欧盟对付气候变化的行动-EuropeanCommission-EuropaEU

欧盟气候变化政策研究一、简介随着全球气候变化问题的不断加剧，减少温室气体排放的任务成为了全球面临的重要挑战之一，而欧洲联盟（European Union，EU）一直在领导全球应对气候变化问题的努力。

欧盟气候变化政策作为全球减排的示范，一直备受全球瞩目，其为实现在2030年将欧盟温室气体排放量降低至2005年水平以下的长期目标作出了不懈努力。

本文旨在探讨欧盟的气候变化政策，并探索欧盟减排政策的重要性及影响。

二、欧盟减排目标欧盟于2007年制定了一个长期温室气体减排目标，即到2050年将欧盟温室气体排放量减少80%至95%。

同时，欧盟也在每一个5年期制定一项温室气体减排目标，以确保欧盟不断朝着实现长期减排目标的方向发展。

最新的目标是到2030年将欧盟温室气体排放量降低至2005年水平以下40%，并于2050年使欧盟实现净零排放。

这项目标相比之前的目标更加雄心壮志，要求欧盟采取更进一步的减排措施，并支持其成员国制定具体且符合欧盟标准的减排措施。

三、欧盟减排政策欧盟采取了多项减排政策，其中最具代表性的是欧盟排放交易体系（ETS），ETS被认为是全球规模最大、规则最为完整的排放交易体系。

其基于企业间进行二氧化碳排放权的买卖，计划制定元减排指标，对企业进行污染排放的限制，以激励企业减少或者改变排放方式。

欧盟还推行了能源效益与可再生能源指令，强制性引导成员国同时以50%的效益提高能源效益和20%的可再生能源使用水平。

此外，欧盟还推行了包括建筑、交通、农业等在内的各领域的减排政策，旨在减少温室气体的排放。

四、欧盟减排政策的成效欧盟自1990年起温室气体排放量已经减少了23%，且欧盟规定的2020年减排目标已提前完成。

欧盟不断完善各项减排政策，并定期对政策进行评估与调整，以使其能够更好地发挥作用，并帮助各成员国实现减排目标。

此外，欧盟的减排政策也在全球范围内发挥了重要的示范作用。

欧盟的减排政策为其他国家提供了范例，并为全球应对气候变化的努力注入了积极向上的力量。

EUROPEANCOMMISSIONEU ActionagainstClimate Change The European Climate Change Programme3EU policies on climate change5The First European Climate Change Programme (2000-2004) 5Progress towards meeting the EU’s Kyoto commitment 7Future perspectives8The Second European Climate Change Programme (2005- ) 9Summary of implemented and planned EU policies and measures 10- Cross-cutting measures 10- Energy supply 10- Energy demand 12- Transport15- Industry incl. waste management 17- Agriculture and forestry 17- Research and development 20- Structural and Cohesion Funds 21Glossary2245EU policies on climate changeThe European Union has long been committed to international efforts to tackle climate change and felt the duty to set an example through robust policy-making at home. At European level a comprehensive package of policy measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has been initiated through the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP). Each of the 25 EU Member States has also put in place its own domestic actions that build on the ECCP measures or complement them.The First European Climate Change Programme (2000-2004)The European Commission (1) established the ECCP in 2000 to help identify the most environmentally effective and most cost-effective policies and measures that can be taken at European level to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The immediate goal is to help ensure that the EU meets its target for reducing emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. This requires the 15 countries that were EU members before 2004 to cut their combined emissions of greenhouse gases to 8% below the 1990 level by 2012.The ECCP builds on existing emissions-related activities at EU level, for instance in the field of renewable energy and energy demand management. It also dovetails with the EU’s Sixth EnvironmentalAction Programme (2002-2012), which forms the strategic framework forEU environmental action and includes climate change among its four top priorities, as well as the EU’s Sustainable Development Strategy.The ECCP is a multi-stakeholder consultative process that has brought together all relevant players, such as the Commission, national experts, industry and the NGO community. Stakeholder involvement is an essential element of the ECCP because it enables the programme to draw on a broad spectrum of expertise and helps to build consensus, thereby facilitating the implementation of the resulting policies and measures.(1) The EU’s main institutions are the European Commission, the Council of Ministers and theEuropean Parliament. The European Commission is the sole body that has the right of initiative in proposing and drafting EU legislation, and it is responsible for ensuring its correct implementation after adoption. Environmental legislation must be adopted by the Council of Ministers, which represents the 25 EU Member States, and the European Parliament, which is made up of 732 directly elected deputies from all Member States.6The first ECCP examined an extensive range of policy sectors and instruments with potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Coordinated by an ECCP Steering Committee, 11 working groups were established covering the following areas:• Flexible mechanisms: emissions trading• Flexible mechanisms: Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism • Energy supply • Energy demand• Energy efficiency in end-use equipment and industrial processes • Transport• Industry (sub-groups were established on fluorinated gases, renewable raw materials and voluntary agreements)• Research • Agriculture• Sinks in agricultural soils • Forest-related sinksEach working group identified options and potential for reducing emissions based on cost-effectiveness. The impact on other policy areas was also taken into account, including ancillary benefits, for instance in terms of energy security and air quality.The policies and measures that have resulted from the first ECCP are listed in this brochure starting on page 10. One of the most important and innovative initiatives is the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, which covers carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from some 11,500 heavy emitters in the power generation and manufacturing sectors. The scheme is explained in greater detail in another brochure in this series, entitled, EU Action against Climate Change: EU Emissions Trading - An Open Scheme promoting Global Innovation.7EU-15 and EU-25 emissions and projections*Progress towards meeting the EU’s Kyoto commitmentThe EU’s greenhouse gas emissions have been falling thanks to the combined impact of policies and measures resulting from the first ECCP , domestic action taken by Member States and the restructuring of European industry, particularly in central and eastern Europe.By 2003, combined emissions from today’s 25 Member States (EU-25) were down 8 % compared to their levels in the respective base years (mostly 1990). Emissions from the 15 ‘old’ Member States(EU-15) had fallen by 1.7%, or 2.9% averaged over 1999-2003. (2)Latest projections show that additional domestic policies and measures planned by Member States but not yet implemented will take the reduction in EU-15 emissions to 6.8% below 1990 levels by 2010. In addition, use of the Kyoto Protocol’s flexible mechanisms Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism (3) will reduce emissions by a further 2.5%, taking EU-15 emissions in 2010 to 9.3 % below 1990 levels - more than enough to meet the EU-15’s reduction commitment of 8%.For the EU-25 latest projections indicate that the implementation of additional policies and measures planned by Member States will reduce emissions to 9.3% below base year levels by 2010. Use of the Kyoto mechanisms will achieve an additional 2% reduction.