英美概况美国部分第四章

《英美概况》讲稿——美国部分美国部分.........................................................第一章美国地理位置Geography................第二章美国人口种族Population，Race and Ethnic groups................第三章美国历史（一）American History(I)................第四章美国历史（二）American History(II)................第五章美国历史（三）American History(III)................第六章美国经济The Economy................第七章政治制度Political institution................第八章美国教育Education................第九章文化建筑和音乐Literature, Architecture and Music................第十章节日和假期Holidays and Festivals美国部分.........................................................第十三章美国地理位置Geography................第十四章美国人口种族Population，Race and Ethnic groups................第十五章美国历史（一）American History(I)................第十六章美国历史（二）American History(II)................第十七章美国历史（三）American History(III)................第十八章美国经济The Economy................第十九章政治制度Political institution................第二十章美国教育Education................第二十一章文化建筑和音乐Literature, Architecture and Music ................第二十二章节日和假期Holidays and Festivals英美概况精讲——美国部分Chapter 1 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American. Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。

Vocabulary:Unit Four: Political InstitutionsFederalism 联邦制；联邦主义Separation of powers 三权分立Judiciary review 司法复核Checks and balances n. 政府机关彼此之间的相互制衡Limited government 有限政府Electoral College总统选举团（由各州选举人选出的538名选举人组成的选举团履行选举总统和副总统职责）Primary election （美）初选；预选General election 大选；普选Allegiance 效忠；拥护；忠贞第一节General PrinciplesGrants-in-aid资助款为支持某计划的赠款(中央给地方的)拨款,补助金The Articles of Confederation十三州邦联宪法（美国第一部宪法）邦联条例联邦条例邦联条款联合会的章程细则Framers 制宪者；策划者Avert 避免，防止；转移Supreme national courtVest 授予；使穿衣；归属Mixed government混合政体，混合政府Oligarchical adj.寡头政治的，主张寡头政治的Excesses n.超过( excess的名词复数)；过度；放肆行为；越轨行为第二节The American System of GovernmentLegitimacy 合法；合理；正统Delaware 特拉华州（美国东部）Secretary 秘书；书记；部长；大臣Chief justice 首席法官，法院院长；审判长Associate justice 助理法官，副大法官Federal courts of appeal 联邦上诉法院Straight ticket 全部投给同一政党候选人的选票judicial review 司法审查；复审；司法复核Discord不和；不调和；嘈杂声第三节Political Parties and Political ElectionsParty program 党纲Be obligated to 对…负有责任V oting registration 选举登记Registration law 注册法，登记法VocabularyWASP bbr. 盎格鲁撒克逊系的白人新教徒（White Anglo-Saxon Protestant）White ethnics 白种人Asian Americans 亚裔美国人Hispanic 西班牙裔Descent 血统Dutch 荷兰人Czech 捷克人Ethnics 人种学Hail vi.下冰雹；如冰雹般地降下∙Pick up 捉出；∙捡起；∙拾到；∙恢复活力In the wake of 随着…而来After a fashion勉强，不很好∙勉强；∙多少还；∙不太好；∙依葫芦画瓢Demography 人口统计学Caucasian 白种人；高加索人None the less 依然By the same token 同样地；出于同样原因Cookery 烹调术；烹调业The other way round 相反Cross-fertilization 异花受粉，异花受精∙Ultimate power 根本权利；∙无穷的力量Indentured 受契约束缚的Outlaw 宣布…为不合法Intimidate 恐吓；威胁；胁迫NAACP 全国有色人种协进会In full retreat 前线溃退Entertainer 演义人员；表演者De facto （法）实际上Poles 波兰人Dismantle 拆除；取消；解散Social sphere 社会圈HaitiBahamas 巴哈马群岛Denote 表示；指示Puerto Rico 波多黎各Puerto Ricans 波多黎各人Cleveland 克利夫兰（美国城市）Miami 迈阿密（美国美国佛罗里达州东南部港市）Patrol 巡逻队Harass 使困扰On the assumption that 假设Alien 外国人Attainment 成就Chicano <西>墨西哥裔美国人；(C-)奇卡诺人（即墨西哥裔美国人）Stratification层理；成层Retention 保留Identifiability 可识别性；可辨认性Rival 比得上某人；与…竞争。

英美概况美国篇一、概况1.50 StatesIts forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.2.Races and Population在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。

