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1.rigid body(刚体）：如果一个物体在外力的作用下，它的各个部分之间的距离都保持不变，或它的形状和大小都不发生变化，则这个物体叫做刚体。
2.Angular momentum(角动量）：设有一质点作圆周运动，圆心到质点所在位置的径矢为r，动量为mv,那么质点在该圆周上某一点的动量与径矢的乘积叫做质点对圆心的角动量。
3.Stream line（流线）：某一时刻流体在空间的分布状况，在流体中假设画出一些曲线，这些曲线上每一点的切线方向与流体质点在该点的速度方向保持一致，这种曲线称为流线。
4.Ideal fluid（理想流体）：为便于分析忽略次要因素突出主要因素而引入的一种绝对不可压缩、完全没有内摩擦力的的流体理想化物理模型。
5.Steady flow（定常流动）：若流体中各质点的速度、压强和密度都不随时间变化，则这种流动叫做定常流动。
6.Continuity equation（连续性方程）：Δt时间内，流进截面S1的流体质量必然等于流出截面S2的流体质量。
即：S1V1ρ1=S2V2ρ27.Vicious force(粘滞力）：由于流体的各流层的流速不同，相邻流层间有相对运动，便在接触面上产生一种相互作用的剪切力，这个力叫做流体的内摩擦力，也称为粘滞力。
8.Ideal gas(理想气体）：严格遵从气态方程(PV=(m/M)RT=nRT)(n为物质的量）的气体，叫做理想气体。
9.surface tension(表面张力）：液体自由表面存在一种沿液体表面、使表面具有收缩倾向的力存在，这种力叫做表面张力。
10.Additional pressure(附加压强）：在凹液面或凸液面由于表面张力的合力的作用，液面每一个面积元紧压液体或拉离液体而产生的一个额外的压强叫做附加压强。
11.Internal energy(内能）：物体或系统内分子的各种运动的动能和势能的总和，叫做物体或系统的内能。
12.Electric field(电场）：电荷在周围的空间内形成电场。
第一章植物细胞生理1 ．原核细胞(prokaryotic cell) 无典型细胞核的细胞，其核质外面无核膜，细胞质中缺少复杂的内膜系统和细胞器。
由原核细胞构成的生物称原核生物（ prokaryote ）。
细菌、蓝藻等低等生物属原核生物。
2 ．真核细胞(eukaryotic cell) 具有真正细胞核的细胞，其核质被两层核膜包裹，细胞内有结构与功能不同的细胞器，多种细胞器之间有内膜系统联络。
由真核细胞构成的生物称为真核生物（ eukayote ）。
高等动物与植物属真核生物。
3 ．原生质体(protoplast) 除细胞壁以外的细胞部分。
包括细胞核、细胞器、细胞质基质以及其外围的细胞质膜。
原生质体失去了细胞的固有形态，通常呈球状。
4 ．细胞壁(cell wall) 细胞外围的一层壁，是植物细胞所特有的，具有一定弹性和硬度，界定细胞的形状和大小。
典型的细胞壁由胞间层、初生壁以及次生壁组成。
5 ．生物膜(biomembrane) 即构成细胞的所有膜的总称，它由脂类和蛋白质等组成，具有特定的结构和生理功能。
按其所处的位置可分为质膜和内膜。
6 ．共质体(symplast) 由胞间连丝把原生质（不含液泡）连成一体的体系，包含质膜。
7 ．质外体(apoplast) 由细胞壁及细胞间隙等空间（包含导管与管胞）组成的体系。
8 ．内膜系统(endomembrane system) 是那些处在细胞质中，在结构上连续、功能上关联的，由膜组成的细胞器总称。
主要指核膜、内质网、高尔基体以及高尔基体小泡和液泡等。
9 ．细胞骨架(cytoskeleton) 指真核细胞中的蛋白质纤维网架体系，包括微管、微丝和中间纤维等，它们都由蛋白质组成，没有膜的结构，互相联结成立体的网络，也称为细胞内的微梁系统 (microtrabecular system) 。
10 ．细胞器(cell organelle) 细胞质中具有一定形态结构和特定生理功能的细微结构。
通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics 地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of -phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation 邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system 多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate 波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section 沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation 结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength疲劳辉纹fatigue striations疲劳阈值fatigue threshold交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge 电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equal Displacement暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry网格法grid method 全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry全息云纹法holographic moire technique全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method云纹干涉法moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element拉格朗日元Lagrange element 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure流体力学流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow 进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil 翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation。
