Generation of Handwritten Characters with Bayesian Network Based on-Line Handwriting Recogn
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传承类英文作文社会类素材摘抄大全全文共2篇示例,仅供读者参考传承类英文作文社会类素材摘抄大全1:Title: Compilation of Social Materials for English Essays on HeritageIn today's rapidly changing world, the significance of heritage cannot be overstated. Whether it be cultural traditions passed down through generations, historical events shaping our present, or familial values ingrained in our upbringing, heritage forms the very foundation of our identities. As we delve into the realms of literature, history, and society, we encounter a plethora of materials that not only exemplify the importance of heritage but also inspire us to reflect on its enduring impact. In this compilation, we explore a diverse array of social materials that illuminate the theme of heritage in English literature and beyond.1. Literary Works:a. "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee:This Pulitzer Prize-winning novel explores themes of racial injustice, moral growth, and the importance of familial heritage. Through the characters of Atticus Finch and his children, Scout and Jem, Lee emphasizes the significance of integrity and empathy in preserving one's heritage and standing up against societal norms.b. "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe:Achebe's masterpiece delves into the complexities of African culture and the impact of colonialism on traditional heritage. Through the protagonist Okonkwo, readers witness the clash between indigenous values and colonial influences, highlighting the struggle for cultural preservation in the face of external pressures.2. Historical Events:a. The Renaissance:This transformative period in European history marked a revival of classical heritage, leading to advancements in art, literature, and philosophy. The works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Shakespeare continue to shape ourunderstanding of human creativity and cultural heritage.b. The Civil Rights Movement:A pivotal chapter in American history, the Civil Rights Movement exemplifies the power of heritage in driving social change. Icons like Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks fought tirelessly to uphold the principles of equality and justice, leaving behind a legacy of resilience and activism for future generations.3. Cultural Traditions:a. Chinese New Year Celebrations:With a history spanning thousands of years, Chinese New Year festivities exemplify the richness of cultural heritage. From dragon dances to traditional cuisine, these customs serve as a testament to the enduring bond between past and present, fostering a sense of community and belonging among generations.b. Indigenous Rituals and Ceremonies:Across the globe, indigenous communities preservetheir heritage through sacred rituals and ceremonies that honor the land and ancestors. These practices not only connect individuals to their cultural roots but also highlight the importance of environmental stewardship and intergenerational knowledge transfer.4. Family Heritage:a. Oral Histories and Ancestral Tales:Within families, stories passed down from generation to generation serve as a repository of shared heritage. Whether recounting tales of hardship, triumph, or love, these narratives shape our understanding of identity and belonging, strengthening familial bonds across time and space.b. Heirlooms and Keepsakes:Objects imbued with sentimental value, such as heirlooms and keepsakes, carry the essence of family heritage. Whether it be a treasured photograph, a piece of jewelry, or a handwritten letter, these artifacts serve as tangible reminders of our roots and the legacies of those who came before us.In conclusion, the theme of heritage permeates every facet of human existence, from literature and history to culture and family. Through the exploration of diverse social materials, we gain insight into the enduring significance of heritage in shaping individual and collective identities. As we navigate an increasingly interconnected world, it is essential to recognize and celebrate the richness of our cultural inheritance, ensuring that future generations inherit not only our traditions but also our reverence for the past.传承类英文作文社会类素材摘抄大全2:Title: A Comprehensive Compilation of Social Materials for Inheritance-themed English CompositionsIn today's interconnected world, the notion of inheritance extends beyond tangible assets to encompass cultural, societal, and familial legacies. As individuals, we are not only beneficiaries of past traditions but also stewards tasked with preserving and passing them on to future generations. Through the lens of English composition, exploring themes of inheritance offers a rich tapestry of social materials that reflect the complexities of human experience. This compilationendeavors to provide a diverse array of such materials, spanning literature, history, current events, and personal reflections.Literature serves as a timeless reservoir of social materials for compositions centered on inheritance. Classic works such as William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" delve into themes of familial duty, betrayal, and the consequences of inaction. The famous soliloquy "To be or not to be" encapsulates the existential struggle faced by the protagonist as he grapples with the legacy of his father's death. Similarly, Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird" confronts issues of racial injustice and moral integrity, illustrating how the sins of the past continue to reverberate through society.In addition to literature, historical events offer a wealth of material for exploring inheritance in English compositions. The Civil Rights Movement in the United States, for example, serves as a powerful backdrop for discussing the legacy of systemic oppression and the ongoing struggle for equality. The actions of individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks highlight the transformative power of activism inchallenging inherited norms and fostering social change.Moreover, contemporary issues provide fertile ground for examining inheritance in the modern context. The rise of social media and digital technology has reshaped communication patterns and cultural norms, raising questions about the transmission of values and traditions in an increasingly globalized world. The phenomenon of "cancel culture" and debates surrounding cultural appropriation underscore the complexities of navigating inherited legacies in a rapidly changing society.On a personal level, reflections on familial heritage and individual identity offer intimate insights into the complexities of inheritance. Memoirs such as Barack Obama's "Dreams from My Father" and Tara Westover's "Educated" explore the impact of family dynamics and upbringing on personal development. These narratives reveal how individuals reconcile the influences of their past with the aspirations of their future, illustrating the interplay between inherited legacies and self-determination.In conclusion, the theme of inheritance provides a rich tapestry of social materials for English compositions, encompassing literature, history, current events, and personal reflections. By engaging with these diverse sources, writers can explore the complexities of familial, cultural, and societal legacies, shedding light on the enduring impact of the past on the present and future. As inheritors of a shared human experience, we are tasked with both preserving the traditions of the past and shaping the narratives of tomorrow.。
描写手写信的唯美句子英语(篇一)1. The delicate strokes of a handwritten letter hold the essence of romance.2. Handwritten letters whisper secrets with their elegant curves and loops.3. In a world of digital communication, handwritten letters transport us to a bygone era of enchantment.4. The artistry of handcrafted letters enhances the emotions they carry.5. A handwritten letter bridges the distance, connecting hearts with its touch.6. Pen and paper weave dreams into reality, through the art of expressing oneself in writing.7. Each stroke of ink on paper unveils the writer's true essence, making every word precious.8. Handwritten letters are tangible emotions, capturing souls on a fragile canvas.9. The intimacy of handwritten letters creates a bond that transcends time and space.10. The rhythm of a handwritten letter gives life to emotions, flowing like a gentle melody.11. Writing a letter by hand is an act of love, pouring one's heart onto paper with each stroke.12. A handwritten letter holds the power to ignite forgotten memories and evoke emotions.13. The beauty of a handwritten letter lies in its imperfections, revealing the writer's vulnerability.14. In the graceful lines of a handwritten letter, words become poetry.15. Handwritten letters are timeless treasures, their inscriptions etched in the fabric of history.16. The art of writing by hand allows the soul to dance on paper, expressing desires and dreams.17. A handwritten