3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度）3.The Composition of American Population1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, suchas France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potatofamine2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: thenumber of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;TheHispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America,such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous amongthem);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;Morethan a millionChinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and insome big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there duringthe Second World War and achieved great success in America.3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over theworld have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: cameto America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The ImmigrationQuota Law was passed by the American government in 1924.二、Early History1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thusdiscovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”)2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English coloniescame to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia.3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouthon a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule”4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance ofeducation5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of thePlymouth Colony.三、American Revolutionary1.The 13 English colonies in America1)The New England Colonies: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, RhodeIsland, and Connecticut.2)The Middle Colonies: New Y ork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland3)The Southern Colonies: Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia 2.“Common Sense”Thomas Paine: “Common Sense” .The pamphlet demanded complete independence from Great Britain and the establishment of a strong federal union.Within a few months reached a total of 120,000 copies.3.The founding fathers of US1)George Washington“Father of the Country”.First, he was the commander of the ContinentalArmy that won American independence in the Revolutionary War.Second, heserved as president of the convention that wrote the United StatesConstitution.Third, he was elected the first President of the United States.Inthe European war, he declared that the United States would remain neutral.2)John Adams(A federalist)The Alien and Sedition Acts:made it a crime for anyone to publish “false,scandalous, and malicious writing” about the government and its officials,and gave the president to deport any foreigners considered dangerous to thenation’s peace and safety.The real purpose: to silence the Democratic-Republican and check their growing power.The Acts made theFederalists very unpopular, who were defeated in the election of 1800 anddisappeared from political scene some 15 years later.3)Benjamin FranklinThe most famous American of the 18th century and one of the most famousand influential Americans who have ever lived.A greatest statesman, scientist, philosopher, diplomat.His services as a diplomat in France helped greatly inwinning the Revolutionary War.Franklin was the only person who signed allthe four of the most important documents in American history:TheDeclaration of Independence;The Treaty of Alliance with France;The Treatyof Peace with Great Britain;The Constitution of the United States.4)HamiltonHamilton’s contribution:Established a governmental-supported nationalbank;Created a new series of gold, silver, and coppercoins;Raised money bya tax on the manufacture of whiskey.5)JeffersonJeffersonian Presidency:The first Democratic-Republican President,“a bornpopular leader”.His inauguration marked the beginning of the peacefulpolitical transition from one political party to another in America.Jeffersonian Democracy:Jefferson advocated a nation of small farmers.Thenational government should be weak and be an advocate of individualrights.A truly democratic statesmanHe favored: “absolute acquiescence inthe decisions of the majority” ;He opposed:“every f orm of tyranny over themind of man.6)John Quincy Adamsthe Monroe Doctrine's chief author;the sixth President of the UnitedStates;the son of John Adams and Abigail Adams.As a diplomat, Adams wasinvolved in many international negotiations, and helped formulate theMonroe Doctrine as Secretary of State. Historians agree he was one of thegreatest diplomats in American history. Encouraged industry.7)“Virginia Dynasty”(Virginians, Democratic-Republicans)Thomas JeffersonJames Madison: “the Father of Constitution”.James Monroe (1817- 1825)“The Era of Good Feeling”: its relative peace, unity, and optimism about thefuture; nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine:“America for Americans”;“the manifestation of anunfriendly disposition toward the United States”.James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of theUnion Address to Congress. It stated that further efforts by Europeancountries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would beviewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring USintervention.The Influences of Monroe Doctrine:It became a defining moment in theforeign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets,invoked by U.S. presidents, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, John F.Kennedy, and others.4.Independence War1)The Causes of the War:The sharpening contradictions between Britain andthe colonies;The Unity of the colonies.2)Before the Independence War:1630 Boston was founded by a group of Puritans.1636 Harvard was founded.1682 Philadelphia was founded.1701 Detroit was founded by French.Y ale was founded.1733 Georgia, the last of thirteen English colonies, was founded.Spanish,French, Dutch and English colonists,only the English established permanentagricultural colonies(Religious reason;Economic reason).1765 The Stamp Act was passed.1766 The Stamp Act was repealed.1770 The Boston Massacre took place.1773 There appeared the event of the Boston Tea Party.1774 The first Continental Congress was held.3)Progress of the War(Time: 1775-1783):1775 Minute Men of Lexington and Concord counterattacked the invadingEnglish troops, marking the preclude of Independence War on April.Thesecond continental congress was called in May.The Battle of Bunker Hilltook place on June 17th(The bloodiest battle of the entire war;During thesecond Continental Congress;More than 1000 British soldiers and about 400Americans were killed or wounded).The delegates decided to resist, by forceif necessary; they asked King George III to prevent further hostile action byGreat Britain, to restore the peaceful relation.1776 The Declaration of Independence was signed andissued.The Battle ofTrenton took place.1777 The Battle of Saratoga took place, which marked the turning point ofthe war.It stopped the British invasion from Canada, and saved the NewEngland colonies.It helped convince France that it could safely enter the waron the American sideAfter the Americans’ victory at Saratoga, France agreedto enter into an open alliance with the United States.Americans benefitedfrom the direct assistance of a number of foreign volunteers like the Marquisde Lafayette.1778 The Battle of Monmouth took place on June 28th, which was the lastlarge battle in the North.1781 General Cornwallis and his 7000 men surrendered at Y orktown on Oct.19th, which was the real end of the war.1783 Paris Peace Treaty was signed between America and England on Sep.3rd.The last of the British left America.The War in the South：Victory at Y orktown in 1781: ended fighting in theRevolution and virtually assured success to the American cause.4)The Articles of Confederation《邦联条例》Adopted by Congress in 1777, and taken into effect in1781.The Articlesserved as the new nation’s const itution until the first government under theConstitution of the United States was formed in 1789.The Articles attemptedto balance the need for an effective national government with the traditionalindependence of each state.5)The Treaty of Paris1782 Parliament voted to end hostilities and begin peace talks.1783 TheAmericans and the British signed the Treaty of Paris, officially ending theRevolutionary