonaphthol sulfonic acid 氨基萘磺酸aminopeptidase 氨基胜胨酵素aminophenol 氨基苯酚aminophenylarsonic acid 氨基苯胂酸aminophosphorylase 淀粉磷酸化酶aminophylline 氨苯碱aminopolypeptidase 氨基多胜酵素aminoprotease 氨蛋白酶aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopyridine 氨基吡啶aminopyrin 氨基吡啉aminoquinoline 氨基喹啉aminosalicylic acid 氨基水杨酸aminosuccinic acid 氨基琥珀酸aminosulfonic acid 氨基磺酸aminotoluene 氨基甲苯ammeter 电另ammonal 阿芒拿ammonia 氨ammonia compressor 氨气压缩机ammonia gas 氨气ammonia poisoning 氨中毒ammonia still 氨气塔ammonia synthesis 氨合成ammonia water 氨水ammoniacal brine 氨盐水ammoniacal fermentation 氨发酵ammoniacal latex 氨胶乳ammoniameter 氨量计ammoniasoda process 氨碱法ammoniated superphosphate 含铵过磷酸钙ammoniator 氨化器ammoniometry 氨量测定法ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium alum 铵茂ammonium benzoate 安息香酸铵ammonium bifluoride 氟化氢铵ammonium borate 硼酸铵ammonium carbamate 氨基甲酸铵ammonium carbonate 碳酸铵ammonium chloride 氯化铵ammonium chromate 铬酸铵ammonium cyanate 氰酸铵ammonium dichromate 重铬酸铵ammonium fluoride 氟化铵ammonium formate 甲酸铵ammonium hydrogen carbonate 碳酸氢铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵ammonium iodate 碘酸铵ammonium iron sulfate 硫酸铁铵ammonium metavanadate 偏钒酸铵ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammonium nitrate explosive 硝铵炸药ammonium nitrate fertilizer 硝铵肥料ammonium oxalate 草酸铵ammonium perchlorate 高氯酸铵ammonium persulfate 过硫酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium phosphite 亚磷酸铵ammonium phosphomolybdate 磷钼酸铵ammonium picrate 苦味酸铵ammonium polysulfide 多硫化铵ammonium rhodanide 硫氰酸铵ammonium salt 铵盐ammonium selenate 硒酸铵ammonium stearate 硬脂酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfite 亚硫酸铵ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵ammonium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸铵ammonium uranate 铀酸铵ammonium vanadate 钒酸铵ammonobase 氨基金属ammonolysis 氨解ammophos 安福粉amobarbital 戊巴比妥amodiaquine 阿莫待喹amorphism 无定形amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous material 无定形材料amorphous metal 无定形金属amorphous phosphorus 无定形磷amorphous polymer 非晶态聚合物amorphous state 无定形状态amorphous sulfur 无定形硫ampere 安amperemeter 电另amperometric titration 电廖定amperometry 电廖定amphetamine 苯异丙胺amphibole 闪石amphipathic molecule 两亲水脂分子amphiphilic molecule 两亲水脂分子ampholyte 两性电解质ampholytic active agent 两性表面活性剂ampholytic surfactant 两性表面活性剂ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric 两性的amphoteric character 两性特征amphoteric colloid 两性胶体amphoteric compound 两性化合物amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoteric resin 两性尸amphotericeledrolyte 两性电解质amplifier 放大器ampule 安瓿amygdalin 扁桃苷amyl 戊基amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯amyl alcohol 戊醇amyl bromide 戊基溴amyl butyrate 丁酸戊酯amyl ether 戊醚amyl formate 甲酸戊酯amyl mercaptan 戊硫醇amyl nitrite 亚硝酸戊酯amyl oleate 油酸戊酯amyl propionate 丙酸戊酯amylamine 戊胺amylase 淀粉酶amylbenzene 戊基苯amylene 戊烯amylo process 淀粉发酵法amylodextrin 淀粉糊精amyloid 淀粉状朊amylolysis 淀粉分解amylopectin 支链淀粉amylopsin 胰淀粉酶amylose 直链淀粉amytal 戊巴比妥anabasine 安纳巴松anabolism 同化酌anaerobe 厌氧微生物anaerobic glycolysis 无氧糖酵解analcime 方沸石analgesic 镇痛药analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analog signal 模拟信号analogue 类似analogue computer 模拟计算机analysis 