《翻译理论与技巧》模拟试卷(一)

翻译证的考试题库和答案以下是一份模拟的翻译证考试题库及答案，供参考：一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译中，以下哪项不是直译的特点？A. 保持原文风格B. 保持原文结构C. 保持原文意义D. 过度自由发挥答案：D2. 翻译中，以下哪项不是意译的特点？A. 保持原文风格B. 保持原文意义C. 保持原文结构D. 灵活处理原文答案：C3. 翻译中，以下哪项不是增译的特点？A. 增加原文没有的信息B. 增加原文隐含的信息C. 增加原文省略的信息D. 增加原文多余的信息答案：D4. 翻译中，以下哪项不是减译的特点？A. 省略原文多余的信息B. 省略原文隐含的信息C. 省略原文省略的信息D. 省略原文没有的信息答案：D5. 翻译中，以下哪项不是变译的特点？A. 改变原文结构B. 改变原文风格C. 改变原文意义D. 保持原文意义答案：C6. 翻译中，以下哪项不是倒译的特点？A. 倒置原文语序B. 倒置原文结构C. 倒置原文意义D. 保持原文意义答案：C7. 翻译中，以下哪项不是分译的特点？A. 分开翻译原文B. 分开翻译原文结构C. 分开翻译原文意义D. 合并翻译原文答案：D8. 翻译中，以下哪项不是合译的特点？A. 合并翻译原文B. 合并翻译原文结构C. 合并翻译原文意义D. 分开翻译原文答案：D9. 翻译中，以下哪项不是换译的特点？A. 替换原文词汇C. 替换原文意义D. 保持原文意义答案：C10. 翻译中，以下哪项不是反译的特点？A. 反转原文语序B. 反转原文结构C. 反转原文意义D. 保持原文意义答案：C二、多选题（每题3分，共15分）11. 翻译中，以下哪些属于直译的特点？（）A. 保持原文风格C. 保持原文意义D. 过度自由发挥答案：ABC12. 翻译中，以下哪些属于意译的特点？（）A. 保持原文风格B. 保持原文意义C. 保持原文结构D. 灵活处理原文答案：ABD13. 翻译中，以下哪些属于增译的特点？（）A. 增加原文没有的信息B. 增加原文隐含的信息C. 增加原文省略的信息D. 增加原文多余的信息答案：ABC14. 翻译中，以下哪些属于减译的特点？（）A. 省略原文多余的信息B. 省略原文隐含的信息C. 省略原文省略的信息D. 省略原文没有的信息答案：ABC15. 翻译中，以下哪些属于变译的特点？（）A. 改变原文结构B. 改变原文风格C. 改变原文意义D. 保持原文意义三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16. 直译就是完全按照原文的字面意思翻译。