第五章海洋环流概述（Summary）一、定义及分类（Definition&Type）1.海流(Oceancurrent)：海水大规模相对稳定的流动。
2.分类(Type)：按成因分：密度流(densitycurrent)，风海流(windcurrent)，补偿流(compensationcurrent)；按受力分：地转流(geostrophicflow)、惯性流；按发生区域：赤道流(equatorialcurrent)，陆架流，东西边界流(eastern/westernboundarycurrent)等；按运动方向：上升流(upwelling)，下降流(downwelling)；按海流温度与周围海水温度差异分：寒流，暖流等二、研究意义（Significance）国防，航运，渔业，气候三、影响和产生海流的力（Causesofcurrent）引起海水运动的力：重力，压强梯度力，风应力，引潮力海水运动后派生的力：科氏力(Coriolisforce)，摩擦力(frictionforce)1、重力：地心引力与地球自转产生的惯性离心力的合力。
习惯上将单位质量物体所受重力称为重力加速度，以g表示。
与纬度和海水深度有关:海面上赤道到极地差为0.052m/平方米,在中纬度，海面与10km深处的差为0.031m/平方米。
因此，在海洋研究中，一般视其为常数9.8m/平方米重力势(potentialofgravity)：从一水平面逆重力方向移动物体到另一高度所做功。
等势面：位势相等的面叫等势面。
处处与重力垂直的面称水平面。
海平面(sealevel)：海洋表面的平均位置。
2、压强梯度力：等压面：压强相等的面。
压强梯度力：水体所受静压力的合力：f=f1-f2=P·A-(P+△P)·AP·A单位质量水体所受的静压力的合力：与等压面垂直，指向压力减小的方向。
即与压强梯度方向相反。
流体静力学方程：正压场：等压面与等势面平行斜压场：等压面相对等势面发生倾斜时。
磁共振的英文缩写MRI：Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像NMRI：Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging核磁共振成像MRA：Magnetic Resonance Angiography磁共振血管造影CE-MRA：contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography对比增强磁共振血管成像MRV：Magnetic Resonance Venography磁共振静脉造影VW-MRI：vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging磁共振血管壁成像MRCP：Magnetic Resonance cholangiopancreatography磁共振胰胆管成像MRM：Magnetic Resonance Myelography磁共振脊髓成像MRU：Magnetic Resonance urography磁共振尿路成像MRN：Magnetic Resonance neurography磁共振神经成像CMR：Cardiovascular MR心血管磁共振检查技术fMRI：functional magnetic resonance imaging磁共振功能成像MRE：Magnetic Resonance Elastography磁共振弹性成像T1WI：T1-weighted imagingT1加权成像T2WI：T2-weighted imagingT2加权成像PDWI：proton density weighted imaging质子密度加权成像EPI：echo planar imaging平面回波成像MS-EPI：multi shot echo planar imaging多激发平面回波成像DWI：diffusion weighted imaging扩散加权成像(小视野弥散Philips-ZOOM/Siemens-ZOOMit/GE-FOCUS)ADC：apparent diffusion coefficient表观扩散系数DWIBS：diffusion weighted imaging with background suppression背景抑制扩散加权成像RESOLVE：readout segment of long variable echo trains 基于读出方向分段K空间的多次激发弥散加权成像(Siemens)MUSE：multi-slab parallel EPI多激发节段式EPI采集空间信号敏感性编码图像重建(GE)DTI：diffusion tensor imaging扩散张量成像PWI：perfusion weighted imaging灌注加权成像BOLD：blood oxygenation level dependent血氧水平依赖RF：Radio Frequency射频TR：repetition time重复时间TE：echo time回波时间(Effective TE有效TE)Minimum TE：部分回波技术TI：inversion time反转时间ES：echo space回波间隙ETL：echo train length回波链长度BW：bandwidth带宽FA：flip angle反转角TA：Acquisition time采集时间NA：number of acquisitions采集次数NSA：number of signal averaged信号平均次数NEX：number of excitation激励次数TD：time of delay延迟时间WFS：water fat shift水脂位移FC：flow pensation流动补偿TOF：time of flight时间飞跃TRICKS：time resolved imaging of contrast Kinetics对比剂动态成像PC：phase contrast相位对比VENC：velocity encoding流速编码NPW：no phase wrap去相位卷褶IR：inversion recovery反转恢复MT：magnetization transfer磁化转移(磁化传递)FT：fourier transform傅里叶变换VPS：Views Per Segment每段视图BSP TI：blood suppression