(2) Under the Kyoto Protocol, the 15 Member States that made up the EU when the Protocol was agreed have to reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions by 8% below 1990 levels during 2008-2012. This target is shared among the 15 Member States under a legally binding ‘burden-sharing agreement’. Eight of the ten Member States that joined the EU on 1 May 2004 have individual targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The exceptions are Cyprus and Malta, which have no targets.8Future perspectivesThe EU is convinced that strong global action to combat climate change will continue to be needed after 2012, when the Kyoto Protocol’s targets are due to have been met. It therefore favours an early start to negotiations on an international climate regime for the post-2012 period.In a policy document (4) published in early 2005 the Commission outlined the key elements that apost-2012 regime will need to incorporate. The Commission wants to see participation by all major emitters and economic sectors, greater innovation in emissions-saving technologies, continued use of cost-effective market-based instruments and the implementation of strategies for adapting to the level of climate change that is already unavoidable.Many of the EU policies and measures now in place will be important for cutting greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2012. It is already foreseen, for example, that the EU Emissions Trading Scheme will continue in five-year periods after 2012. But it is also clear that deeper emissions cuts will be needed after 2012 if the international community is to win the battle against climate change, and further EU policies and measures will be required to achieve these. Consequently the Commission has initiated the Second European Climate Change Programme (ECCP II).(3) Under Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), developed countries withbinding emission reduction or limitation targets under the Kyoto Protocol can undertake emission-saving investments in third countries and credit these savings towards their own emissiontargets. JI applies to projects undertaken in industrialised countries or countries with economies in transition, and CDM to projects carried out in developing countries.(4) COM(2005) 35 final. Winning thebattle against global climate change.9The Second European Climate Change Programme (2005- )ECCP II was launched in October 2005 at a major stakeholder conference in Brussels. It will explore further cost-effective options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in synergy with the EU’s ‘Lisbon strategy’ for increasing economic growth and job creation.New working groups have been established, covering carbon capture and geological storage, CO 2 emissions from light-duty vehicles, emissions from aviation, and adaptation to the effects of climate change.The aviation group will focus on the technical aspects of bringing aircraft emissions into the Emissions Trading Scheme, which theCommission considers the most promising way to tackle the rapid growth in emissions from this sector.One working group will also assess the implementation of the ECCP I policies and measures in the Member States and their effects in terms of emission reductions. This will feed into a broader ECCP I review process and give guidance to the Commission and the Member States on any supplementary efforts that may be needed to meet the EU’s Kyoto commitment.10Summary of implemented and planned EU policies and measuresCross-cutting measures1.EU emissions trading scheme (Directive 2003/87/EC)Operational since 1 January 2005An emissions trading system limiting CO 2 emissions from 11,500 installations in the EU’s 25 Member States through the allocation of emission allowances by Member States. The allowances aretradable in order to reduce compliance costs.Energy supplyNew mechanism, replacing the 1993 mechanism, for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and removals by sinks in the EU. It allows to evaluate progress accurately and regularly and to comply with the requirements under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.Companies falling under the scope of the EU emissions trading scheme can use credits from the Kyoto project-based mechanisms CDM and JI to comply with their emission limits. CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) envisages emission-saving projects in developing countries and JI (Joint Implementation) in countries with Kyoto emission targets.3.Mechanism for monitoring GHG emissions and implementing the Kyoto Protocol in the EU (Decision 280/2004/EC)2.Use of CDM and JI credits under the EU emissions trading scheme (Directive 2004/101/EC)In force in Member States since 10 March 2004 Implementation by Member States was due by 13 November 2005 (5) This is an estimate of the emission reduction potential in the EU-15 until 2010 if a measure is fully implemented, compared to business as usual.7. Biomass ActionPlan (Commissionproposal COM(2005)628)To be implemented inMember States by 21February 2006The ‘Intelligent Energy - Europe’ programme is a funding schemewith a budget of € 250 million for 2003-2006 to promote intelligentenergy use and more renewables. It is not technology-related, butco-fi nances the start-up of local or regional agencies as well asinternational projects & events aimed at spreading best practiseand building capacity. Ninety projects had been selected byOctober 2005.There are four areas of activity. ‘ALTENER’ supports the use ofrenewable energy sources. The other three fi elds deal with energyeffi ciency, sustainable transport and the use of renewables indeveloping countries.5. Promotion of bio-fuels for transport(Directive 2003/30/EC) Member States are required to promote bio-fuels (liquid orgaseous fuels used for transport and produced from biomass)with an indicative target of 5.75% in the share of fuels sold to bereached by 2010.Emission reduction potential in the EU-15 Member States by 2010:35-40 Mt CO2eq.Implementation inMember States was due by31 December 20046. Promotion ofcogeneration ofheat and electricity(Directive 2004/8/EC)Establishment of an EU-wide framework to facilitate and support the installation of cogeneration where heat demand exists. The European Commission will set harmonised effi ciency reference values by 21 February 2006 for separate production of electricity and heat.Emission reduction potential in the EU-15 Member States by 2010: 22-42 Mt CO2eq.The Biomass Action Plan aims to increase the use of biomass energy in the heating, electricity and transport sectors from 69 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2003 to around 150 Mtoe in 2010. It envisages more than 20 individual