分析analysis line 分析线analysis with ion selective electrodes 离子选择电极分析法analyte 分析物analytic function 解析函数analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical extraction 分析抽出analytical method 分析法analytical reaction 分析反应analytically pure 分析纯anapaite 斜磷钙铁矿anaphoresis 阴离子电泳anatase octahedrite 锐钛矿anchor agitator 锚式搅拌器anchor stirrer 锚式搅拌器andalusite 红柱石andesite 安山岩andreasen pipet 安德烈森型吸管androsin 雄素androstane 雄烷androstendione 雄烯二酮androsterone 雄酮andrussow process 安德卢梭法anelasticity 滞弹性anemometer 风速计anemonin 白头翁脑aneroid barometer 空盒气压计anesthesin 氨基苯甲酸乙酯anesthetic 麻醉剂anethole 茴香脑aneurin 硫胺素angelica lactone 当归内酯angelica oil 当归油angiotensin 血管紧张肽angle of polarization 偏振光角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angstrom 埃angular momentum 角动量anhalonine 老头掌碱anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrone 无水高氯酸镁anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acid 无水酸anhydrous alcohol 无水酒精anhydrous ammonia 无水氨anhydrous salt 无水盐anileridine 氨苄哌替啶anilide 酰替苯胺aniline 苯胺aniline black 苯胺黑aniline blue 苯胺蓝aniline dye 苯胺染料aniline formaldehyde resin 苯胺甲醛尸aniline hydrochloride 盐酸苯胺aniline point 苯胺点aniline red 苯胺红aniline resin 苯胺尸aniline yellow 苯胺黄anilol 酒精苯胺混合液animal biochemistry 动物生化学animal charcoal 骨炭animal chemistry 动物化学animal dye 动物染料animal fat 动物脂animal fiber 动物纤维animal glue 动物胶animal oil 动物油anime 硬尸anion 阴离子anion active agent 阴离子表面活性剂anion exchange 阴离子交换anion exchange resin 阴离子交换尸anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anionic polymerization 阴离子聚合anionic surfactant 阴离子表面活性剂anionoid reagent 类阴离子试剂anionotropy 阴离子移变现象anisaldehyde 茴香醛anise oil 茴香油anisic acid 茴香酸anisic alcohol 茴香醇anisidine 茴香胺anisole 茴香醚anisometric crystal 不等轴晶体anisotropic body 蛤异性体anisotropic liquid 蛤异性液体anisotropic membrane 蛤异性膜anisotropy 蛤异性anisoyl chloride 茴香酰氯anisyl acetate 醋酸茴香酯anisyl alcohol 茴香醇ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annealing furnace 退火窑annealing temperature 退火温度annulene 环轮烯anode 阳极anode effect 阳极效应anode process 阳极过程anode slime 阳极淀渣anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic polarization 阳极极化anodic reaction 阳极反应anodization 阳极化anodizing 阳极化anolyte 阳极电解液anomalous dispersion 异常弥散anomalous magnetic moment 异常磁矩anomalous skin effect 反常囚效应anomer 异头物anone 环己酮anorthoclase 钠斜微长石antagonism 拮抗酌antazoline 安他唑啉anthelmintics 驱肠虫剂anthocyan 花青素anthocyanidin 花色素anthocyanin 花色素苷anthophyllite 直闪石anthracene 蒽anthracene oil 蒽油anthracite 无烟煤anthracite duff 无烟煤粉anthralin 蒽啉anthranil 氨茴内酐anthranilate 邻氨基苯甲酸盐anthranilic acid 邻氨基苯酸anthranol 蒽酚anthranone 蒽酮anthrapurpurin 蒽红紫anthraquinone 蒽醌anthraquinone dye 蒽醌染料anthrarufin 蒽绛酚anthraxylon 结焦素anthrone 蒽酮anti allergic drug 抗过敏性药anti fouling paint 防污涂料anti tack agent 防粘剂antiacid 解酸药antiacid additive 抗酸添加剂antiager 抗老剂antiaromaticity 反芳香性antibiosis 抗生antibiotics 抗生物质antibody 抗体antibonding orbital 反键轨道anticarcinogen 抗癌物anticatalyst 抗催化剂anticathode 对阴极antichlor 脱氯剂anticholinesterase 抗胆碱酯酶剂anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticoagulating action 阻凝酌anticonvulsant 镇痉剂anticorrosion 抗腐蚀anticorrosive agent 防腐蚀剂anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料antidetonant 