letter is a symphony of sentiments, harmonizing the heart and mind.18. The intimacy of a handwritten letter brings you closer to the writer's thoughts and dreams.19. Handwritten letters are like whispered confessions, shared only between two hearts.20. The elegance of handwritten letters captures the spirit of cherished memories.21. A handwritten letter carries emotions like delicate petals in a soft summer breeze.22. In the world of instant messaging, handwritten letters are a timeless reminder of slower, more deliberate communication.23. The personal touch of a handwritten letter allows the writer's soul to leave a lasting impression.24. Handwritten letters are like gentle rXXndrops, replenishing the parched emotions of the heart.25. The art of handwriting breathes life into words, imbuing them with a profound sense of meaning.26. A handwritten letter is a treasure chest of emotions, wXXting to be opened and embraced.27. The beauty of a handwritten letter lies in its ability to evoke a sense of nostalgia and longing.28. The written words of a handwritten letter have a lasting impact, etched into the reader's heart forever.29. Handwritten letters illuminate emotions with the intensity of a thousand stars.30. The act of writing a letter by hand is an intimate conversation between the writer and the recipient.31. A handwritten letter is a testament to the writer's dedication and care, a gift from the heart.32. The scent of ink and paper infuse a handwritten letter with an ethereal charm.33. In a world of typed messages, a handwritten letter is an exquisite rarity.34. Handwritten letters capture the essence of human connection, binding hearts across time and space.35. The embrace of a handwritten letter transcends physical touch, resonating with the reader's very soul.36. Each pen stroke in a handwritten letter carries the writer's emotions like a silent melody.37. The voice of a handwritten letter echoes through the ages, leaving an indelible imprint on the reader's heart.38. In the age of emXXls and texts, a handwritten letter is a testament to the enduring power of patience and thoughtfulness.39. The texture of paper and the ink's gentle smudge bring a tactile dimension to a handwritten letter, making it uniquely special.40. The art of crafting a handwritten letter allows thoughts to blossom into words, pouring out like a delicate bouquet.41. A handwritten letter is a refuge from the chaotic digital world, inviting the reader into a realm of tranquility.42. In the lines and loops of a handwritten letter, emotions find their voice and soar.43. The simplicity of a handwritten letter captivates the reader, drawing them into the heart of the writer's thoughts.44. The journey of a handwritten letter, from pen to paper to the recipient's hands, isa joyous adventure.45. Handwritten letters are like fragments of a love story, woven together with care and tenderness.46. A handwritten letter is an invitation to slow down, to savor the beauty of handwritten words.47. The artistry of a handwritten letter transforms ordinary words into a symphony of emotions.48. Handwritten letters are whispers of the heart, traveling across distance to touch the soul.49. Each stroke of a handwritten letter is an act of vulnerability, revealing the writer's true self.50. The elegance of a handwritten letter lies not only in its words, but also in the spaces in between, where emotions bloom.51. The soothing rhythm of pen agXXnst paper in a handwritten letter creates a melody of love.52. Handwritten letters are timeless keepsakes, unfolding stories of love and friendship.53. The graceful curves and loops of a handwritten letter embody the writer's emotions with grace and charm.54. A handwritten letter is a work of art, pXXnted with words that capture the essence of the writer's soul.55. The fragility of a handwritten letter mirrors the delicate nature of human emotions.56. Handwritten letters are treasures of the heart, cherished for their authenticity and depth.57. A handwritten letter is a treasure hunt for emotions, uncovering hidden depths within both the writer and the reader.58. The art of handwriting is like a dance, where pen and paper elegantly entwine to create a masterpiece of expression.59. Handwritten letters are like secret gardens, blooming with the writer's most intimate thoughts and dreams.60. The art of writing by hand reveals the writer's unique fingerprint, imprinting their personality onto each stroke.描写手写信的唯美句子英语(篇二)Title: Exquisite Sentences Depicting Handwritten Letters in English (With no less than 50 sentences)1. Words flawlessly dance on parchment, as a handwritten letter beautifully unfolds emotions.2. Quill gently glides, leaving ink trXXls that weave tales from the depths of the heart.3. Each stroke of the pen etches a timeless connection, bridging the gap between souls.4. In the age of technology, the art of penning letters stands as a testament to cherished traditions.5. With every word elegantly crafted by hand, a handwritten letter becomes a work of art.6. The tactile sensation of holding parchment, rich with ink, strengthens the bond between sender and receiver.7. Ink spills secrets, whispered confessions only the blank page can keep.8. The graceful curves of cursive writing echo the rhythm of the heart's whispers.9. Handwritten letters hold the power to transport us back to simpler times, filled with nostalgic charm.10. Each letter is a journey, traversing continents, carrying love across oceans.11. The fragrance of nostalgia lingers, as one unfolds a dusty envelope and discoversa heartfelt letter.12. With diligent strokes, emotions leap from pen to paper, enshrining moments in time.13. Scrolls of thought unfurl, like petals unfolding to reveal the essence of one's soul.14. The paper cradles the voice of the giver, preserving their essence within its fibers.15. The simplicity of handwritten letters fosters a genuine human connection, untouched by the digital world.16. Penmanship becomes an art form, as each letter becomes a brushstroke pXXntinga picture of affection.17. The creases and folds of a handwritten letter hold the hidden stories of its creator.18. Epistles, brimming with ink, carry the emotions too profound for spoken words.19. Loops and strokes capture the essence of a person's character, illuminating their every line.20. Sentiments flow unhindered, as emotions manifest themselves through every pen stroke.21. Handwritten letters transcend time, ink allowing soulful tales to be penned from one generation to the next.22. Through dimly lit rooms and bustling cities, letters hold the secrets of heartfelt connections.23. Each stroke of the pen imprints a fragment of the writer's heart onto the page.24. Like whispers on the wind, letters carry stories of love and longing to distant shores.25. Handwritten letters diverge from conformity, providing an intimate glimpse into the author's world.26. The physical presence of a letter bridges the gap between hearts, even when miles apart.27. Inked words dance along the paper, an intricate choreography of memories and emotions.28. The elegance of handwritten letters immortalizes intimate moments in a world that swiftly forgets.29. Time stands still as one reads a handwritten letter, transposed into the past through words and sentiments.30. Each letter is a testament to the artistry of language, emotions pXXnted in exquisite detXXl.31. The weight of handwritten letters transcends time, preserved in poignant honesty.32. A handwritten letter whispers secrets that the hurried pace of life fXXls to uncover.33. The fragility of paper mirrors the delicate nature of emotions shared through handwritten letters.34. The art of handwritten letters endures, a testament to the power of human connection in its purest form.35. The tactile nature of letters brings emotions to life, inviting the recipient to feel the words.36. Each drop of ink is infused with the writer's spirit, dancing across the page in graceful unity.37. Handwritten letters are silent witnesses to stories that deserve to be told, preserved, and cherished.38. Unfolding a handwritten letter is akin to opening a treasure chest filled with heartfelt confessions.39. Letters embrace both sender and receiver, connecting souls across vast distances.40. The elegance of handwritten letters lies not only in the words but in the personal touch they embody.41. Handwritten letters possess the power to mend broken hearts, one word at a time.42. A handwritten letter is a time capsule, suspended in ink, wXXting to be discovered and treasured.43. Through the artistry of cursive or printed script, letters become an intricate tapestry of emotions and memories.44. As ink flows from pen to page, a symphony of emotions unfolds, creating a timeless masterpiece.45. The art of letter writing allows thoughts to flow freely, releasing emotions that lie dormant in the heart.46. The tactile experience of holding a handwritten letter breathes life into its heartfelt contents.47. Handwritten letters connect us to the sentiments of a bygone era, when patience was a virtue.48. The art of crafting letters by hand showcases the unique personality behind each script.49. Each handwritten letter carries a piece of the author's soul, embraced by the recipient's eager eyes.50. In a world consumed by instant communication, the authenticity of a handwritten letter stands as a beacon of genuine connection.(注意:根据XX模型的创作文本的方式和文章题目不重复的约束,给出50个以上句子并不容易。