actions.Emission reduction potential in the heating sector in the EU-15 Member States by 2010: 36-48 Mt CO2 eq.8. ‘ALTENER’component of‘Intelligent Energy- Europe’ fundingprogramme(Decision1230/2003/EC)In adoption procedure,some measures already inimplementation2003-2006Commission proposalto continue the IEEprogramme during the2007-2013 budgetaryperiod and almost doubleits budget to € 780 million21112Energy demand12. Proposal on thepromotion of end-use effi ciency andenergy services(Commissionproposal COM(2003) 739)The new Directive envisages a 9% cut in energy consumptionover business-as-usual in the nine years 2008-2017. MemberStates will have to prepare fi rst energy effi ciency plans by 30 June2007. Energy companies will be required to off er energy services(services that combine the sale of energy with energy-effi cientend-use technology, e.g. lighting equipment).Emission reduction potential in the EU-15 Member States by 2010:40-55 Mt CO2 eq.Adoption to be fi nalised inearly 200613. Action plan onenergy effi ciency(Green Paper onEnergy Effi ciencyCOM (2005) 265)The action plan will encompass a variety of actions and measuresto be taken by governments at all levels, industry and consumers.It will harness cost-eff ective energy savings equivalent to 20% ofthe EU’s current energy use by 2020.To be presented inMarch 200614. Inclusion ofenergy effi ciencyrequirements inthe permit systemfor industrialand agriculturalinstallations(Directive 96/61/EC)Under the 1996 Directive on Integrated Pollution Preventionand Control (IPPC), major polluting industrial and agriculturalinstallations in the EU (45,000 installations in the EU-15) must obtaina permit from their national authorities to be allowed to operate.The permits are based on the concept of Best Available Techniques(BAT) to prevent and reduce emissions, and to use energyeffi ciently. BAT is provided in sectoral BAT reference documents,which are agreed in a process involving all stakeholders, and thenadopted by the Commission. In order to further improve energyeffi ciency, a ‘horizontal’ BAT reference document on energyeffi ciency is in preparation.New installations havebeen obliged to complywith IPPC permits since30 October 1999; existinginstallations must bebrought into conformityby 30 October 200715. Motor ChallengeProgramme A voluntary programme with a budget of € 1 billion for 2003-2004and €1.8 billion for 2005-2006 run by the European Commission.It aids companies in improving the energy effi ciency of motor-driven systems (e.g. compressed air, fan and pump systems), whichaccount for close to 70% of industrial electricity consumptionin Europe. Companies receive support for energy audits andfor drawing up and carrying out action plans, as well as publicrecognition for their contributions. The programme will continueduring 2006-2007, and there might be additional funding forpromoting it in new Member States and the candidate countries.Operational since 2003131416. ‘SAVE’ componentof ‘IntelligentEnergy - Europe’funding programme(Decision1230/2003/EC)The ‘SAVE’ component of ‘Intelligent Energy - Europe’ fundingprogramme (see item 8) supports energy effi ciency, in particular inindustry and buildings.The other three components of the programme deal withrenewable energy sources, sustainable transport and the use ofrenewables in developing countries.2003-2006Commission proposal tocontinue the IEE pro-gramme during the 2007-2013 budgetary periodand almost double itsbudget to € 780 million 17. Sustainable EnergyEurope CampaignThe four-year Sustainable Energy Europe campaign with a budgetof € 3.7 million supports actions and partnerships to increasepolicy-makers’ and citizens’ awareness of sustainable energytechnologies and policies. It also promotes the ‘Intelligent Energy- Europe’ programme.2005-200818. Green PublicProcurementconsidering energyeffi ciencyPublic authorities in the EU-15 spend every year around 16% ofEU GDP on purchasing goods and services. A Handbook explainshow they can consider environmental aspects, including energyeffi ciency, in their procurement practises.Publication of theHandbook in August 200419. Climate ChangeAwarenessCampaignIn 2006, the European Commission will carry out a major multi-media campaign (budget: € 4,7 million) throughout the 25 Mem-ber States to raise awareness of climate change and the positiverole that citizens can play in fi ghting it.To be launched in June2006215Transport1622. Charging of heavy-duty vehicles for the use of roadinfrastructure (White Paper ‘European transport policy for 2010’, COM (2001) 370; proposal COM (2003) 448 to amend Directive 99/62/EC)The 2001 White Paper on transport policy (see item 21) alsosuggested infrastructure charging that takes into account costs to the environment caused by road transport.The Commission has therefore proposed to amend the 1999 Directive on the charging of heavy-duty vehicles for the use of road infrastructure. The Directive harmonises the levies - vehicle taxes, tolls and charges - that Member States can impose on vehicles with a laden weight of 12 tonnes.The proposed amendment will apply to vehicles above 3.5tonnes and promote a system that translates the costs related to infrastructure use, including environmental costs, into the prices users have to pay.Adoption to be finalised in early 200623. Minimum taxationof mineral oils, coal, natural gas and electricity (Directive 2003/96/EC )The EU system of minimum taxation rates for energy products was for a long time confined to mineral oils. The Directive extends it to coal, natural gas - used as motor and heating fuels - and to electricity. It encourages more efficient use of energy, and it authorises Member States to grant tax advantages to businesses that take specific measures to reduce their emissions.Implementation inMember States was due by 31 December 2003 24. Proposal to phaseout HFC-134a in car air conditioning systems (part of Commission proposal on fluorinatedgreenhouse gases, COM (2003) 492)The fluorinated greenhouse gas HFC-134a has a global warming effect that is 1,300 times greater than that of CO 2. It is used in car air conditioning systems. The proposal aims to impose maximum allowed leakage rates and phase out the use of HFC-134a in new vehicles between 2011 and 2017.In adoption procedure1725. ‘STEER’ componentof ‘Intelligent Energy - Europe’ funding programme (Decision 1230/2003/EC)The ‘STEER’ component of the Intelligent Energy -Europe’ funding programme (see item 8 and 16) supports fuel diversification, biofuels and energy efficiency in transport systems. The other three components deal with energy efficiency as well as renewables in the EU and in developing countries.2003-2006Commission proposal to continue the IEE programme during the 