TI血夜抑制反转时间(IFIR参数)序列SE：spin echo自旋回波FSE：fast spin echo快速自旋回波TSE：turbo spin echo快速自旋回波FRFSE：fast recovery fast spin echo快速恢复快速自旋回波(GE)TSE-Restore：快速恢复快速自旋回波(Siemens)TSE DRIVE(TSE driven equilibrium DE驱动平衡)：快速恢复快速自旋回波(Philips)SSFSE：single shot fast spin echo单次激发快速自旋回波HALF-SS-TSE：half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo半傅里叶单次激发快速自旋回波(Philips)HASTE：half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo半傅里叶单次激发快速自旋回波(Siemens)FLAIR：fluid attenuated inversion recovery水抑制反转恢复ASL：arterial spin labeling动脉自旋标记BPAS：basi-parallel anatomical scanning平行椎基底动脉系统扫描FIR：fast inversion recovery快速反转恢复(TIR：turbo inversion recovery)DIR：dual inversion recovery(有资料译为double inversion recovery)双重反转恢复下面三个技术（VISTA/CUBE/SPACE）摘自懋氏百科全书，后面两个的中文是我瞎翻译的：VISTA(3D VIEW)：volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition各向同性快速自旋回波容积采集(Philips)CUBE：3D fast spin echo with an extended echo train acquisition长回波链3D快速自旋回波采集(GE)SPACE：sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip angle evolution最优可变翻转角改善对比完美采样(Siemens)梯度回波GRE：gradient recalled echo梯度回波(GE)FFE：fast field echo快速场回波(Philips)GE：gradient echo梯度回波(Siemens)TFE：turbo field echo超快速场回波FISP：fast imaging with steady-state precession稳态进动快速成像(Siemens)PSIF(Siemens)：采集刺激回波的GRE序列；在时序上与FISP 相反遂命名为PSIF(Philips为T2-FFE；GE为CE-GRASS:contrast enhanced GRASS)DESS：dual spin steady state双回波稳态进动(Siemens独有3D序列，显示软骨优势；同时采集FISP信号和PSIF信号)MEDIC：multiple echo data image bination多回波数据合并成像(Siemens)MERGE：multiple echo recalled gradient echo多回波梯度回波 (GE 2D)COSMIC：coherent oscillatory state acquisition for the manipulation imaging contrast连续振荡状态采集操控成像对比(GE 3D多回波合并成像)mFFE(Philips多回波)：multiple fast field echoSWI：susceptibility weighted imaging磁敏感加权成像QSM：quantitative susceptibility mapping定量磁化率成像SSFP：steady state free precession普通稳态自由进动(GE 的GRE、Fast GRE均属该类型；西门子为FISP；在飞利浦上称为conventional FFE)Balance-SSFP：balance steady state free precession平衡式稳态自由进动(Philips)FIESTA：fast imaging employing steady stateacquisition稳态采集快速成像(GE)FIESTA-C：FIESTA-cycled phases双激发稳态采集快速成像(GE)True FISP：true fast imaging with steady state precession真稳态自由进动快速成像(Siemens)CISS：constructive interference in the steady state稳态进动结构相干(双激发)B-FFE：balance fast field echo平衡式快速场回波(Philips)TRANCE：triggered angiography non-contrast enhanced触发血管造影非对比增强(Philips; Siemens为 Native truefisp; GE为IFIR: InFlow Inversion Recovery)QISS：Quiescent-Interval Single-Shot MR血管造影-静态间隔单次激发成像是一种用于外周MRA的非增强MRA技术(Siemens)。
地理专业词汇英语翻译(G)gabbro 辉长岩gadolinium 钆gagate 煤精gage line 水位站基准线gage rod 标尺galena 方铅矿galenite 方铅矿gallery forest 长廊林gallium 镓galvanometer 电疗gamete 配子gametophyte 配子体gamma 反差系数gamma radiation 辐射gamma ray activity 射线放射性gamma ray background 射线背景gamma ray detector 射线探测器gamma ray log 射线测井gamma ray spectrometer 射线能谱仪gangue mineral 脉矿物gangue rock 脉岩gaping fault 张开断层garden city 花园城市garigue 常绿矮灌木丛garnet 石榴石garnierite 硅镁镍矿gas 瓦斯gas coal 气煤gas constant 