Algorithms, Economics

经济学专有名词Aaccounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :伯伦模型change in demand :需求变化change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumer theory :消费者理论consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct approach :直接法direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型EEconomic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率，效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry barriers :进入壁垒entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性FFactor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms’demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed input :固定投入fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车，免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值Ggame theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说Iidentity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income effect :收入效应income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线，isoprofit curve :等利润曲线isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族Kkinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线Llabour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数，land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution :边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品Mmacroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost :边际成本marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清，市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly regulation :垄断调控monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规经济学Oobjective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto optimality :帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托--代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡producer theory :生产者理论product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金Rrate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revealed preference :显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险Ssatiation :饱和，满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称Ttangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ；技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第三级价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用Uuncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿Vvalue :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variable input :可变投入variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学Wwage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化Zzero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。

CCF推荐的国际学术会议和期刊目录修订版发布CCF(China Computer Federation中国计算机学会)于2010年8月发布了第一版推荐的国际学术会议和期刊目录，一年来，经过业内专家的反馈和修订，于日前推出了修订版，现将修订版予以发布。

本次修订对上一版内容进行了充实，一些会议和期刊的分类排行进行了调整，目录包括：计算机科学理论、计算机体系结构与高性能计算、计算机图形学与多媒体、计算机网络、交叉学科、人工智能与模式识别、软件工程/系统软件/程序设计语言、数据库/数据挖掘/内容检索、网络与信息安全、综合刊物等方向的国际学术会议及期刊目录，供国内高校和科研单位作为学术评价的参考依据。

目录中，刊物和会议分为A、B、C三档。

A类表示国际上极少数的顶级刊物和会议，鼓励我国学者去突破；B类是指国际上著名和非常重要的会议、刊物，代表该领域的较高水平，鼓励国内同行投稿；C类指国际上重要、为国际学术界所认可的会议和刊物。

这些分类目录每年将学术界的反馈和意见，进行修订，并逐步增加研究方向。

中国计算机学会推荐国际学术刊物（网络/信息安全）一、 A类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1. TIFS IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics andSecurity IEEE /organizations/society/sp/tifs.html2. TDSC IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure ComputingIEEE /tdsc/3. TISSEC ACM Transactions on Information and SystemSecurity ACM /二、 B类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1. Journal of Cryptology Springer /jofc/jofc.html2. Journal of Computer SecurityIOS Press /jcs/3. IEEE Security & Privacy IEEE/security/4. Computers &Security Elsevier http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/4/0/5/8/7/7/5. JISecJournal of Internet Security NahumGoldmann. /JiSec/index.asp6. Designs, Codes andCryptography Springer /east/home/math/numbers?SGWID=5 -10048-70-35730330-07. IET Information Security IET /IET-IFS8. EURASIP Journal on InformationSecurity Hindawi /journals/is三、C类序号刊物简称刊物全称出版社网址1. CISDA Computational Intelligence for Security and DefenseApplications IEEE /2. CLSR Computer Law and SecurityReports Elsevier /science/journal/026736493. Information Management & Computer Security MCB UniversityPress /info/journals/imcs/imcs.jsp4. Information Security TechnicalReport Elsevier /locate/istr中国计算机学会推荐国际学术会议（网络/信息安全方向）一、A类序号会议简称会议全称出版社网址1. S&PIEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy IEEE /TC/SP-Index.html2. CCSACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security ACM /sigs/sigsac/ccs/3. CRYPTO International Cryptology Conference Springer-Verlag /conferences/二、B类序号会议简称会议全称出版社网址1. SecurityUSENIX Security Symposium USENIX /events/2. NDSSISOC Network and Distributed System Security Symposium Internet Society /isoc/conferences/ndss/3. EurocryptAnnual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques Springer /conferences/eurocrypt2009/4. IH Workshop on Information Hiding Springer-Verlag /~rja14/ihws.html5. ESORICSEuropean Symposium on Research in Computer Security Springer-Verlag as.fr/%7Eesorics/6. RAIDInternational Symposium on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection Springer-Verlag /7. ACSACAnnual Computer Security Applications ConferenceIEEE /8. DSNThe International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks IEEE/IFIP /9. CSFWIEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop /CSFWweb/10. TCC Theory of Cryptography Conference Springer-Verlag /~tcc08/11. ASIACRYPT Annual International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security Springer-Verlag /conferences/ 12. PKC International Workshop on Practice and Theory in Public Key Cryptography Springer-Verlag /workshops/pkc2008/三、 C类序号会议简称会议全称出版社网址1. SecureCommInternational Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks ACM /2. ASIACCSACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security ACM .tw/asiaccs/3. ACNSApplied Cryptography and Network Security Springer-Verlag /acns_home/4. NSPWNew Security Paradigms Workshop ACM /current/5. FC Financial Cryptography Springer-Verlag http://fc08.ifca.ai/6. SACACM Symposium on Applied Computing ACM /conferences/sac/ 7. ICICS International Conference on Information and Communications Security Springer /ICICS06/8. ISC Information Security Conference Springer /9. ICISCInternational Conference on Information Security and Cryptology Springer /10. FSE Fast Software Encryption Springer http://fse2008.epfl.ch/11. WiSe ACM Workshop on Wireless Security ACM /~adrian/wise2004/12. SASN ACM Workshop on Security of Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks ACM /~szhu/SASN2006/13. WORM ACM Workshop on Rapid Malcode ACM /~farnam/worm2006.html14. DRM ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management ACM /~drm2007/15. SEC IFIP International Information Security Conference Springer http://sec2008.dti.unimi.it/16. IWIAIEEE International Information Assurance Workshop IEEE /17. IAWIEEE SMC Information Assurance Workshop IEEE /workshop18. SACMATACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies ACM /19. CHESWorkshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems Springer /20. CT-RSA RSA Conference, Cryptographers' Track Springer /21. DIMVA SIG SIDAR Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware and Vulnerability Assessment IEEE /dimva200622. SRUTI Steps to Reducing Unwanted Traffic on the Internet USENIX /events/23. HotSecUSENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Security USENIX /events/ 24. HotBots USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Understanding Botnets USENIX /event/hotbots07/tech/25. ACM MM&SEC ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop ACM。