翻译理论练习题翻译是一门充满挑战的艺术，需要翻译者具备良好的文字表达能力和深厚的语言背景。

翻译理论是翻译工作的理论基础，这一文章将通过以下几道练习题来探讨翻译理论的实践应用。

1. 什么是翻译？翻译是将一种语言的意义转化为另一种语言的过程。

翻译不仅仅涉及语言层面的转换，还需要考虑文化、背景等因素。

翻译的目的是让不同语言之间的交流变得可能。

2. 翻译的分类有哪些？翻译可分为口译和笔译两种形式。

口译是通过口头表达进行翻译，通常用于会议、演讲等场合。

笔译是通过书面文字进行翻译，包括文学、商务、法律等领域。

3. 翻译的基本原则是什么？翻译的基本原则包括忠实传递原意、准确性、流畅性和可读性。

翻译者应力求在忠实于原文的前提下，将原文的意义准确传达给读者，并确保译文易于理解和流畅。

4. 翻译中遇到的主要困难是什么？翻译者在翻译过程中经常会遇到词义的多义性、语言结构的差异、文化差异等困难。

这些难题需要翻译者具备广泛的知识背景和良好的语言理解能力。

5. 翻译中的文化因素有哪些？翻译不仅仅是语言之间的转换，还涉及到文化的传递。

文化因素包括历史、习俗、价值观等各个方面。

翻译者需要在翻译过程中充分考虑这些文化因素，以确保翻译的准确性和地道性。

6. 翻译者应该具备哪些技巧？翻译者应该具备准确理解原文意思的能力，同时要善于选择合适的词语和句型来表达意思。

此外，翻译者还要注重上下文的理解和语境的适应，以确保整体的连贯性。

7. 翻译中的常见误区有哪些？翻译中常见的误区包括过度字面翻译、过度自由翻译、忽略上下文等。

翻译者需要避免这些误区，注重整体的语言表达和意义的传递。

8. 翻译中的技术工具有哪些？现代翻译中使用的技术工具包括翻译记忆库、机器翻译等。

这些工具可以提高翻译效率和准确性，但仍然需要人工翻译的判断和修正。

9. 翻译的过程中如何提高自身的能力？翻译是一个不断学习和提高的过程。

翻译者可以通过积累语言素材、不断阅读和研究、与其他翻译者交流等方式来提高自身的翻译能力。

Family PortraitMy mother, who is seventy years old, recently sent me a photograph of herself that I had never seen before. While cleaning out the attic of her Florida home, she came across a studio portrait she had taken about a year before she married my father. This picture of my mother is about a twenty-year-old girl and the story behind it has fascinated me from the moment I began to consider it.The young in the picture has a face that resembles my own in many ways. Her face is a bit more oval than mine, but the softly waving brown hair around it is identical. The small, straight nose is the same model I was born with. My mother’s mouth is closed, yet there is just the slightest hint of a smile on her full lips. I know that if she had smiled, she would have shown the same wide grin and down-curving “smile lines” that appear in my own snapshots. The most haunting feature in the photo, however, is my mother’s eyes. They are an exact duplicate of my own large, dark-brown ones. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fine, luminous eyes. I’ve also carefully studied the clothing and jewelry in the photograph. Although the photo was taken fifty years ago, my mother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could easily be worn today. The blouse is made of heavy eggshell-colored satin and reflects the light in its folds and hollows. It has a turned-down cowl collar and smocking on the shoulders and bellow the collar. The smocking (tiny rows of gathered material) looks hand-done. The skirt, which covers my mother’s calves, is straight and made of light wool or flannel. My mother is wearing silver drop earrings. They are about two inches long and roughly shield-shaped. On her left wrist is a matching bracelet. My mother can’t find this bracelet now, despite the fact that we spent hours searching through the attic for it. On the third finger of her left hand is a ring with a large, square-cut stone.The story behind the picture is as interesting to me as the young woman it captures. Mom, who was earning twenty-five dollars a week as a file clerk, decided to give her boyfriend (my father) a picture of herself. She spent almost two weeks’ salary on the skirt and blouse, which she bought at a fancy department store downtown. She borrowed the earrings and bracelet from her older sister, my aunt Dorothy. The ring she wore was a present from another young man she was dating at the time. Mom spent another chunk of her salary to pay the portrait photographer for the hand-tinted print in old-fashioned tones of brown and tan. Just before giving the picture to my father, she scrawled at the lower left, “Sincerely, Beatrice.”When I studied this picture, I react in many ways. I think about the trouble that Mom went into in order to impress the young man who was to be my father. I laugh when I look at the ring, which was probably worn to make my father jealous. I smile at the serious, formal inscription my mother used at this stage of the budding relationship. Sometimes I am filled with a mixture of pleasure and sadness when I look at this frozen long-ago moment. It is a moment of beauty, of love, and—in a way—of my own past.照片我的母亲已经是七十高龄。

一、翻译的基本理论复习题（一）列举至少三种翻译标准（中、西均可）, 并指出是由谁提出的。

中国的: 严复, 信雅达三字标准; 林语堂: 忠实, 通顺, 美的标准傅雷, 神似；茅盾：意境论；钱钟书：化境赵秀明: 韵味说外国的:泰特勒的三原则（1.译文应完全复写出原作的思想 2.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同3.译文应和原作同样流畅）费道罗夫的等值论:等值即译文和原文等值, 表现在读者看了原文和译文之后, 其感受的等值性。

奈达的等效理论奈达从社会语言学和语言交际功能观点, 提出“最接近的, 自然的等效翻译”概念, 认为翻译必须以接受者服务为中心, 要根据不同接受者的要求对译文作相应调整。