气体常数gas exchange 气体交换gas exchange quotient 气体交换系数gas expansion method 气体膨胀法gas flame coal 长焰炭gas gangrene 气性坏疽gas geochemistry 气体地球化学gas ion 气体离子gas permeability 透气性gas thermometer 气体温度表gaseous inclusion 气体包裹体gasogenic anomaly 气成异常gaussian elimination 高斯消去法gazetteer 地名表gel 凝胶体gel peptization 凝胶分散gelatin 煤gelic cambisols 冰冻始成土gelic gleysols 冰冻潜育土gelic histosols 冰冻有机土gelic planosols 冰冻粘磐土gelic regosols 冰冻粗骨土gemmology 宝石学gene 遗传原质genealogical tree 系统树genealogy 系统general cartography 普通地图学general circulation 总环流大气环流general geochemistry 普通地球化学general map 一览图generalization 综合generalization by the representation of groups 概念综合generalized heat content 热函generation of relief 地形世代genesis 发生genetic factor 遗传因子genetic homogeneity 成因均匀性genetic information 遗传信息genetic profile 发生剖面genetics 遗传学genotype 遗传型gentle breeze 微风gentle slope 缓坡genus 属geoanalysis 地学分析geoanticline 地背斜geobiochemical circulation 地球生物化学循环geobiochemistry 地球生物化学geobotanical control 地植物蝶geobotanical prospecting 地植物勘探geobotanical survey 地植物学甸geobotany 地植物学geocancerology 肿瘤地理学geocentric coordinates 地心坐标geocentric latitude 地心纬度geocentric longitude 地心经度geocentric system 地心系统geocentric system of the universe 地心体系geochemical anomaly 地球化学异常geochemical balance 地球化学平衡geochemical barriers 地球化学障geochemical behavior 地球化学性状geochemical character of the elements 元素的地球化学性质geochemical classification 地球化学分类geochemical control 地球化学的控制geochemical culmination 地球化学的积顶点geochemical cycle of elements 地球化学的元素循环geochemical detailed survey 地球化学详查geochemical differentiation 地球化学分异酌geochemical dispersion 地球化学分散geochemical drainage reconnaissance 地球化学水系普查geochemical drainage survey 水地球化学测量geochemical ecology 地球化学生态学geochemical endemia 地球化学地方病geochemical environment 地球化学环境geochemical exploration 地球化学勘探geochemical facies 地球化学相geochemical gas survey 气体地球化学测量geochemical gradient 地球化学梯度geochemical index 地球化学指数geochemical indicators 地球化学指标geochemical landscape 地球化学景观geochemical leading elements 地球化学标准元素geochemical map 地球化学图geochemical mapping 地球化学填图geochemical migration of elements 地球化学的元素迁移geochemical process 地球化学过程geochemical profile 地球化学剖面geochemical prospecting 地球化学探矿;地球化学勘探geochemical province 地球化学区geochemical recognition 地球化学善查geochemical reconnaissance 地球化学踏勘geochemical relief 地球化学地势geochemical soil survey 土壤地球化学测量geochemical surface 地球化学面geochemical survey 地球化学勘探geochemistry 地球化学geochemistry of individual elements 个别元素地球化学geochemistry of landscape 景观地球化学geochemistry of lithoshere 岩石圈地球化学geochemistry of mineral deposits 矿床地球化学geochemistry of the atmosphere 大气地球化学geochemistry of the heay element 重元素地球化学geochemistry of the hydrosphere 水圈地球化学geochemistry of the soil 土壤地球化学geochronologic scale 地质年代表geochronologic unit 地质年代单位geochronology 地质年代学geochronology of varve clay 纹泥地质年代geochryology 冻土学geocratic periods 大陆扩展期geodesic line 大地线geodesic satellite 测地卫星geodesy 测地学geodetic astronomy 