VISSIM指导书

VISSIIM系统功能介绍1.程序介绍1.1VISSIIM Desktop（VISSIIM的桌面）一、标示列：显示程序的标题、解释及输入的档案问称（如果合适的话）二、功能选单（Menu）：可按鼠标或热键选取显示出接下来的附属功能选单显示出接下来的对话框三、状态列（Status bar）：显示编辑结构及仿真状态光标所在位置的公尺数路网编辑：在选择的节点内的位置及数字仿真状态：现在的仿真时间及当地循环时间网络节点：编辑教育、指导仿真状态：网页上现有的交通工具数量及在真正的时间内可能被仿真的交通工具可能之数量四、滚动条(Scroll bar)：在网页可见范围内的水平及垂直滚动条五、工具列(Tool bar)：图片编辑的功能六、工具列上的这些分开的按扭可以用鼠标的左键在它们的按扭上点选，其解释如表一：表一、工具列上按钮简介1.2 键盘、鼠标键作业（Keyboard and Mouse Click Operation）接下来的信息适用于在一般的原理，透过VISSIM路网编辑。

一、鼠标右键：插入一个新的要素（对象）二、左键：一下为选择一个存在的（对象）二下为打开连结的资料盒三、RETURN（返回）：相当于使用鼠标在Highlight按钮上按键ESC：相当于鼠标在取消的按钮上按键DEL：删除一个选择要素（对象）注意：有些路网要素不能被DEL键删除，这样的要素要靠选择它并移走它的基本要素去删除掉。

如表二的这些按钮，只能在仿真或测试进行时才可被利用：表二、仿真按钮1.3打印（Printing）输出文本文件能被观看并且打印在标准的WINDOWS应用例如Notepad。

而且，大部份输出档案被制造，图形为了容易输入伸展表格应用。

在图解的输出中，例如动画屏幕镜头，是借着使用打印功能和布置方式对话框去打印。

而计算机打印出的文字由流动屏幕区域和数据文件构成在测试档钮上为Project（主题）和Scenario（剧本）和Simulation Time，File Name（文件名）。

VISSIM实验指导书交通工程系1. VISSIM简介 (1)2定义路网属性 (4)2.1物理路网 (4)2.1.1准备底图的创建流程 (4)2.1.2添加路段（Links） (7)2.1.3连接器 (9)2.2定义交通属性 (10)2.2.1定义分布 (10)2.2.2目标车速变化 (12)2.2.3 交通构成 (14)2.2.4 交通流量的输入 (15)2.3路线选择与转向 (15)2.4 信号控制交叉口设置 (17)2.4.1信号参数设置 (17)2.4.2信号灯安放及设置 (20)2.4.3优先权设置 (21)3仿真 (24)3.1 参数设置 (24)3.2 仿真 (25)4评价 (26)4.1 行程时间 (26)4.2 延误 (28)4.3 数据采集点 (30)4.4 排队计数器 (32)1. VISSIM简介VISSIM为德国PTV公司开发的微观交通流仿真软件系统，用于交通系统的各种运行分析。

该软件系统能分析在车道类型、交通组成、交通信号控制、停让控制等众多条件下的交通运行情况，具有分析、评价、优化交通网络、设计方案比较等功能，是分析许多交通问题的有效工具。

VISSIM采用的核心模型是Wiedemann于1974年建立的生理-心理驾驶行为模型。

该模型的基本思路是：一旦后车驾驶员认为他与前车之间的距离小于其心理（安全）距离时，后车驾驶员开始减速。

由于后车驾驶员无法准确判断前车车速，后车车速会在一段时间内低于前车车速，直到前后车间的距离达到另一个心理（安全）距离时，后车驾驶员开始缓慢地加速，由此周而复始，形成一个加速、减速的迭代过程。

图1.1 VISSIM中的跟车模型(Wiedemann 1974)VISSIM的主要应用包括：➢除了内建的定时信号控制模块外，还能够应用VAP、TEAPAC、VS-PLUS等感应信号控制模块。