War.Britain recognized the independence of its formercolonies and accepted the new nation’s borders.6)Postwar ProblemsNot a truly unified country.According to the Article of the Confederation, thefirst thirteen states were determined to have a weak national government.The federal governmentUnable to pay the high national debtLacked the means for raising money to provide for national defenseHad no power to regulate the nation’s tradeRevising the Article of the Confederation became an urgent issue.5.Constitutional Convention 17871787 The Constitutional Convention was called.12 States,except for Rhode Island,55 delegates, Philadelphia’s Independence Hall.Washington, was chosen aschairman.Benjamin Franklin helped ease some of the difficulties among the other delegates.1)Debates in Constitutional ConventionNorthern states:Strengthen the power of the federal government;Favoredprotective tariffs and free labor.Southern states:Protect the rights of states and demand a weak centralgovernment;Preferred low tariffs and slavery2)Controversy Over RepresentativesSmall states:demanded equal representation with large statesLarge states:argued for proportional representation reflecting the populationof each state3)CompromiseHouse of Representatives:in proportion to the population of the statesSenate:two representatives each from both the large and the small states4)The new Constitution was born on September 17, 1787, after 16 weeks ofdeliberation.Basic Ideas of the Constitution:Separation of powersChecks-and-balancesFederalismThe Bill of RightsTo restrict the central government and assure individual rights, 10Amendments were added to the document and became law in 1791.These ten amendments guaranteed individual freedom of speech, religion, thepress, the right to trial by jury, the right to bear arms, the right to securityfrom unreasonable searches and seizures and the right to avoidself-determination四、American Politics1. The election of American presidentThe President is elected by an Electoral College.In 1789, the Electoral College unanimously chose George Washington to be the first American president.2. The First Political PartiesA political division: appeared between those who favored a strong federalgovernment and those who opposed it.Federalist Party: Hamilton and his followers, chiefly NorthernersDemocratic-Republican Party: Jefferson and his followers, chiefly Southerners 3. Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalist Party:favored a strong federal government and the interests of commerce and manufacturing over agriculture, and the new government on a sound financial basis.The Federalist Party generally backed Britain in The conflicts between France and Britain.Democratic-Republican Party:A weak central government;Sided with France; The present-day Democratic Party4. The principles of governmentThe government derives its power from the consent of the governed.The power of government must be limited by a fundamental law, the Constitution.The government should be granted adequate power for achieving its appropriate purpose.5. FederalismFederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.The federal government and the state governments are equal before the U.S.Constitution.Hamilton vs JeffersonIn 1790, the Federalist political party, lead by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong federal government, which is where the name came from.The Democratic-Republicans, or the Republican political party today, lead by Thomas Jefferson, believed in a weak federal government6. The power of federal governmentThe federal government is granted the power to deal with problems which no single state could deal with effectively.To coin moneyTo tax importsTo raise an army for national defenceTo manage foreign affairsTo take care of the general welfare of the American people To deal with the problems concerning more than two states7. Check-and-balance systemTo prevent one branch from becoming supreme, and to induce the branches to cooperate, governance systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches.8. United States: Government Structure1)Constitution:three branches of American government and the functions ofthemExecutive Branch——President:Cabinet of Advisors;Heads of Major Government AgenciesThe Executive（The federal government refers to the branches as "branches of government", while some systems use "government" to describe the executive.）The President（The President is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The President, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed," and "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution."）The Vice President（Under the Constitution, the Vice President is President of the Senate.）The Secretary of State（The Secretary of State is the Chief Executive Officerof the United States Department of State, the most senior of all federal executive departments.The Secretary serves as the President's chief adviser on U.S. foreign policy.）Legislative Branch——Congress:House ofRepresentatives;SenateJudicial Branch——Supreme Court:9members2)State Governments:The United States was originally made up of 13English-American colonies.All the 50 states, which each represented by a star on the national flag, are “united”under the Constitution.The task of the state governmentTo look after the well-being of the residents and protect their natural rights.State assemblyGovernorIts own system of law courts3)Local governments:American local governments are not controlled by thefederal government, but by the state government.五、Expansion and Progress1. The Louisiana Purchase(One of Jefferson’s greatest achievements)Background:French control of Louisiana as a danger to the United States For the benefit of American agriculture and commerce by developing the Louisiana TerritoryThe action doubled the size of the United States.2. Lewis and Clark ExpeditionTime: 1804Target: the northern part of the Louisiana PurchaseAchievement:provided valuable information about the Indians, flora and fauna, the geography in the Western territory;gave the United States claim to the land to the Pacific Ocean.3. The Unsuccessful EmbargoDuring Jefferson’s second term, problems from the war between Great Britain and France arose.Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, which made it illegal for American goods to be exported to foreign countries.The embargo failed to bring about any change in British or French policy and became a disaster for the American economy.On the other side, it aroused indignation among Americans.4. The War of 1812(“Second War for Independence” )The British which had a strong navy continued to interfere with U.S. ships, force American seamen into British service, and violate the nation’s n eutral rights and coastal waters.In 1812 President Madison asked congress to declare war against Britain.the Treaty of Ghent:The war continued indecisively for nearly three years.Both sides agreed to the Treaty of Ghent (《根特和平条约》) on December 24, 1814, which brought peace and established a commission to settle boundary disputes.The Effects of the War of 1812Neither side won the War of 1812, but the war did have important effects on the United States:it increased national patriotism and helped to unite the United States into one nation;it practically ended Indian resistance in the Northwest and encouraged rapid settlement of the region.5. The Westward Movement1)Two frontiersThe west of early United States, the region between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River. (Texas) The Great West (Far West), stretching from the MississippiRiver to the Pacific Ocean, can be subdivided into two sections: the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific coast.(California)2)PioneersDaniel Boone:the most famous pioneerWilderness Road: became a main route to the West for thousands of settlersPioneers included Easterners from both the North and South, and Europe.For seeking a better life, or in search of religious freedom3)Indians(“Trail of Tears”)As white people moved westward, native Americans east of the Mississippi River suffered a great deal.4)The Age of JacksonAndrew Jackson was a dominant figure of the early 19th century.He won fame as an Indian fighter and as a hero in the War of 1812.He was born into a poor family who lived in a log cabin.He gained support from Western farmers, frontiersmen, city laborers and craftmen.