欧洲文化入门期末论文

欧洲传统文化论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富 ,其以民主与法制精神 ,科学与理性精神,极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。

下文是店铺为大家搜集整理的关于欧洲传统文化论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲传统文化论文篇1谈欧洲传统艺术教育传统艺术教育始于欧洲，欧洲传统的艺术教育为大学艺术教育的教法理论做出了巨大的贡献，既为职业教学提供了教学理论和方法,又为学生提供了社会训练。

欧洲的艺术与设计教育是从传统艺术教育中延伸出来的，艺术与设计教育在西方开始于视觉艺术，也就是传统的绘画和雕塑。

早期与艺术设计有关的教育，主要是传统工艺品的设计，它在很大程度上是受到了基础的影响。

在西方，如果追根溯源，最早的艺术学校是在公元前400年左右在希腊建立的，在帕拉图的著作中提及到有关画室教授学徒。

欧洲传统的艺术教育中，就是以写实型的绘画训练为基础，我们称之为“学院派”，起因是出自于在17世纪中期就形成了这个教育训练方法的法兰西皇家美术学院。

欧洲传统绘画的特点，就是再现与强调描述。

长期以来画家们都是把如何有效地表现故事场景、描绘具体的情节或表达某种寓意来进行艺术创作的。

早在艺复兴时期，艺术教育在意大利就发展得比较成熟了。

文艺复兴时期的艺术家们，在艺术教育的教学教法领域中提出了许多有价值的想法。

在技法纯熟的艺术大师们不断地创作过程中，获得了独特的艺术教育的理论和方法,这些都是按照被保留下来的古代文明的碎片进行了整理和收集。

艺术家们不仅恢复了博大精深的欧洲传统艺术,也为创造了艺术教育历史上的里程碑,达到了人类不为所知的高度。

在14-15世纪早期，画家乔托等就对大自然的景象进行了十分逼真的描绘，与当时的人文主义思想相结合，虽然有些呆板僵硬的痕迹，却也显示出了与中世纪所不同的现实主义风格。

15世纪末到16世纪中叶，出现了达芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉菲尔“盛期三杰”。

提香·韦切利奥被誉为西方油画之父，继承和发展了威尼斯派的绘画艺术，提香对于欧洲后来的绘画艺术有着很大的影响。

欧洲文化的论文（3）关于欧洲文化的论文范文”[7]基督教教义在一定程度上成为了高级文化的载体，它促进了欧洲人的思想开化。

这一过程使得基督教成为欧洲人精神世界的统治者，奠定了其在欧洲人统一意识形态与价值观念中的统治地位。

作为中世纪意识形态的主导，基督教的教条成为了欧洲文化中伦理道德的规范。

基督教在中世纪时期有着其整体化的机构与活动。

其教义的传播者教士是文化的象征，而其物质载体修道院则成为教化民众的场所，是当时社会主要的文化中心。

修道院因其重要的文化地位和影响成为现代大学的前身。

可以说，基督教对欧洲人统一性的精神统治在欧洲认同观念的形成中起到了中流砥柱的作用。

综上所述，欧洲认同观念有着深刻的文化根源。

古希腊罗马文化是欧洲文明的起源，基督教文化是欧洲人共同的精神家园，二者为欧洲认同的形成奠定了坚实的基础。

只有深入探究欧洲认同形成的文化根源才能深刻地认识欧洲及其不断加强的一体化进程。

参考文献：[1] 郑晓云. 文化认同与文化变迁[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，1993.[2] 马克思，恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷)[M]. 北京：人民出版社， 1972.[3] 伊迪丝·汉密尔顿. 希腊方式—通向西方文明的源泉 [M]. 杭州：浙江人民出版社，1988.[4] W. Fleming. Arts and Ideas [M]. New York， 1968.[5] 陈乐民，周弘. 欧洲文明扩张史[M]. 北京：东方出版中心，1999.[6] Anthony Pagden. The Idea of Europe [M]. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press. U.K. 2002.[7] 惠一鸣. 欧洲联盟发展史(上). 北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003年第1版.。

欧洲文化入门论文人是文化的存在物，文化是人的存在样式，一部人类历史就是各种文化相互渗透、不断发展创新的历史。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化入门论文篇1浅析欧洲认同的文化根源摘要：欧洲认同价值观的形成在很大程度上是欧洲人对其同源文化的延伸。