二）翻译的主要方法有＿直译＿和＿意译＿。

“直译”就是忠实的再现原作思想内容, 并尽量保存原作语言形式的表现方法。

原文如在形、义上与译语全同或是基本相同的可以直译, 原语中的比喻或形象能为译语读者所接受的有时也可以采用直译。

“意译”是忠实传达原作思想内容而放弃原作形式。

多强调译文的效果, 不求表层次形式对应, 只求语言在深层次中的对应。

不是主观臆断, 是以不背离原文为限度, 注意翻译时对原文结构的调整, 用规范的译语表达。

（三）列举你所掌握的翻译技巧。

技巧是翻译的具体策略, 在直译和意译两大类翻译方法之下, 具体的翻译技巧有分切、转换、转移、还原、阐释、融合、引申、反转、替代、拆离、增补、省略、重复、重组、移植等。

再概括起来, 可以归结为增、减、移、换四大策略。

（四）列举中、西翻译史上著名翻译家至少十位。

傅雷, 季羡林, 草婴, 鲁迅, 杨绛, 朱生豪, 张谷若, 诺思, 查普曼, 费洛里欧, 何兰德, 阿瑟伟利, 弗兰茨库恩, 玄奘、义净、徐寿、李善兰、赵元益、卞之琳、叶水夫、黄龙、茅盾；乔叟、西塞罗、哲罗姆、阿尔弗雷德国王、波伊提乌、诺思（五）谈谈翻译的困难（至少两点）。

首先理解的困难。

汉语和英语都是很发达的语言, 以表达丰富细致著称, 要理解的准确必须处处细致。

17春秋华师《翻译理论与技巧》在线作业华师《翻译理论与技巧》在线作业一、单选题（共31 道试题，共62 分。

）1. And I suppose she’ll tell all the boys, the old cat. ____A. 我想她会告诉所有的男人，这只老猫B. 我想她会告诉所有的男人，这个长舌的老太婆！正确答案：2. 明年将出版更多的书籍。

____A. Next year will publish a greater number of new booksB. A greater number of new books will be published next year.正确答案：3. Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented. ____A. 只是在电动机发明之后，电力才成了人类的仆人B. 只是在电动机发明之后，电力才开始造福于人类。

正确答案：4. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。

____A. The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effortB. Language is something one cannot master it without painstaking effort.正确答案：5. The little girl ____ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.A. was made useB. was made usedC. was made use ofD. was made used of正确答案：6. 但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。

____A. But there has been too much publicity about my case.B. But now everybody in the city knows about my thing.正确答案：7. People someti mes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it. ____A. 有时人们在没有权利这么做的时候，也希望别人感激他们。

中西方翻译理论试题及答案中西方翻译理论的发展历史悠久，各有特色。

西方翻译理论倾向于结构主义和语言学的分析，而中国传统翻译理论则更侧重于文化和哲学的考量。

本文将探讨中西方翻译理论的基本观点、发展历程以及它们在翻译实践中的应用，最后提供一些典型的试题及答案，以供学习和参考。

一、中西方翻译理论的基本观点西方翻译理论西方翻译理论的发展经历了古典时期、中世纪、文艺复兴、现代和后现代等阶段。

每个阶段都有其代表性的理论家和观点。

例如，罗马时期的哲人西塞罗提出了“直译”与“意译”的区分；20世纪初，语言学家尤金·奈达提出了“功能对等”和“动态对等”理论，强调翻译应使目标语言读者能够获得与原文读者相同的信息和感受。