“Jacksonian Democracy”This term is used to describe the reforms and reform movements of the period from 1828 to 1850.He carried out the policy of equal political power for all, so by the end of the era, the United States was a more democratic nation than it had been before.The Rise of “Common man”President Jackson promised to end th e “monopoly” of government by the rich and to protect the interests of the “common man”.In order to protect the interests of the“common man”, Jackson launched a major crusade against the Second National Bank of the United States.The Rise of Middle ClassIn Jacksonian era, the majority of common men found opportunities in the relatively fluid society to achieve material success, as in those that preceded and followed it, established “middle class”respectability.The Start of Spoil SystemWhen Jackson became President, many wealthy Easterners held federalgovernment offices. Jackson dismissed many of these people from office, replacing them with his supporters.The spoil system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters asa reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working forthe party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.Two New Parties :Two new parties took form during the age of Jackson.Democratic Party: under the leadership of JacksonNational Republicans(the Whigs): those who supported John Qunicy AdamsIndian removalThe most controversial aspect of Jackson's presidency was his policy regarding American Indians, which involved the ethnic cleansing of several Indian tribes.Many tribes and portions of tribes had been removed to Arkansas Territory and further west of the Mississippi River without the suffering and tragedies ofwhat later became known as the Trail of Tears.六、The American Civil War1.The North vs the South(Two-party system :Republican Party and DemocraticParty)The political conflict between the North and the SouthRepublican Party Founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party.It first came to power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency; it presided over the American Civil War and Reconstruction.The North had more people, more raw materials for producing war supplies, anda better railway system.The South had more experienced military leaders and better knowledge of the battlefields because most of the war was fought in the South.2.Major Events About the Civil War1852 The novel entitled “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”was published.1854 The Republican Party was founded.Douglas Bill was introduced.1859 John Brown led the slaves’treason.1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president.(Abraham Lincoln:As one of the greatest man in world history, and the most respected presidents in American history.Lincoln helped keep the American Union together during the Civil War and abolished slavery in the United States.A perfect example of a self-made man: how an honest and hardworking man in America can rise fromhumble origin to the nation’s highest office.)1861 The south Confederate Government was set up and the Civil War broke out.1862 The Homestead Bill was issued in May.(Homestead Bill 《宅地法》:The Homestead Act was one of several United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres (1/4 section, 65 hectares) ofundeveloped federal land outside the original 13 colonies. The original Homestead Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.)The Emancipation Proclamation was issued up on Sep. 22nd.(The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply.) 1863 The Battle of Gettysburg took place and it was the turning point of the Civil War.(Gettysburg Address:The speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the best-known speeches in United States history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.)1865 The South surrendered and the Civil War ended.President Lincoln was assassinated.(On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln attended a performance at Ford’s Theater in Washington. A Southern actor named John Wilkes Booth shot the President in the head from the rear of thepresidential box.)3.Negative Effects of the Civil War1)The four years of bloody fighting between the North and South hadstaggering effects on the nation.2)About 360,000 Union troops and perhaps 260,000 Confederate troops died;no other war in American history has taken so many American lives.3)It caused enormous property damage, especially in the South where manySouthern cities, towns, plantations, factories and railroads lay in ruin.4.人物1)John Brown:an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armedinsurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacrein 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid atHarpers Ferry in 1859.Brown has been called "the most controversial of all19th-century Americans." Brown's actions are often referred to as "patriotictreason", depicting both sides of the argument2)General Robert Edward Lee:among the most celebrated generals inAmerican history He is best known for commanding the Confederate Armyof Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.3)General Ulysses Grant:the 18th President of the United States (1869–77) aswell as military commander during the Civil War and post-warReconstruction periods. Under the command of Grant, the Union Army4)Andrew Johnson:President Lincoln had announced his plan that was mild andgenerous to the South.When Johnson succeeded Lincoln and becamePresident, he tried to carry out Lincoln’s policy, but the radicals in Congressrejected his Reconstruction programs.The House of Representativesimpeached Johnson, but the Senate was one vote short of the two-thirdsmajority required to remove him from office.5.Reconstruction(1865-1877)The period in the United States history that followed the Civil WarThe process through which the South returned to the Union after their defeat.A time of bitter political quarrels and disappointed hopes1)Economic and Political ReconstructionReconstruction failed to solve the economic problem of either the blacks orthe South as a whole.Politically, Reconstruction made most Southerner whites firm supporters ofthe Democratic Party.No Racial Harmony:Reconstruction failed to bring racialharmony to theSouth.White Southerners remained loyal to their old social order andbelieved whites were superior to blacks, refused to share important politicalpower with blacks.2)Ku Klux Klan (KKK)Three distinct past and present right-wing US organizations. The currentmanifestation is splintered into several chapters and is widely considered ahate group. The first KKK flourished in the South in the 1860s, then died outby the early 1870s. The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early andmid 1920s, and adopted the costumes and paraphernalia of the first Klan. Thethird Klan emerged after World War II. Their iconic white costumesconsisted of robes, masks, and conical hats.3)“the Negro question”As the North gradually lost interest in Reconstruction and “the Negroquestion”, Southern whites regained control of their state governments andtook away many of the rights that blacks had won during Reconstruction.Bythe early 20th century, every Southern state had passed laws limiting votingrights. Such laws effectively prevented most blacks fromvoting.4)Confederate States into UnionCongress insisted that the Confederate States agree to follow all federal lawsbefore being readmitted to the Union.Between 1860 and 1870, all theConfederate States eventually met various requirements and all returned tothe Union by 1870.5)Constitutional AmendmentsThe 13th Amendment (1865) to the Constitution outlawed slavery throughoutthe United States.The 14th Amendment (1868) confirmed the citizenship of blacks.The 15th Amendment (1870) made it illegal to deny the right to vote on thebasis of race.6)Public schoolsSignificant achievement of the Reconstruction government was theestablishment of the first public school systems in the most states of theSouth.African Americans and white Republicans joined to build education atthe state level.But most schools attracted white students by educating blacksand whites seperately.七、America In the Twentieth Century1.World War Ⅰ。