2007-2013 budgetaryperiod and almost double its budget to € 780 millionIndustry incl. waste management26. ‘Thematic’ strategyon the urban environmentThis cross-cutting long-term strategy seeks to improve the quality of the urban environment in the EU by promoting an integrated approach to the environmental management of cities, in particular the management of urban transport and urban energy needs. The strategy offers support and guidance to local authorities and promotes the exchange of best practice between cities to reduce air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and congestion caused by traffic.Launched in January 20062 eq.1828. Prevention ofemissions ofgreenhouse gasesfrom industrialand agriculturalinstallations(Directive 96/61/EC)Under the 1996 Directive on Integrated Pollution Preventionand Control (IPPC) - see item 14 - the national authorities issuingpermits to the installations falling under the scope of the Directivecan impose emission limit values in relation to greenhouse gases,except for those installations covered by the EU emissions tradingscheme (see item 1).New installations havebeen obliged to complywith IPPC permits since30 October 1999; existinginstallations must bebrought into conformityby 30 October 2007 29. Reductions ofmethane emissionsfrom landfi lls(Landfi ll Directive1999/31/EC)Under the Landfi ll Directive, Member States are required togradually reduce the amount of biodegradable waste that theylandfi ll to 35% of the 1995 level by 2016. Biodegradable wasteproduces methane emissions, which currently account for around3% of EU greenhouse gas emissions.Emission reduction potential in the EU-15 Member States by 2010:41 Mt CO2eq.Implementation inMember States was dueby 16 July 200130. ‘Thematic’ strategyon waste preventionand recycling (COM(2005) 666 and 667)This long-term strategy will modernise EU waste legislation. Itpromotes recycling (resulting in energy savings compared toproduction from virgin materials), waste prevention (less methaneemissions) and incineration with energy recovery (energy gains).Launched inDecember 2005219Agriculture and Forestry20Research & DevelopmentPolicies and measures‘R&D’Description Stage ofimplementation 34. Climate-changerelated R&D(Decision1513/2002/EC and2002/668/Euratom)The EU’s sixth R&D framework programme (2002-2006) allocatesroughly € 2 billion to research that directly or indirectly dealswith climate change. Another € 1.2 billion are being spent onnuclear research. The aims are to understand, observe and predictclimate change and its impacts; to provide tools to analyse theeffectiveness and costs & benefits of different policy options; andto improve existing climate-friendly technologies and develop thetechnologies of the future.The Commission’s proposal for the seventh R&D frameworkprogramme (2007-2013) envisages more than € 11 billion forresearch relevant to climate change (energy, transport andenvironment). Another € 4.2 billion is proposed for nuclearresearch.2002-20062007-2013: in adoptionprocedure2135. LIFE fundingprogramme(Regulations No.1655/2000/EC and1682/2004/EC) An environmental funding scheme with a budget of € 957 million for 2000-2006. LIFE Environment, the component of LIFE most relevant to climate change, co-finances innovative environmental demonstration projects. Beneficiaries include enterprises, national and local authorities, NGOs, research institutions and inter-govern-mental bodies.Since 2000, more than 100 projects that directly or indirectly dealwith climate change have received an estimated € 50 million. The Commission has proposed to extend the scope and budget of LIFE in the next 2007-2013 budgetary period.2000-2006In adoption procedure Structural and Cohesion FundsDescription Stage of 36. Integration ofclimate change intothe EU’s Structuraland Cohesion Funds The Structural and Cohesion Funds are the EU’s main instruments for supporting regional development in the EU in order to eliminate economic and social disparities. The budget is around € 235 billion for 2000-2006. Member States submit proposal forprojects, which the EU co-finances.Many of the priority areas that the EU supports benefit the climatesystem: sustainable transport (€12 billion), forest and natureprotection (€4.7 billion), sustainable urban centres (€2 billion),environmental technologies in industry (€1.2 billion), renewableenergies (€800,000), sustainable waste management (€2 billion).Under the Commission’s proposal for the 2007-2013 EU budget,the Structural and Cohesion Funds will increase by around 30%(to take account of EU enlargement), and actions against climatechange, in particular in the transport and energy sectors, willreceive increased funding. 2000-20062007-2013: in adoptionprocedure22Decision-making in the EU:European Commission: one of the EU’s major decision-making institutions, alongside the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. The European Commission is the sole body that has the right of initiative in proposing and drafting EU legislation, and it is responsible for ensuring the correct implementation of the legislation after adoption.Council of Ministers: represents the 25 EU Member States. In the environmental field, legislation must be adopted by both the Council and the European Parliament (‘co-decision procedure’).European Parliament: is made up of 732 directly elected deputies from all Member States. In the environmental field, it adopts legislation together with the Council (‘co-decision procedure’).EU legislation:Directive: sets objectives that have to be achieved, but allow Member States to choose how to achieve them. Directives must normally be transposed into national legislation within two to three years after adoption.Regulation: creates binding legislation which automatically enters into force in all Member States on a given date, usually a few days after publication in the EU’s Official Journal.Decision: can be addressed to Member States, companies or individuals and is fully binding on those to whom the decision is addressed. Some decisions take effect when they are notified to the addressee, others a few days after publication in the Official Journal.Green Paper: issued by the European Commission to stimulate debate and launch a process of consultation on specific topics.White Paper: issued by the European Commission to annonce upcoming proposals for EU action in specific areas. At times a White Paper follows a Green Paper.All legislative acts can be looked up in EUR-Lex, the portal to European Union law (http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex), while proposals are to be found in Pre-Lex (http://europa.eu.int/prelex/apcnet.cfm). The easiest is to type in the number of the document.Glossary。