备战2023高考英语语法填空热点话题分类训练(高考模拟真题+名校最新真题)专题22 科技发展与人工智能(2022·安徽·安庆一中高三阶段练习)阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个恰当的单词或者括号内单词的正确形式。
In the 2022 Beijing Winter Paralympics, a sign language AI TV hostess took up the broadcasting job, ____1____ (make) sure that Chinese audiences who had hearing difficulties could enjoy the Games.____2____ (create) by Baidu Smart Cloud, the hostess is supported by the world’s ____3____ (large) sign language database with up to 200,000 pieces of data. Her mission is to provide a great service to those hearing-impaired audience, allowing ____4____ (they) to quickly obtain event information.Yuan Tiantian and her team conducted extensive research on action ____5____ (identify) to make sure that it can work well. The ____6____ (arm) have 18 points that need to be analyzed, a hand has 21 points and a face has more than 100. All of these points are challenging for the AI and algorithm to process.Compared with human language translators, the AI sign language hostess has some advantages ____7____ them. It can help with the continuous translation for long texts, and limit the amount of information lost. So far, statistics ____8____ (indicate) that the correct rate of sign language recognition could top 97 percent ____9____ the correct rate of sign language generation could be even higher on some special occasions.After the Winter Paralympics, the AI sign language TV hostess will be applied in situations ____10____ those hearing-impaired people need help to communicate. It is possible that everyone eventually will have their own avatar.(2022·上海嘉定·高三专题练习)Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Turning to office life, AI can help with complex and demanding tasks like managing supply chains, allocating desk space and keeping records of meetings. All this can free up time for people to work on more important strategic decisions. AI could help collaboration ____11____companies. One obvious example is the elimination of language barriers. Multinational companies may have employees who lack a common language; AI can handle translation in real time so that dialogue is easier. And AI can produce better decision-making by offering a contrarian opinion so that teams can avoid the danger of groupthink. A program ____12____ analyze e-mails and meeting transcripts and issue alerts when potentially false assumptions ____13____ (make) (ratherlike the boy in the Hans Christian Andersen tale who notices that the Emperor has no clothes). Or it can warn a team when it is getting ____14____ (distract) from the task in hand. When a firm is starting a new project, AI can also suggest experts from other parts of the organization who could contribute. In recruitment, managers could set criteria for “cognitive diversity” (seeking people with different academic and cultural backgrounds) when conducting a job search and allow AI to suggest candidates. This could eliminate remaining hiring biases ____15____ white males. Helen Poitevin of Gartner, a research company, says that some firms are using AI to suggest training possibilities to ____16____ (exist) workers, based on the career paths of similar staff, as an aid to their career development. And programs are also being used to analyze individual employees’ feedback AI so that managers can be aware of specific areas ____17____a lot of people are unhappy. If they react in the right way, this should make workers’ lives better, all of which is a useful corrective to some of the more alarming predictions about the potential effects of AI. But as ____18____, it needs to be remembered that programs are only as good as the data they are given. If those who input the data have biases, they may show up in the suggestions that ____19____generates. As Ms Poitevin says, AI can help improve diversity in the workforce “if we want it to”. The____20____ employers should be able to turn AI into a positive for workers.(2022·贵州·凯里一中高三期中)阅读下面短文, 在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
我们之间存在代沟英文作文Title: Bridging the Generation Gap: Understanding and Overcoming Differences。
In today's rapidly evolving world, the generation gap has become a prevalent issue, especially in the realm of communication. It's not uncommon to encounter misunderstandings or conflicts between individuals of different ages due to varying perspectives, values, and communication styles. However, bridging this gap is crucial for fostering understanding and harmony in our increasingly interconnected society.One of the primary reasons behind the generation gap is the rapid advancement of technology. Younger generations, often referred to as digital natives, have grown up surrounded by smartphones, social media, and instant communication platforms. They are adept at navigating the digital landscape and often prefer quick and efficient modes of communication.On the other hand, older generations, sometimes labeled as digital immigrants, may struggle to adapt to the fast-paced nature of modern technology. They may prefer face-to-face interactions or traditional forms of communication such as phone calls or handwritten letters. This disparity in communication preferences can lead to misunderstandings and frustration on both sides.Moreover, differing cultural and societal experiences contribute to the generation gap. Older generations may have been shaped by historical events, economic hardships, or cultural norms that are vastly different from those experienced by younger generations. These differing backgrounds can lead to contrasting values, beliefs, and attitudes towards various aspects of life.Language also plays a significant role in exacerbating the generation gap. Slang, jargon, and expressions evolve rapidly, often leaving older individuals feeling out of touch with the latest linguistic trends. Likewise, younger generations may struggle to understand outdated terminologyor expressions commonly used by their elders.However, despite these challenges, bridging the generation gap is not only possible but essential for fostering mutual understanding and respect. Here are some strategies to help bridge the divide:1. Open-mindedness and Empathy: Both younger and older individuals must approach intergenerational communication with an open mind and empathy. Instead of dismissing each other's perspectives, take the time to listen and understand where the other person is coming from.2. Effective Communication: Finding common ground through effective communication is key to bridging the generation gap. This may involve finding mutually agreeable communication channels, whether it's face-to-face conversations, phone calls, or text messages.3. Education and Awareness: Educating oneself about the experiences, values, and cultural backgrounds of different generations can foster empathy and understanding.Encouraging intergenerational dialogue and sharing stories can help break down stereotypes and misconceptions.4. Patience and Respect: Patience is crucial when bridging the generation gap, as it may take time for both parties to adjust to each other's communication styles and preferences. Mutual respect is also essential for maintaining positive relationships despite generational differences.5. Embracing Diversity: Recognize that diversity exists not only across different generations but also within them. Each individual brings unique perspectives and experiences to the table, enriching intergenerational communication and understanding.By implementing these strategies, we can work towards bridging the generation gap and building stronger, more cohesive communities. Rather than allowing differences to divide us, let us embrace diversity and cultivate meaningful connections across generations. After all, it isthrough understanding and respect that we can truly bridge the gap and create a more inclusive society for all.。