Public Economics 1ReadingsStrongly Recommended TextsAuerbach, A., and M. Feldstein. Handbook of Public Economics. Vol. 3. Amsterdam, North Holland, 2002.Myles, G. Public Economics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Salanie, B. Economics of Taxation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.Useful ReferencesAtkinson, A., and J. Stiglitz. Lectures in Public Economics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1980. Auerbach, A., and M. Feldstein. Handbook of Public Economics. Vols. 1 & 2. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1985 & 1987.Laffont, J. Fundamentals of Public Economics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.Pechman, J. Federal Tax Policy. 5th ed. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1987.Stiglitz, J. Economics of the Public Sector. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 2001.1.Political Economy and the Role of Government1.1 Explaining the Scope and Growth of Government:Aghion, P., A. Alesina, and F. Trebbi. "Endogenous Political Institutions." NBER Working Paper 9006, June 2002.Ansolabehere, S., J. de Figueiredo, and J. Snyder. "Why is There so Little Money in U.S. Politics?" Journal of Economic Perspectives (forthcoming).Borcherding, T. "The Causes of Government Expenditure Growth: A Survey of the U.S. Evidence." Journal of Public Economics 28 (1985): 359-382.Holsey, A., and T. Borcherding. "Why Does Government's Share of National Income Grow? An Assessment of the Recent Literature." In Perspectives on Public Choice. Edited by D. Mueller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997Peltzman, S. "Voters as Fiscal Conservatives." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (1992): 327-362.Persson, T., G. Roland, and G. Tabellini. "Comparative Politics and Public Finance." Journal of Political Economy 108 (2000): 1121-1161.Persson, T., and G. Tabellini. "Political Economics and Public Finance." In Handbook of Public Economics. Vol. 3. Edited by A. Auerbach, and M. Feldstein. Amsterdam: North Holland, 2001, pp. 1549-1660.Shepsle, K., and B. Weingast. "Political Solutions to Market Problems." American Political Science Review 78 (1984): 417-434.1.2 Voting Models and Public Choice:Laffont, J. Chapters 4, 5 in Lectures in Public Economics.Lizzeri, A., and N. Persico. "The Provision of Public Goods Under Alternative Electoral Incentives." American Economic Review 91 (March 2001): 225-239.Tideman, N., and G. Tullock. "A New and Superior Process for Making Social Choices." Journal of Political Economy 84 (1976): 1145-1159.1.3 Bureaucrats, Elected Officials, and Public Choice:Alesina, A., and D. Rodrik. "Distributive Politics and Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics 109 (May 1994): 465-490.Auerbach, A. "Budget Windows, Sunsets, and Fiscal Controls." Mimeo, University of California - Berkeley, July 2003.Banerjee, A. "A Theory of Misgovernance." Quarterly Journal of Eocnomics 112 (November 1997): 1289-1332.Besley, T., and A. Case. "Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Empirical Evidence from the United States." Journal of Economic Literature 41 (March 2003): 7-73.Fiorina, M., and R. Noll. "Voters, Bureaucrats, and Legislators: A Rational Choice Perspective on the Growth of Bureaucracy." Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978): 239-55.Niskanen, W. "Bureaucrats and Politicians." Journal of Law and Economics 18 (1975): 617-643. Poterba, J. "State Reactions to Fiscal Crises: 'Natural Experiments' for Studying the Effects of Budgetary Institutions." Journal of Political Economy 102 (August 1994): 799-821.Romer, T., and H. Rosenthal. "Bureaucrats versus Voters: On the Political Economy of Resource Allocation by Direct Democracy." Quarterly Journal of Economics 93 (1979): 563-588."Median Voters or Budget Maximizers: Evidence from School Expenditure Referenda." Economic Inquiry (1982): 556-578.Roubini, N., and J. Sachs. "Political and Economic Determinants of Budget Deficits in Industrial Democracies." European Economic Review 33 (1989): 903-933.Shleifer, A., and R. Vishny. "Corruption." Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (August 1993): 599-618.2. Taxation and Labor Supply2.1 The Measurement of Efficiency Costs of Taxes:Browning, E. "The Non-Tax Wedge." Journal of Public Economics 53 (1994): 419-434. Diamond, P., and D. McFadden. "Some Uses of the Expenditure Function in Public Finance." Journal of Public Economics 3 (1974): 3-21.Goulder, L., and R. Williams. "The Substantial Bias from Ignoring General Equilibrium Effects in Estimating Excess Burden, and a Practical Solution." Journal of Political Economy 111 (August 2003): 898-927.Hausman, J. "Exact Consumers Surplus and Deadweight Loss." American Economic Review 81 (1981): 622-676.Hausman, J., and W. Newey. "Nonparametric Measurement of Exact Consumers Surplus and Deadweight Loss." Econometrica 63 (1995): 1445-1476.2.2 The Theory of Labor Income Taxation:Akerlof, G. "The Economics of Tagging as Applied to the Optimal Income Tax." American Economic Review 68 (1978): 8-19.Allen, F. "Optimal Linear Income Taxation with General Equilibrium Effects on Wages." Journal of Public Economics 17 (1982): 135-144.Atkinson, A. "How Progressive Should Income Tax Be?" In Essays in Modern Economics. Edited byM. Parkin and A. R. Nobay. London: Longmans, 1973, pp. 90-113.Atkinson, A. Public Economics in Action: The Basic Income/Flat Tax Proposal. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.Diamond, P. "Optimal Income Taxation: An Example with a U-Shaped Pattern of Optimal Marginal Tax Rates." American Economic Review 88 (March 1998): 83-95.Helpman, E., and E. Sadka. "The Optimal Linear Income Tax." Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978): 383-393.Immonen, R., R. Kanbur, M. Keen, and M. Tuomala. "Tagging and Taxing: The Optimal Use of Categorical and Income Information in Designing Tax/Transfer Schemes." Economica 65 (May 1998): 179-192.Maskin, E., and J. Riley. "Input versus Output Incentive Schemes." Journal of Public Economics 28 (1985): 1-24.Mirrlees, J. "Exploration in the Theory of Optimal Income Taxation." Review of Economic Studies 38 (April 1971): 175-208.Saez, E. "Using Elasticities to Derive Optimal Income Tax Rates." Review of Economic Studies 68 (2001): 205-229.Sheshinski, E. "The Optimal Linear Income Tax." Review of Economic Studies 39 (1972): 297-302. Slemrod, J., S. Yitzhaki, J. Mayshar, and M. Lundholm. "Optimal Two Bracket Linear Income Taxation." Journal of Public Economics 53 (1994): 269-290.Stern, N. "Optimum Taxes with Errors in Administration." Journal of Public Economics 17 (1982): 181-211."On the Specification of Models of Optimum Income Taxation." Journal of Public Economics 6 (1976): 123-162.Stiglitz, J. "Pareto Efficient and Optimal Taxation and the New New Welfare Economics." In Handbook of Public Economics. Vol. 2. Edited by A. Auerbach, and M. Feldstein. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1987, pp. 991-1041.2.3 Empirical Analysis of Taxation and Labor Supply by Prime Age Men:Blomquist, S. "Restrictions in Labor Supply Estimation: Is the MaCurdy Critique Correct?" Economics Letters 47 (March 1995): 229-235."Estimation Methods for Male Labor Supply Functions: How to Take Account of Nonlinear Taxes." Journal of Econometrics 70 (February 1996): 383-405.Blomquist, S., M. Eklof, and W. Newey. "Tax Reform Evaluation Using Nonparametric Methods: Sweden 1980-1991." Journal of Public Economics 79 (March 2001): 543-568.Blundell, R., A. Duncan, and C. Meghir. "Estimating Labor Supply Responses Using Tax Reforms." Econometrica 66 (July 1998): 827-862.Blundell, R., and T. MaCurdy. "Labor Supply: A Review of Alternative Approaches." In Handbook of Labor Economics. Vol. 3. Edited by A. Ashenfelter and D. Card. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999, pp. 1569-1695.Bosworth, B., and G. Burtless. "Effects of Tax Reform on Labor Supply, Investment, and Saving." Journal of Economic Perspectives 6 (Winter 1992): 3-25.Eklof, M., and H. Sacklen. "The Hausman-MaCurdy Controversy: Why Do the Results Differ Across Studies?" Journal of Human Resources 35 (1999): 204-220.Fullerton, D. "Reconciling Recent Estimates of the Marginal Welfare Cost of Taxation." AmericanEconomic Review 81 (March 1991): 302-308."On the Possibility of an Inverse Relationship Between Tax Rates & Government Revenue." Journal of Public Economics 19 (1982): 3-22.Gokhale, J., L. Kotlikoff, and A. Sluchynsky. "Does it Pay to Work?" NBER Working Paper 9096, 2002.Hausman, J. "Labor Supply." In How Taxes Affect Economic Behavior. Edited by H. Aaron, and J. Pechman. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1981, pp. 27-83.Hausman, J., and J. Poterba. "Household Behavior and the Tax Reform Act of 1986." Journal of Economic Perspectives 1 (1987): 101-119.Heckman, J. "Comment." In Behavioral Simulations in Tax Policy Analysis. Edited by M. Feldstein. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 70-82.Kimmel, J., and T. Kniesner. "New Evidence on Labor Supply: Employment versus Hours Elasticities by Sex and Marital Status." Journal of Monetary Economics 42 (1998): 289-301.MaCurdy, T. "An Empirical Model of Labor Supply in a Lifecycle Setting." Journal of Political Economy 89 (1981): 1059-1085."Work Disincentive Effects of Taxes: A Reexamination of Some Evidence." American Economic Review 80 (May 1992): 243-249.Moffitt, R., and M. Wilhelm. "Taxes and Labor Supply Decisions of the Affluent." In Does Atlas Shrug? The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich. Edited by J. Slemrod. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2000, pp. 193-234.Saez, E. "Do Taxpayers Bunch at Kink Points?" NBER Working Paper 7366, 1999.Showalter, M., and N. Thurston. "Taxes and Labor Supply of High-Income Physicians." Journal of Public Economics 66 (October 1997): 73-98.Ziliak, J., and T. Kniesner. "Estimating Life Cycle Labor Supply Tax Effects." Journal of Political Economy 107 (April 1999): 326-359.2.4 Taxation the Labor Supply of Married Women:Eissa, N. "Taxation and Labor Supply of Married Women: The Tax Reform Act of 1986 as a Natural Experiment." NBER Working Paper 5023, 1995.Mroz, T. "The Sensitivity of an Empirical Model of Married Women's Hours of Work to Economic and Statistical Assumptions." Econometrica 55 (1987): 765-800.Triest, R. "The Effect of Income Taxation on Labor Supply in the United States." Journal of Human Resources 25 (Summer 1990): 491-516.2.5 Tax Rates and Taxable Income:Aarbu, K., and T. Thoresen. "Income Responses to Tax Changes: Evidence from the Norwegian Tax Reform." National Tax Journal 54 (June 2001): 319-338Auerbach, A., and J. Slemrod. "The Economic Effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986." Journal of Economic Literature 35 (June 1997): 589-632.Auten, G., and R. Carroll. "The Effect of Income Taxes on Household Income." Review of Economics and Statistics 81 (November 1999): 681-693.Bianchi, M., B. Gudmundsson, and G. Zoega. "Iceland's Natural Experiment in Supply-Side Economics." American Economic Review 91 (December 2001): 1564-1579.Feenberg, D., and J. Poterba. "Income Inequality and the Incomes of High Income Taxpayers:Evidence from Tax Returns." In Tax Policy and the Economy 7 (1993): 145-173.Feldstein, M. "The Effects of Marginal Tax Rates on Taxable Income: A Panel Study of the 1986 Tax Reform." Journal of Political Economy 103 (June 1995): 551-571."Tax Avoidance and the Deadweight Loss of the Income Tax." Review of Economics and Statistics 81 (November 1999): 674-681.Goolsbee, A. "Evidence on the High-Income Laffer Curve from Six Decades of Tax Reform." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 99, no. 2: 1-47."What Happens When You Tax the Rich? Evidence from Executive Compensation." Journal of Political Economy 108 (April 2000): 352-378.Gruber, J., and Emmanuel Saez. "The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications." Journal of Public Economics 84 (April 2002): 1-32.Lindsey, L. "Individual Taxpayer Response to Tax Cuts, 1982-1984: With Implications for the Revenue Maximizing Tax Rate." Journal of Public Economics 33 (1987): 173-206.Sillamaa, M., and M. Veall. "The Effect of Marginal Tax Rates on Taxable Income: A Panel Study of the 1988 Tax Flattening in Canada." Journal of Public Economics 80 (2001): 341-356. Slemrod, J. "Methodological Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Taxable Income Elasticities." National Tax Journal 51 (1998): 773-788.。