抗爆剂antidote 解毒剂antienzyme 抗酶antifertilizin 抗受精介体antifibrinolysin 抗纤维蛋白酶antifoamer 抗泡剂antifoaming agent 抗泡剂antifouling paint 防污漆antifreezing agent 阻冻剂antigen 抗原antihistamine 抗组胺剂antihistaminic agent 抗组胺剂antiknock agent 抗爆剂antiknock gasoline 抗爆汽油antiknocking fuel 抗爆燃料antimetabolite 抗代谢物antimonate 锑酸盐antimonial lead 锑铅antimonic acid anhydride 锑酸酐antimonide 锑化物antimonite 亚锑酸盐antimony 锑antimony chloride 氯化锑antimony electrode 锑电极antimony hydride 氢化锑antimony oxide 氧化锑antimony pentachloride 五氯化锑antimony potassium tartrate 酒石酸锑钾antimony red 锑红antimony sulfate 硫酸锑antimony sulfide 硫化锑antimony trisulfide 三硫化二锑antimony vermillon 锑朱antimony white 锑白antineuralgic 治神经痛药antinucleon 反核子antioxidant 抗氧化剂antiozonant 抗臭氧剂antiparticle 反粒子antipode 对映体antiproton 反质子antipyretic and analgesic 解热镇痛药antipyrine 安替吡啉antiscorbutic vitamin 抗坏血病维生素antiscorcher 防焦剂antiscorching agent 防焦剂antisepsis 防腐antiseptics 防腐剂antispasmodic 镇痉剂antistat 抗静电剂antistatic agent 抗静电剂antitermination factor 抗终止因素antithrombin 抗凝血酶antitoxin 抗毒素antivitamin 抗维生素apatite 磷灰石aphthitalite 硫酸钾石apiin 芹实苷apiose 洋芹糖aplysiopurpurin 海螺紫apocodeine 阿朴可特因apoenzyme 酶朊apoferritin 脱铁铁蛋白apomorphine 阿朴吗啡apoprotein 脱辅基蛋白apozymase 酒化酶原apparatus 装置apparent activation energy 表观活化能apparent density 表观密度apparent equilibrium 表观平衡apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent viscosity 表观粘度applied chemistry 应用化学applied thermodynamics 应用热力学approximate calculation 近似计算approximate value 近似值aprotic solvent 非质子溶剂aqua ion 水合离子aqua regia 王水aquagel 水凝胶aquametry 测水法aqueous emulsion 水乳状液aqueous medium 水介质aqueous phase 水相aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous vapor 水蒸汽arabic acid 阿糖酸arabic gum 阿拉伯胶arabinose 阿拉伯糖arabitol 阿糖醇arabonic acid 阿糖酸arachic acid 花生酸arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸arachis oil 花生油aragonite 霰石aralkyl 芳烷arbutin 熊果苷arc furnace 电弧炉arc process 电弧法arc spectrum 弧光谱arch brick 拱砖archeochemistry 考古化学arecoline 槟榔素areometer 比重计areometry 比重测定法argentite 辉银矿argentometry 银量滴定argillaceous sand 粘质砂土argillite 泥质板岩arginase 精氨酸酶arginine 精氨酸argol 粗酒石argon 氩aristolochic acid 马兜铃酸arnicin 由金车苦素aroma 香味aromatic acid 芳族酸aromatic aldehyde 芳族醛aromatic amine 芳香胺aromatic compound 芳族化合物aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃aromatic nucleus 芳香环aromatic series 芳香系aromaticity 芳香度aromatization 芳香化aromatization reaction 芳香化反应aroylation 芳酰基化arrhenius equation 阿雷尼厄斯方程arsanilic acid 阿散酸arsenate 砷酸盐arsenazo i 偶氮胂arsenblende 雄黄arsenic 砷arsenic acid 砷酸arsenic butter 三氯化砷arsenic glass 砷玻璃arsenic hydride 砷化三氢arsenic mirror 砷镜arsenic sulfide 硫化砷arsenic trichloride 三氯化砷arsenic trioxide 三氧化二砷arsenic trisulfide 三硫化二砷arsenide 砷化物arsenite 亚砷酸盐arseno compound 偶砷化合物arsenobenzene 偶砷苯arsenometry 亚砷酸滴定法arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenous anhydride 亚砷酸酐arsine 胂arsonic acid 胂酸arsonium 氢化砷arsonium compound 胂化合物arsphenamine 胂凡纳明art glass 艺术玻璃art paper 加工印刷纸artemisin 蒿属素arthropodin 节肢蛋白artiad 偶价元素artificial abrasive 人造磨料artificial aging 人工老化artificial almond oil 人造扁桃油artificial asphalt 人造地沥青artificial atmospher 人工气氛artificial butter 人造奶油artificial camphor 人造樟脑artificial corundum 人造金刚砂artificial diamond 