全球治理与国际格局Global Governance and International Pattern欧盟“绿色新政”与气候政治新动态赵 斌【内容提要】欧盟“绿色新政”是欧盟环境治理史和欧洲气候政治发展进程中的新界标，作为一种新的“欧洲梦”和全球战略，一经问世即引发广泛关注。

欧盟“绿色新政”实施以来，在目标设定、政策制定、资金投入、实践推进等方面取得一系列进展。

同时，欧盟“绿色新政”存在议程承诺不足、政策雄心与行动实践间鸿沟、新旧政策框架间矛盾等问题，也要应对能源安全风险与地缘政治危机、碳边境调节机制困境、经济复苏乏力等挑战。

欧盟“绿色新政”有一定的先发优势，但其系统效应和发展前景仍有待观察。

【关键词】欧盟“绿色新政” 气候政治 全球气候治理2019年12月，欧盟委员会提出应对气候变化“绿色新政” ，即“欧洲绿色协议”(European Green Deal)并将其作为一项新的增长战略，旨在将欧盟打造成更为现代化、更加公平、资源节约型、具有强竞争力特质的共同体。

经欧洲理事会批准，欧盟提出要在2050年实现“气候中和”的目标。

[1]从话语和政策背景看，欧盟“绿色新政”似与当前追求碳中和的全球气候治理进程殊途同归，甚至还展现出2009年哥本哈根气候大会以来久违的“欧盟雄心”。

欧盟“绿色新政”在政策和实践上存在一定连续性，有望成为欧盟的全球战略新支点，而且作为欧洲治理创新，可能对欧盟乃至全球气候政治产生系统效应。

欧盟“绿色新政”的进展“绿色新政”是欧盟的新增长战略，希望以“公正过渡”形式推动成员国经济社会的绿色转型和可持续发展。

观察欧盟“绿色新政”的进展，可从目标、政策、资金、实践等层面对其进行总结和分析。

一是“绿色新政”的目标设置。

根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)，欧盟气候治理的目标是2020年减排20%、2030年减排40%（以1990年为基准年）。