➢在同时应用协调信号控制和感应信号控制的路网中，评价和优化（通过与Signal97/TEAPAC的接口）交通运行状况。

INTRODUCTORY TRAININGVISSIMVISSIM is a microscopic, time step and behavior based simulation model developed to model urban traffic and public transit operations. The program can analyze traffic and transit operations under constraints such as lane configuration, traffic composition, traffic signals, transit stops, etc., thus making it a useful tool for the evaluation of various alternatives based on transportation engineering and planning measures of effectiveness.The traffic simulator in VISSIM is a microscopic traffic flow simulation model including the car following and lane change logic. VISSIM uses the psycho-physical driver behavior model developed by Wiedemann (1974). The basic concept of this model is that the driver of a faster moving vehicle starts to decelerate as he reaches his individual perception threshold to a slower moving vehicle. Since he cannot exactly determine the speed of that vehicle, his speed will fall below that vehicle’s speed until he starts to slightly accelerate again afte r reaching another perception threshold. This results in an iterative process of acceleration and deceleration.Open VISSIM and create a new fileFor every transport network a separate VISSIM file is needed. To create a new network the following steps are to be followed.1.Open the master plan of your study area as a background imageBuilding an accurate VISSIM model at least one scaled map that shows the real network. The image file of a digitized map (.jpg, .tiff, .bmp etc.) is to be imported as a background. This background can be displayed, moved and scaled in the VISSIM network window and is used to trace the VISSIM links and connectors.2.Scale the background and save a scaled background.Precise scaling is necessary for an accurate network model. A large scale distance (> 100 m / > 300 ft) is recommended to use.3. Draw links and connectors for streets and junctionsThe level of detail required for replicating the modeled transport network infrastructure depends on the purpose of a VISSIM application. While a rough outline of the analyzed intersection is sufficient for testing traffic actuated signal logic, a more detailed model is required for simulation analyses.Link: The first step in coding a VISSIM network is to trace links. Each approach and section should be represented by one link. A link cannothave multiple sections with a different number of lanes. Connectors (rather than links) should be used to model turning movements.Connectors: In order to create a road network, links need to be connected to other links. It is not sufficient to place one link on top of another link in order for vehicles to continue on the other link. Instead, a connector needs to be created to connect the two links. Furthermore connectors are used to model turnings of junctions.Set Parameters for the new file1.Simulation ParametersTraffic regulations: Specifies the standard driving side (For Ireland, Leftside-Traffic).Simulation Resolution: The number of times the vehicle’s position will be calculated within one simulated second (range 1 to 10) (more than 3 recommended).Random Seed: This parameter initializes the random number generator. Simulation runs with identical input files and random seeds generate identical results. Using a different random seed includes a stochastic variation of input flow arrival times.2.Speed profilesSome parameters in VISSIM are defined as a distribution rather than a fixed value. Thus the stochastic nature of traffic situations is reflected realistically. Most of the distributions are handled similarly and it is possible to use any kind of empirical or stochastic data for definition.Stochastic distributions of desired speeds are defined for each vehicle type within each traffic composition. The minimum and maximum values for the desired speed distribution are to be entered along with two intermediate points are generally adequate to define an s-shaped distribution.3. Vehicle Acceleration and Deceleration FunctionsVISSIM does not use a single acceleration and deceleration value but uses functions to represent the differences in a driver’s behavior. Acceleration and deceleration are functions of the current speed. These functions are predefined for each of the default vehicle types in VISSIM. They can be edited or new graphs can be created4. Dwell Time Distribution (Stops & Parking Lots)The dwell time distribution is used by VISSIM for dwell times at parking lots, stop signs, toll counters or transit stops. Either a normal distribution or an empirical distribution can be provided for transit stops.5. Vehicle type characteristicsIn addition to the default vehicle types (Car, HGV, Bus, Tram, Bike and Pedestrian), new vehicle types can be created or existing types modified. A vehicle class represents a logical container for one or more previously defined vehicle types.6. Create traffic compositionsA traffic composition defines the vehicle mix of each input flow to be defined for the VISSIM network. The relative percentage (proportion) of each vehicle type is to be given.7. Enter traffic volumes at network endpoints and pedestrian volumes at junctionsIn VISSIM, time variable traffic volumes to enter the network can be defined. For vehicle input definition, at least one traffic composition has to be defined. Traffic volumes are defined for each link and each time interval in