作为欧洲文明的渊源，古希腊罗马文化奠定了欧洲的文化传统。

在中世纪__大一统的文化氛围中，基督__成为欧洲人长期共同秉承的精神家园。

古希腊罗马文化和基督__响早已深入到了欧洲人的血液中，成为欧洲认同的重要文化根源。

关键词：欧洲认同;文化根源;古希腊罗马文化;__欧洲，不仅是一个地理概念，更是一种文化凝聚的象征，在此基础上形成的欧洲认同是欧洲人对自身特性的定位，更是对欧洲超越经济范畴的强大文化凝聚力的肯定。

“欧洲在伦理领域存在着某种文化的共同性。

”[1] (P251) 要正确认识欧洲认同的深刻内涵就必须探究其历史发展中的文化共同性。

从整个欧洲的历史演变及其文化传统来看，欧洲认同的实质即是对希腊罗马文化和__文化的认同。

一、欧洲文明的起源—古希腊罗马文化在古希腊时代，现在“欧洲”所指的这片土地被称作“欧罗巴”，来源于希腊神话。

随着地中海地区以及现在的中欧、西欧广大地区被罗马帝国所征服，希腊罗马文明也随之而来。

人类文明的中心开始由地中海区域向西转移，希腊的文化成就和罗马的帝国统治长远而深入地影响着“欧罗巴”地区，为其同源性文化与社会意识的形成奠定了坚实的基础。

诚然，对古希腊罗马文明的高度认同成为了欧洲认同形成的根本因素。

恩格斯曾指出：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，就没有现代的欧洲。

”[2] (P506)古希腊文化是欧洲文明之源，它在诸多领域如哲学，艺术，自然科学等领域的研究成就以及其繁荣发达的城邦政治文化为欧洲创立了规范。

对真理的不懈追求和理性精神是古希腊文化的核心，也构成了欧洲文化的精神主线。

古希腊重视对各种知识进行分类研究，将哲学独立为一门科学。

Roman CultureThis term we have learned the history of European culture,harvesting a lot.Especially the roman culture is so enlightening to think about the rise and fall of Rome Empire deeply.First,we need kow some basic knowledge of roman culture.The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their regions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire, the Greeks didn’t.Now,let me introduce you the history of rome.Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea, and centered at the city of Rome, it became one of the largest empires in the ancient world.It came to dominate South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region through conquest and assimilation.AS we all know ,there are some famous old says coming from rome like ‘Do as Romans do,Rome is not set up in a day.All roads lead to Rome.’and so on.753BC, Rome was founded at Italian peninsula,was originally a small town of the east coast of the peninsula west of the Tiber River.Also,Aeneas, a prince of Troy and son of the goddess Venus, who was ordered by the gods to escape from Trojan War. After many adventures and dangers, including visiting the Underworld, he arrived in Italy, where he fought to establish Rome.506BC ,Republicwas established in rome,after more than two hundred years.The Roman Forum, the political, economic, cultural, and religious center of the city during the Republic and later Empire, now lies in ruins in modern-day Rome.The first civil war was between Julius Caesar and Pompey(庞培) the Great.Pompey lost and was murdered in 48BC as he stepped ashore in Egypt.Caesar returned to Rome in 46 B.C. and had full support of the army and the massesIn 44 B.C. Senate appointed him dictator for 10 years. He has absolute power.Caesar, having introduced many reforms to the Senate, to Rome and to the government of provinces, was assassinated in 45 BC, because he was suspected of wanting to destroy the Republic by making himself king.The war promoted growth to the rome empire. First is The PunicWars (264-241&218-202 BC):Romans defeated the Punics.Second is War in Greece: freed Greece from Macedonia domination, enslaved Greeks and made Greece a province of Rome, making rome become an alliances with states ,meaning provide protection to their civics.By the middle of the 2nd century BC, Rome was the strongest Mediterranean power. It had territory from Spain to Asia Minor and influence in Egypt and North Africa; it had become an empire.The year 27B.C. divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent, encircling the Mediterranean, reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotamia in the east. The emperorsrelied on a strong army--the famous Roman legions -– and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the PaxRomana.What I write is what about rome. Of course,that is not enough.。

欧洲文化入门小论文第一篇：欧洲文化入门小论文Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy,political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impelpeople to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement whichobjected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed hisphysically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about thecivilization and the world.It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院第二篇：欧洲文化入门《巴黎圣母院》读后感读完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑与美，善与恶，在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。