大地天文学geodetic azimuth 大地方位角geodetic base 大地测量基线geodetic chain 控制网geodetic coordinate system 大地坐标系geodetic coordinates 大地坐标geodetic equator 大地赤道geodetic latitude 大地纬度geodetic line 大地线geodetic longitude 大地经度geodetic network 大地控制网geodetic point 大地点geodetic quadrangle 大地四边形geodetic satellite 测地卫星geodetic survey 大地测量geodetic zenith 大地天顶geodetics 测地学geodimeter 光电测距仪geodynamics 地球动力学geoenergetic theory 地球能量论geoflexure 地球褶皱geognosy 地球构造学geographic azimuth 地理方位角geographic coordinate net 地理坐标格网geographic coordinate values 地理坐标值geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic cycle 地理循环geographic data 地理资料geographic data base 地理资料库geographic data handling 地理数据外理geographic elements 地理要素geographic information 地理信息geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic name 地理名称geographic network 地理坐标网geographic north 地理北geographic pathology 地理病理学geographical components 地理成分geographical distribution 地理分布geographical environment 地理环境geographical information system 地理信息系统geographical isolation 地理隔离geographical landscape 地理景观geographical map 地图geographical position 地理位置geographical variation 地理变异geographical vicariad 地理的替代种geographical zonality 地理地带性geographical zonation 地理地带性geographical zone 地理带geography 地理学geohistory 地史学geohydrology 水文地质学geoid 地球体geoidal height 大地水准面高geoisotherm 等地温线geologic barometer 地质压力计geologic column 地质柱状图geologic map 地质图geologic time scale 地质年代表geological aerosurvey 地质航空勘测geological age 地质时代geological column map 地质柱状地图geological cycle 地质回旋geological environment 地质环境geological formation 地质建造geological map of bed rocks 基岩地质图geological profile 地质剖面geological remote sensing 地质遥感geological reserves 地质储量geological structure 地质构造geology 地质学geomagnetic axis 地磁轴geomagnetic latitude 地磁纬度geomagnetic pole 地磁极geomagnetic reversal 地磁反向geomagnetism 地磁geometer 测地仪geometric correction 几何校正geometric distortion 几何畸变geometric generalization 几何综合geometric mean 几何平均geomicrobiological prospecting 地球微生物探矿geomicrobiology 地球微生物学geominating capacity 发芽能力geomorphic contrasts 地貌衬度geomorphic history 地貌发展史geomorphic levels 地貌水准面geomorphologic agent 地貌营力geomorphologic map 地形图geomorphological profile 地貌剖面geomorphological regionalisation 地貌的区域化geomorphology 地形学geonomics 经济地理学geony 地原学geophagia 食土癖geophagy 食土癖geophone 地震检波器geophotogrammetry 地面摄影测量术geophysical prospecting 地球物理勘探geophysics 地球物理学geophysiography 地球学geophyte 地下芽植物geophytes 地下芽植物geopotential 重力势geoscopy 测地学geospheres 陆圈geostationary meteorological satellite 地球静止气象卫星geostationary meteorological satellite system 地球静止气象卫星系统geostationary operational environmental satellite 同步环境实用卫星geostationary orbit 地球静止轨道geostationary satellite 地球静止卫星geostratigraphy 全球地层学geostrophic current 地转风气流geostrophic wind 地转风geosuture 地缝合线geosynclinal area 地槽区geosynclinal belt 地槽带geosynclinal system 地槽系geosyncline 地槽geotechnical system 地质工学系geotechnics 土工学geotechnological regionalization 