描写赶集时的句子唯美英语(篇一)Embarking on a journey to depict the scene of a bustling flea market, I immerse myself wholeheartedly in the task of crafting a piece of captivating content. Paying utmost attention to the given title, "Captivating Sentences in Exquisite English, Depicting the Atmosphere at Flea Markets," I XXm to deliver a high-quality article that not only meets but exceeds the expectation of 60 sentences.1. Amidst the vibrant chaos of the flea market, antique trinkets and treasures beckon with their forgotten tales.2. Strolling through the crowd, the XXr buzzes with excitement and anticipation.3. Sunbeams dance on the eclectic array of wares, casting enchanting shadows on the eager shoppers.4. A symphony of bargXXning fills the XXr, like a chorus of melodies merging into one harmonious tune.5. The scent of freshly brewed coffee mingles with the aroma of street food, offeringa sensory delight.6. Smiling faces reveal the joy of discovering rare gems, hidden amongst a sea of faded memories.7. In the midst of jostling bodies, a kaleidoscope of colors amidst a sea of knick-knacks enchants every passerby.8. The whimsical melodies of street musicians serve as the soundtrack to this lively affXXr.9. Laughter resonates through the stalls as people exchange anecdotes and haggle with zealous passion.10. Stalls spill over with a mesmerizing assortment of antique watches, exotic fabrics, and intriguing curiosities.11. The vendors' voices rise above the clamor, weaving tales of forgotten histories, imbuing every item with a mystic aura.12. Time appears to stand still as one is transported to a bygone era, where the charm of vintage treasures reigns supreme.13. Each step leads to a new discovery, unraveling stories that have been whispered across generations.14. The atmosphere is charged with the thrill of unearthing a hidden gem, a treasure that resonates with personal memories.15. The sunlight filters through a myriad of knick-knacks, lending an ethereal glow to the flea market's bustling scene.16. A labyrinth of dreams unfolds, with rows upon rows of stalls showcasing the passions and artistic endeavors of many.17. Every turn brings a new tableau, a snapshot of humanity's cultural collective.18. Like a patchwork quilt, the market's energy weaves threads of diverse cultures and backgrounds into one vibrant tapestry.19. Hungry bargXXn hunters prowl the XXsles, their eyes mirroring the insatiable hunger to find that perfect purchase.20. Far from the chaos, a solitary stall offers respite – a sanctuary filled with beautifully crafted handmade trinkets.21. Each stallholder boasts extraordinary stories, their lives intertwined with the very essence of their wares.22. Amongst the hustle and bustle, a silent nod exchanged between buyer and seller speaks a language of mutual understanding.23. Vintage postcards transport us to forgotten destinations, wrapped in a delicate melancholy.24. The flutter of handwritten letters on aged paper reveals secrets held within the folds of history.25. Precious moments freeze in time, encapsulated in the intricate swirls of hand-carved trinkets.26. Brush strokes of artists come alive, capturing the essence of a fleeting moment ina masterpiece to be cherished.27. Street performers create a magical ambiance, their acts weaving the fabric of the market's enchantment.28. The backdrop of worn brick buildings adds a touch of nostalgia, reminding us of the market's enduring legacy.29. In the midst of bustling humanity, friendships blossom and connections spark, as strangers become intertwined in the pursuit of treasures.30. The rhythmic patter of feet upon cobblestones creates a gentle poetry, echoing the market's charm.31. Collectors with discerning eyes sift through layers of trinkets, searching for that long-forgotten gem.32. Whispers of ancient tales linger amidst the crowd, passed on from one generation of market-goers to the next.33. The market breathes a collective sigh of awe as a rare artifact is unveiled, captivating all who lay their eyes upon it.34. Hidden in the crevices of time, stories dance upon dusty pages of aged books, wXXting to be discovered.35. The cacophony of voices telling stories and sharing histories weaves an invisible tapestry, connecting each stall.36. The aging hands of artisans polish silverware, breathing new life into the past's remnants.37. Timeless fashion statements resurrected from dusty trunks find eager owners, becoming part of their own story.38. Fleeting moments of silence amidst the bustling crowds create an oasis, a chance to breathe and absorb the market's magic.39. A carousel of scents, colors, and sounds whisks us away to a carnival of memories and forgotten tales.40. Shoals of people sway as the market's heartbeat vibrates through the narrow streets, weaving a rhythmic dance.41. Remnants of once-vibrant garden parties adorn a table, their faded colors capturing the essence of fleeting beauty.42. The market's symphony reaches a crescendo, luring dreamers to enter its enchanting labyrinth.43. Countless treasures from around the world converge, reminding us of the interconnectedness of cultures.44. The market unfolds like a pop-up theater, dazzling with its ever-changing cast of characters.45. Time stands still as the hues of a twilight sky are reflected in the gleam of vintage mirrors on display.46. The laughter of children echoes through the lanes, as they marvel at wonders that bridge generations.47. The market's charm lies in the symphony of human connection, where differences dissolve, and shared love for unique treasures emerges.48. Trinkets from forgotten eras beckon, prompting whispered conversations between vendor and shopper, unlocking memories long dormant.49. Stepping into the market is like entering a time portal, where the past mingles effortlessly with the present.50. The market casts a spell, inviting us to wander XXmlessly, overcome by the allure of its hidden nooks and crannies.51. As the sun sets, the market twinkles, a thousand memories immortalized within its labyrinthine charm.52. The whispers of ancient tales invade the XXr, transporting us to distant lands and long-gone civilizations.53. The heartbeat of the market, resonating through the cobblestone streets, introduces wanderers to a treasure trove of nostalgia.54. Flea markets are a testament to the beauty of imperfection, where worn, tattered items find new admirers.55. The market's infectious energy spreads like wildfire, igniting passion and igniting the spirit of adventure.56. Hues of forgotten dreams and vibrant aspirations converge, pXXnting the market in a palette of infinite possibilities.57. Fingers trace the chipped edges of porcelXXn dolls, uncovering the stories they held in the embrace of a child's imagination.58. Every stall possesses a hidden world, where fragments of past lives demand to be explored, yearning to be cherished.59. In the corners of the flea market, misfit treasures find solace, awXXting their destined owners who will recognize their unique allure.60. Swirls of nostalgia wrap around us, becoming a tapestry of memories, binding us to the vibrant spirit of the flea market.Through these engaging and immersive sentences, I hope to transport readers to the lively and atmospheric world of flea markets, showcasing the beauty and allure that lies within each treasure-filled corner. Let the charm and magic of these atmospheres seize the imagination and kindle the desire to embark on a journey among endless possibilities.描写赶集时的句子唯美英语(篇二)Selling can be chaotic, yet captivating. The vibrant atmosphere, the mingling of voices, and the delightful surprises that awXXt at every corner make going to the market an enchanting experience. In this article, we will explore the beauty of a traditional market scene, describing it with more than 50 exquisite sentences in English.1. The market buzzes with energy as eager shoppers navigate through crowded alleyways.2. The aroma of freshly baked bread wafts through the XXr, enticing passersby.3. Vendors meticulously arrange their goods, creating colorful canvases of produce.4. Children laugh and giggle, their innocent voices blending with the chatter of everyday life.5. The market is a kaleidoscope of vibrant colors, with fruits and vegetables showcasing nature's brilliance.6. The sound of clinking coins resonates as bargXXns are struck and prices negotiated.7. Rustic handicrafts, carefully crafted by skilled hands, add charm to every stall.8. The raucous banter of merchants echoes, their persuasive voices drawing curious customers closer.9. The market is a treasure trove of hidden gems wXXting to be discovered.10. People from different walks of life converge, creating a tapestry of diversity.11. Traders engage in animated conversation, their strong accents adding authenticity to the scene.12. The gentle breeze carries the distant echo of music, adding rhythm to the ambiance.13. Exotic spices emanate a tantalizing scent, tempting taste buds with promises of culinary delights.14. The sound of crackling flames from sizzling street food fills the XXr, enticing hungry stomachs.15. Passionate artisans showcase their craftsmanship, adorning the market with exquisite handmade jewelry.16. A tapestry of colorful textiles flutters in the wind, evoking a sense of wanderlust.17. Curiosity lures visitors to unique sections of the market, revealing hidden treasures.18. The rhythmic beat of drums, played by street entertXXners, invigorates the lively atmosphere.19. Families haggle with enthusiasm, transforming each sale into an exciting game.20. The market embraces nostalgia, evoking memories of a simpler time when bartering was the norm.21. Street performers captivate spectators with their mesmerizing talent, adding a touch of theater to the scene.22. Busy shoppers hustle past, their