中方翻译理论中国传统翻译理论的起点可以追溯到佛教经典的翻译。

如鸠摩罗什的“文质论”和玄奘的“五不翻”原则，都体现了对原文和译文之间关系的深刻理解。

近现代，中国翻译学者如严复提出的“信、达、雅”原则，至今仍对翻译实践有着重要的指导意义。

二、中西方翻译理论的发展历程西方翻译理论的发展西方翻译理论的发展经历了从文本中心到读者中心的转变。

20世纪中叶，随着结构主义和解构主义的兴起，翻译研究开始关注文本的多义性和读者的解读过程。

后现代翻译理论则更加强调文化差异和权力关系在翻译中的作用。

中方翻译理论的发展中国传统翻译理论的发展与佛教经典的翻译密切相关。

随着时间的推移，翻译理论逐渐融入了更多的文化和哲学元素。

近现代，中国翻译理论开始吸收西方的一些理论，形成了更加开放和多元的理论体系。

三、翻译理论在实践中的应用理论指导实践无论是西方的语言学翻译理论还是中国的文质论，都为翻译实践提供了重要的指导。

翻译者在实践中需要根据原文的文体、内容和目标读者的特点，选择合适的翻译策略。

实践反馈理论翻译实践也为理论的发展提供了丰富的素材。

通过分析具体的翻译案例，翻译学者可以提炼出新的理论观点，进一步完善和发展翻译理论。

四、典型试题及答案1. 试题：请简述尤金·奈达的“功能对等”理论。

翻译理论与实践考试试卷I。

Alternative Choice：15 %1. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil。

The drill may just miss the oil although it is near.译文A：石油钻探很大程度上要靠运气。

哪怕钻机打到石油边上,也可能找不到石油。

译文B：钻探石油有很大的运气，即使钻机就在附近也有可能错过石油。

2．I have no manners whatsoever。

If I feel like it，I eat with my fingers，or out of a can，or standing up——-in other words, whichever is easiest。

译文A:事实上我没有任何规矩，如果我觉得喜欢，我就用手指吃，或用罐头吃,或站着吃--换句话说，看那种吃法最容易。

译文B:我实在是一点规矩也没有。

只要觉得合适，我可用手抓着吃，直接拿着罐头吃，或是站着吃:反正怎么省事就怎么吃。

3. 过去的一年．全国人民团结奋斗，开拓进取，社会主义现代化事业取得重大成就.译文A：In the past, the Chinese people worked hard with a united and pioneering spirit, achieving great success in the drive for socialist modernization.译文B:In the last year, the Chinese people united and worked hard，pioneered and forged ahead，and made great achievements in the cause of China’s socialist modernization。

《翻译理论与技巧》模拟试卷（一）一．在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。

1．翻译是跨（）、跨（）、跨（）的交际活动。

2．篇章的粘连分（）粘连和（）粘连两大类，粘连的目的是实现篇章的（）。

3．社会符号学的翻译标准是（）相符、（）相似。

4．格赖斯的（）原则和利奇的（）原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。

5. 社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据，以符号学的意义观为核心。

语言符号具备三种意义，它们是（）意义、（）意义和（）意义。

6. 语言对比是研究语言在（）中产生的意义。

7. 泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则：A．译文应完整地再现原文的（）。

B．译文的（）（）应与原文的性质相同。

C．译文应像原文一样（）。

8. 汉语语法呈（）性，英语语法呈（）性。

9. 严复的三字翻译标准是_____、_____、____。

10. 鲁迅认为翻译标准可以用________和________这四个字来表示。

二．判断各例画线部分译文恰当如否。

如译文恰当，就在后面括号中打√；译文不恰当，就在后面括号中打×。

1．对外开放取得新近展。

1990年共批准“三资”企业99家，全省“三资”企业已达284家。

（）New progress has been made in the process of opening to the outside world. In 1990, the province approved 99 “Three Forms of Ventures”, the total number of which reached 284.2．我们要培养出适应社会主义现代化需要的一代“四有新人”。

（）We must bring forth a new generation of well-educated and self-disciplined people with lofty ideals and moral integrity, such as are necessary for our socialist modernization drive.3．这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。

翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案(红色为自己所出题)一 Fill in the blanks.1.According to sociosemiotic theories, meaning consists of three aspects:_________, ___________ and ____________ .2.As far as communicative function is concerned, English sentences can beclassified into four types: ____________ , ___________ , _____________ and___________ .3.Professor Xu Yuanzhong ever proposed that literary translation shouldconform to the principle of “____________, __________ and ___________”.4.The basic procedures of translation are made up of three steps: __________,___________ and ___________ .5.Peter Newmark divided the function of language into six kinds, among whichthe most important four functions are ____________, ___________ ,__________ and ___________ .6.“Literal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle, while“liberal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle.7.Translators often abide by -oriented principle when they translateliterary works8.When we see th e sun, we often think of hope. It’s the meaning of thesun we in fact think of.9.Yan Fu’s standard for good translation is , and .10.According to Peter Newmark, the expression “How do you do” performs___________ function.11.We should analyze , and before we really put somethinginto the target language.12.According to the structure, English sentences can be classified intosentences, ___________ sentences, sentences and sentences.13.The three principles for translation advocated by Alexander Fraser Tytler are:①②③14.The sentence “The earth goes around the sun” performs the function oflanguage.15.When we hear somebody speaks ungrammatically, we know that he is notwell-educated. Here the language carries the meaning.16.According to the different signs that translation deals with, translation can beclassified into , , .17.Translation can be regarded as a , a or a .18.According to different topics, translation can be classified into translation,translation and translation.二 Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.2The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch.3Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.4The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.5 It’s not easy to become a member of that club—they want people who haveplenty of money to spend, not just every Tom , Dick, and Harry.6 The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was nearcollapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.7 But my mother had not passed this way for years. And the slimness and thestride were long past, too.8 I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as though it had been beaten with wires.9 As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we havebeen forced to cut our prices to the minimum.10 I sat with his wife in their living room, looking out the glass doors to thebackyards, and there was Allen’s pool, still covered wi th black plastic that hadbeen stretched across it for winter.11 Time did not spoil the beauty of the walls, nor the palace itself, lying like ajewel in the hollow of a hand.12It is obvious that this was merely a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul. There was no real clearing up of the outstanding debt.13He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs allover again, without end.14There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interested in talking politics orbusiness with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour of the coffee,the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may beher chief interest and pride.15English prose is elaborate rather than simple. It was not always so.16When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assumea Quaker-Oats look.17The door was unlocked. She went inside and sat in a stupor. She was near collapse, barely able to move her swollen feet.18“It is true that the enemey won the battle, but theirs is but a Pyrrhic victory.”said the General.19 A dirty-yellow sky had threatened rain all day and a hollow stillness hungover the valley.20I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my kneestogether and let my hands rest loosely on them.21One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.22Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such a regimen; and how much more this poor old nervous victim?23Our Band-Aid approach to economic development must be changed.24It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come to the church.25It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion.26Father’s attitude toward anybody who wasn’t his kind used to puzzle me.27Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants.28We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.29She stopped listening. She felt as though she had been slapped to the extreme outer edge of life, into a cold darkness.30Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well have the final say.31Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.32The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner.33I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of the skin but by the content of their character.34The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.35I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them.36There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 37 A country that wishes to become a member of WTO is to send in itsapplication before a working party is formed by WTO for examination of the specific conditions of the country.38When prices range from $34,500 to $50,000 per car, evidence that these machines are more than a cut above the rest is essential.39One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.40The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six-to-one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60000 men in one day.41I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora’s dinner.42The world is scraping bottom in the deepest economic slump in a half-century.43Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress.44Military strategy may bear some similarity to the chessboard but it is dangerous to carry the analogy too far.45Studies show that otherwise rational people act irrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds, even becoming violent.46Prolonged high unemployment will threaten the current leadership in other capitals as well, and it could ignite violent upheavals in some of the most hard-pressed land.47Many advocated strong action to bring the Prime Minister into line.48He cannot wholly detach himself from the technicalities and personal inconveniences which accompany the battle for intelligence.49I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders.50Although the recession has reached every corner of the planet, the impact is uneven.51I think lawyers mistakenly believe complex language enhances the mystique of the law.52Not long ago, a foreign visitor whose English is extremely good told me of his embarrassment in a tea shop.53Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the imbalance between teaching and research.54We have created a faculty of scholars frequently so narrow in their studies and specialized in their scholarship they are simply incapable of teaching introductory courses.55Then the players find out the lottery is not particularly good bet and they find other forms of gambling.56The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.57There has always been a close cultural link, or tie between Britain and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music.58We must just make the best of things as they come along.59But once I made the decision, I went at it with all flags flying.60 Autumn’s mellow ha nd was upon the woods, as they owned already, touchedwith gold and red and olive.