vehicles per hour. Within one time interval vehicles enter the link based on a Poisson distribution.Fine Tuning of the VISSIM Network1. Enter routing decision points and associated routesA route is a fixed sequence of links and connectors. A route starts from a routing decision point (red cross-section) and extends up to at least one destination point (green cross-section) or multiple destinations. A route can have any length - from a turning movement at a singlejunction to a route that stretches throughout the entire VISSIM network.For static routing decisions, vehicles from a start point (red) to any of the defined destinations (green) using a static percentage for each destination.2. Enter speed changesReduced speed areas: When modeling short sections of slow speed characteristics (e.g. curves or bends), the use of reduced speed areas is advantageous over the use of desired speed decisions. In order for a reduced speed area to become effective vehicles need to pass its start position.Desired Speed Decisions: A desired speed decision is to be placed at a location where a permanent speed change should become effective. The typical application is the location of a speed sign in reality.3. Enter priority rulesPriority rules are to be applied for non-signalized intersections, permissive left turns, right turns on red light and pedestrian crosswalks. The right-of-way for non-signal-protected conflicting movements is modeled with priority rules. This applies to all situations where vehicles on different links/connectors should recognize each other. The two main conditions to check at the conflict marker(s) are minimum headway (distance) and minimum gap time.Conflict areas are a new alternative to priority rules to define priority in intersections. They are the recommended solution in most casesbecause they are more easily defined and the resulting vehicle behavior is more intelligent. A conflict area can be defined wherever two links/connectors in the VISSIM network overlap. For each conflict area, the user can select which of the conflicting links has right of way (if any).4. Enter stop signsIntersection approaches controlled by STOP signs are modeled in VISSIM as a combination of priority rule and STOP sign. A STOP sign forces vehicles to stop for at least one time step regardless of the presence of conflicting traffic while the priority rule deals with conflicting traffic, looking for minimum gap time and headway etc. STOP signs are required to be installed for non-signalized intersections and for right turns on red light.Create Signal ControlsSignalized intersections can be modeled in VISSIM either using the built-in fixed-time control or an optional external signal state generator. (Our license in Trinity has a fixed time control.)In VISSIM every signal controller (SC) is represented by its individual SC number and signal phase. Signal indications are typically updated at the end of each simulation second.Signal control and signal groups are to be modeled from Signal Control window. In Fixed Time Signal Control VISSIM starts a signal cycle at second 1 and ends with second Cycle time.Setup for output files and run simulationstravel time segmentsUsing Travel Time Measurements mode, a section of the network has to be selected on which the travel time is to be measured.The output format can be configured according to the requirement of the user.delay segmentsBased on travel time sections VISSIM can generate delay data for networks. A delay segment is based on one or more travel time sections. All vehicles that pass these travel time sections are captured by the delay segment. A delay time measurement determines - compared to the ideal travel time (no other vehicles, no signal control) - the mean time delay calculated from all vehicles observed on a single or several link sections.queue countersThe queue counter feature in VISSIM provides as output the average queue length, maximum queue length and the number of vehicle stops within the queue. Queues are counted from the location of the queue counter on the link or connector upstream to the final vehicle that is in queue condition. If the queue backs up onto multiple different approaches the queue counter will record information for all of them and report the longest as the maximum queue length.data collection pointsData collection offers the collection of data on single cross sections.QUICKSTART CHECKLIST1. Open VISSIM and create a new file2. Set the simulation parameters3. Create/edit speed profiles4. Check/edit vehicle type characteristics5. Create traffic compositions6. Open the master plan of your study area as a background image7. Place and scale the background image and save background image file.8. Draw links and connectors for roadways tracks and crosswalks9. Enter traffic volumes at network endpoints and pedestrian volumes at junctions10. Enter routing decision points and associated routes11. Enter speed changes12. Enter priority rules for non-signalized intersections13. Enter stop signs for non-signalized intersections14. Create Signal Controls with signal groups15. Enter signal heads in network16. Enter detectors for intersections controlled by traffic actuated signal control17. Enter stop signs for right turns on red18. Enter priority rules19. Create dwell time distributions and place transit stops in network20. Create transit lines21. Setup for output files22. Run the simulation。