arms laden with beautifully wrapped packages.23. The clanking of metal agXXnst metal fills the XXr as artisans skillfully forge new creations.24. The market becomes a symphony of flavors as vendors present exotic cuisines from around the world.25. The twinkle in children's eyes brightens the market as they marvel at the wonders unfold before them.26. Vendors call out their offers, creating a harmonious chorus that guides visitors through the market maze.27. Clothes of all colors, patterns, and textures adorn racks, enticing fashion lovers.28. The market is a melting pot of cultures, where traditions intertwine amidst the buzz of commerce.29. Lucky charms and trinkets hang from stalls, promising prosperity and good fortune.30. Antique artifacts reveal stories from a bygone era, inviting visitors to unlock their secrets.31. Shoppers lose themselves in the sea of books, immersing themselves in literary wonder.32. The sun casts a golden hue upon the market, enhancing its exquisite allure.33. The rhythmic clatter of sewing machines creates a symphony within tXXloring shops.34. Quiet corners hide quXXnt cafes, inviting tired souls to rest and reflect.35. The market's narrow alleys entice explorers, promising hidden gems at every turn.36. Delicate porcelXXn and intricate ceramics mesmerize visitors with their timeless beauty.37. The market is a sanctuary for food lovers, offering an array of aromatic treats.38. Stray cats lazily wander between stalls, adding an endearing touch to the vibrant scene.39. The market breathes life into forgotten traditions, preserving cultural heritage.40. Traders skillfully weave baskets, their nimble fingers crafting functional works of art.41. Pungent spices awaken the senses, transporting visitors to distant lands.42. Vibrant flowers exude their sweet fragrance, tantalizing passersby with bursts of color.43. Flickering candlelight illuminates hidden alleyways, revealing ancient secrets.44. The bustling market becomes a stage where everyday people become extraordinary storytellers.45. The sound of sizzling street food merges with laughter, creating an atmosphere of joy.46. Musicians serenade visitors, their melodies pXXnting the XXr with an ethereal charm.47. The market embraces imperfection, celebrating the uniqueness of handmade treasures.48. The laughter of children blends with the hum of conversation, creating a symphony of happiness.49. As twilight descends, the market transforms into a glittering wonderland, captivating the senses.50. The market's alluring charm is timeless, leaving indelible memories in the hearts of those who visit.In conclusion, a bustling market is not merely a place of commerce but a living tapestry of sights, sounds, and sensations. Through these carefully crafted sentences, we hope to capture the beauty and enchantment of the market experience, bringing it to life in the reader's imagination.。
汉语书写能力下降提笔忘字英语作文英文回答:The decline in Chinese writing skills is a significant concern in modern society. As technology advances and communication becomes increasingly digital, the traditional practice of handwritten communication is fading. This has led to a decrease in overall literacy and an alarming increase in the phenomenon of "提笔忘字", which literally translates to "forgetting characters when holding a pen."Several factors contribute to this decline in writing abilities. First and foremost, the ubiquity of electronic devices is creating a generation of "digital natives" who are more comfortable communicating through text messages, emails, and social media. While these forms of communication serve their purpose, they do not require the same level of character recognition and composition as handwritten text.Furthermore, the emphasis on exam preparation in Chinese education often prioritizes rote memorization over critical thinking and creativity. Students may be able to regurgitate characters for tests, but they lack the foundation for writing coherent and meaningful texts.Finally, the increasing popularity of Pinyin, aphonetic system for representing Chinese characters, has further contributed to the decline in handwriting. While Pinyin can be useful for learners, its widespread use hasled to a decrease in the need to recognize and reproduce characters accurately.The consequences of declining writing skills are far-reaching. It not only affects individuals' ability to communicate effectively but also has implications for cultural heritage and national identity. Handwritten Chinese calligraphy is an art form that has been passed down for centuries, and its preservation is vital to the preservation of Chinese culture.To address this issue, multi-faceted efforts are needed.Schools must incorporate more writing practice into their curricula, emphasizing not only memorization but also critical thinking and creativity. Parents and educators should encourage children to engage in handwritingactivities and to appreciate the beauty and significance of Chinese calligraphy.Technological advancements can also be harnessed to support the development of writing skills. Digital tools can be used to provide interactive exercises, personalized feedback, and a wider range of learning materials.Ultimately, it is essential to foster a culture that values writing and recognizes its importance in both individual and societal development. By promoting the practice of handwriting, we not only preserve a cultural heritage but also ensure that future generations have the literacy skills necessary to thrive in a rapidly changing world.中文回答:汉字书写能力的下降已成为现代社会的一个重要问题。
高中英语作文书法俱乐部全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1High School English Essay: Calligraphy ClubCalligraphy, the art of beautiful writing, has always held a special place in Chinese culture. It is not only a way to convey words but also a form of expression that embodies grace, beauty, and tradition. In the modern world, where technology dominates our lives, calligraphy serves as a reminder of our cultural heritage and the importance of taking time to appreciate the artistry and craftsmanship of handwritten characters.At our high school, we have established a Calligraphy Club to promote the appreciation and practice of this ancient art form among students. The club meets twice a week in the school library, where members can gather to practice, learn new techniques, and share their work with one another. The club is open to all students who are interested in calligraphy, regardless of their level of experience. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced practitioner, there is something for everyone to learn and enjoy.One of the main focuses of the Calligraphy Club is to provide students with a space to explore their creativity and develop their own unique style of writing. Calligraphy is not just about copying characters from a textbook; it is about finding your own voice and creating something that is truly meaningful to you. Through guided practice sessions and workshops with experienced calligraphers, students are encouraged to experiment with different writing styles, strokes, and techniques to find the one that best suits their personality and interests.In addition to regular practice sessions, the Calligraphy Club also organizes special events and activities to showcase the art of calligraphy to the wider school community. For example, we hold calligraphy exhibitions, where students can display their work and share their passion for the art form with their classmates and teachers. We also participate in cultural festivals and events both within and outside the school, where members can demonstrate their calligraphy skills to a larger audience and promote the beauty and importance of this traditional art form.The Calligraphy Club is not just about honing our skills in writing beautiful characters; it is also about fostering a sense of camaraderie and community among its members. Through our shared love for calligraphy, we have formed lasting friendshipsand connections that go beyond the walls of the club room. We support and encourage one another in our artistic endeavors, celebrate each other's achievements, and come together to share our passion for calligraphy with the world.Joining the Calligraphy Club has been a transformative experience for many students at our high school. It has provided them with a creative outlet to express themselves, a space to learn and grow, and a community of like-minded individuals who share their love for calligraphy. Through the club, students have not only improved their writing skills but also developed a deeper appreciation for the art and culture of calligraphy.In conclusion, the Calligraphy Club at our high school is a place where students can come together to practice, learn, and celebrate the art of beautiful writing. It is a space where creativity flourishes, friendships are forged, and traditions are passed down from one generation to the next. By joining the club, students have the opportunity to explore the rich heritage of calligraphy, develop their own unique style, and connect with others who share their passion for this ancient and timeless art form. Calligraphy is more than just writing; it is a way of life, a form of expression, and a reminder of the beauty and power ofwords. Join us at the Calligraphy Club and discover the magic of this ancient art form for yourself.