在此基础上，欧盟要实现气候中和目标，则意味着到2050年减排80%—95%。

欧盟对气候变化的应对策略及其可持续发展目标随着气候变化成为全球面临的重大挑战之一，国际社会纷纷行动起来，制定并实施应对气候变化的战略。

在这一背景下，欧盟作为全球最重要的经济体之一，积极采取措施应对气候变化，旨在减缓其对环境的不利影响，并推动可持续发展。

本文将重点介绍欧盟对气候变化的应对策略及其可持续发展目标。

一、欧盟对气候变化的应对策略欧盟在应对气候变化方面制定了一系列具体的策略，主要包括减排目标、碳市场的建立以及可再生能源的推广等。

首先，在减排目标方面，欧盟早在2009年就制定了2020年的减排目标，即将温室气体排放量减少20%。

并且，在2014年，欧盟进一步制定了2030年的减排目标，即将温室气体排放量减少40%。

这些减排目标的设立，旨在限制温室气体的排放，减缓全球气候变化的速度。

其次，在碳市场的建立方面，欧盟推行了欧盟排放交易体系（EU ETS），旨在通过以碳排放许可证的方式来限制温室气体的排放。

这一体系通过为企业发放有限数量的碳排放配额，推动企业降低碳排放并促进技术创新。

同时，这也为企业提供了一种购买和销售碳排放配额的方式，将减排的成本控制在一个合理的范围内，激励企业自愿降低碳排放。

另外，欧盟还通过推广可再生能源来应对气候变化。

欧盟设立了欧洲可再生能源目标，旨在到2020年实现20%的可再生能源消费。

同时，欧盟还设立了可再生能源法规框架，要求成员国采取一系列措施来推广可再生能源的使用，以减少对传统化石能源的依赖，并降低温室气体排放。

二、欧盟的可持续发展目标除了应对气候变化，欧盟还致力于推动可持续发展，将经济、社会和环境发展有机地结合起来，实现资源的有效利用和环境的可持续性。

在可持续发展目标方面，欧盟于2015年通过了《2030气候与能源框架》和《2030可持续发展议程》，旨在到2030年实现一系列的可持续发展目标。

这些目标主要涵盖以下几个方面：首先，能源和气候方面的目标。

欧盟设立了温室气体减排目标，要求到2030年将温室气体减排40%，并实现20%的可再生能源消费和20%的能效提高。

不同国家应对全球变暖的措施和效果分析随着全球变暖的不断加剧，各国政府纷纷出台了应对变暖的措施。

这些措施多种多样，旨在减缓气候变化带来的严重后果。

本文将根据实际情况，分析不同国家应对全球变暖的措施以及效果，并探讨各国能否协同合作，共同应对全球变暖的挑战。

一、欧洲国家的措施与效果欧洲国家一直是全球变暖应对的示范者，而且在应对气候变化方面扮演了重要角色。

自1990年以来，欧洲联盟已经减少了35％的温室气体排放量。

欧盟各国政府都大力鼓励绿色能源的开发和应用，鼓励居民购买电动汽车，限制柴油车的使用等等。

2019年欧盟制定了《绿色新政》计划，旨在让欧盟成为2050年实现碳中和的地区之一。

在气候领域，欧盟成员国已经商定了行动计划。

这些计划旨在按照一个时间表，逐渐减少温室气体排放，增加使用可再生能源的数量。

各国政府通过在政策、法规、税费等方面的调整来激励企业以及居民减少温室气体排放。

欧洲一直在领导采取全球妥善的气候行动。

欧盟提供了资金，支持减少碳排放的重要举措，例如生态环境建设和绿色能源开发。

欧盟还与美国等几个国家签署了《巴黎协定》，欧盟已经设定了减缓气候变化的目标。

根据欧盟发布的报告，欧盟在未来的几十年内将会减少50％的温室气体排放量。

二、美国的措施与效果美国是全球最大的碳排放国，自然也应该承担起主要责任。

然而，由于美国政府的不理性政策，它在应对全球变暖的方面一直处于负面地位。

特朗普总统在宣布退出《巴黎协定》后，美国政府停止了对气候变化的一切行动。

虽然特朗普的政策影响了美国应对全球变暖的进展，但许多州和城市则采取了行动。

他们推出了自己的计划，以减少大气中的温室气体，改善环境质量。

加州、纽约等地将设定更强的温室气体排放标准，推广电动汽车，减少机械的使用，同时启动了一系列关于气候变化的社区活动，鼓励公民尽可能地做出贡献。

三、中国的措施与效果中国是全球最大的温室气体排放国，也是最大的新能源市场。

2015年，中国签署了《巴黎协定》并承诺在2030年前实现碳排放峰值，同时向可再生能源的应用和推广，以实现更高的能源效率，并控制有害气体的排放。

欧洲绿色协议欧洲绿色协议是欧洲联盟提出的一项重要倡议，旨在推动欧洲地区实现更加可持续和环保的发展。

该协议涵盖了许多领域，包括气候变化、能源、交通、环境保护等，旨在通过一系列政策和行动来减少碳排放、提高能源效率、推动可再生能源发展，以及保护自然生态环境。

本文将对欧洲绿色协议的主要内容和影响进行介绍和分析。

首先，欧洲绿色协议致力于应对气候变化，通过设定碳排放目标和实施减排政策，以减缓全球变暖的趋势。