人造金刚石artificial dye 人造染料artificial fertilizer 人造肥料artificial fiber 人造纤维artificial intelligence 人工智能artificial lattice 人工晶格artificial leather 人造革artificial musk 人造香artificial perfume 人造香料artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial resin 人造尸artificial rubber 人造橡胶artificial silk 人造丝artificial stone 人造石aryl compound 芳基化合物aryl halide 芳基卤arylamine 芳基胺arylation 芳基化arylide 芳基化物aryloxy compound 芳氧基化合物arylsulphonate 芳基磺酸盐asarin 细辛脑asarone 细辛脑asbestine 滑石棉asbestos 石棉asbestos board 石棉纸板asbestos cement 石棉水泥asbestos cloth 石棉布asbestos felt 石棉毛毯asbestos fiber 石棉纤维asbestos filter 石棉滤器asbestos insulation 石棉绝热体asbestos paper 石棉纸asbestos powder 石棉粉asbestos slate 石棉板asbestos wire gauze 石棉衬网asbestos yarn 石棉丝asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascaridol 驱蛔脑ascending method 上行法ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸asepsis 防腐ash 灰ash bath 灰浴ash collector 除尘器ash content 灰分含量ash ejector 灰喷射器ash pit door 灰坑门ash softening point 灰熔温度ashing 灰化ashless filter paper 无灰滤纸asparaginase 天门冬酰胺酶asparagine 天门冬酰胺aspartase 天门冬氨酸酶aspartate 天冬氨酸盐aspartic acid 天冬氨酸aspartokinase 天冬氨酸激酶aspartyl phosphate 天冬氨酰磷酸aspergillic acid 曲霉酸asphalt 沥青asphalt cement 沥青膏asphalt emulsion 地沥青乳液asphalt mastic 地沥青砂胶asphalt varnish 沥青油漆asphaltene 沥青烯asphaltic road oil 沥青质铺路油asphaltogenic acid 沥青酸asphaltous acid 沥青酸asphyxia 窒息asphyxiant 窒息剂asphyxy 窒息aspirator 吸气器aspirin 阿司匹林assay 试金assay balance 试金天平assay flask 试验瓶assayer's tongs 试金钳assili cotton 阿嘻棉assimilation 同化assimilation starch 同化淀粉assistant 助剂associated liquid 缔合液体association 缔合assortment 分类astacin 虾红素astatine 砹astaxanthin 虾青素astringency 收敛性astringent 收敛剂astrochemical 天体化学的astrochemist 天体化学家astrochemistry 天体化学astrogeochemical 天体地球化学的astrogeochemistry 天体地球化学asymmetric atom 不对称原子asymmetric carbon atom 不对称碳原子asymmetric oxidation 不对称氧化asymmetric structure 不对称结构asymmetric synthesis 不对称合成asymmetric system 不对称系asymmetry 不对称asymptotic freedom 渐近自由性atactic 无规立构的atactic polymer 无规聚合物atebrine 疟涤平atmolysis 微孔分气法atmosphere 大气atmospheric air 大气空气atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric nitrogen 大气氮atmospheric pressure 大气压atom 原子atomic absorption spectrometry原子吸收分光光度法atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic battery 原子电池atomic beam 原子束atomic bomb 原子弹atomic bond 原子键atomic charge 原子电荷atomic clock 原子钟atomic core 原子核atomic dispersion 原子分散atomic energy 原子能atomic fluorescence spectrometry 原子荧光光谱法atomic form factor 原子散射因子atomic group 原子团atomic heat 原子热atomic hydrogen 原子氢atomic hydrogen welding 原子氢焊接atomic hypothesis 原子假说atomic lattice 原子晶格atomic magnetism 原子磁性atomic mass 原子质量atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic model 原子模型atomic molecular theory 原子分子论atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序atomic orbital 原子轨道atomic polarization 原子极化atomic properties 原子特性atomic radius 原子半径atomic refraction 原子折射atomic scattering factor 原子散射因子atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic susceptibility 原子磁化率atomic symbol 原子符号atomic theory 原子论atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomicity 原子数atomism 原子论atomistics 原子论atomization 喷雾atomizer 喷雾器atophan 阿托方atrazine 