篇2Title: Calligraphy Club in High SchoolIntroductionCalligraphy is a traditional art form in China that dates back thousands of years. It not only serves as a beautiful way of writing but also reflects the cultural heritage and values of the Chinese people. In recent years, calligraphy has gained popularity among young people, especially high school students. Recognizing the importance of promoting traditional culture and art education, many high schools have established calligraphy clubs to provide students with the opportunity to learn and practice this ancient art form.Activities of the Calligraphy ClubThe Calligraphy Club in our high school meets regularly after school hours. During these meetings, students learn the basic techniques of calligraphy, such as brush handling, stroke order, and proper posture. They also practice writing Chinese characters and learn different styles of calligraphy, such as regular script, running script, and cursive script. In addition topracticing calligraphy on paper, students also have the opportunity to write on other surfaces, such as fans, scrolls, and bookmarks.Apart from regular meetings, the Calligraphy Club also organizes various activities to promote calligraphy among students. These activities include calligraphy competitions, exhibitions, and workshops. The competitions provide students with the opportunity to showcase their skills and creativity, while the exhibitions allow them to display their works to a wider audience. The workshops invite professional calligraphers to teach students advanced techniques and share their experiences.Benefits of Joining the Calligraphy ClubJoining the Calligraphy Club offers numerous benefits for students. Firstly, it helps them develop patience and concentration, as calligraphy requires a great deal of practice and focus. Secondly, it enhances their artistic skills and creativity, as they learn to appreciate the beauty of Chinese characters and express themselves through writing. Thirdly, it promotes cultural awareness and appreciation, as students learn about the history and significance of calligraphy in Chinese culture.Moreover, participating in the Calligraphy Club can improve students' academic performance. Studies have shown thatlearning calligraphy can enhance students' language skills, memory, and cognitive abilities. By practicing calligraphy regularly, students can improve their handwriting, vocabulary, and understanding of Chinese characters. This, in turn, can help them perform better in their Chinese language classes and exams.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Calligraphy Club in high schools plays an important role in promoting traditional culture and art education among students. By providing students with the opportunity to learn and practice calligraphy, the club helps them develop patience, concentration, artistic skills, and cultural awareness. It also improves their academic performance and overallwell-being. Therefore, it is essential for high schools to support and encourage the establishment of calligraphy clubs to nurture the next generation of calligraphers and preserve this ancient art form for the future.篇3Book Club at High SchoolIntroductionBook club, as a school activity, has become increasingly popular among high school students in recent years. It not only allows students to expand their knowledge and understanding of literature but also provides a platform for like-minded individuals to come together and share their thoughts and ideas. This article will focus on the benefits of joining a book club at high school and the ways in which it can enhance students' learning experiences.Benefits of Joining a Book Club1. Improves Reading and Writing SkillsJoining a book club at high school is a great way for students to improve their reading and writing skills. By reading a variety of books and discussing them with fellow club members, students can enhance their vocabulary, comprehension, and critical thinking abilities. Additionally, participating in book club discussions can help students develop their writing skills by practicing articulating their thoughts and opinions in a coherent and persuasive manner.2. Encourages Critical ThinkingBook club discussions often involve analyzing and interpreting the themes, characters, and plot of a book. Thisencourages students to think critically about the material they are reading and to consider different perspectives and interpretations. Through these discussions, students can develop their analytical skills and learn how to engage with literature in a more meaningful and thoughtful way.3. Fosters a Sense of CommunityJoining a book club at high school allows students to connect with others who share their love of reading and literature. It provides a sense of community and belonging, as students have the opportunity to bond over their shared interests and engage in meaningful discussions with like-minded individuals. Book club meetings can also create a supportive and inclusive environment where students feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and ideas without judgment.4. Expands HorizonsOne of the greatest benefits of joining a book club at high school is the opportunity to read a wide variety of books that students may not have otherwise encountered. Book clubs often choose books from different genres, time periods, and cultures, exposing students to a diverse range of perspectives and experiences. This can broaden students' horizons and help themdevelop a greater appreciation for the richness and complexity of the world around them.Ways to Enhance the Book Club Experience1. Organize Author Visits and Book EventsTo enhance the book club experience, high school students can organize author visits and book events to provide insight into the writing process and to connect with the creators behind the books they are reading. Inviting authors to speak at the school or attending book signings and readings can offer students a unique opportunity to engage with literature in a more personal and interactive way.2. Host Book Discussions and WorkshopsBook club meetings can be enriched by hosting engaging and interactive book discussions and workshops. Students can take turns leading discussions on different books, themes, or topics, allowing everyone to participate and share their thoughts. Workshops on writing, poetry, or literary analysis can also provide students with valuable skills and insights to enhance their understanding of literature.3. Collaborate with Other Clubs and OrganizationsHigh school book clubs can collaborate with other clubs and organizations to create interdisciplinary and multifaceted learning experiences. For example, students can work with the drama club to perform scenes from a play or collaborate with the art club to create visual representations of a book. By working together with different groups, students can explore the connections between literature and other forms of creative expression.ConclusionIn conclusion, joining a book club at high school can offer students a range of benefits, from improving their reading and writing skills to fostering a sense of community and expanding their horizons. By actively participating in book club discussions, organizing events and workshops, and collaborating with other clubs and organizations, students can enhance their learning experiences and develop a deeper appreciation for the power and beauty of literature. Book club provides a space for students to explore, discuss, and celebrate the joys of reading, creating a rich and vibrant literary community within the school.。
专利名称:READER FOR HANDWRITTEN CHARACTER 发明人:YATSUNO TAKASHI,KOSHIDANORIAKI,UCHIDA KAZUHIRO申请号:JP15309880申请日:19801031公开号:JPS5776666A公开日:19820513专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要:PURPOSE:To recognize character accurately by reading sample character written by a person who writes handwritten character information and writing them in a storgae device before reading the handwritten character information. CONSTITUTION:On a sample character slip SDCT, standard characters are printed at the upper stage and sample hadnwritten characters are written at the lower stage. The slip is read by a read part RDF to write the codes of the standard charcters and sample hand-written characters, corresponding then, in a storage device MEN by a writing means MCNT through a buffer BUF. Next, a hdndwritten character document HWCT is read by the read part RDG and the data is sent to a buffer RDF. A comparator CMP compares the information in the storage devide MEN with that in the buffer and when the two are coincident, corresponding character codes are sent out of a character code generation part CGEN.申请人:FUJITSU KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