VISSIM 仿真软件简要说明一 、VISSIM 仿真系统基本原理VISSIM 是一个微观交通流仿真系统，由德国 PTV 公司开发。

仿真模型基于时间步长 和驾驶员行为，可以模拟城市交通和公共交通。

可以分析在一些限制条件下（例如：车道组 成、交通组成、交通信号灯、公交车站等）交通运行情况。

从而成为一个评价多方案的有效 的分析工具。

软件使用的是包含跟车和车道变换逻辑的微观交通流模拟模型。

系统核心仿真模型-车辆跟踪模型采用德国 Karlsruhe 大学 Wiedemann 教授的"心理--物理学跟车模型"，模型建 立在司机反应行为之上。

对仿真模型精度影响最重要的因素是模型对车辆模拟的真实性，与 简单的定速度和固定跟车模型相比，VISSIM 所使用的"心理--物理学跟车模型"的基本观点 是：一个较快车辆的司机在接近一部较慢速行驶车辆时，他将减速至个人的心理阀值，由于 它不能精确决定前面车辆的车速，他的速度将减至低于前面车辆的车速，当减至另一个心理 阀值时，他将又慢慢地加速。

其模拟结果就是车辆加、减速反复迭代的过程。

VISSIM 内部由两个不同的程序，即交通仿真器和信号状态发生器所组成，它们之间 通过接口来交换检测器的呼叫和信号状态。

"交通仿真器"是一个微观的交通流仿真模型，它 包括跟车模型和车道变换模型。

"信号状态发生器"是一个信号控制软件，它以仿真步长为基 础（步长可以小到十分之一秒）不断地从交通仿真器中获取检测信息，于是，它将决定下一 仿真时刻的信号状态并将这信息传送给交通仿真器。

随机的车速分布和极限车间隔可以反映个体驾驶员的行为特征。

这个模型通过德国 Katlsruhe 工程大学多方面观测后，加以校核和标定。

定期的观测和模型参数更新保证了驾驶 员行为和车辆改进的变化在模型中得以反映。

每一独立的驾驶员—车辆单元具有三类特征： 1． 车辆特征 长度、最大车速、潜在加速、路网中的实际位置、实际车速和加速度 2． 单个驾驶员—车辆单元的行为特征 驾驶员心理敏感度阀值（估计能力、冲动性）、驾驶员记忆力、基于现状车速和驾驶 员期望车速的加减速 3． 互相影响的多个驾驶员—车辆单元考虑在同一车道和相邻车道行驶的前车和跟随车辆、考虑路段和下一交叉口、考虑 下一个信号灯二 、VISSIM 仿真系统基本技术路线(改)调查交通量或者预 测交通量道路平面图（BMP）初始配时和交通组 织方案初步建立仿真路网仿真流量与输入 流量是否吻合NO 仿真网络检查YES 仿真运行仿真动画和评价指标输出是否符合要 求NO 调整方案YES 输出优化后的方案三 、VISSIM 仿真系统基本功能VISSIM 可以作为许多交通问题分析的有力工具，它能够分析在诸如车道特性、交通 组成、交通信号灯等约束条件下交通运行情况，不仅能对交通基础设施实行实时的运行情况 交通模拟，而且还可以以文件的形式输出各种交通评价参数，如行程时间、排队长度等。