运筹与管理与本领域相关SCI期刊4ORACM Journal of Experimental Algorithms AlgorithmicaAnnals of Operations ResearchAsia-Pacific Journal of Operational ResearchCentral European Journal of Operations Research Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications Computational Optimization and Applications Computers & Industrial EngineeringComputers & Operations ResearchDiscrete Applied MathematicsDiscrete OptimizationDiscrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science European Journal of Operational ResearchIIE TransactionsINFORMS Journal on ComputingInternational Journal of Computational Geometry and Applications International Transactions in Operational ResearchJournal of Discrete AlgorithmsJournal of HeuristicsJournal of the Operational Research SocietyJournal of Mathematical Modelling and AlgorithmsJournal of SchedulingLinear Algebra and its ApplicationsManagement ScienceMathematical and Computer ModellingMathematical Methods of Operations ResearchMathematical ProgrammingMathematics of Operations ResearchNaval Research LogisticsNetworksOmegaOperations ResearchOperations Research LettersOptimizationOptimization Methods and SoftwareSIAM Journal on OptimizationTransportation ScienceEI收录Journal of Algorithms and Computational TechnologyJournal of Applied Mathematics and Computing（EI 符合范围）Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics（SCI难度不大）Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering（中国EI）Journal of the Operations Research Society of China（不被收录，中国刚办）Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms（不被收录，运筹优化的）The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (SCI期刊，容易中，3个月审稿) International Journal of Innovative Computing Information and Control (SCI)International Journal of Systems Science (SCI)International Journal of Mathematics in Operational research (EI)International Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Numerical OptimisationPacific Journal of Optimization (华人多)Optimization Methods and Software (SCI期刊，据说容易中，2个月审稿，方向对口（小木虫说慢）)优化相关资料与网址收集Optimization and Operations Research:Operations Research: the science of better :/Science_of_Better/htdocs/prospect/index.aspOR directory (a bit out of date): http://www.math.tu-bs.de/mo/orlistings.htmlLP FAQs: /otc/Guide/faq/linear-programming-faq.htmlsome free software by Prof. John O. McClain:/faculty/mcclain/Software/Software.htmIFORS tutorial modules:/tutorial/benchmark for optimization software: /bench.htmlThe French OR Society /The European OR Society /The international federation of OR societies /The Canadian OR Society http://www.cors.ca/OR Society of the US /THE OR web page of Michael Trick /e-optimization /OR library of optimization instances OR-library/~mastjjb/jeb/info.htmlOperations Research Journals RSS ListOperations Research:Annals of Operations ResearchComputational Management ScienceComputers & Operations ResearchEuropean Journal of Operational ResearchINFORMS Journal on ComputingInterfacesInternational Transactions in Operational Research Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications Journal of the Operational Research Society Management ScienceMathematical ProgrammingMathematical Programming Computation Mathematics of Operations ResearchNetworksOmegaOperations ResearchOR SpectrumIndustrial Engineeing and Operations Management: Computers & Industrial Engineering International Journal of Production Economics International Journal of Production Research Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Naval Research LogisticsTransportation:Transportation Research Part B: MethodologicalTransportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review Transportation ScienceArtificial Intelligence:Advances in Engineering SoftwareApplied Soft ComputingDecision Support SystemsEngineering Applications of Artificial IntelligenceExpert Systems with Applications管理科学与运筹学(MS/OR)国际期刊最新权威排名首先声明：这份MS/OR国际期刊排名是完全根据2011年JCR（Journal Citation Reports）的Article Influence Score（AIS）而给出的。