阿特拉津atropic acid 阿托酸atropine 阿托品atropine sulfate 硫酸阿托品atropisomer 阿托异构体attachment 附件attrition 磨损aufbau principle 构造原理augmentation distance 扩增距离auramine 金胺aurantia 金橙黄aurantin 橙色菌素aurate 金酸盐aureomycin 金霉素aureusidin 金色草素auric acid 金酸auric compound 正金化合物auric oxide 氧化金auric salt 正金盐aurin 金精aurin tricarboxylic acid 铝试剂auripigment 雄黄aurothioglucose 金硫葡萄糖aurous chloride 氯化亚金aurous compound 亚金化合物aurous oxide 氧化亚金aurous salt 亚金盐austenite 奥氏体auto condensation 自动缩合autocatalysis 自动催化autocatalyst 自动催化剂autocatalytic reaction 自动催化反应autoclave 压热器autocomplex 自动合成物autocorrelation function 自相关函数autofermentation 自动发酵autogenous ignition 自动着火autoionization 自电离autolysis 自溶酌autolytic enzyme 自溶酶automatic analyser 自动分析计automatic balance 自动天平automatic buret 自动滴定管automatic control 自动控制automatic regulation 自动控制automatic temperature controller 自动温度控制器automatic thermoregulator 自动温度控制器automatic titration 自动滴定automatic weighing machine 自动秤automation 自动化autometer 汽车速度表autopolymerization 自动聚合autoprotolysis 自质子解autoracemization 自动外消旋autotetraploid 同源四倍体autotransformer 单卷变压器autovulcanization 自动硫化autoxidation 自氧化autunite 钙铀云母auxiliary air 辅助空气auxiliary electrode 辅助电极auxiliary unit 辅助单位auxiliary valency 副价auximone 茁长激素auxin 茁长素auxochrome 助色团availability 有效性available chlorine 有效氯available energy 有效能available phosphoric acid 有效磷酸avenin 燕麦蛋白average boiling point 平均沸点average degree of polymerization 平均聚合度average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average mean molecular weight 平均分子量average molecular weight 平均分子量average particle diameter 平均粒子直径average sample 平均试样average speed 平均速度average value 平均值aviation gasoline 航空汽油aviation mix 航空汽油抗爆液avidin 抗生物素蛋白avocado oil 鳄梨油avogadro number 阿伏伽德罗数avogadro's hypothesis 阿伏伽德罗假说avogadro's law 阿伏伽德罗定律axial bond 贮axial flow pump 轴撩axiomatic quantum field theory 公理的量子场理论axis 轴axis of rotation 旋转轴azaserine 重氮丝氨酸azelaic acid 杜鹃花酸azeotrope 共沸混合物azeotropic copolymer 共沸共聚物azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸馏azeotropic mixture 共沸混合物azeotropic point 共沸点azeotropy 共沸性azide 叠氮化物azimuthal 方位的azimuthal quantum number 角量子数azine 吖嗪azine dye 吖嗪染料aziridine 氮杂环丙烷azlactone 吖内酯azlon 人造蛋白质纤维azo compound 偶氮化合物azo coupling 偶氮耦合azo dye 偶氮染料azo group 偶氮基azobenzene 偶氮苯azodicarbonamide 偶氮甲酰胺azoimide 叠氮化氢azole 唑azolitmin 石蕊精azotometer 氮素计azoxy compound 氧化偶氮化合物azoxybenzene 氧化偶氮苯azulene 甘菊环烃azurite 蓝铜矿b stage resin b 阶尸baby dryer 小烧缸bacillus 杆菌bacitracin 杆菌肽back bond 反向键back flow condenser 回龄凝器back mixing 逆向混合back pressure 反压back reaction 逆反应back sweetening 返回脱硫法back titration 回滴定backfire 回火backflash 反闪backscattering 后方散射backward motion 反向运动backwash 回洗bacteria 细菌bacterial fertilizer 细菌肥料bacterial incubator 细菌培育箱bactericide 杀细菌剂bacteriochlorophyll 菌叶绿素bacteriolysis 溶菌酌bacteriostasis 抑菌酌baddeleyite 斜锆石baeyer reaction 拜尔反应baeyer reagent 拜尔试药baeyer villiger rearrangement 拜尔维利格重排baffle 挡板bag filter 袋滤器bagasse 甘蔗渣bakelite 酚醛塑料baking 烧制baking enamel 烘烤搪瓷baking powder 发粉baking varnish 烤漆balance 平衡balance bar 平衡杆balance beam 平衡杆balance pan 天平盘balance rider 游码balata 巴拉塔矢ball clay 块状粘土ball hardness 钢球硬度ball mill 球磨机ball valve 球阀ball viscosimeter 落球式粘度计balloon tire 