英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

《英美概况教案》课件第一章：英国地理与文化1.1 英国地理位置与气候英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。

英国气候温和，多雨，四季分明。

1.2 英国政治体系英国是一个君主立宪制国家，拥有国王或女王作为国家元首。

英国议会由两院组成：下议院和上议院，下议院议员由民众选举产生。

1.3 英国教育体系英国教育体系分为小学、中学和大学三个阶段。

英国大学以其悠久的历史和优秀的教学质量闻名于世。

1.4 英国文化特色英国文化源远流长，拥有丰富的文学、戏剧、音乐和艺术传统。

英国人注重礼仪和传统，喜欢下午茶和足球等体育活动。

第二章：美国地理与文化2.1 美国地理位置与气候美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接加拿大，南界墨西哥。

美国气候多样，北部寒冷，南部炎热，西部海岸湿润，中西部干旱。

2.2 美国政治体系美国是一个联邦制国家，由50个州组成，拥有总统作为国家元首。

美国国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议员由州议会选举产生，众议员由民众选举产生。

2.3 美国教育体系美国教育体系分为小学、中学、高中和大学四个阶段。

美国大学以其多样性和创新性著称，拥有世界上最多的大学排名前100的名校。

2.4 美国文化特色美国文化多元且开放，拥有丰富的音乐、电影、科技和体育传统。

美国人注重个人主义和自由，喜欢户外活动、运动和社交聚会。

第三章：英国经济概况3.1 英国经济简述英国是发达国家之一，拥有强大的经济实力和先进的技术产业。

英国经济以服务业为主，特别是金融服务业在全球具有重要地位。

3.2 英国主要产业英国拥有发达的制造业，包括汽车、航空、制药等行业。

英国科技产业发展迅速，特别是在、生物科技等领域。

3.3 英国经济政策英国政府采取自由市场经济政策，鼓励企业创新和发展。

英国是欧盟成员国，与欧盟其他国家有着紧密的经济合作关系。

3.4 英国与他国的经济关系英国与美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等英语国家有着密切的经济合作关系。

英美概况第四版上册课后练习题含答案简介《英美概况》是一本全面介绍英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济和社会现象的教材。

第四版上册是其最新版本，为了帮助读者更好地掌握教材内容，本文主要介绍了《英美概况》第四版上册的课后练习题及其答案。

课后练习题第一章马恩列斯主义的世界影响1.为什么20世纪初期，马克思主义在俄国和中国得到了很多支持者？答案：在俄国和中国，工业化程度较低，社会阶级结构明显，人民处于经济和政治上的不利地位，马克思主义提供了一种解释和改变社会状况的思想和方法，因此在这些国家得到了很多支持者。