一定要读的35本商业书在商业领域，知识是非常重要的。

通过阅读商业书籍，我们可以学习到各种商业理论、经验和案例，帮助我们在商业世界中取得成功。

在本文中，我将为您推荐35本一定要读的商业书籍，并简要介绍它们的主题和理念。

1.《创新者的解答》(The Innovator's Dilemma) -克雷顿·克里斯坦森(Clayton M. Christensen)这本书介绍了创新者面临的困境以及如何适应变化的商业环境。

2.《经济学原理》(Principles of Economics) -封斯罗(N. Gregory Mankiw)作为一本经济学经典教材，这本书涵盖了各种经济学原理和概念，对商业决策非常有用。

3.《从优秀到卓越》(Good to Great) -吉姆·柯林斯(Jim Collins)这本书研究了为什么某些公司能够比其他公司更成功，并提供了实现卓越的方法和理念。

4.《富爸爸穷爸爸》(Rich Dad Poor Dad) -罗伯特·清崎(Robert T. Kiyosaki)这本书改变了很多人的财务观念，教导了如何通过投资和理财获得财务自由。

5.《知识经济时代的管理者》(Managing in the Knowledge Economy) -托马斯·杜文泽唐(Thomas H. Davenport)这本书探讨了在知识经济时代如何管理和利用知识资产，为企业带来竞争优势。

6.《算法的力量》(The Power of Algorithms) -佚名这本书介绍了算法在商业和社会领域中的应用和影响，对理解数字化转型非常重要。

7.《商业模式新生代》(Business Model Generation) -亚历山大·奥斯特瓦尔德(Alexander Osterwalder)这本书提供了创新商业模式开发的工具和方法，帮助创业者和企业家设计和改进商业模式。

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

国外数学期刊英汉对照作者:admin 日期:2009-06-17字体大小: 小中大Advances in Applied Mathematics 应用数学Advances in Applied Probability 应用概率论进展Advances in Computational Mathematics 计算数学进展Advances in Mathematics 数学进展Algebra Colloquium 代数学讨论会Algebras and Representation Theory 代数和表示理论American Mathem atical Monthly 美国数学月刊American Statistician 美国统计员Annals of Applied Probability 应用概率论年报Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 整体分析与几何学年报Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 人工智能论题年报Annals of Operations Research 运筹学研究年报Annals of Probability 概率论年报Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 抽象和应用逻辑年报Annals of Statistics 统计学年报Annals of The Institute of Statistical Mathematics 统计数学学会年报Applicable Algebra in Engineering Communication and Computing 代数在工程通信与计算中的应用Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 调和分析应用和计算Applied Categorical Structures 应用范畴结构Applied Mathematics and Computation 应用数学与计算Applied Mathematics and Optimization 应用数学与最优化Applied Mathematics Letters 应用数学快报Archive for History of Exact Sciences 科学史档案Archive for Mathem atical Logic 数理逻辑档案Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 理性力学和分析档案Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 工程计算方法档案Asymptotic Analysis 渐近线分析Autonomous Robots 机器人British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology 英国数学与统计心理学杂志Bulletin of The American Mathematical Society 美国数学会快报Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 伦敦数学会快报Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 变分法与偏微分方程Combinatorics Probability & Computing 组合概率与计算Combustion Theory and Modeling 燃烧理论建模Communications in Algebra 代数通讯Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 当代数学通讯Communications in Mathematical Physics 数学物理学通讯Communications in Partial Differential Equations 偏微分方程通讯Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation 统计通讯–模拟与计算Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 纯数学与应用数学通讯Computational Geometry-Theory and Applications 计算几何- 理论与应用Computational Optimization and Applications 优化计算与应用Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 统计计算与数据分析Computer Aided Geometric Design 计算机辅助几何设计Computer Physics Communications 计算机物理通讯Computers & Mathematics with Applications 计算机与数学应用Computers & Operations Research 计算机与运筹学研究Concurrent Engineering-Research and Applications 共点工程- 研究与应用Conformal Geometry and Dynamics 投影几何与力学Decision Support Systems 决策支持系统Designs Codes and Cryptography 编码设计与密码系统Differential Geom etry and Its Applications 微分几何及其应用Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 离散与连续动力系统Discrete Applied Mathematics 应用离散数学Discrete Computational Geometry 离散计算几何学Discrete Event Dynamic Systems-Theory and Applications 离散事件动态系统- 理论和应用Discrete Mathematics 离散数学Educational and Psychological Measurement 教育与心理测量方法Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elem ents 工程边界元素分析Ergodic Theory and Dynamical System s 遍历理论和动力系统European Journal of Applied Mathematics 欧洲应用数学杂志European Journal of Combinatorics 欧洲组合数学杂志European Journal of Operational Research 欧洲运筹学杂志Experimental Mathematics 实验数学Expert Systems with Applications 专家系统应用Finite Fields and Their Applications 有限域及其应用Foundations of Computational Mathematics 计算数学基础Fuzzy Sets and Systems 模糊集与模糊系统Glasgow Mathematical Journal 英国格拉斯哥数学杂志Graphs and Combinatorics 图论与组合数学IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine IEEE机器人与自动化杂志IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation IEEE机器人与自动化学报IMA Journal of Applied Mathem atics IMA应用数学学报IMA Journal of Mathem atics Applied in Medicine and Biology IMA数学在医药与生物中的应用杂志IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis IMA数值分析学报Information and Computation 信息与计算Insurance Mathematics & Economics 保险数学和经济学International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 国际工程数值方法杂志International Journal of Algebra and Computation 国际代数和计算杂志International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 国际计算几何应用杂志International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 国际计算机集成制造业国际杂志International Journal of Game Theory 国际对策论国际杂志International Journal of Mathematics 国际数学杂志International Journal of Production Research 国际研究成果杂志International Journal of Robotics Research 国际机器人研究杂志International Journal of Systems Science 国际系统科学杂志International Statistical Review 国际统计评论Inverse Problems 反比问题Journal of Algebra 代数学报Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 代数组合数学学报Journal of Algebraic Geometry 代数几何学报Journal of Algorithm s 算法学报Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 数学应用与力学学报Journal of Applied Probability 应用概率杂志Journal of Approximation Theory 近似值理论杂志Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 组合最优化学报Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B 组合理论学报B辑Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series A 组合理论学报A辑Journal of Computational Acoustics 声学计算杂志Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications 计算分析与应用学报Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 计算与应用数学杂志Journal of Computational Biology 生物计算杂志Journal of Computational Mathematics 计算数学学报Journal of Computational Neuroscience 神经系统计算杂志Journal of Computational Neuroscience 神经系统计算杂志Journal of Differential Equations 微分方程组学报Journal of Econom etrics 计量经济学会会刊Journal of Engineering Mathematics 工程数学学报Journal of Functional Analysis 泛函分析学报Journal of Geometry and Physics 几何学和物理学学报Journal of Global Optimization 整体优化学报Journal of Graph Theory 图论理论学报Journal of Group Theory 群论理论学报Journal of Lie Theory 展开理论杂志Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 数学分析和应用学报Journal of Mathematical Biology 数学生物学杂志Journal of Mathematical Economics 数学经济学学报Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 成像和视觉数学学报Journal of Mathematical Physics 数学物理学的杂志Journal of Mathematical Psychology 数学心理学杂志Journal of Multivariate Analysis 多变量分析杂志Journal of Nonlinear Science 非线性数学学报Journal of Number Theory 数论学报Journal of Operations Management 操作管理杂志Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 纯代数与应用代数学学报Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 统计规划和推论杂志Journal of Symbolic Computation 符号计算学报Journal of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会杂志Journal of the London Mathematical Society-Second Series 伦敦数学会杂志- 第二辑Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Statistical Methodology 皇家学会系列杂志B 辑-统计方法学Journal of The Royal Statistical Society Series C-Applied Statistics 皇家学会系列杂志C - 应用统计Journal of Theoretical Probability 概率理论杂志K-Theory K-理论Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 经济学和数学体系讲座Lecture Notes on Mathematics 数学讲座Letters in Mathematical Physics 数学物理学通讯Linear Algebra and Its Applications 线性代数及其应用Mathematical Biosciences 数理生物学Mathematical Finance 数理财金学Mathematical Geology 数理地质学Mathematical Intelligencer 数学情报Mathematical Logic Quarterly 数理逻辑学报Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 数学应用学科Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 运筹学研究Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 数学模拟与应用方法Mathematical Physics Electronic J 数学物理电子杂志Mathematical Proceedings of the Society 数学学会学报Mathematical Programming 数学规划Mathematical Social Sciences 数学社会科学Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 数学与电脑模拟Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 数学与固体力学Mathematics Archives 数学档案库Mathematics Magazine 数学杂志Mathematics of Computation 计算数学Mathematics of Control Signals and Systems 控制信号系统数学Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会备忘录Modem Logic 现代逻辑学Nonlinear Analysis-Theory Methods & Applications 非线性分析- 理论与应用Nonlinearity 非线性特性Notices 短评Numerical Algorithms 数字算法Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 偏微分方程式数值方法Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 牛津大学经济与统计快报Potential Analysis 位势分析Proceedings of the American Mathem atical Society 美国数学会会议录Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 伦敦数学会会议录Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section A-Mathem atics 英国爱丁堡皇家学会会议录A分册数学Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 数学季刊Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 数学与应用数学季刊Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 应用数学季刊Queueing Systems 排列系统Random Structures and Algorithms 随机结构与算法Reports on Mathematical Physics 数学物理学报告Representation Theory 表示法理论Robotics and Autonomous Systems 机器人技术和自动系统Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 数学难题学报Set-Valued Analysis 精点分析Statistical Papers 统计学论文Statistics & Probability Letters 统计和概率通讯Statistics and Computing 统计和计算Stochastic Analysis and Applications 随机分析和应用Stochastic Environm ental Research and Risk Assessm ent 随机环境论研究和风险评估Stochastic Processes and Their Applications 随机过程及其应用Studies in Applied Mathematics 应用数学研究The College Mathematics Journal 大学数学杂志The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 组合数学电子期刊Theory of Computing Systems 计算方法理论Theory of Probability and Its Applications 概率理论及其应用程序理论Topology 拓扑学Topology and Its Applications 拓扑学及其应用Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 美国数学会学报Applied Numerical Mathematics《应用数值数学》荷兰Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure《高等师范学校科学纪事》法国Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis《应用和计算谐波分析》美国Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry《商业与工业应用随机模型》英国Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 《应用数学学报》荷兰Advances in Computational Mathematics《计算数学进展》荷兰Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence《数学与人工智能纪事》荷兰Annals of Operations Research《运筹学纪事》荷兰Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics《统计数理研究所纪事》日本。