Eastern and western cultureAbstract：Culture is a term that has various meanings. In general terms, culture is a kind of social phenomenon; it is the product of a long-term creation. And at the same time, it is a historical phenomenon as well as the social and historical sediment. To be precise, culture refers to the history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, way of life, literature and art, behavior standards, the mode of thinking, the value of a state or nation.key words：Western culture/eastern culture/difference and similarity/attitude1．western culture1.1.What is western culture?European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element, and there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.Then what is western culture?Western culture refers to cultures of European origin. Roots of the Western civilization may be traced back to 9000 BC, when the firstgreat cultures grew out of agricultural cores in South-West Asia, China, Pakistan, Mexico, and Peru. The Westernmost of this Old World's agricultural cores, the area around the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Jordan Rivers in South-West Asia, spread outwards across Europe. Western culture in its strictly European geographical range began with the Greeks, was enlarged and strengthened by the Romans, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalize by successive European empires that spread the European ways of life and education between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. European Culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism and mysticism, Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, and socialism. With its global connection, European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt, and ultimately influence other trends of culture.2. Eastern cultureWhen it comes to Chinese culture, we will first thinkabout Confucianism. And we will call Confucius to our mind. Now, let me give you some other examples that related to Chinese culture.2.1. Study of Chinese Folklore in ChinaThe Book of Songs, the earliest known Chinese collection of poetry, contains 160 folk songs in addition to courtly songs and hymns. It is believed that Confucius did encourage his followers to study the songs contained in the Shi Jing, helping to secure the Shi Jing’s place among the Five Classics. After Confucian ideas became further entrenched in Chinese culture, Confucius’ end orsement led many scholars to study the lyrics of the Shi Jing and interpret them as political allegories and commentaries.2.2. Numbers in Chinese cultureIn Chinese culture, certain numbers are believed by some to be auspicious (吉利) or inauspicious (不利) based on the Chinese word that the number name sounds similar to. However some Chinese people regard these beliefs to be superstitions. Since the pronunciation and the vocabulary may be different in different Chinese dialects, the rules are generally not applicable for all cases. Because of the supposed auspiciousness of certain numbers, some peoplewill often choose, attempt to obtain, or pay large sums for numbers that are considered to be lucky for their phone numbers, street addresses, residence floor, driver's license number, vehicle license plate number, bank account number, etc.Lucky numbers are based on Chinese words that sound similar to other Chinese words. The numbers 6, 8, and 9are believed to have auspicious meanings because their names sound similar to words that have positive meanings.2.3. Table mannersChinese table manners are the traditional styles that are used for eating in the region of China. In most dishes in Chinese cuisine(烹饪), food is cooked in bite-sized pieces and easy to grab and eat. Therefore, chopsticks are used at the table instead of forks and knives. Eating is a dominant aspect of the Chinese culture. In China, eating out is one of the most accepted ways to treat guests. Similar to Westerners drinking in a bar with friends, eating together in China is a way to socialize and deepen friendship.There are many traditions that govern table manners in China such as the correct treatment of guests and how touse chopsticks correctly. Although each Chinese household has its own set of table manners and rules, the foundational traditions used to welcome guests are the same.3. The difference between western culture and eastern culture.As we know, there are so many differences between east and west culture. And I can not list all of their different aspects. For your better understanding, I will focus on the differences of some common customs of China and America.3.1.It is no doubt that using chopstick is a traditional custom for Chinese people. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This difference is based on different food they like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What’s more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are standing out particularly.3.2.Greeting and PartingIn China, when people meet acquaintances or friends, we always say, “Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” but In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Goodmorning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn’t it? ” “How is everything going?” etc3.3. Compliments and ResponseFor example, if a hostess is complimented for her cooking skill, how she will response in west and china?A Chinese hostess will apologize for giving you “Nothing”. She will say“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty.”But an western hostess is likely to say, “Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.”3.4. Thanks and ResponsesIn China,“Thank you” is not frequently used between intimate friends and family members because it may imply a certain distance between the addresser and the addressee. But “Thank you” is widely used in English to show gratitude in such cases as being invited, helped, given a gift, etc. So much examples, I hope you could have a better understanding of Chinese and European culture.4. The attitude we should take toward different culture. There are so many difference between two culture background. For our Chinese, there is no denying that the European culture is worthy to be learned by us. But during thisprocess, how will we treat this civilization and use it? It’s really necessary for us to think over.Someone says that the western culture is superior. It is one of the reasons they learn about it. But on the contrary, many people strongly disagree with this, they believe our own culture is the best, and we should keep it without any change. In my opinion, in order to develop our culture, we should do like the following.4.1. remove the dross while keeping the essence.First, the advantage such as education system, we should learn from other country. But the disadvantage like our own festival, we should keep it going from generation to generation. Only by doing this can our culture developed in the right way.4.2 Borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains.In the second place, we should borrow the foreign cultures while using our brains. Have you realized that you are the sacrificial lamb instead of flaunting the individuality when you are going for the western-cultured skirt and the junk food? Today, our traditional culture which should be carried forward is destroyed seriously by the culture abroad. If one day Confucius possibly revives,don’t you feel that it is so dismal to point at the classical roofs of the skyscrapers beside the Chang’an Street and tell him, “This is our Chinese civilization”? Looking at our Chinese architecture, except the so-called classical architecture “culture heritage” es tablished by the culture protection association, most of the architectures are of “modern style”. Maybe the reason is that they are the product of imitating the style of western architecture. They have no origins as well as belongings. So we can just cal t hem “modern”. Can we say that we learn from the west well? Many parents bring their children to the KFC without minding waiting for a long time because there are so many people queuing up and waiting for there turn. This kind of improper education, which fawning on the foreign things, leads to the distruction of our cultural root which is actually insecure before. We does not imitate well, while gradually lost our tradition. The most fundamental or important things are often been ignored. We have our Confucius(the founder of our dominant culture), Zhuangzi(the most intelligent philosopher), Qin Shi Huang(the most influential statesman), Xuanzang(the most serious adoptionist and scholar)… There is no lack ofsages while people in this generation are lacking mind or ideas.Someone says that pro-human life culture is Western culture. And the extent to which a nation embraces Western culture is the extent to which it is free, prosperous, modern and peaceful. That is supportive of human life. One need only look at life expectancies around the world to see that whether this is true.The civilization of our own was delivered from generation to generation for thousands of years. But today, we can see obviously that citizens of our nation are becoming more and more fa wning on foreign things. It’s so easy to find a shirt with English words. It’s so prevailing to wear jeans. We like going into the European-styled restaurant to enjoy the western food. We say “Bye-bye” instead of “zaijian”. What’s more, our traditional festivals like the Spring Festival are desolated. We celebrate the Valentine’s Day every February instead of the Chinese Valentine’s Day according to the lunar calendar every June.参考文献：。