2.马恩列斯主义的三个基本组成部分是什么？答案：哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义是马克思主义的三个基本组成部分。

第二章英美宪政制度的深层问题1.英美宪政制度的两个特点是什么？答案：一是权力均衡制度的实行，二是国家最高权力代表制度的实行。

2.英国议会制度的基本形式是什么？答案：英国议会制度的基本形式是下院和上院的双院制。

第三章英国的政治体系及其现状1.请简要介绍英国两大主要政党的区别。

答案：英国两大主要政党是保守党和工党。

保守党主张经济自由主义、传统价值观和强硬外交政策，工党主张社会民主主义、平等和国际主义。

2.英国各地区的议员数目是不同的，为什么？答案：英国根据各地区的人口数确定议员数目，保证各地区在议会中的代表权重相当。

第四章美国的政治体系及其现状1.美国总统、参议员和众议员的任期分别是多久？答案：美国总统任期为4年，参议员任期为6年，众议员任期为2年。

2.美国政治体系中的分权制度是什么？答案：美国政治体系中的分权制度是各州与中央政府之间权力的分立和制衡，各州政府在一定范围内有独立的权力。

结语以上是《英美概况》第四版上册的部分课后练习题及其答案。

本文仅供参考，读者们可以通过这些练习题，更好地掌握教材的内容。

来安⽅《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题（含考研真题）详解-美国第⼀章⾄第四章【圣才出品】第2卷（美国）第1章总括1.1复习笔记Ⅰ.The United States and the Americans,Size and Positionernment Principles and System3.The Federal Government4.State Governments5.Local Governments6.Population7.The Melting Pot8.Distribution of People9.Class StructureⅡ.Geographical Features,Climate and Natural Resources1.The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains2.The Great Mississippi River Basin3.The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean4.Climate and Weather5.Rivers and Lakes6.Forests7.Mineral Resources8.New ProblemsⅢ.National Economy and Cities1.General Introduction2.The Market Sector3.The Corporate Sector4.The Public Sector5.Economic and Trade Relations with China6.Industry and Cities7.Agriculture and Husbandry8.Transportation and Communication9.Current ProblemsⅠ.The United States and the Americans(美国和美国⼈),Size and Position(名称，⼤⼩和位置)(1)Full Name(全称)The United States of America美利坚合众国(2)Size(国⼟⼤⼩)The total area of America is some9.4million square kilometers,which makes it the fourth largest country in the world.美国的总⾯积约9400000平⽅公⾥，是世界第四⼤国。

PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。

到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。

美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。

人口迁徙在美国很普遍。

2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。

Unit 4 The Land and People of America Objectives of this unit1. Content1.make students get aware of the national anthem and national flag of America2.introduce to students the full name , and short name of America,3.make students understand why America is nicknamed Uncle Sam4.make students get aware of the national anthem and national flag of AmericaⅡ.Teaching Design1.Teaching methods: informal intrusion; direct instruction; inquiry-based learning;cooperative learning2.Important teaching points: lifelong learning; virtual education3.Difficult teaching points: analysis of the text; language points4.Classroom activities: internet surfing and information collectionTeaching procedureI. introduction of the courseGood morning students. From today，we will learn the survey of Britain and America together.Before my lecture I would like you to discuss why we open and learn the course of the survey of Britain and AmericaIn my opinion there are three simple factors that contributed to the reasons for learning this course1) to broaden your horizon and enlighten you on British and American society and culture.2) To enhance your cultural awareness and lay a solid foundation for cross-cultural communication.3)To improve your English listening, speaking, reading andwriting abilities through class activities and after-classassignments.Today, we will focus on the land and people of AmericaFirst, can you ask me what do you know about America? What is the image of America？The world’s forth largest country in land.the third most populous country in the world, with 255.5 million people.a nation of immigrants. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties. The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.World’s largest economic entity.Do you know what is the full name of America?As we know the full name of America is The United States of America.And its abbreviation is U.S.A. or U.S . However, we usually call it America. Actually America is the name of a continent which is composed of the north America the central America and the south America ( the Latin America).It is also nicknamed Uncle Sam. And do you know why?According to legend, in Troy City of New York, there is a person named Samuel Wilson. He is the owner of meat processing plant factory. He is diligent, honest, optimistic, respected by the people, people affectionately call him “Uncle Sam”.In 1812, American War of Independence began, and the plant of Uncle Sam received a contract for the U.S. Army of production of barrels of beef. Each time the U.S. government received the test beef, they will put the meat into a special bucket, and stamped on the barrel “US” of the mark. As “Uncle Sam” is the first letter of the words “US”, the abbreviation U.S. is “US”, so people putthe two names into one, which means that beef passing from the hands of “Uncle Sam” will become “American” property. Since then “Uncle Sam” has been nicknamed as the United States, and gradually In 1830s, American cartoonist gave the historical legend “Uncle Sam” a specific image, so there is an old man sporting a goatee and thin caricature. He wore a tall hat decorated with star emblem, wearing a red, white and blue tuxedo and striped trousers (National Flag of the US). The tall, smiling old man, everybody like him in United States.II. National anthem of AmericaDo you know what is the national anthem of America?Great, it is the Star-Spangled Banner《星条旗》Now，Let’s listen to and enjoy the song together. And discuss with your partner what historical facts and American values are revealed by the lyrics of the song? Key words: fight---- dangerousBombs, rockets ---- weaponsOver the land of the free and the home------they value and expect freedomThe words of "The Star Spangled Banner" were first written on September 14, 1814 by Francis Scott Key as a poem titled, "The Defence of Fort McHenry."Key, a lawyer and an amateur poet, was being detained on a British warship during the British naval bombardment of Baltimore's Fort McHenry during the War of 1812. When the bombardment subsided and Key witnessed that Fort McHenry was still flying its huge American flag, he began writing his poem. (Historical Note: This flag was truly huge! It measured 42 by 30 feet!)Key recommended that his poem be sung as a song to the popular British tune, "To Anacreon in Heaven." It soon became known as "The Star Spangled Banner."Becoming the National Anthem"The Star Spangled Banner" was published in a number of newspapers at the time, but by the Civil War it had become one of the most popular patriotic songs of the United States.By the late 19th century, "The Star Spangled Banner" had become the official song of the U.S. military, but it wasn't until 1931 that the United States officially made "The Star Spangled Banner" the official national anthem of the country. Believe It or NotInterestingly, it was Robert L. Ripley of "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" that spurred the interest of the American people to demand "The Star Spangled Banner" to become the official national anthem.On November 3, 1929, Ripley ran a panel in his syndicated cartoon stating that "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem." Americans were shocked and wrote five million letters to Congress demanding Congress proclaim a national anthem.歌词是一位名叫弗朗西斯·斯科特·基（Francis Scott Key）的美国律师，在1814年英美战争期间的巴尔的摩，透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗经过英军炮轰后仍在要塞上空高高飘扬时感慨万分而即景写下的。