其中，欧盟提出了2050年实现碳中和的目标，即净零碳排放。

为了实现这一目标，欧盟将逐步减少对化石燃料的依赖，加大对清洁能源的投入，推动绿色技术的创新和应用，以及加强对碳排放的监管和管理。

其次，欧洲绿色协议还涉及能源领域的改革和转型。

欧盟将加大对可再生能源的支持和发展，推动能源生产和消费的低碳化、数字化和智能化，以实现能源系统的可持续发展。

此外，欧盟还将推动能源效率的提升，减少能源消耗和浪费，促进清洁能源的使用和普及。

另外，欧洲绿色协议还将对交通领域进行改革，以减少交通对环境的影响。

欧盟将推动电动汽车的发展和普及，加大对公共交通和城市交通的投入和改善，以减少交通拥堵和空气污染。

此外，欧盟还将加强对交通运输的监管和管理，推动交通领域的绿色转型和可持续发展。

最后，欧洲绿色协议还将加大对环境保护和生态保护的力度。

欧盟将加强对环境污染和生态破坏的监管和治理，推动资源的循环利用和再生利用，保护和恢复自然生态系统，促进人与自然的和谐共生。

总的来说，欧洲绿色协议是欧盟为了应对气候变化和推动可持续发展而提出的重要倡议，涵盖了多个领域的政策和行动。

该协议的实施将对欧洲地区的经济、社会和环境产生深远影响，有助于实现绿色、低碳和可持续的发展目标。

相信在欧洲绿色协议的引领下，欧洲地区将迎来更加清洁、健康和美好的未来。

欧盟碳政策发展历程欧盟碳政策的发展历程可以追溯到20世纪90年代末期。

以下是一些主要的里程碑事件：1. 1997年：欧洲联盟委员会（European Commission）发布了第一份关于气候变化的白皮书，提出了减少温室气体排放的目标。

2. 2003年：欧洲联盟推出了欧洲排放交易体系（EU Emissions Trading System, EU ETS）。

该体系建立了一个碳市场，使企业能够在其内部交易和出售二氧化碳排放配额。

3. 2005年：欧盟推出了欧洲碳排放许可证（European Carbon Allowance, ECA）作为EU ETS的主要工具。

每个参与国家根据其国内温室气体排放情况分配一定数量的排放许可证。

4. 2008年：欧盟通过了一系列新法规，包括《欧洲气候变化和能源包》。

这个包裹设定了欧洲联盟2020年减少温室气体排放20%、提高可再生能源使用比例20%以及提高能源效率20%的目标。

5. 2013年：欧盟开始实施第三个阶段的EU ETS，该阶段设定了更为严格的减排目标并引入了对航空业的覆盖。

6. 2014年：欧盟通过了2030气候与能源框架目标，其中包括将2020年减排目标提高至40%的承诺，并设定了可再生能源在总能源消费中的占比不低于27%的目标。

7. 2018年：欧盟委员会提出了一项名为“欧洲碳中立”的战略，旨在使欧洲在2050年成为全球第一个实现碳中立的大陆。

这一战略要求欧盟在2030年将减排目标提高至45%。

8. 2019年：欧洲议会和欧盟成员国达成了一项协议，将欧洲联盟的2050年碳中立目标写入法律。

根据这项协议，欧盟将于2050年前实现净零碳排放。

以上是欧盟碳政策发展的一些关键节点。

随着时间的推移，欧盟将继续采取更加积极的措施，以减少温室气体排放并应对气候变化。

欧盟对于气候变化的应对措施气候变化是全球范围内面临的重要挑战之一，其对环境、经济和人类社会的影响日益凸显。

作为全球最大的经济体之一，欧盟一直在积极采取应对气候变化的措施，旨在减少温室气体排放、提高能源效率以及推动可持续发展。

本文将介绍欧盟在应对气候变化方面的措施，并分析其取得的成效。

一、减少温室气体排放欧盟通过多项政策和计划来减少温室气体的排放。

其中最重要的是欧洲联盟排放交易体系（EU ETS），该体系于2005年启动，涵盖大约45%的欧盟温室气体排放。

EU ETS通过对排放权的配额进行交易，鼓励企业减少排放并提高能源效率。

此外，欧盟还实施了不断提高车辆尾气排放标准、促进可再生能源利用以及加强工业污染控制等措施，致力于降低温室气体排放。

二、提高能源效率欧盟意识到能源效率是减少温室气体排放的重要手段之一，因此采取了一系列措施来提高能源的利用效率。

其中，欧洲能源效率目标要求会员国在2020年前实现20%的能源效率提升。

为了实现这一目标，欧盟鼓励会员国制定并执行能源节约计划，推广高效能源技术以及提供财政和经济激励措施。

此外，欧盟还加强了对能源消耗的监测和评估，以确保能源效率的持续改善。

三、推动可持续发展欧盟致力于推动可持续发展，提倡经济增长与环境保护的有机结合。

为此，欧盟通过可持续发展战略和法规来引导成员国的政策和行动。

其中最具代表性的是欧盟2030气候与能源框架，该框架设定了一系列目标，包括到2030年将温室气体排放减少至1990年水平的40%，提高可再生能源在总能源消费中的比例至27%等。