行列机英语资料-回复题目：Understanding Matrix MachinesIntroduction:Matrix calculus is a powerful mathematical tool used across a wide range of fields, including physics, economics, computer science, and machine learning. One important concept within matrix calculus is the notion of matrix machines. In this article, we will explore the fundamentals of matrix machines and their significance in various applications.Section 1: Basics of Matrix Machines1.1 Definition: A matrix machine is a mathematical construct representing the interaction between matrices through a set of operations.1.2 Elements: The key components of a matrix machine are inputs (matrices), outputs (matrices), and transformations (operations). 1.3 Operations: Matrix machines can perform various operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and decomposition.1.4 Representation: Matrix machines are commonly represented in the form of a directed acyclic graph, where nodes represent matrices, and edges represent transformations.Section 2: Applications of Matrix Machines2.1 Physics: Matrix machines find wide applications in areas like quantum mechanics and fluid dynamics, where mathematical models involve matrix operations.2.2 Economics: In econometrics and financial modeling, matrix machines are used to analyze complex data sets and predict market behavior.2.3 Computer Science: Matrix machines contribute to the efficient implementation of computer algorithms, such as image processing and neural networks.2.4 Machine Learning: Matrix machines play a crucial role in machine learning algorithms, including linear regression, principal component analysis, and deep learning models.Section 3: Working Principles of Matrix Machines3.1 Forward Pass: The process begins by feeding input matrices into the matrix machine. These matrices undergo sequential transformations according to the directed acyclic graph.3.2 Backward Pass: Once the forward pass is complete, the machine evaluates the loss between the output matrices and the desired output. The gradients of the loss are then calculated usingtechniques like backpropagation.3.3 Optimization: The goal of the matrix machine is to optimize the transformation parameters to minimize the loss function. This is achieved through iterative processes such as gradient descent. 3.4 Training and Inference: Matrix machines are trained on labeled data to learn patterns and predict outcomes. Once trained, they can be utilized for inference tasks on new, unseen data.Section 4: Benefits and Limitations of Matrix Machines4.1 Benefits: Matrix machines provide a flexible and efficient approach for solving complex mathematical problems involving matrices. They enable parallel computation, making them suitable for large-scale applications. Additionally, algorithms based on matrix machines often generalize well to unseen data.4.2 Limitations: Matrix machines might face challenges when applied to high-dimensional and sparse data. Furthermore, they require substantial computational resources for certain operations, limiting their applicability in resource-constrained environments.Conclusion:Matrix machines serve as a foundation for modern mathematical models and computational algorithms. They offer a powerfulframework to analyze and manipulate matrices, contributing to advancements in various fields. However, it is essential to understand both the benefits and limitations of matrix machines to apply them effectively in real-world scenarios. By harnessing the concepts of matrix calculus and matrix machines, researchers and practitioners can continue to develop innovative solutions to complex problems.。