英美概况：美国部分美国是一个世界强国，也是世界上最发达的国家之一。

它是全球第三大面积的国家，也是人口最多的发达国家之一。

在全球政治、经济、文化和科技等多个方面都具有重要影响力。

本文将介绍美国的基本概况，包括历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的信息。

历史美国的历史可以追溯到17世纪初。

当时，欧洲人开始在美洲殖民，最初的定居点之一是弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。

在接下来的几个世纪里，欧洲的殖民者不断向西扩张，逐渐控制了整个北美洲。

在18世纪末，美国独立战争爆发，美国成功地获得了独立。

之后，美国逐步成为一个强大的国家，经历了艰苦的内战、两次世界大战、冷战等重要时期。

如今，美国已经发展成为一个全球超级大国。

政治美国是一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州和华盛顿特区组成。

美国的总统是国家最高领导人，其它重要政治职位包括国务卿、众议院议长、参议院议长等。

美国的政治体系强调三权分立，即立法、行政和司法。

除了国家政府外，各个州和地方政府也有很大的自治权力。

例如，州政府负责管理其内部的基础设施、教育、警力等方面的事务。

经济美国是世界上最大的经济体之一，并拥有世界上最先进的市场经济体系。

其国内生产总值(GDP)约为21万亿美元，占据了全球总GDP的近四分之一。

美国的经济以服务业和制造业为主。

其中，科技产业是美国经济的一个重要支柱，硅谷和纽约市的科技企业在全球范围内都有重要影响力。

美国的贸易额也非常高，是世界上最大的进口国和第二大出口国。

文化美国文化是世界上最多元化的文化之一，其核心价值包括自由、民主和平等。

美国拥有世界最顶尖的大学、艺术机构和博物馆，其中包括哈佛大学、纽约大都会艺术博物馆、洛杉矶县艺术博物馆等。

美国的音乐和电影产业也非常有名，好莱坞电影更是成为了世界的一张名片。

在日常生活中，美国人非常注重个人隐私和自由，热爱户外运动和旅游。

他们吃的食物和所喜欢的体育运动都各具特色，如热狗、汉堡包、冰淇淋、棒球等。

美国是一个多元化的国家，拥有着丰富的历史、政治、经济和文化。

《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。

预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。

移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。

现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。

城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。

1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。

美国是移民国家。

第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。

三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。

第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。

第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。

来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。

Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。

四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。

从东海岸向西部迁移。

第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。

第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。

第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。

Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。

自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。

代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。

1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。

1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。

60年代爆发民权运动。

1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。

英美概况美国部分汇总整编AmericaThe Founding of Colonies殖民地的建⽴First Inhabitants：American IndiansDiscovery of the New World：1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America(Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America.reached the mouth of Amazon RiverAmerica—the New WorldEurope—the Old World13 colonies：New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies:Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York MarylandNew Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South CarolinaGeorgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont建⽴原因：Virginia, 1607Virginia CompanyFor foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England105 men (no women)Jamestown in honor of the kingMassachusetts In 1620102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to AmericaFirst in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then BostonSeek religious freedomMayflower Compact <五⽉花号公约>：self-governmentHardships when arrivedthe help of the IndiansThanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protectionThe next three coloniesRhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireReasons:1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified2. more immigrantsMaine and VermontReason: Proximity (邻近)Non-English ColoniesNew York, New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch.Delaware was founded by the Swedish.Pennsylvania: Quakers /the Society of Friends (another group of English Protestant) William Penn, the founder Granted coloniesMaryland granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. South Carolina and North Carolina given by Charles II to his eight close supporters.The last colony GeorgiaA haven (港⼝，避难所) for English prisoners of debt who could not discharge their debts.The Early Immigrants最初的殖民与殖民⽣活White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs)Reasons to immigrate:1. religious disputes （persecute Catholics and Protestants）2. to become rich in the New World (Protestant work ethic)3. poor men as indentured servants（契约劳⼯）4. convictsAmerican culture:A blending of European cultures, but not a mere transplantation.New values:1. new ideas and reforms2. adaptations: less formal and more practical; less conservative and more outspoken3. industrious4. elasticity (弹性，灵活性),tolerance, compromise5. religion as a private affair6. liberty and democracyBoston Tea Party 波⼠顿倾茶事件Relation between England and ColoniesEconomic: supply England with raw materials while importing goods manufactured in England.England ←Rival; seven years war (1756-1763) →FranceProtection Make use of Indians to attack each other↓English colonies in America ←attack →Indians波⼠顿倾茶事件Cause: England allow the East India Company to undersell tea without paying import tax in the colonies.Place&Time：December 16, 1773, Boston harbor英国惩罚措施Intolerable Acts：ask to pay tea loss；to deprive self-ruleResult: This policy aroused the colonial opposition and they declared“no taxation without representation”.Two Continental Congresses 两次⼤陆会议1st Continental CongressSept. 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaDelegates from 12 colonies except GeorgiaDocument: Declaration of Rights and Grievances 《权利和不满宣⾔》Rejected by the British ParliamentColonial militiamen were organized.The first armed clash （莱克星顿的枪声——导⽕索）April 19, 1775; Gunshots at the village Lexington, near Boston2nd Continental CongressMay 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, Independence HallOrganize and equip an American armyAppointing George Washington as commander-in-chiefAsk for help from other countries, esp. FrancePublic support: 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense and The American CrisisDeclaration of Independence独⽴宣⾔During the 2nd Continental Congress——A committee,(composed of Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Franklin,John Adam and other members)To draw up the Declaration of Independence.It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776(Independence Day / the National Day of the US)was a milestone in American history.It is remarkable in that it approaches the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government...”--- Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, etc..来源和评价：A masterpiece of western philosophy; mainly comes from the British philosopher John Lockeequality and freedomuniversal; beyond American boundariesMilitary Struggle and the Final Victory 战争经过和最后胜利England VS America 战前实⼒对⽐England Americapopulation: 10 m. 3 millionmost advanced not developedstrongest navy noneHigh morale-- Americans: high morale but repeated setbacksDifficulties:1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin’ s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）Constitutional Convention 制宪会议America Following Independencenew problems1) how to make use of the new territory--allow the founding of new states [equality and democracy]2) not very closely united--13 separate states rather than a united country3) economic difficulties-- trade problem with Britain--debts because of the Independance War-- increasing tax and Shays’Rebellion in MassachusettsThe need for a new Government was felt——May 25,1787,55 delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. No easy work:the North vs the Souththe upper class vs lower classstate government vs central governmentThe draft of Constitution--completed on September 17, 1787--Constitutional Day of the USThe Father of the Constitution: James MadisonBill of Rights(1789): 10 amendments to the Constitutionfreedom of religion,freedom of speech and the press,the right of peaceful assembly and petition,the right to keep and bear arms,the right against unreasonable searches and seizures,the right against self-incrimination（⾃证其罪）---the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case.---a defense line against violations of human rights政治体制见另⼀张Territorial Expansion 领⼟扩张Washington as the First President 华盛顿执政期间April 6, 1789, Washington was elected as the First President by a unanimous vote in New York (provisional capital)1) success in transforming the states into a union2) Economy witnessed development"the first man in war, the first man in peace”Ways to Expand 四种领⼟扩张⽅式Purchase: Louisiana Purchase, Gadsden Purchase, Alaska Purchase, etcWar: Mexican War, Independence War, Spanish Cessions, etc.Annexation: Mexican Annexation, Hawaii Annexation, etc.Westward MovementJefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 杰斐逊执政期间---third US President in 1801---emphasized development of agriculture and commerce---favored the westward expansionLouisiana Purchase, 1803其意义：1.doubled the territory of US and make possible further expansion2.put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the US1) stimulate the agricultural and industrial development of the Midwest2)appearance of large cities as Chicago and Kansas CitiesThe Mexican War (1846-1848 ) 过程-- America claimed Texas, used to be part of the great Spanish Colony, was included in the purchase of Louisiana. -- In 1836, self-declaration of independence of Texas with many American Settlers from Mexico-- 1846, The Mexican War broke but finally an unequal treaty was forced on Mexico.Westward Movement 西进运动Expansion to the west (end of 18th- first half of 19th century)reason to move:1.small for increased population2.not satisfied with the present life3.American frontiersmen 拓荒者The most outstanding of all the westward migration took place after the war of 1812,there were many contributing factors:--the war 1812 drove the native Indians--the Federal government built roads and canals-- The Mississippi River opened and steam boat was invented in 1807.-- government policy: land for sale--the Homestead Act 宅地法（1862 President Lincoln)Cities:San Francisco,Portland,DenverThe significance and importance西进运动的重要性和影响-- Frontiersmen's InfluencePositive:on Politics：---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and GrantExpanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrializationOn transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value---dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive---learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline---farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background---hard work: "work freaks", and "work addicts"---rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of IndiansThe beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴⾪制起源Reason: labor shortage in the coloniesTime: first in 1619 to plant tobaccoMethod: the triangular trade :carried out by the slave traders mainly from the New England by capturing Negros in west Africadevelopment and change:-- declined after Independence War-- revived when the American Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century.