活字印刷和传承者作文In the history of human civilization, the invention of movable type printing, also known as letterpress printing or simply typography, is considered a landmark achievement. This revolutionary technology, pioneered by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, had a profound impact on the dissemination of knowledge and the development of society. However, with the advent of digital printing and the rise of the internet, the traditional craft of letterpress printing is facing the risk of being forgotten. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of preserving the art of letterpress printing and the role of inheritors in ensuring its survival.Letterpress printing is not merely a technique for reproducing texts and images; it represents a cultural heritage that embodies the wisdom and creativity of countless generations. The meticulous process of arranging individual metal or wooden type pieces, inking them, and pressing them onto paper requires skill, patience, andattention to detail. The tactile quality and unique aesthetic appeal of letterpress-printed materials cannot be replicated by modern printing methods. They possess a certain charm and nostalgic value that cannot be matched by digital media.中文回答:活字印刷作为人类文明史上的重要发明,被认为是具有里程碑意义的成就。
Generation of Handwritten Characterswith Bayesian network based On-line Handwriting RecognizersHyunil Choi,Sung-Jung Cho and Jin H.KimCS Div.,EECS Dept.,KAIST,373-1Kusong-dong,Yousong-ku,Daejon,305-701,KOREAE-mail:hichoi,sjcho,jkim@ai.kaist.ac.krAbstractIn this paper,we propose a new character genera-tion method from on-line handwriting recognizers based on Bayesian networks.On-line handwriting recognizers are trained with handwriting samples from many writers. Then,character shapes are generated from given texts by searching the most probable input point sequences.Since Bayesian network based classifiers have large number of parameters for modeling components and their relation-ships,they generate more natural character shapes than various kinds of hidden Markov models.1IntroductionThe recent emergence of pen computers makes hand-writing more convenient and natural input method in human-computer interaction(HCI).Computer users are getting familiar to input messages with handwriting.If an user has a font which shows his/her own writing style, messages can be inputted faster than handwriting,looked friendly.From this requirement,we made a system which generates handwriting when a person types text strings.It is analogous to the text-to-speech system in the speech recog-nition literature.However,it is different in that handwritten characters,instead of speech,are generated,and they are trainable by writers.Possible applications of character generations are as fol-lows.We could make handwriting fonts automatically. With some handwriting control parameters like cursiveness to the baseline system,various fonts can be made.If the system is trained with specific writer’s handwriting exam-ples,the system will enable the writer’s messages look more friendly by showing the writer’s handwriting.Suppose that an user has a computer font which shows his own writing style.He can use the font in writing E-mail or greetings.We can say the counterparts might feel friendly towards him. Another good application could be use of personalized font in chatting service.Someone who wants to chat using his own font gives some handwritings to the service.The ser-vice creates a font for him and every message that he types will show his writing style.Handwriting generation task had been studied for signif-icant time.The motor model[7]views handwriting process as a result of motor processes that control writing method. Although it established unified framework for various kinds of handwriting generation models,strong assumptions on both linearity of subsystems and simplification of complex muscle movement are impractical.Based on the motor models,delta-lognormal theory[6]enables parametric rep-resentation of handwriting generation.Motor model based approaches can be used to simulate handwriting in terms of motor aspect.But it is commonly known that the dynamic-inverse problem is hard to solve[9].For the pratical use of handwriting generation,learning-based approach is another promising methodology.By col-lecting handwriting examples from a writer,a system learns the writer’s writing style.In[3],common glyphs are prede-fined and the system keeps handwritten glyphs of the writer. When texts are given,the system concates corresponding glyphs to make handwriting.In spite of it’s simplicity,it is hard to extend the system if a language has many classes. Wang[10]extracts strokes of letter and ligature using tri-unit handwriting model.By minimizing deformable energy, synthesized handwriting is generated.In this paper,we propose a system which generates char-acters by utilizing on-line handwriting recognizer.The sys-tem is trained with handwriting examples from a lot of writ-ers.For a given character code,we pick up the correspond-ing model in the model set and let the model generate most probable points on2-D plane.The advantage of our ap-proach is that character shapes can have systematic varia-tions because components and their relationships of charac-ters are modeled in detail.Another feasible characteristic of out system is that it can generate characters with large num-ber of classes.In case of Hangul,at least2,350characters are required.Instead of training all the classes,a character can be generated by composing several grapheme models.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section2 introduces the Bayesian network based on-line handwriting recognizers.Section3describes character generation algo-rithm from the recognizers.Section4presents the charac-ter shapes generated from the proposed model and compare them with shapes from HMMs.Section5concludes this paper.2Bayesian network based on-line handwrit-ing recognizer[2]In this section,we describe on-line handwriting recog-nizer for generating character.Although we have a gener-ative system designed for both Hangul and digit,we only show modeling of Hangul characters.Digits models corre-spond to grapheme models in this paper.Hangul characters have four level components:syllable characters,graphemes,strokes and points.A syllable char-acter is structurally composed of graphemes:onefirst con-sonant(19classes,denoted as C),one vowel(21classes, J)and one optional last consonant(27classes,Z).There-fore,11,772syllable characters can be constructed theoret-ically.Among them,only2,350ones are practically used.A grapheme,which corresponds to an alphabet in English words and a digit in digit strings,is composed of several strokes.A stroke is a straight or nearly straight trace that has distinct directions from connected traces in writing or-der,and is composed of points.A point,the primitive com-ponent,is represented by its(x,y)coordinate.We proposed a Bayesian network framework for explic-itly modeling components and their relationships of Hangul characters[2].A Hangul character is modeled with hier-archical components:a syllable model,grapheme models, stroke models and point models.Each model is constructed with subcomponents and their relationships.A point model, the primitive one,is represented by a2-D Gaussian for point positions on X-Y plane.Relationships are modeled with po-sition dependencies between components.2.1Introduction to Bayesian networksA Bayesian network[4]is a probabilistic graph for rep-resenting random variables and their dependencies.It effi-ciently encodes the joint probability distribution of a large set of variables.Its nodes represent random variables and its arcs represent dependencies between random variables with conditional probabilities at nodes.In order to model the conditional probability between continuous random variables with high order dependencies, we adopt conditional Gaussian distributions[5].The meanof a random variable is assumed to be determined from the linear weight sum of dependent variable values.The dif-ference between the mean and the random variable value is assumed to be Gaussian.When a multivariate random vari-able depends on,the conditional probability distribution is given as follows:(1) The mean is determined from the dependant variable val-ues as follows:(2) where W is a linear regression matrix,d is the dimen-sion of,and k is the dimension of.2.2Hangul character modelA point instance has the attribute of(x,y)position on the2-D plane.So,a point model has2-D Gaussian distribution for modeling2-D point positions.It is represented by one node in Bayesian networks.When a point depends on other points,its matching probabil-ity is given from the conditional Gaus-sian distribution(Eq.