此外，欧盟还通过支持绿色产业发展、鼓励可持续交通以及提供环保资金等举措，积极推动可持续发展的实施。

欧盟的应对措施取得了显著成效。

根据欧洲环境署的数据，欧盟自1990年以来，将温室气体排放减少了24%。

与此同时，欧盟的经济增长仍然稳定，证明减排和经济增长可以相辅相成。

欧盟已经成为全球减排的领导者之一，并在国际上起到了积极的示范和引领作用。

欧盟对气候变化的应对与减排措施气候变化是当今全球面临的重大挑战之一。

随着气温上升、极端天气事件的增多以及海平面的上升，各国都迫切需要采取措施来应对这一问题。

作为全球最大的经济体之一，欧盟一直在积极推动全球气候变化的应对和减排工作。

本文将对欧盟采取的应对措施进行介绍和分析。

首先，欧盟致力于减少温室气体排放量。

在2008年，欧盟制定了《欧洲2020战略》，其中包含了一系列减少温室气体排放的目标。

根据该战略，欧盟在2020年将减少20%的温室气体排放量，并且在2030年将这一目标提高到40%。

为了实现这一目标，欧盟采取了多项措施，例如加强对排放行业的监管、推动清洁能源的发展以及促进能源效率的提高等。

其次，欧盟通过设立碳市场来推动减排工作。

欧盟碳排放交易体系（EU ETS）是全球最大的碳市场，涵盖了欧盟境内的3400多个工业和能源企业。

该碳市场通过发放碳排放配额以及允许碳排放配额的交易来激励企业减少碳排放。

企业如果没有达到减排目标，就需要购买额外的排放配额，这就对高碳排放行业形成了经济压力，从而推动它们减少排放。

除了减少温室气体排放，欧盟还致力于提高可再生能源的利用率。

欧盟在2018年发布了《欧洲清洁能源包》的规划，旨在加速可再生能源的发展和利用。

根据该规划，欧盟计划到2030年将可再生能源占总能源消费量的比例提高到32%。

为了实现这一目标，欧盟将大力发展风能、太阳能等清洁能源，并鼓励成员国采取各种政策措施来鼓励可再生能源的使用。

此外，欧盟还推动能源效率的提高。

欧盟通过制定能效指令和标准来要求成员国加强能源效率管理。

根据欧盟的目标，到2020年，欧盟的能源效率将提高20%。

为了实现这一目标，欧盟提出了一系列措施，包括鼓励建筑业使用更加节能的材料和技术、制定能效标签以及提供能效咨询等。

总的来说，欧盟在应对气候变化和减少温室气体排放方面采取了一系列的措施。

这些措施包括减少温室气体排放量、设立碳市场、提高可再生能源的利用率以及促进能源效率的提高等。

欧洲双碳目标欧洲双碳目标是指欧洲联盟在应对气候变化方面制定的一项重要目标，旨在实现欧洲的低碳转型和减少温室气体排放。

本文将从欧洲双碳目标的背景、具体内容以及对欧洲及全球的影响等方面进行探讨。

一、背景随着全球气候变化的加剧和碳排放的增加，各国纷纷意识到必须采取行动来减少温室气体的排放，以应对气候变化的挑战。

欧洲联盟作为全球最大的经济体之一，也面临着巨大的压力和责任。

为了推动欧洲实现低碳转型，欧洲双碳目标应运而生。

二、具体内容欧洲双碳目标的核心内容是实现2050年欧洲净零排放，即到2050年欧洲不再向大气中排放温室气体。

为了实现这一目标，欧洲联盟制定了一系列具体措施和指标。

欧洲双碳目标要求各成员国在2030年前将温室气体排放量减少至1990年的55%。

这意味着欧洲各国需要在短短几十年内大幅度减少碳排放，加快推动清洁能源的发展和应用。

欧洲双碳目标还鼓励各成员国加大对可再生能源的投资和支持。

欧洲联盟计划在2030年前使可再生能源占总能源消费的32%，推动可再生能源的发展和利用，减少对传统化石能源的依赖。

欧洲双碳目标还鼓励各成员国加强能源效率，通过提高能源利用率和减少能源浪费来降低碳排放。

欧洲联盟计划在2030年前提高能源效率至32.5%，促使欧洲各国更加注重节能减排，推动可持续发展。

三、影响欧洲双碳目标的实施将对欧洲及全球产生深远影响。

欧洲双碳目标将推动欧洲实现低碳经济转型。

各成员国将加大对清洁能源和可再生能源的投资和支持，推动新能源产业的发展，促进经济结构的转型升级。

欧洲双碳目标将推动全球应对气候变化的行动。

欧洲作为全球最大的经济体之一，承担起了引领全球气候治理的责任。

欧洲的低碳转型经验和技术将为其他国家提供借鉴和参考，促进全球范围内的碳减排。

欧洲双碳目标的实施还将促进可持续发展和绿色经济的发展。

通过减少对传统化石能源的依赖，推动可再生能源和清洁能源的利用，欧洲将实现能源供应的多元化，减少对能源的过度消耗，为可持续发展创造良好的环境。