Vissim 5.20快速入门指导—单个交叉口仿真实例注意：仿真文件保存路径以及文件名称一定要是英文的，仿真时显示界面语言也要调成英文，否则会导致仿真出错。

本文为讲解方便，以中文为例进行讲解。

仿真环境：1、交叉口渠化示意图图1 交叉口渠化示意图2、交叉口基本参数和信号配时表1 交叉口基本参数具体操作步骤：1、建立路网1.1导入底图、调整比例尺导入底图：依次选择：查看→背景→编辑…，点击读取…，读取准备好的CAD图1.dwg（由于VISSIM支持的是cad的早期版本，所以这里将cad图转化为VISSIM可以处理DWG的13-15的版本格式，DXF的9-14版本格式）。

图1-1 背景选择对话框在图1-1的对话框选择比例，弹出标尺图标，此时，鼠标指针变成一把尺，尺的左上角为“热点”。

按住并沿着标距拖动鼠标左键。

释放鼠标，输入两点间的实际距离，点击确定。

如图1-2所示：图1-2 显示比例对话框1.2、根据道路特征绘制路网在原有的CAD图的基础上绘制路网，用到的主要工具是路段编辑按钮。

1.2.1 新建路段（1）在路段的起始位置点击鼠标右键，沿着交通流运行方向将其拖动至终点位置，释放鼠标。

（2）编辑路段数据。

（在此可以设置车道数，车道宽度，行为类型和反相车道，但是车道长度不能在此设定，只能尽量拖拽到合适位置）。

图1-3 路段属性对话框（3）将路段移动到合适位置。

单击，选择需要移动的路段，按shift 键将前面画的路段移动到合适位置，如图1-4所示：图1-4 交叉口效果图1（4）根据需要打断上图中的路段。

具体操作方法，选择需要打断的路段，弹出打断路段对话框，如图1-5所示：图1-5 打断路段对话框鼠标左键单击要打断的点，弹出图1-6所示对话框，单击确定，打断该路段。

此时该交叉口效果图如图1-7所示：图1-6 打断路段对话框图1-7 交叉口效果图21.2.2 路段连接器VISSIM路网是由相互连接的路段组成的，路段之间需要通过连接器实现连接，连接器主要用于交叉口处转弯的道路。