低压轮胎balsam 香脂banana oil 香蕉油band brake 带式制动器band dryer 带式干燥机band spectrum 带光谱barbital 巴比妥barbituric acid 巴比土酸barilla 海草灰苏打barite 重晶石barium 钡barium acetate 醋酸钡barium bioxide 二氧化钡barium carbonate 碳酸钡barium chlorate 氯酸钡barium chloride 氯化钡barium chromate 铬酸钡barium crown glass 钡钙玻璃barium cyanate 氰酸钡barium dioxide 二氧化钡barium flint glass 钡火石玻璃barium fluoride 氟化钡barium hydroxide 氢氧化钡barium manganate 锰酸钡barium nitrate 硝酸钡barium nitrite 亚硝酸钡barium oxide 氧化钡barium perchlorate 高氯酸钡barium peroxide 过氧化钡barium sulfate 硫酸钡barium sulfide 硫化钡barium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸钡barium titanate 钛酸钡barium yellow 钡黄barkometer 液比重计barley malt 大麦芽barley sugar 大麦糖barm 酒母barometer 气压计barometric condenser 气压冷凝器barrel 桶;卷筒barrier penetration 势垒穿透barrier separation 膜分离baryta 氧化钡baryta paper 钡地纸baryta water 氢氧化钡水溶液baryta yellow 钡黄baryte 重晶石basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率basal metabolism 基础代谢basalt 玄武岩base 碱base catalysis 碱催化酌base exchange 碱交换base line 基线base metal 贱金属base solution 底液basic acetate 碱式乙酸盐basic bismuth carbomate 碱式碳酸铋basic bismuth nitrate 碱式硝酸铋basic converter 碱性转炉basic dye 碱性染料basic function 基础函数basic lead carbonate 碱式碳酸铅basic material 基本材料basic open hearth process 碱性平炉法basic oxide 碱性氧化物basic reaction 碱性反应basic refractory 碱性耐火材料basic salt 碱性盐basic slag 碱性炉渣basicity 碱度basil 罗勒basket strainer 篮过滤器bast fiber 韧皮纤维batch distillation 分批蒸馏batch extraction 分批萃取batch mixer 分批混合器batch process 分批法batch rectification 分批精馏batchwise operation 分批操作bath ratio&n。
合成氨升温换热器英文## English Answer ##。
### Introduction.A synthesis ammonia exchanger is a heat exchanger that is used in the production of ammonia. Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that is used in the production of many different products, including fertilizers, plastics, and explosives. The synthesis of ammonia is a chemical reaction that combines nitrogen and hydrogen gases to form ammonia gas. This reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases heat. The heat released by the reaction is used to heat the reactants and the products of the reaction.### Design of Synthesis Ammonia Exchanger.Synthesis ammonia exchangers are typically shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The shell side of the exchanger isfilled with the hot reactants, and the tube side of the exchanger is filled with the cold products. The hot reactants flow through the shell side of the exchanger and transfer heat to the cold products flowing through the tube side. The cold products are then heated and the hot reactants are cooled.The design of the synthesis ammonia exchanger iscritical to the efficiency of the ammonia production process. The exchanger must be designed to maximize the heat transfer between the hot reactants and the cold products. The exchanger must also be designed to minimize the pressure drop of the reactants and products.### Materials of Construction.Synthesis ammonia exchangers are typically made of stainless steel or carbon steel. Stainless steel is more corrosion-resistant than carbon steel, but it is also more expensive. Carbon steel is less corrosion-resistant than stainless steel, but it is also less expensive. The choice of material for the exchanger is based on the specificapplication.