地学工程技术区划geotectonic geology 大地构造地质学geotectonic map 大地构造图geotectonics 构造地质学geotecture 大地构造geothermal gradient 地温梯度geothermal remote sensing 地热遥感geothermal well 地热井坑geothermy 地热geotropism 向地性germ 萌芽german measles 风疹germanium 锗germicide 杀菌剂germinating ability 发芽能力germination 发芽geyser 间歇泉geyserite 硅华ghost echo 回波giant's kettle 瓯穴giantism 巨人症gibbsite 三水铝矿gigantism 巨人症gilgai 粘土小洼地gismondite 多水高岭土glacial 冰河的glacial amphitheater 粒雪盆glacial anticyclone 冰原反气旋glacial cycle 冰川旋回glacial denudation 冰蚀glacial deposit 冰川沉积glacial erosion 冰蚀glacial erosion cycle 冰蚀轮回glacial erosion lake 冰蚀湖glacial flora 冰川植物群glacial forms of relief 冰川地形glacial geology 冰川地质学glacial lake 冰川湖glacial moulin 冰川磨glacial period 冰纪glacial polish 冰川磨片glacial pot hole 冰川穴glacial scratches 冰川擦痕glacial stage 冰川期glacial stairway 冰蚀谷阶梯glacial steps 冰蚀谷阶梯glacial stream 冰河glacial stria 冰川擦痕glacial till 冰碛物glacial trough 冰川槽glacial valley 冰蚀谷glacial valley lake 冰蚀谷湖glaciated shelf 冰成陆架glaciation 冻结成冰glaciation boundary 冰蚀边界glacier 冰川glacier bed 冰河床glacier breeze 冰川风glacier cave 冰川洞glacier fall 冰瀑glacier fissures 冰川裂隙glacier ice 冰川冰glacier milk 冰川乳浆glacier outburst flood 冰川崩溃glacier table 冰桌glacier tongue 冰舌glacio isostasy 冰川地壳均衡;冰河地壳均衡glacioclimatology 冰河气候学glaciology 冰川学glamyrolysis 海解酌glance coal 辉煤gland 腺glass electrode 玻璃电极glass eraser 玻璃丝毛刷glassy lustre 玻璃光泽glassy texture 玻质结构glauberite 钙芒硝glauconite 海绿石glauconitic sand 海绿石砂glazed frost 冻雨glei 潜育gley 潜育gley alluvial brown soil 潜育棕色冲积土gley barrier 潜育壁垒gley horizon 潜育层gley like paddy soil 潜育状水稻土gley like podzol 潜育状灰壤gley podzolic soils 潜育灰壤gley soil 潜育土gleyed forest soil 潜育化森林土gleyed paddy soil 潜育水稻土gleyic acrisols 潜育强淋溶土gleyic andosols 潜育暗色土gleyic cambisols 潜育始成土gleyic chernozems 潜育黑钙土gleyic fluvisols 潜育冲积土gleyic greyzems 潜育灰色森林土gleyic luvisol 潜育淋溶土gleyic phaiozems 潜育黑土gleyic podzols 潜育灰壤gleyic podzoluvisols 潜育灰化土gleyic solochaks 潜育盐土gleyic solonetz 潜育碱土gleying process 潜育gleysols 潜育土gleyzation 潜育gliding 滑动global climate 世界气候global environment 全球环境global geomorphology 全球地貌学global pollution 全球污染global radiation 环球辐射global remote sensing 全球遥感global satellite system 全球卫星系统globe 地球仪globe ligthning 球状闪电globigerina ooze 抱球虫软泥globular jointing 球状节理globular projection 全球投影glossaqualf 舌状白土潮淋溶土glossic chernozems 舌状黑钙土glossudalf 舌状土湿淋溶土glowing cloud 鲜光云glucose 葡萄糖glycolysis 糖解glycophyte glykiphyte 淡土植物glyptogenesis 地形雕塑酌gneiss 片麻岩gneissic schistosity 片麻理gneissose granite 片麻状花岗岩gnomonic projection 球心投影goethite 针铁矿gold deposit 金矿床gold ore 金矿golets 秃峰goniometer 测角仪goniometric network 测角网gonochorism 雌雄异体good tilth 良好耕性goods traffic 货流gorge 峡谷gossan 铁帽gouge clay 脉壁泥gout 痛风graben 地堑graben valley 断块谷gradation 分级grade 等级graded bedding 序粒层graded bench 均衡阶地graded coasts 夷海岸graded colors 梯度色调graded river 均衡河流graded sediments 分级沉积gradient 梯度gradient coupling 梯度耦合gradient currents 坡降流gradient wind 梯度风gradiometer 重力梯度仪graduated