经济学原理（英文版）●Chapter 1 The scope and Method of Economics●Why study Economics?●To learn a way of Thinking●Opportunity Cost 机会成本●The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or adecision.指决策过程中面临多项选择，当中被放弃而价值最高的选择●Cost: What You Must Give Up●Opportunity cost is the best thing that you must give up to get something -thehighest-valued alternative forgone.●Benefit: What You Gain●Benefit is the gain or pleasure that something brings.●Benefit is measured by what you are willing to give up.●Are there always opportunity cost for every choice we made?●Pre-conditions:●1.The resource is scarce;limited●2. Multiple usage for a resources;●3. The resource has been fully utilized;●4. Resources can be flowed freely●=/ actual cost, national cost●Marginalism 边际主义●The process of analyzing the additional or incremental(增加的) costs or benefitsarising from a choice or decision.●Marginal Cost 边际成本●is the opportunity cost of a one-unit increase in an activity.●you must give up to get one additional unit of it.●Marginal Benefit 边际效益●is the what you gain when you get one more unit of something.●is the what you gain when you get one more unit of up to get one additionalunit of it.●To understand Society●To be an informed citizen/voter●The scope of Economics●Microeconomics●The study of the choices that individuals and businesses make and the way thesechoices interact and are influenced by governments.●firms●households●Macroeconomics●The study of the aggregate (or total 总计) effects on the national economy andthe global economy of the choices that individuals, businesses, and governmentsmake.●income●employment●output●The method of Economics●positive economics 实证经济学●An approach to economics that seeks to understand behavior and the operation ofsystems without making judgments. It describes what exists and how it works.●normative economics 规范经济学●An approach to economics that analyzes outcomes of economicbehavior,evaluates them as good or bad, and may prescribe courses of action.Alsocalled policy economics.●should be ...●Chapter 2●The economic problem : Scarcity and choice●●The three basic question●What gets produced?●How is it produced ?●Who gets what is produced?●经济学要解决的问题●资源配置（和利用）Resource allocation●Scarcity means that wants are greater than what we can produce with ourresources.缺乏●Chapter 3●Demand, supply ,and market equilibrium●Firms and Households: The basic decision making units●Firm●An organization that transforms resources (inputs)into products(outputs).Firms are the primary producing units in a market economy.●entrepreneur●A person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a firm,takinga new idea or a new product and turning it into a successful business.(produce to earn profit)●households●The consuming units in an economy.●Input markets and output markets: the circular flow●Output markets●The markets in which goods and services are exchanged.●Input markets●The markets in which the resources used to produce goods and services areexchanged.●Factors of production●The inputs into the production process. Land, labor, and capital are the threekey factors of production.●Demand in product and output market●quantity demand●The amount (number of units) of product that a household would buy in agiven period if it could buy all it wanted at the current market price.●demand curve●A graph illustrating how much of a given product a household would bewilling to buy at different prices.●●law of demand●The negative relationship between price and quantity demanded: Ceterisparibus, as price rises, quantity demanded decreases; as price falls,quantity demanded increases. 反比关系●Other determinants of Household demand●Income and Wealthincome available to the household●Prices of other goods and service●inferior goods 次品●substitutes 替代品●A price up, B demand upB 是A的替代品●complements,complementary goods 互补品●car price up, gasoline demand down●taste and preference●expectation 影响需求consumption policies●Shift of demand versus movement along a demand curve●shift of a demand curve (曲线移动) change in demand●factors shift the demand curve●buyers' incomes●the price of a substitute good●the number of buyers●movement along a demand curve （点移动）change in quantity demanded●Market demand●summing the quantities every consumer is willing to buy at each differentprice.●Supply in product and output market●Profit●The difference between revenues and costs.实现利润最大化是企业生产的目的●quantity supplied●The amount of a particular productthat a firm would be willingand able to offerfor sale at aparticular price during a giventime period.●law of supply●The positive relationship between price and quantity of a good supplied:Anincrease in market price will lead to an increase in quantity supplied, and adecrease in market price will lead to a decrease in quantity supplied. 正比关系●●Market equilibrium●Qd =Qs●there is no tendency for price to change●Excess demand●●●Excess supply●●Chapter 4●Demand and Supply applications 需求和供应的应用●Price rationing 价格配给● is the process by which the market system allocates goods and services toconsumers when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.●●Constraints on the Market and Alternative rationing mechanism 非价格配给制●Price ceiling (最高限价)●A maximum price that sellers may charge for a good, usually set bygovernment.●non-price rationing●Queuing (排队）●Waiting in line as a means of distributing goods and services: a nonpricerationing mechanism.●Ration coupons (优惠券)●Tickets or coupons that entitle individuals to purchase a certain amount ofa given product per month.●Favored customers●Those who receive special treatment from dealers during situations ofexcess demand.●Black market (黑市)●A market in which illegal trading takes place at market-determined prices.●price floor 价格下限●A minimum price below which exchange is not permitted.●Supply and Demand and Market efficiency●Consumer surplus 消费者盈余●The difference between the maximum amount a person is willing to pay for agood and its current market price.●愿意支付与实际支付的差额。

外国文学作选读Selected Reading of Foreign Literature现代企业管理概论Introduction to Modern Enterprise Managerment电力电子技术课设计Power Electronics Technology Design计算机动画设计3D Animation Design中国革命史China’s Revolutionary History中国社会主义建设China Socialist Construction集散控制DCS Distributed Control计算机控制实现技术Computer Control Realization Technology计算机网络与通讯Computer Network and CommunicationERP/WEB应用开发Application ＆ Development of ERP/WEB数据仓库与挖掘Data Warehouse and Data Mining物流及供应链管理Substance and Supply Chain Management成功心理与潜能开发Success Psychology & Potential Development信息安全技术Technology of Information Security图像通信Image Communication金属材料及热加工Engineering Materials & Thermo-processing机械原理课程设计Course Design for Principles of Machine机械设计课程设计Course Design for Mechanical Design机电系统课程设计Course Design for Mechanical and Electrical System。

从0到1微积分英文Calculus: From 0 to 1IntroductionCalculus is a fundamental branch of mathematics that deals with rates of change and accumulation. It plays a crucial role in various fields such as physics, engineering, economics, and computer science. In this article, we will explore the key concepts of calculus, from its origins to its practical applications.1. Origins of CalculusCalculus can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Babylon. However, it was not until the 17th century that Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently developed calculus as a systematic mathematical tool.2. Differentiation: Finding Rates of ChangeDifferentiation is a fundamental concept in calculus that involves finding the rate at which a function changes. It enables us to calculate instantaneous rates of change, slopes of curves, and optimize functions. The process of differentiation involves finding the derivative of a function, often denoted as f'(x).3. Integration: Accumulation and AreaIntegration is another essential concept in calculus that deals with accumulation and area. It allows us to calculate the total accumulated change over an interval and find the area under a curve. The integral of a function,often denoted as ∫f(x) d x, represents the antiderivative or the reverse process of differentiation.4. Applications of Calculus4.1 PhysicsCalculus plays a vital role in physics, enabling scientists to model and predict physical phenomena. From calculating the trajectory of a projectile to describing the behavior of waves, calculus provides the necessary mathematical tools for understanding the laws of motion, electricity, magnetism, and quantum mechanics.4.2 EngineeringEngineers rely on calculus to solve complex problems and design innovative solutions. Calculus helps in understanding the behavior of structures under different conditions, optimizing processes, and analyzing data to improve efficiency. It is especially crucial in fields such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering.4.3 EconomicsEconomists use calculus to model and analyze economic systems. Calculus helps in understanding supply and demand curves, optimizing production and consumption, and maximizing profit. It provides the mathematical foundation for economic theories such as utility functions, marginal analysis, and optimization of resource allocation.4.4 Computer ScienceCalculus plays a significant role in computer science, particularly in areas such as computer graphics, machine learning, and algorithms. It is used to model and manipulate geometric shapes, optimize algorithms for efficiency, and analyze data structures. Many computer science concepts, including optimization algorithms and neural networks, are built upon calculus principles.5. The Fundamental Theorem of CalculusThe Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is a central result in calculus that connects differentiation and integration. It states that if a function is continuous on an interval and has an antiderivative, then the integral of the function over that interval can be calculated by evaluating the antiderivative at the endpoints.ConclusionCalculus is a powerful mathematical tool that allows us to understand and model complex phenomena. From its origins in ancient civilizations to its applications in various fields, calculus has revolutionized the way we approach and solve problems. Whether you are studying physics, engineering, economics, or computer science, a solid understanding of calculus is essential for success. So, embrace the power of calculus and explore the fascinating world of rates of change and accumulation.。