欧洲文化导论论文第一篇：欧洲文化导论论文欧洲文化导论论文：文艺复兴摘要：文艺复兴的兴起既是中世纪黑暗之后的必然后果，也有其复杂的历史背景。

作为一次著名的思想解放运动，它对欧洲甚至全世界都产生了巨大的影响。

一.文艺复兴背景：1.宗教因素：中世纪的文明是基督教的文明，一教统治的文明，它对异教的文明是消极的，甚至是敌视的。

在思维上是超理性的,它的道德规范是安分守己、容忍谦恭和卑视财富。

这些教谕是符合农业社会的自给自足的经济的。

而这些教谕完全禁锢了人们的思想，但同时新兴的资产阶级又急于冲破其思想束缚。

2.阶级因素：资本主义是文艺复兴的前提和基础。

资本主义为文艺复兴奠定了深厚的物质基础。

文艺复兴是一个长达三百年的历史时期,在这个时期内不仅有光辉的艺术,宏伟的建筑,人民的起义,还有连绵的战争,肆虐的黑孔病。

如果当时的意大利城市共和国还建筑在中世纪手工业的经济基础上,很难设想意大利在文艺复兴时期能取得辉煌的成就。

资本主义改变了人民的生活方式,从而使人们的价值观念也发生了变化。

人文主义者对财富、对自由和民主的歌颂,反映了新生资产阶级的要求和世界观。

可以说，正是资本主义引导着文艺复兴发展的方向。

3经济因素：经济方面的因素包括贸易和商业的迅速发展和城市的快速崛起。

由于新的商人阶层的形成，这使商人能够获得较高的社会地位，促进了商业的发展。

商业促进了经济的快速发展和社会的繁荣。

商业和贸易依靠的是市场，而市场恰恰是城市经济的中心。

因而我们可以看到城市的复兴步伐加快，加之市民阶层的兴起以及西欧从古典时代继承下来的民主制度，城市自治运动在这时期兴起并得以发展。

二.文艺复兴成就：1.文学三杰：①但丁（1265—1321年），是新旧交替时代承上启下的一位作家，马克思、恩格斯称他为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。

”其代表作《神曲》主要描写作者在梦中由罗马诗人维吉尔和他的恋人碧雅特丽丝引导他遍游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。