symbol 不依比例尺等级符号graduation 分划grain 微粒grain aphid 谷类蚜虫grain crops 谷类罪grain size 粒子大小grain size distribution curve 粒度分布曲线grain size distribution of soil 土壤粒径分配graining 磨砂目grains of ice 冻雨gram atom 克原子gram equivalent 克当量gram molecule 克分子gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性细菌gram positive bacteria 革兰氏阳性细菌gram staining method 革兰氏染色法gramineae 禾本科grance coal 光亮型煤镜煤granite gneiss dome 花岗片麻岩穹丘granite layer 花岗质岩层granite pegmatite 花岗伟晶岩granite porphyry 花岗斑岩granite sand 花岗岩砂粒granitic subsoil 花岗岩发育的心土granitic texture 花岗状结构granitite 黑云花岗岩granitization 花岗岩化granodiorite 花岗闪长岩granodolerite 花岗粗玄岩granophyre 花斑岩granosyenite 花岗正长岩granular aggregate 团粒状团聚体granular structure 粒状结构granular variation 粒度变异granularity 粒度granulated fertilizer 颗粒肥料granulation 粒化酌granule 团粒granule roundstone 粒状圆石granulometric composition 颗粒组成graph 图表graphic adjustment 图解平差graphic data base 图形数据库graphic display 图形显示graphic index of the maps 地图一览表graphic resection 图解后方交会graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic texture 文象结构graphical enlargement 图解放大graphometer 测角器grass heathland 丛草原grass marsh pine forest 草本沼泽松林grass minimum temperature 最低地面温度grass moor 沼泽草原grass pine forest 草本松林grass savanna 禾草稀噬草原grass sod 草皮grass spruce forest 草云杉林grasses 禾本种grassland 草地grassland establishment 建成草地grassland in the forest 林中草地grassland science 草地生态学grassland survey 草地甸grassy bog 禾草沼泽graticule 地理坐标网graticule intersections 经纬网交点graticule plate 制图格网版graticule templete 制图格网展绘模片graticule ticks 经纬网延伸短线grating 光栅grating constant 光栅常数grating equation 光栅方程grating spectrograph 光栅光谱仪gravel 砾gravel ground 砾质土gravel layer 砾石层gravel soil 砾质土gravelly loam 砾质壤土graver 刻刀gravimertrical geodesy 大地重力测量学gravimeter 重力仪gravimetric analysis 重量分析gravimetry 重力测量学gravitation 引力gravitational anomaly 重力异常gravitational constant 引力常数gravitational differentiation 重力分异gravitational geomorphology 重力地貌gravitational potential 重力势gravitational prospecting 重力勘探gravitational water 重力水gravitational wave 重力波gravitative differentiation 重力分异gravity 重力gravity acceleration 重力加速度gravity anomaly belt 重力异常带gravity constant 重力常数gravity dam 重力坝gravity disturbance 重力扰动gravity field 重力场gravity field of the earth 地球重力场gravity flow 重力流gravity folds 重力褶皱gravity gliding 重力滑动gravity gradient 重力梯度gravity ground water 地下重力水gravity measurement 重力测定gravity measurement at sea 海上重力测量gravity point 重力点gravity potential 重力势gravity prospecting 重力勘探gravity reduction 重力归算gravity slope 重力坡gravity solution 重液gravity spring 重力泉gravity tectonics 重力构造gray brown desert soil 灰棕漠境土;灰棕色荒漠土gray brown forest soil 灰棕色森林土gray brown podzolic soil 灰棕色灰化土gray cinnamonic soil 灰褐土gray desert soil 灰钙土gray desert steppe soil 灰漠草原土gray ferruginous soil 灰色铁质土gray forest gley soil 潜育灰色森林土gray forest soil 灰色森林土gray humic acid 灰色胡敏酸gray level distribution 灰度分布gray level resolution 灰度分辨率gray scale 灰度等级;灰度标gray solodic soil 