-- By 1860, 3 million Negro slaves; 1/3 of the Southern populationAmerican Civil War 南北战争/美国内战Conflicts arising from SlaveryReasons：-- Economically,north demanded the Congress to pass the protective tariff law--Politically,westward expansion: new land as free states or slave-holding states?--Religious and moral reason:slavery as inhuman and brutalDevelopment of the conflict1) abolitionists: to end slavery---secret organization to help slaves escape---mobilize public support2)the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 Mrs. Stowe)（led to the outbreak of the American civil war⼀个⼩妇⼈的⼀部⼩书引起了⼀场战争）总结：Civil War爆发的原因：1.Political balance between the North and the South was broken2.Slavery inhibited the development of capitalism3.Some Christians opposed slavery for religious and moral reasons.Abraham Lincolna Republican; anti -slaveryOn March 4, 1861 President LincolnFirm in preserving the UnionMilitary Contest in the Civil War2 sides : the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) led by Davis and the Union led by Abraham Lincoln Attack On April 12, 1861 led by Fort Sumter, South CarolinaLincoln's goal: to defend the Union and defeat separatism分离论North Southadvantages: advantages:---larger population ---strong military tradition---loyal Navy ---experienced military officers---factories for munition production ---high morale---enough food supplydisadvantages: disadvantages:---poorly prepared ---smaller population---inexperienced soldiers ---not enough food supplyThe year 1863 was a turning point when the blockade stopped all foreign trade of the South.In July 1863, a great victory of the North in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.Emancipation Proclamation, effective on Jan. 1, 1863Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: government of the people, by the people, for the people. 民有,民治,民享The Suffering of the South:men were killed, cities leveled to the ground, crops destroyedThe Union win the Final VictoryApril 2, 1865, Appomattox; Ulysses Grant (Union)vs. Robert Lee (Confederate)Effect of the Civil WarFinally put an end to slaverybut not really carried outKu Klux Klan (3K党)：secret organization to threaten the black people.Economic development:Henry Ford in 1908Wright Brothers in 1903Telephone by Bill in 1876The lamp and motion picture by Thomas EdisonMonopolies 垄断公司The Standard Oil Company ,founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870The United States Steel Corporation by Andrew CarnegieThe Bell telephone systemAmerica in and after WWI⼀战中和⼀战后的美国America before WWI (1914-1918)in the West: Latin America and the Caribbean were the backyard of it.In the East, the US advocated the Open Door Policy to guarantee its trade access.Military Blocs：Triple Alliance / Central Powers：Allied Entente：Germany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly（后加⼊Allied Entente）RussiaAmerica (1917) On April 6,1917,the United States declared war on GermanyReasons of America to Join WarGerman submarines sank American shipsfear of Americans interests（huge loans made to Britain）Germany induced Mexico to war against AmericaAfter WWIPeace Conference in Paris in 1919the US president, Woodrow Wilson, put forward the Fourteen Points Plan, hoping to establish a new world order based on American values and ideals.Fourteen Points Plan unaccepted.The Americans shifted to isolationism.The Treaty of Versailles （American opposed to)The Roaring 20s("the jazz age")特点：Peaceful and prosperous"the jazz age"material consumptionspiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomen's vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it."eat, drink, and be happy for tomorrow we shall die"The Great Depression 经济⼤萧条Mark标志: New York stock market crash on October 24, 1929[The bear market; “the black Thursday”]Results：BankruptcyShortage of money/ povertySharply reduced industrial productionStricken agricultureUnemploymentHomelessness: Many people had to live in dug-outs or tin-can shacks which were nicknamed Hoovervilles, a word derived from the name of President Hoover.EmigrationFranklin Roosevelt: a light in the darkness 罗斯福介绍Roosevelt selected as president in 1932.Family background: rich familyEducation background: Harvard Uni.Health: polio at 40; can't walk normallyPresident Roosevelt's “New Deal”罗斯福新政---presented to Congress more than 70 bills for approval, known as “New Deal”[新政]---1st: to pass the Emergency Banking Act---to enlarge employment and increase consumption---public projects: infrastructure---to raise the price of farm productsetc.Roosevelt's "Fireside Chat" 炉边谈话first "chat" on the radio to ask for confidence in the government and to return gold and money so as to reopen them.30 chats during the depression and the coming WWII.warmed, cheered, united people at that timeSignificance of New Deal 新政的重要性/影响---Roosevelt achieved some success in revitalizing American economy.---His New Deal strengthened the government regulation of economic activities and initiated the social welfare system in the United States.America in and after WWⅡ⼆战背景Background：The spread of Great Depression: Germany was the worst hit; led to Hitler’s fascist expansion. Time：Sept. 1939Mark: Germany’s invasion of Poland各国不同⽴场：---Russia-German nonaggression pact signed in Moscow in 1939---England and France: first, appeasement and nonintervention policy [by Munich Agreement], by selling other lands for peace [e.g. Sudetenland in Czech]; later, declared war on Germany when German army drove into France.Changes of US Stance：--- Neutrality from 1935-1937: 3 neutrality acts--- Pro-Ally policy from 1939: sell arms and munitions to belligerents on a “cash-and-carry”basis.--- Getting prepared for war from 1940 due to the deteriorated situation: the Roman-Berlin Axis [fascist military bloc]---Contribution to the war from 1941: Lend-Lease Bill [clever invention of Roosevelt]: any qualified countries could borrow or rent American weapons ---America is“the great arsenal of democracy”--- Entry into the war on Dec. 8, 1941: Japan’s air raid on Pearl HarborAmerica in the War：War-time economyConcentrated on the battlefields in EuropeSeveral million American soldiers诺曼底登陆（D-Day)：June 6, 1944, known as D-day, the first contingents of American and British invasion army landed on the beaches of Normandy, opening the long-delayed western front to attack the Germans.Surrender of Japan ⽇本投降On August 6 and 9, 1945, American aircraft dropped two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, killing nearly 200,000 people. On August 14, Japan surrendered unconditionally and the WWII ended.America after the War-- Became a creditor nation-- Unemployment disappeared-- Dominant industrial production in the world and robust GDP-- Export monopoly in the world market-- Personal wealth accumulation and growing domestic marketA rising superpower and world leaderCold War and America in the 21st CenturyCold War (1945-1989)Cold war: the international tension, conflicts and containment without bloody hot war between Soviet Union and the U.S. Duration: end of WWII to the collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989Hot-spots热点地带：---Southern and Western Europe and Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan;---Berlin Wall---Korean War---Vietnam War---Cuban Missile CrisisThe Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划Stage 1：In Feb. 1947, Britain would end the economical support of Greece and Turkey, which would fall into the hands of the Soviet Union. America decided to help the two countries.Stage 2：The Truman Doctrine: President Truman’s speech to the Congress in Feb. 1949: the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Socialism.[real purpose]Stage 3：The worsening economic situation in Western Europe, coupled with a severe cold and snowstorm: might turn CommunistStage 4:The Marshall Plan (1947-1952): offer economic aid to Western economy; announced by Secretary of State (美国国务卿) George Marshall on June 5, 1947; $ 13 billionBerlin WallSoviet Union: block the West Berlin in June, 1948The U.S. : Airlift for food suppliesSoviet Union: Lifted the blockade in May, 1949.The foundation of NATO laterVietnam War (1955-1975)After 1970sIn 1980s, Reagan Revolution; Economic policy to counter against the inflation in 1970s:George Bush: Gulf War海湾战争Bill Clinton: Whitewater affair; Lewinsky ScandalAmerica in the 21st Century: terrorism and anti-terrorismGeorge W. Bush: Sept. 11th, Afghanistan War; Iraqi WarBarack Obama: new terrorismAmerican Political System美国政治体制：（Overview）The American Constitution---significancefounded federalism and introduced checks and balances（三权分⽴）into government for the first time in history—Based on division of power↓1.The First division of power-- federal governmentproblems of general concern e.g.to coin money, regulate commerce, raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, levy taxes (征税)-- state governmentAll the powers not listed in the Constitution to pass state laws2.The Second division of power: check and balance system---three separate yet interdependent branches:The Executive (administration): presidentThe Legislative : the CongressThe Judicial: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of appeals and 91 district courts1)The Legislative : the Congress(535⼈)---the House of Representatives(435⼈,任期两年): in proportion to population---the Senate(100⼈,任期六年,三分之⼀的参议院席位每两年选举⼀次):2 Senators of each statethe Congress : make laws, levy taxes and money to cover government expenditure2)The Executive: Administration Headed by President总统任期四年，可连任⼀届the power of the President:to execute the law passed by theCongressto sign the act passed by Congress into lawto veto the bill passed by the Congressto appoint Federal Judges and Federal officials with the approval of the Senatein charge of the foreign policyCannot dissolve Congress while Congress cannot remove the President from office so long as he behaves well.总统选举——选举⼈团制度“胜者全得”制度（the winner-take-all System），即把本州的选举⼈票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选⼈。