Vissim使用说明目录目录 (2)第一章Vissim使用概况 (4)1.1 Vissim快速启动清单 (4)1.2 Vissim桌面 (4)第二章网络 (8)2.1 概况 (12)2.2 网络编辑 (12)2.2.1 背景图 (12)2.2.2 link (13)2.3 机动车 (14)2.3.1 分布 (14)2.3.2 车辆加速度 (15)2.3.3 车辆类型（type），种类（class）和类别（category） (15)2.3.4 交通组成 (17)2.3.5 交通量 (17)2.3.6 期望速度变化 (18)2.4 机动车路径选择/转弯运动 (18)2.4.1 路线定义 (18)2.4.2 方向定义 (18)2.4.3 路线定义和方向定义比较 (19)2.5 公共交通 (19)2.5.1 公交站 (19)2.5.2 公交线路 (20)2.5.2.1 公交线路的定义 (20)2.5.2.2 公共汽车停留时间计算 (22)2.6 无信号控制的交叉口 (22)2.6.1 优先权规则（Right-of-way Designation） (22)2.6.2 停车标志控制 (23)2.7 信号控制交叉口 (23)2.7.1 信号组和信号灯 (24)2.7.2 检测器 (24)2.7.3 信号控制器 (25)2.7.3.1 定时信号控制 (25)2.7.3.2 车辆感应信号控制（可选模块V AP） (25)2.7.4 信号控制类型的切换 (25)2.7.5 信号控制通讯 (26)第三章全局设定 (27)3.1 仿真参数 (27)3.2 驾驶行为 (27)3.3 图形显示 (29)3.3.1 3D显示 (31)3.3.2 3D车辆 (31)第四章仿真和测试 (33)4.1 仿真 (33)4.2 Animation (33)4.3 记录3D录像 (33)第五章结果 (35)5.1 评价设置 (35)5.1.1 屏幕输出 (35)5.1.2 文件输出 (35)5.2 运行错误 (36)第六章评价类型 (37)6.1 行程时间 (37)6.1.1 定义 (37)6.1.2 配置 (37)6.1.3 结果 (37)6.2 延误时间 (38)6.2.1 定义 (38)6.2.2 配置 (38)6.2.3 结果 (39)6.3 数据采集 (39)6.4 排队计算器 (40)6.5 绿时分配 (41)6.6 车辆信息记录 (43)6.7 动态信号配时 (44)6.8 信号变化 (45)6.9 link评价 (47)6.10 观察者 (48)6.11 变换车道 (48)6.12 公共汽车/电车等待时间 (48)6.13 车辆输入 (48)6.14 时间--空间图（x—t图） (49)6.14.1 定义 (49)6.14.2 配置 (49)6.14.3 结果 (49)6.15 速度—距离图（x－v图） (49)6.15.1 定义 (50)6.15.2 配置 (50)6.15.3 结果 (50)6.16 加速度数据 (51)6.17 加速度/速度综合评价 (51)6.18 文件汇总 (51)6.18.1 仿真输出文件 (51)6.18.2 测试状态文件 (54)6.18.3 其他数据文件 (54)第一章Vissim简介1.1 Vissim快速启动清单1.创建BMP格式的背景图。

Vissim4.3操作手册（初级）2015年7月目录1 交通流仿真及VISSIM基本原理 (1)1.1 交通流仿真原理 (1)1.2 Vissim基本原理 (1)2 Vissim软件简介 (2)2.1 Vissim主要术语介绍 (2)2.2 Vissim软件功能介绍 (3)2.3 Vissim操作界面介绍 (4)2.4 Vissim仿真基本操作流程 (9)2.5 Vissim模型数据需求 (10)2.5.1准备阶段 (10)2.5.2 网络数据 (10)2.5.3 交通流数据 (10)2.5.4 信号控制数据 (11)2.5.5 公交数据 (11)3 路网属性 (11)3.1 物理路网 (11)3.1.1准备底图的创建流程 (11)3.1.2添加路段（Links） (14)3.1.3连接器 (16)3.2 定义交通属性 (17)3.2.1定义分布 (17)3.2.2目标车速变化 (19)3.2.3 交通构成 (21)3.2.4 交通流量的输入 (21)3.3 路线选择与转向 (22)3.4 信号控制设置 (24)3.4.1信号参数设置 (24)3.4.2信号灯安放及设置 (27)3.4.3优先权设置 (28)4仿真 (30)4.1 参数设置 (30)4.2 仿真 (31)5评价 (32)5.1 行程时间 (32)5.2 延误 (34)5.3 数据采集点 (36)5.4 排队计数器 (38)Vissim4.3操作手册VISSIM为德国PTV公司开发的微观交通流仿真软件系统，用于交通系统的各种运行分析。

该软件系统能分析在车道类型、交通组成、交通信号控制、停让控制等众多条件下的交通运行情况，具有分析、评价、优化交通网络、设计方案比较等功能，是分析许多交通问题的有效工具。

1 交通流仿真及VISSIM基本原理1.1 交通流仿真原理交通流仿真通过构建车辆的通行环境（道路网、交通控制、限速等）、驾驶员行为（跟车、换道超车等）、车辆性能特性、交通需求特性等交通要素的计算机模型，通过“再现”或“预演”交通流在不同的交通流组织方案、交通控制管理方案下的运行特性，达到评价、优选方案的目的。