### Operation of Synthesis Ammonia Exchanger.Synthesis ammonia exchangers are typically operated at high pressures and temperatures. The high pressure is necessary to force the reactants to react and form ammonia. The high temperature is necessary to provide the energy needed for the reaction to occur.The operation of the synthesis ammonia exchanger is controlled by a variety of factors, including the flow rate of the reactants and products, the temperature of the reactants and products, and the pressure of the reactants and products. The exchanger is operated to maximize the heat transfer between the hot reactants and the cold products.### Maintenance of Synthesis Ammonia Exchanger.Synthesis ammonia exchangers require regular maintenance to ensure that they are operating efficiently.The maintenance includes cleaning the exchanger, inspecting the exchanger for leaks, and repairing the exchanger if necessary.The cleaning of the exchanger is necessary to removeany deposits that may have formed on the exchanger surfaces. The deposits can reduce the heat transfer between the hot reactants and the cold products.The inspection of the exchanger for leaks is necessaryto ensure that the exchanger is not leaking ammonia. Ammonia is a toxic gas, and it is important to ensure that the exchanger is not leaking ammonia to the environment.The repair of the exchanger is necessary if the exchanger is found to be leaking ammonia. The repair of the exchanger may involve replacing the leaking part of the exchanger or repairing the leak.## 中文回答 ##。
氨是重要的化工产品之一，用途很广。
在农业方面，以氨为主要原料可以生产各种氮素肥料，如尿素、硝酸铵、碳酸氢氨、氯化铵等，以及各种含氮复合肥料。
液氨本身就是一种高效氮素肥料，可以直接施用。
目前，世界上氨产量的85%—90%用于生产各和氮肥。
因此，合成氨工业是氮肥工业的基础，对农业增产起着重要的作用。
合成氨工业对农业的作用实质是将空气中游离氮转化为能被植物吸收利用的化合态氮，这一过程称为固定氮。
氨也是重要的工业原料，广泛用于制药、炼油、纯碱、合成纤维、合成树脂、含氮无机盐等工业。
将氨氧化可以制成硝酸，而硝酸又是生产炸药、染料等产品的重要原料。
生产火箭的推进剂和氧化剂，同样也离不开氨。
此外，氨也常用作冷冻剂。
合成氨的工业的迅速发展，也促进了高压、催化、特殊金属材料、固体燃料气化、低温等科学技术的发展。
同时尿素的甲醇的合成、石油加氢、高压聚合等工业，也是在合成氨工业的基础上发展起来的。
所以合成氨工业在国民经济中占有十分重要的地位，氨及氨加工工业已成为现代化学工业的一个重要部门。
合成氨生产中气体的含硫量是作为一项工艺操作指标来严格控制的,其原因不仅是硫的存在会腐蚀设备、管道,而且危及到变换、合成催化剂中毒,铜洗操作的恶化,甚至于合成氨不能继续维持生产,故必须脱除硫化物使净化度符合工艺生产要求。
本设计对焦炉煤气净化脱硫工艺进行了设计计算，着重设计计算了脱硫过程的关键设备，包括物料衡算，热量衡算，填料塔反应器尺寸的计算及辅助设备的选取，并对主要设备进行了机械强度校核焦炉煤气净化脱硫工艺设计计算，重点设计了关键设备脱硫过程的设计计算，包括物料平衡、热平衡、填料塔反应器的尺寸计算及配套设备的选型，并探讨了主要设备的机械强度。
1。
工艺选择煤烟气脱硫的主要方法有：干法脱硫、湿法脱硫。
由于干法脱硫一般用于脱除煤中的低含硫量。
更多的湿法脱硫方法，可以除去煤气中的硫含量较高，氨催化法，两种改进的蒽醌磺酸法（A.D.A法）、栲胶和有机胺的方法。
目前工业生产中采用的湿法脱硫方法是湿法脱硫，它本身具有许多优点优势：1.提取资源丰富，成本低，无毒，脱硫成本低，较低的经营成本比改进的艾达方法。
2.脱硫液活性良好，性能稳定，耐腐蚀性小。
提取物本身就是抗氧化剂和钒配位剂，比改进的艾达方法的脱硫溶液的组合物，是简单的，无硫阻塞塔脱硫工艺问题。
3.脱硫效率大于98℅，经浮选分离硫沉淀。
4.整个提取脱硫脱硫和再生过程中连续在线，脱硫和再生的同时，不需要设置备用脱硫塔。
5.煤气脱硫净化程度可以根据企业需要，通过调整溶液的比例，及时控制，稳定后气体中H2S含量净化综合实际工艺要求，在本设计中，采用湿法提取法对焦炉煤气进行脱硫。
氨是重要的无机化工产品之一，在国民经济中占有重要地位。
除液氨可直接作为肥料外，农业上使用的氮肥，例如尿素、硝酸铵、磷酸铵、氯化铵以及各种含氮复合肥，都是以氨为原料的。
合成氨是大宗化工产品之一，世界每年合成氨产量已达到1亿吨以上，其中约有80%的氨用来生产化学肥料，20%作为其它化工产品的原料。
德国化学家哈伯1909年提出了工业氨合成方法，即“循环法”，这是目前工业普遍采用的直接合成法。
反应过程中为解决氢气和氮气合成转化率低的问题，将氨产品从合成反应后的气体中分离出来，未反应气和新鲜氢氮气混合重新参与合成反应。
合成氨反应式如下:N2+3H2≈2NH3合成氨的主要原料可分为固体原料、液体原料和气体原料。