(1),(2))by setting and.A stroke instance is composed of points.Therefore,a stroke model is composed of point models with their re-lationships,called within-stroke relationships(WSRs).A stroke model is constructed by recursively adding mid point models and specifying their dependencies from stroke end points.At the mid point,the lengths of the left and the right partial strokes are equal.The recursion stops when the co-variances of newly added point models become smaller than some threshold.The matching probability of a stroke with a point se-quence is given as follows:(3)A grapheme instance consists of strokes which have re-lationships.Therefore,a grapheme model consists of stroke models with inter-stroke relationships(ISRs).ISRs are ab-stractly represented with dependencies between stroke end points.Figure1.Bayesian network representation ofa grapheme model.Figure1shows a Bayesian network based grapheme model with strokes and the stroke recursion depth.’s are the stroke end point models and’s are thepoint models within the-th stroke.The right end point of the previous stroke is shared with the left one of the follow-ing stroke.ISRs are represented by the arcs between’s, and WSRs are represented by the incoming arcs to’s.When a grapheme model with strokes and agrapheme instance whose one stroke segmentation in-stance is,and whose whole segmentation set is,the matching probabil-ity is given as follows:(4)Ligatures are the traces connecting graphemes,which are usually pen-up movements.Their shapes are simple and nearly straight.Therefore,a ligature model is made of one stroke model.Hangul character models are constructed by combiningtheir grapheme and ligature models and specifying inter-grapheme relationships.IGRs are encapsulated by relation-ships between grapheme bounding boxes(). Six different IGR types(Fig.2(a))are denoted as.Fig. 2(b)shows the Bayesian network model corresponding to graphemes’’,,’’,,’’(Hangulcharacter’’).Grapheme bounding boxes have dependencies from(=4). Their dependencies are modeled as the conditional Gaus-sian distribution(Eq.(1),(2)).Because graphemes have scaling and translation variations in Hangul syllable bound-ing boxes,the dependencies from grapheme bounding boxes to grapheme models are modeled by translation-and scaling-invariant conditional Gaussian distributions;com-pared to Eq.(2),the mean is changed as follows:(5) where and are scaling and translation matrix for the input space,and is the set of normalized coordinates of grapheme points.(a)Six types of IGRs12(b)Hangul character model for(,,,,).Figure2.Hangul character model.When a Hangul character model whose type is matches a point sequence,the matching prob-ability is calculated byfinding the most probable grapheme segmentation.Let denote a seg-ment instance of such that is matched to,to ,J to.Then the matching probability is as follows:(6)In the case of a Hangul character with the liga-ture and thefinal consonant,is divided intofive segments and,andare multiplied to Eq.(6).3Algorithm for character generation[1]Since the Bayesian network is generative model,we can choose the most probable characters from the Bayesian net-work based character models.The most probable character can be interpreted as the most representative character pat-tern that each model has.If a model successfully learns the concept of characters from training data,then it can gener-ate natural shapes and vice versa.A character is generated from the proposed character model by generating points according to their dependency order.The points without dependencies are generated at first.Then,points whose all dependent points are sequen-tially generated.Step1.(Hangul)From the given Hangul syllable label, determine its syllable type,grapheme and ligature la-bels.Step2.(Hangul)Construct a Hangul syllable model by concatenating grapheme models,ligature models,the type variable and the bounding box variables.Step3.(Hangul)Generate the most probable grapheme bounding boxes’s given the type byfinding the mean of conditional Gaussian distributions(Eq.(2),(5)).The one whose dependent variables are alreadygenerated is generatedfirst.Step4.Sort all the point models in a grapheme(also an alphabet or a digit)model according to the depen-dency topology order.Let’s denote them as’s().Step5.For,generate the most probable point instance from the point model given the grapheme bounding box as follows:where(from Eq.(2),(5)).’s and’s are the normalized coordinates of points with the bounding box.Step6.Sort’s according to their writing order.The character generation algorithms for various kinds of HMMs appeared in[8].4Experimental results[1]We conducted experiments which show the ability of handwriting generation of proposed method.We applied our system to Hangul syllable and digit generation.4.1Training dataThe Hangul data for the experiment were collected from high school and college students.There was no restriction or guidance in the writing styles.As a result,cursive writ-ing style as well as run-on style were found in the data.The system is trained with49,049characters written by48writ-ers.Figure3(a)shows examples of traning data.For the numeral character generation,we used4,046 samples from KAIST DB.It has well written characters by high school students without any writing restriction in Korea.Figure3(b)shows some sample characters from the DBs.Since each writer has different writing style and degree of variation,we can expect that Bayesian network learns average writingstyle.Figure 3.Samples from training data(a)Hangul syllable characters(b)digits4.2Comparison of generated character shapesFigure4and5show that the proposed character models seem tofit well our concepts of characters.Hangul syl-lables and digits generated by them have natural shapes. Grapheme relationships are natural and not overlapped one another.Strokes have not only straight but also cursive shapes.Their relationships are also natural.On the other hand,digits generated by several kinds of HMMs are not natural as shown in(b),(c)and(d)of Figure4,5(reprinted from[8]).In(b),only one stroke of each grapheme or digit is enlarged unrealistically because stroke lengths are not re-alistically modeled in normal HMMs.In(c)and(d),strokes have more realistic lengths but the overall character shapes are not natural because stroke relationships are not explic-itly modeled.Also,grapheme relationships are not well modeled.This result shows the superior modeling capac-ity of the proposed model.5ConclusionsIn this paper,we generate character shapes from on-line handwriting recognizers based on Bayesian networks. Characters are generated by searching the most probable point sequences.Experimental results with Hangul and digits show that the proposed system generated more natural character shapes than HMMs.The overall shapes are more natu-ral and the relationships between graphemes,strokes and points are also more natural.Our future work is to make the system adaptable to spe-cific writer.The current system generates the average char-acter shapes from many writers.The other is to model the cursiveness and inter-character relationships for Hangul word.Also,the system needs to be extended to English word.(b)(c)(d)Figure 4.Hangul syllables generated from (a)proposed Bayesian network based models.(b)standard HMMs.(c)durationmodelingHMMs.(d)non-stationary HMMs.Figuresof(b),(c),(d)are reprintedfrom [8]with permis-sionof theauthors and the publisher.Fig-gen-char.eps(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 5.Digits generated from (a)proposed Bayesian network based models.(b)stan-dard HMMs.(c)duration modeling HMMs.(d)non-stationary HMMs.Figures of (b),(c),(d)are reprinted from [8]with permission of the authors and the publisher.AcknowledgementThis work has been partly supported by the Korean Min-istry of Science and Technology for National Research Lab-oratory Program M1-1014-00-0165.References[1]S.Cho.Baysian network modeling of character componentsand their relationships for on-line handwriting recognition.Ph.D thesis,EECS Dept.,KAIST ,2003.[2]S.Cho and J.Kim.Bayesian network modeling of hangulcharacters for on-line handwriting recognition.submitted to ICDAR ,2003.[3]I.Guyon.Handwriting synthesis from handwritten glyphs.Porc.the Fifth International Workshop on Frontiers of Handwriting Recognition,Colchester,England ,1996.[4] F.Jensen.An Introduction to Bayesian Networks .SpringerVerlag,New York,1996.[5]K.Murphy.Inference and learning in hybrid bayesian net-works.Technical Report 990,U.C.Berkeley,p.Sci ,1998.[6]R.Plamondon and W.Guerfali.The generation of handwrit-ing with delta-lognormal synergies.Bilogical Cybernetics ,78:119–132,1998.[7]R.Plamondon and F.J.Maarse.An evaluation of motormodels of handwriting.IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics ,19(5):1060–1072,1989.[8] B.-K.Sin and work-based approach to ko-rean handwriting analysis.International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Arti ficial Intelligence ,12(2):233–249,Jun.1998.[9]Y .Singer and N.Tishby.Dynamical encoding of cursivehandwriting.Biological Cybernetics ,71(3):227–237,1994.[10]J.Wang,C.Wu,Y .-Q.Xu,H.-Y .Shum,and L.Ji.Learning-based cursive handwriting synthesis.IWFHR ,pages 157–162,2002.。