联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注1101英语1102日语1103德语1104俄语《马克思主义哲学原理》（上下册） 肖前、黄楠森等 中国人民大学出版社1994年版《新编马克思主义哲学发展史》安启念 中国人民大学出版社2004年版 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》 马克思《德意志意识形态·第一卷第一章》 马克思、恩格斯2201马克思主义哲学《路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯《全球视角宏观经济学》 杰弗里.萨克斯,费利普.拉雷恩，费方域译 上海三联书店,上海人民出版社微观经济学：现代观点（第六版）H.范里安费方域翻译 上海人民出版社 第六版2202经济学微观经济学：现代观点（第六版）H.范里安费方域翻译 上海人民出版社联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注2203高级微观经济学 微观经济学：现代观点（第六版）H.范里安费方域翻译 上海人民出版社第六版2204马克思主义经典著作《马克思主义经典著作选读》教育部社科司组编 人民出版社 2001年2205常微分方程 常微分方程 王高雄 高教出版社2206偏微分方程 现代偏微分方程导论 陈恕行 科学出版社2207量子力学 量子力学 曾谨言 科学出版社2208固体物理 固体物理 方俊鑫，陆栋 上海科技出版社《生物化学》 周爱儒主编 人民卫生出版社 第六版2209生物化学与分子生物学《医学分子生物学》 冯作化主编 人民卫生出版社七年制教材《生物化学》（影印版） B.D Hames,N.M.Hooper, J.D.Houghton科学技术出版社 2001年2210生物化学《生物化学》(第三版)王镜岩等 高等教育出版社2002年 2212细胞生物学 《细胞生物学》 杨抚华主编 科学出版社2213数理统计与随机过程 《数理统计》 汪荣鑫 西安交大出版社1989年联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注《随机过程》 汪荣鑫 西安交大出版社1989年2214数理方程 工程数学-数学物理方程与特殊函数 南京工学院数学教研组 北京 : 人民教育出版社, 1978第三版2215数理统计 交大硕士生教材 汪荣鑫现代控制理论基础（机械类）何铖 机械工业出版社2216机械控制工程机械工程控制基础 陈康宁等 西安交大出版社2217计算机集成制造系统 CIMS制造自动化 刘飞等 机械工业出版社19972219现代信号处理技术 现代信号处理技术及工程应用何正嘉 西安交大出版社2007年9月2220传感器原理 《智能传感器系统》 刘君华 西安电子科技大学出版社1998年2222材料科学基础 《材料科学基础》 石德珂 机械工业出版社2223计算方法 《计算方法教程》 陈名逵、凌永祥 西安交大出版社2224微机原理及应用 《微型计算机控制系统及其应用》 薛钧义 西安交大出版社2225功能材料 功能材料概论 马如璋，蒋民华，徐祖雄 冶金工业出版联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注社功能材料手册 功能材料手册编写组 机械工业出版社《流体力学》 吴望一 北京大学出版社 1995年2226高等流体力学《工程高等流体力学》 张鸣远、景思睿、李国君 西安交通大学出版社2006年《对流传热传质分析》 王启杰 西安交通大学出版社1991年《辐射传热》 王兴安 高等教育出版社 1989年2227高等传热学《热传导》 M.N.奥齐西克 高等教育出版社1984年《理论力学》 党锡淇 西安交通大学出版社 1989年2228工程力学《材料力学》 林毓琦 西安交通大学出版社1984年2229自动控制原理 《自动控制理论基础》 吴韫章 西安交通大学出版社2230能源化学 《化学进展丛书-能源化学进展》 袁权 化学工业出版社2005年2231计算方法 《计算方法教程》（工程类）陈明逵、凌永祥 西安交通大学1992年联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注出版社《电路》（5版） 邱关源、罗先觉 高等教育出版社2006年5月《工程电磁场导论》 冯慈璋、马西奎 高等教育出版社 2000年2232电磁场理论与电路理论《电磁场理论》 林为干、符果行 人民邮电出版社1984年《MCS－51/96系列单片微型计算机及其应用》（第二版） 薛钧义、张彦斌 西安交大出版社1997年2233微机控制系统及其应用《微机控制系统及其应用》 薛钧义、武自芳 西安交大出版社2003年2234半导体物理学 《半导体物理学》 刘恩科、朱秉升、罗晋生 西安交大出版社1998年2235电磁场理论 《电磁场理论》 全泽松 电子科技大学出版社1995年2236量子力学 《量子力学教程》 周世勋 人民教育出版社1979年 2238数理方程《线性代数》 谢邦杰 人民教育出版社 1978年2240线性代数与微分方程《线性系统理论代数基础》 韩景清、向关钰、许可康 辽宁科技出版社1987年联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注《常微分方讲义》 王柔怀、伍卓群 人民教育出版社1978年《计算机算法设计与分析》 王晓东 电子工业出版社 2001年2241算法及其复杂性分析《Computer Algorithms,C++》 Ellis Horowitz,Sartaj Sahni SanguthevarRajasekaran2242计算机网络理论 《计算机网络》 潘爱民 清华大学出版社2243反应工程分析 《化学反应工程分析》 朱开宏、袁渭康 北京，高等教育出版社2002年 《物理性污染与控制》 瑢陈杰北京，高等教育出版社《排水工程》（下册） 张自杰 北京，中国建筑工业出版社 2000年2244污染控制工程《大气污染控制工程》 蒋文举 北京，高等教育出版社《核反应堆安全分析》 朱继洲 西安交通大学出版社、原子能出版社 2004年2245核工程原理(含反应堆物理、反应堆热工、反应堆安全分析、反应堆控制) 《核反应堆热工分析》 于平安 上海交通大学出版社（第三版）2002年联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注《核反应堆物理分析》 谢仲生 西安交通大学出版社、原子能出版社2004年《核反应堆控制》 张建民 西安交通大学出版社2002年《中子物理》 刘圣康 原子能出版社 1986年2246核物理学基础（含中子物理、应用核物理学） 《应用核物理》 杨福家 湖南教育出版社1989年《模拟电子技术基础》（第二版）童诗白主编 高等教育出版社1988年2247医用电子学《生物医学电子学》 王保华主编 高等教育出版社1988年 2248医学仪器 《医学仪器》 齐颁扬 高教出版社 1990年2249感觉与运动控制的神经基础 <神经科学—探索脑>第2版 （中文版）王建军主译 高等教育出版社2004年《细胞生物学》 杨恬主编 人民卫生出版社2010年2251医学基础《现代遗传学原理》 徐晋麟主编 科学出版社 12253诊断学 《诊断学》 陈文彬主编 人民卫生出版社第七版 2008年2254人体解剖学 《局部解剖学》 彭裕文 人民卫生出版第七版联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注社《系统解剖学》 柏树令 人民卫生出版社第七版2255流行病学 《流行病学》 李立明 人民卫生出版社20032256仪器分析 《仪器分析》 武汉大学化学系主编 高等教育出版社2257生理学 《生理学》 朱大年 人民卫生出版社第七版 2009年八年制教材管理学 海因兹.韦里克 经济科学出版社 2008年第12版2258管理学管理学 里基.W.格里芬 中国市场出版社2010年第10版国际经济法学 陈安 北京大学出版社最新版国际法 王铁崖 北京大学出版社最新版 二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究张文显 法律出版社知识产权基本问题研究 吴汉东 中国人民大学出版社2260法学基本原理科技法学 罗玉中 华中科技大学出版社联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注西部知识产权战略研究 马治国 知识产权出版社民法总论（第三版） 梁慧星 法律出版社信息安全法研究 马民虎 陕西人民出版社2004.11.1环境法学 汪劲 北京大学出版社2006年版环境与资源保护法学 胡德胜 郑州大学出版社2010年版Contract Law（影印本） Ewan McKendrick法律出版社 2003年第4版《西方美学史》 朱光潜 人民出版社2262中西美学史《中国美学史》 李泽厚、刘刚纪 人民出版社《高等数学》 同济大学应用数学系 高等教育出版社2273高等数学《高等数学》(一) (二)姚孟臣主编 高等教育出版社《社会研究方法》（第10版）（美）艾尔.