经过近百年的发展，合成氨技术趋于成熟，形成了一大批各有特色的工艺流程，但都是由三个基本部分组成，即原料气制备过程、净化过程以及氨合成过程。
1.合成氨的工艺流程(1)原料气制备将煤和天然气等原料制成含氢和氮的粗原料气。
对于固体原料煤和焦炭，通常采用气化的方法制取合成气;渣油可采用非催化部分氧化的方法获得合成气;对气态烃类和石脑油，工业中利用二段蒸汽转化法制取合成气。
(2)净化对粗原料气进行净化处理，除去氢气和氮气以外的杂质，主要包括变换过程、脱硫脱碳过程以及气体精制过程。
①一氧化碳变换过程在合成氨生产中，各种方法制取的原料气都含有CO，其体积分数一般为12%-40%。
合成氨需要的两种组分是氢气和氮气，因此需要除去合成气中的CO。
变换反应如下:CO+H2O→H2+CO2ΔH=-41.2kJ/mol由于CO变换过程是强放热过程，必须分段进行以利于回收反应热，并控制变换段出口残余CO含量。
第一步是高温变换，使大部分CO转变为CO2和H2;第二步是低温变换，将CO含量降至0.3%左右。
因此，CO变换反应既是原料气制造的继续，又是净化的过程，为后续脱碳过程创造条件。
②脱硫脱碳过程各种原料制取的粗原料气，都含有一些硫和碳的氧化物，为了防止合成氨生产过程催化剂的中毒，必须在氨合成工序前加以脱除，以天然气为原料的蒸汽转化法，第一道工序是脱硫，用以保护转化催化剂，以重油和煤为原料的部分氧化法，根据一氧化碳变换是否采用耐硫的催化剂而确定脱硫的位置。
工业脱硫方法种类很多，通常是采用物理或化学吸收的方法，常用的有低温甲醇洗法(Rectisol)、聚乙二醇二甲醚法(Selexol)等。
粗原料气经CO变换以后，变换气中除H2外，还有CO2、CO和CH4等组分，其中以CO2含量最多。
CO2既是氨合成催化剂的毒物，又是制造尿素、碳酸氢铵等氮肥的重要原料。
因此变换气中CO2的脱除必须兼顾这两方面的要求。
一般采用溶液吸收法脱除CO2。
根据吸收剂性能的不同，可分为两大类。
一类是物理吸收法，如低温甲醇洗法(Rectisol)，聚乙二醇二甲醚法(Selexol)，碳酸丙烯酯法。
一类是化学吸收法，如热钾碱法，低热耗本菲尔法，活化MDEA法，MEA法等。
③气体精制过程经CO变换和CO2脱除后的原料气中尚含有少量残余的CO和CO2。
为了防止对氨合成催化剂的毒害，规定CO和CO2总含量不得大于10cm3/m3(体积分数)。
因此，原料气在进入合成工序前，必须进行原料气的最终净化，即精制过程。
目前在工业生产中，最终净化方法分为深冷分离法和甲烷化法。
深冷分离法主要是液氮洗法，是在深度冷冻(<-100℃)条件下用液氮吸收分离少量CO，而且也能脱除甲烷和大部分氩，这样可以获得只含有惰性气体100cm3/m3以下的氢氮混合气，深冷净化法通常与空分以及低温甲醇洗结合。
甲烷化法是在催化剂存在下使少量CO、CO2与H2反应生成CH4和H2O的一种净化工艺，要求入口原料气中碳的氧化物含量(体积分数)一般应小于0.7%。
甲烷化法可以将气体中碳的氧化物(CO+CO2)含量脱除到10cm3/m3以下，但是需要消耗有效成分H2，并且增加了惰性气体CH4的含量。
甲烷化反应如下:CO+3H2→CH4+H2OΔH=-206.2kJ/mol CO2+4H2→CH4+2H2OΔH=-165.1kJ/mol(3)氨合成将纯净的氢、氮混合气压缩到高压，在催化剂的作用下合成氨。
氨的合成是提供液氨产品的工序，是整个合成氨生产过程的核心部分。
氨合成反应在较高压力和催化剂存在的条件下进行，由于反应后气体中氨含量不高，一般只有10%~20%，故采用未反应氢氮气循环的流程。
氨合成反应式如下:N2+3H2→2NH3(g)ΔH=-92.4kJ/mol2.合成氨的催化机理热力学计算表明，低温、高压对合成氨反应是有利的，但无催化剂时，反应的活化能很高，反应几乎不发生。
当采用铁催化剂时，由于改变了反应历程，降低了反应的活化能，使反应以显著的速率进行。
目前认为，合成氨反应的一种可能机理，首先是氮分子在铁催化剂表面上进行化学吸附，使氮原子间的化学键减弱。
接着是化学吸附的氢原子不断地跟表面上的氮分子作用，在催化剂表面上逐步生成-NH、-NH2和NH3，最后氨分子在表面上脱吸而生成气态的氨。
上述反应途径可简单地表示为:xFe+N2→FexN FexN +〔H〕吸→FexNH FexNH+〔H〕吸→FexNH2FexNH2+〔H〕吸FexNH3xFe+NH3在无催化剂时，氨的合成反应的活化能很高，大约335kJ/mol。
加入铁催化剂后，反应以生成氮化物和氮氢化物两个阶段进行。
第一阶段的反应活化能为126 kJ/mol~167kJ/mol，第二阶段的反应活化能为13kJ/mol。
由于反应途径的改变(生成不稳定的中间化合物)，降低了反应的活化能，因而反应速率加快了。
3.催化剂的中毒催化剂的催化能力一般称为催化活性。
有人认为:由于催化剂在反应前后的化学性质和质量不变，一旦制成一批催化剂之后，便可以永远使用下去。
实际上许多催化剂在使用过程中，其活性从小到大，逐渐达到正常水平，这就是催化剂的成熟期。
接着，催化剂活性在一段时间里保持稳定，然后再下降，一直到衰老而不能再使用。
活性保持稳定的时间即为催化剂的寿命，其长短因催化剂的制备方法和使用条件而异。
催化剂在稳定活性期间，往往因接触少量的杂质而使活性明显下降甚至被破坏，这种现象称为催化剂的中毒。
一般认为是由于催化剂表面的活性中心被杂质占据而引起中毒。
中毒分为暂时性中毒和永久性中毒两种。
例如，对于合成氨反应中的铁催化剂，O2、CO、CO2和水蒸气等都能使催化剂中毒。
但利用纯净的氢、氮混合气体通过中毒的催化剂时，催化剂的活性又能恢复，因此这种中毒是暂时性中毒。
相反，含P、S、As的化合物则可使铁催化剂永久性中毒。
催化剂中毒后，往往完全失去活性，这时即使再用纯净的氢、氮混合气体处理，活性也很难恢复。
催化剂中毒会严重影响生产的正常进行。
工业上为了防止催化剂中毒，要把反应物原料加以净化，以除去毒物，这样就要增加设备，提高成本。
因此，研制具有较强抗毒能力的新型催化剂，是一个重要的课题。
4.我国合成氨工业的发展情况解放前我国只有两家规模不大的合成氨厂，解放后合成氨工业有了迅速发展。
1949年全国氮肥产量仅0.6万吨，而1982年达到1021.9万吨，成为世界上产量最高的国家之一。
近几年来，我国引进了一批年产30万吨氮肥的大型化肥厂设备。
我国自行设计和建造的上海吴泾化工厂也是年产30万吨氮肥的大型化肥厂。
这些化肥厂以天然气、石油、炼油气等为原料，生产中能量损耗低、产量高，技术和设备都很先进。
5.化学模拟生物固氮的研究目前，化学模拟生物固氮的重要研究课题之一，是固氮酶活性中心结构的研究。
固氮酶由铁蛋白和钼铁蛋白这两种含过渡金属的蛋白质组合而成。
铁蛋白主要起着电子传递输送的作用，而含二个钼原子和二三十个铁和硫原子的钼铁蛋白是络合N2或其他反应物(底物)分子，并进行反应的活性中心所在之处。
关于活性中心的结构有多种看法，目前尚无定论。
从各种底物结合物活化和还原加氢试验来看，含双钼核的活性中心较为合理。
我国有两个研究组于1973-1974年间，不约而同地提出了含钼铁的三核、四核活性中心模型，能较好地解释固氮酶的一系列性能，但其结构细节还有待根据新的实验结果精确化。