这学期我选了西方文化精要这门课程。

我之所以选这门课程，因为我自己对西方文化很感兴趣，通过这学期的学习，我已经基本对西方文化有些认识了。

下面我就谈谈自己的理解和看法。

在课堂上我了解到了西方文化来自于两希文明，即古希腊和古希伯来文明。

因此我就重点谈谈古希腊神话古希腊神话。

作为西方文化的源头之一，正如马克思所说，希腊神话是它的土壤和武库。

古希腊的戏剧、建筑、绘画、雕塑等都从古希腊神话中汲取养料。

所以可以说，古希腊神话是西方文化的重要源头。

古希腊神话是西方文化百用而不厌其烦的素材，这已是人所共知的。

就像老师开始上课时就给我们说了不少古希腊神话。

西方文化从古希腊神话中汲取的两钟重要的精神血液即人本和理性，这两种精神恰是整个西方近代文化的两个主要精神。

关于神话与古希腊神话，马克思在《<政治经济学>导言》中说，神话是“通过人的幻想，用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式”是“用想象和借助想象以征服自然力、支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化”。

所以神话是人类对自然与自我以及自然与自我关系的探索。

神话应该是氏族的、部落的、民族的，乃至某一人群团体原初的自然观、世界观真实的理性的表现。

神话反映人的思想和理念，而且“神话作为一个民族足迹的最早记录，因为较少受到传统文化的熏染，或当代文明的压抑，它直接的表现了人性中接近底层或本质的东西。

”古希腊神话作为有丰富体系的神话，当然也表现了古希腊人性中最本质的精神。

我们现在所知的所有古希腊神话的故事都来自《荷马史诗》和赫西俄德的《神谱》和《工作与时日》。

《荷马史诗》包括《伊利亚特》和两部。

《伊利亚特》记述的是古代希腊人与特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特的经过。

《奥塞德》描写了希腊军返航途中的种种遭遇，荷马之后的赫西俄德写了《神谱》和《工作与时日》希腊诸神的渊源，历史的发端。

公元前六世纪到公元前三世纪间，希腊三为悲剧大师埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里匹得斯的经典著作也极大的丰富了希腊神话的内容。

2016-2017-1欧洲文化入门期末考试学号：**********姓名：冯**班级：14软件工程从欧洲最早的两大文明:米诺斯文明及迈锡尼文明算起，欧洲的文明史已经超过四千年了，欧洲文明的发源地是在爱琴海及古希腊地区，这里气候宜人，交通方便，为文明的产生提供了先决条件。

欧洲有着悠久的文明发展史。

公元前4000～前2500年在南欧和西欧曾广泛分布有巨石文化，随后位于欧洲东南部的爱琴海地区勃兴为世界古文明的发祥地之一，称爱琴文明，给人类留下了丰富的文化遗产。

公元前6世纪，古罗马国家兴起，逐渐发展成一个囊括半个欧洲(大不列颠群岛至多瑙河口一线以南)及北非、西亚在内的庞大帝国，而意大利所在的意大利半岛一直是其政治和经济的核心区域。

纪元初年，欧洲人口约3200万，其中半数以上分布于南欧，而东欧、北欧及不列颠群岛合计尚不足1/10。

公元3世纪后，罗马帝国渐趋衰弱，原先居住在北欧的日耳曼人及居住在东欧的斯拉夫人相继大量入侵，这一历史进程所伴随的人口大迁移和经济、文化上的广泛交流，大大促进了欧洲的全面开发，14世纪中叶全洲人口达到8100万，南欧的比重降至1/3，其他地区尤其是东欧均明显上升。

15～16世纪，在南欧和西欧的一些国家中，资本主义开始萌芽，通过地理大发现和对海外殖民地的掠夺，西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、法国和英国相继发展成为具有世界影响的强国，在随后的资产阶级革命和产业革命中，西欧进一步确立了在欧洲经济、文化中的领先地位。

19世纪中叶，北欧、中欧和东欧诸国也走上了资本主义发展道路，南欧国家发展则相对缓慢。

1900年欧洲人口为4.15亿，南欧的比重已不足1/4。

由于资本主义的迅速发展，19世纪欧洲的经济、文化水平在世界上已遥遥领先，几个欧洲列强的殖民地遍布各大洲，几千万欧洲人移居海外，对世界人文地理和经济地理产生了极大的影响。

20世纪的前半期，欧洲先后成为两次世界大战的主要策源地。

由于战争的破坏，以及资本主义政治、经济发展不平衡规律的作用，欧洲在世界上的地位相对下降，其人口占世界的比重由1900年的25%下降到1950年的20%，工业生产所占比重亦由65%降至45%。