灰色脱碱土gray warp soil 灰色冲积土graywacke 杂砂岩grayzems 灰色森林土grazing 放牧grazing capacity 载畜量grazing district 牧区grazing land 牧地grazing season 放牧季节greasy lustre 脂肪光泽great ice age 大冰期great soil group 土类green algae 绿藻类green fooder 青饲料green index number 绿色指数值green manure 绿肥green moss 青苔green mud 绿泥green pigment 绿色色素green revolution 绿色革命green rock 绿色岩green schist 绿色片岩green sulfur bacteria 绿色硫黄细菌greenhouse 温室greenhouse effect 温室效应greenland high 格陵兰高压greenschist facies 绿色片岩相greenstone 绿岩greenwich meridian 格林尼治子午线gregariousness 群集度greisen 云英岩griblet 思grid 格网grid bearing 坐标象限角grid convergence 子午线收敛角grid coordinates 平面直角坐标grid data 网格点数据grid line 坐标格网线grid map 网格地图grid north 格网北grid reference 参考坐标格网grid square 坐标方格grid ticks 格网标记grit 粗砂岩gritty soil 砂砾质土grobal environment 全球环境groove 小沟gross production 总产量gross productivity 总生产能力ground 地面ground avalanche 地崩ground coefficient 地基系数ground control center 地面控制中心ground control point 地面控制点ground cover 死地被物ground drain 地下排水ground fog 低雾ground humidity 土壤湿度ground ice 底冰ground layer 贴地层ground level 地面高程ground moistening 地下湿润ground moraine 冰底碛ground photogrammetry 地面摄影测量ground pressure 地压ground range resolution 地距分辨率ground receiving station 地面接收站ground resolution 地面分辨率ground return 地面反射ground survey 地面测量ground temperature 地面温度ground truth data 地面实况数据ground truth investigation 地面实况甸ground truth sites 地面实况点ground vegetation 地面植被ground vegetation cover 地面植被ground visibility 地面能见度ground water 潜水ground water budget 地下水平衡ground water cascade 地下水跌差ground water depth 地下水深度ground water divide 地下分水界ground water lateritic soil 潜水砖红壤性土ground water level 地下水位ground water occurrence 地下水赋友存条件ground water paddy soil 地下水水稻土ground water podsol soil 潜育灰化土ground water podzol 潜水灰壤ground water pollution 地下水污染ground water recharge 地下水补给ground water reservoir 地下水库ground water run off 地下径流ground water soil 潜水土壤ground water spring 潜水泉ground water storage 地下水储量ground water surface 地下水面ground water table 地下水位groundmass 石基groundwater 地下水groundwater pollution 地下水污染groundwater recession 地下水位下降groundwater runoff 地下径流group 群group reaction 组反应group synchronization 群同步grouping 分组grove 小林growing delta 生长三角洲growing point 生长点growing season 生长期growth 生长growth curve 生长曲线growth factor 生长因子growth information 长势信息growth regulator 生长第物质growth ring 生长轮growth substance 生长物质grubbing 挖除伐根gruenerite 铁闪石guanite 鸟粪石guano 鸟粪guidance 制导guide copy 底图guide elements 旨元素guide fossil 标准化石gulch 冲沟gulf 海湾gully erosion 挖深浸蚀gullying 沟道下切gum tree forest 桉村林gust 阵风gust frequency 阵风频率gustiness 阵性gutenberg discontinuity 古登堡间断面guttation 吐水gymnosperms 裸子植物gypsic horizon 石膏层gypsic xerosols 石膏干旱土gypsic yermosols 石膏漠境土gypsophil 喜石膏植物gypsophilous plants 喜石膏植物gypsophyte 石膏植物gypsum crust 石膏结壳gypsum salt series 石膏盐分系列gypsuming 施用石膏gyre 环流gyro 陀螺仪gyrocompass 回转罗盘gyrostat 回转稳定器gyrotheodolite 陀螺经纬仪gyttja 腐殖泥。
广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。