三 Translate the following passage into Chinese.1Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of theirown sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman,you can retort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part ofthe world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to allothers. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, weadjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matterwith some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life ofa small planet in a little corner of the universe, and that for aught we know,other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.2 Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but becauseit makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with theauthor’s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as youunderstand his.Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something; they are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different places; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but with different solutions according to different writings at different times.Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you “ought ” to read, you probably won’t have fun. But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won’t have suffered during the process.3 It is well that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Of the virtues ofthe orange I have not room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving, as that it cures influenza and establishes the complexion. It is clean, forwhoever handles it on its way to your table, but handles its outer covering, its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellentsubstitute with the young for a cricket ball. The pip can be flicked at yourenemies, and quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an old gentleman.But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. However, the world must go on.With the orange we do live year in and year out. That speaks well for theorange. The fact is that there is an honeaty about the orange which appeals to all of us. If it is going to be bad—for the best of us are bad sometimes—it begins to be bad from the outside, not from the inside. How many a pearwhich presents a blooming face to the world is rotten at the core. Howmany an innocent-looking apple is harbouring a worm in the bud. But theorange has no secret faults. Its outside is a mirror of its inside, and if you are quick you can tell the shopman so before he slips it into the bag.4 It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperityand how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.Americans cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet are in such a rush to snatch any that come within their reach, as if expecting to stop living before they have relished them. They clutch everything but hold nothing fast, and so lose grip as they hurry after some new delight.An American will build a house in which to pass his old age and sell it before the roof is on; he will plant a garden and rent it just as the trees are coming into bearing; he will clear a field and leave others to reap the harvest;he will take up a profession and leave it, settle in one place and soon go off elsewhere with his changing desires. If his private business allows him amoment’s relaxation, he will plunge at once into the whirlpool of politics.Then, if at the end of a year crammed with work he has a little spare leisure, his restless curiosity goes with him traveling up and down the vastterritories of the United States. Thus he will travel five hundred miles in afew days as a distraction from his happiness.Death steps is in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.5 Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whetherhumanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently.There might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponder the ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves. Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations?6 A real woman, by my definition, neither despises nor worships men, but isproud not to have been born a man, does everything she can to avoidthinking or acting like one, knows the full extent of her powers, and feels free to reject all arbitrary man-made obligations. She is her own oracle of rightand wrong, firmly believing in her five sound senses and intuitive sixth. Oncea real woman has been warned by her nose that those apples are tasteless orassured by her finger-tips that this material is shoddy, no salesman in theworld can persuade her to the contrary. Nor, once she has met some personage in private and summed him up with a single keen glance as weak, vain or crooked, will his mounting public reputation convince her otherwise. She takes pleasure in the company of simple, happy, undemanding women; but seldom or never finds a friend worthy of her full confidence.翻译理论与技巧（A）答案一 1 designative meaning or referential meaning, linguistic meaning and pragmatic meaning2 declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences3beauty of meaning, beauty of sound and beauty of form4comprehension, expression and testing5informative function, expressive function, vocative function and aesthetic function6source, target7Aesthetics8Associative9Faithfulness, Expressiveness, Elegance10phatic11Grammar, meaning and structure.12Simple, compound, complex, compound complex131) A translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work; 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.14informative15indexical meaning.16Intralingual translation, interlingual translation, intersemiotic translation17science, art, skill(craft)18professional translation, literary translation, general translation二 1他们的主人，又是割啊，又是倒啊，又是上菜啊，又是切面包啊，又是说啊，又是笑啊，又是敬酒啊，忙个不停。

翻译理论与实践（笔译）模拟试题一Ⅰ.Fill in blanks. (10’）1 重视保持原作的风格即原作的_____风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。

2火上浇油应翻译为 _____。

3君子协定翻译为_____。

For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use4 翻译过程大体可分为理解、_____、校核三个阶段。

5 严复将The Study of Sociology翻译为_____。

For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial useⅡ.Put the following sentences into Chinese（30’）6 The plane was right above our heads.7 The explanation is pretty thin.8 I wanted to make it clear whether he was a foreigner or not.9 He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.10 There is no living in the island.11 More haste , less speed.12 He wants patience.13 The kids are crying loudly.14 He is the last man to do it.15 Over the past several weeks, she had grown increasingly restless..16 If once virtue is lost, all is lost17 Jess opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.18I had been completely honest in my replies, witholding nothing.19 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.20 It is not right for children to sit up late.Ⅲ.Put the following sentences into English.(30’)23 他所说的都是可靠的。