巴比 华夏出版社 2005年2276社会研究方法《社会统计分析方法—SPSS软件应用》 郭志刚 中国人民大学出版社1999年2277公共管理学联系部门：招生办公室 电话：029-******** 联 系 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人民出版社联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注国际贸易法学 单文华 北京大学出版社国际经济法学刊 陈安 北京大学出版社 1998年至今 CSSCI以书代刊Chinese Investment Treaties: Policies and Practice Wenhua SHAN ＆Norah GALLAGHER OxfordUniversity Press2009信息安全法制工程 马民虎 陕西科技出版社2007.9三卷本政府在现代议会立法中的角色研究 王保民 陕西人民出版社2009.12生态环境用水法理创新和应用研究——基于25个法域之比较胡德胜 西安交通大学出版社2010年版国际环境法 王曦 法律出版社 2005年版 资源经济学 阿兰兰德尔著，施以正译 商务印书馆 1989年版美国能源法律与政策 胡德胜 郑州大学出版社 2010年版3310法学前沿问题Goode on Commercial Law原作者Roy Goode编辑修订作者EwanMcKendrick OxfordUniversityPress/PenguinBooks Ltd2010年第4版3311泛函分析 泛函分析讲义（上册） 张恭庆，林源渠 北京大学出版社联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注3312矩阵分析 矩阵分析 徐成贤，徐宗本 西北工业大学出版社3313光学 光学 空 高教出版社3314电动力学 电动力学 郭硕鸿 高等教育出版社3315生理学 《生理学》 姚泰主编 人卫 1八年制教材 《分子生物学》（影印版） P.C.Turner,A.G.Mclennan,A.D.Bates,M.R.White科学技术出版社2001年《排水工程》(第四版) 下册 张志杰 中国建筑工业出版社,北京2000年《分子生物学精要》（第三版影印版） 暂无 科学技术出版社2002年《环境监测》 奚旦立 高等教育出版社 1999年3316分子生物学《Environmental Technology:Priciples and Applications》(环境生物技术:原理与应用)Ritmann,B.E. P.L.McCarty清华大学出版社,麦格劳-希尔教育集团出版集团2002年《分子生物学精要》（第三版 影印版） 暂无 科学技术出版社2002年3317分子与统计遗传学《分子生物学》（影印版） P.C.Turner,A.G.Mclennan,A.D.Bates,M.R.White科学技术出版社2001年联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注《生物化学》 周爱儒主编 人卫 63318生物化学与分子生物学《医学分子生物学》 冯作化主编 人卫 七年制 3319数字图像处理 《数字图像处理》 朱志刚等翻译 电子工业出版社2002年3320医用光学 《生物医学光子学新技术及应用》张镇西主编 科学出版社 2008年3321弹性理论 弹性力学 王子昆 西安交大出版社1995年3322振动理论 振动力学 倪振华 西安交大出版社CAD基础理论及应用 赵汝嘉 西安交大出版社1995CAD/CAM/CAE系统原理 [韩]Kunwoo Lee电子工业出版社 20063323CAD/CAM基础理论及应用有限元分析与CAE技术基础 张洪武等 清华大学出版社20043326现代光学测试技术 近代光学测试技术 杨国光 浙江大学出版社19973327现代测试技术与系统设计 现代测试技术与系统集成 刘君华 电子工业出版社2004年3328材料学原理 《工程材料的断裂与疲劳》 邓增杰，周敬恩 机械工业出版社联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名参考书名称作者出版社版次备注称《非金属工程材料》 周敬恩，金志浩 西安交大出版社《机械工程材料》 沈莲 机械工业出版社《纺织材料学》 姚穆 中国纺织出版社3329材料加工原理《材料成形技术基础》 陈金德，邢建东 机械工业出版社《材料加工原理》 陈金德，邢建东 机械工业出版社《材料表面工程导论》 赵文轸 西安交通大学3330材料物理与化学出版社《金属腐蚀理论及应用》 魏宝明 北京化学工业出版社《高分子化学》 潘祖仁 北京化学工业出版社《高分子物理》 金日光，华幼卿 北京化学工业出版社3331材料科学进展 高技术新材料要览 曾汉民 中国科学技术出版社3332多相流动与传热 《气体颗粒流基础》 张远君译 国防工业出版1986年社联系部门：招生办公室 电话：029-******** 联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者 出版社版次备注《气液两相流和沸腾传热》林宗虎 西安交通大学出版社1987年 《低温技术原理与装置》 张祉佑 机械工业出版社《制冷活塞式压缩机》 缪道平 机械工业出版社《制冷原理及设备》吴业正 西安交通大学出版社《活塞式压缩机原理》 林梅 机械工业出版社3333制冷低温原理及设备(制冷低温原理及设备或容积式压缩机原理)《回转式压缩机》束鹏程 机械工业出版社《蒸汽轮机》 蔡颐年 西安交通大学出版社《高等内燃机原理》蒋德明 西安交通大学出版社2006年 3334动力机械原理（叶轮机械原理或高等内燃机原理) 《透平机械原理》王仲奇 机械工业出版社《离心式压缩机原理》徐忠机械工业出版社1990年 3335流体机械原理《轴流压缩机原理与气动设计》李超俊 余文龙西安交通大学出版社联系部门：招生办公室 电话：029-******** 联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注《高等工程热力学》（第3,4,7,8,9章）孙长荪等高教出版社 1987年 《 yong 分析及应用》(第1~5章)赵冠春等高教出版社 1985年 3336 高等工程热力学 《变质量系统热力学及其应用》（1,3章）吴沛宜等 高教出版社 1983年 《过程流体机械》 姜培正 化学工业出版社2001年 3337化工过程装备《过程设备设计》郑津洋 化学工业出版社《电机理论与运行》汤蕴环 水利电力出版社《电弧电接触理论》王其平 机械工业出版社《电机设计》 陈世坤 机械工业出版社3338电机专题与电器原理及基础理论《电器理论基础》张冠生机械工业出版社《工程电介质物理与介电现象》（上册）徐传骧 西安交通大学研究生教材讲义3339电介质物理与高电压工程基础 《高电压工程基础》施围等机械工业出版社联系部门：招生办公室电话：029-********联 系 人：南老师考试科目代码及名称参考书名称作者出版社版次备注《电气绝缘材料科学与工程》巫松桢 机械工业出版社《电介质物理学》 金维芳 机械工业出版社《现代电力系统分析》 王锡凡主编 科学出版社 2003年Power electronics: converters, applications, and design.N. 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经管实证英文文献常用的缺失值处理方法全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Handling missing values in empirical studies is super important, guys! Like, imagine you're doing this really cool project for your economics class, and then you realize some of your data is missing. Oh no! What do you do now?Well, don't worry, because there are some common methods you can use to deal with missing values. One way is to just delete the observations with missing data. But be careful with this one, because deleting too many observations can mess up your results.Another way is to replace the missing values with something else, like the mean or median of the other observations. This can help keep your data set complete, but it might not always give you the most accurate results.You could also use regression imputation, where you use a regression model to predict the missing values based on the other variables in your data set. This method is more complex, but it can be really useful if you have a lot of missing data.And finally, there's multiple imputation, where you create multiple versions of your data set with different imputed values for the missing data. This can give you a more accurate estimate of the uncertainty in your results.So there you have it, guys! Don't let missing values get you down. With these methods, you can keep your data set on track and make sure your results are as accurate as possible. Happy data crunching!篇2Title: Fun Ways to Deal with Missing Values in Empirical StudiesHey guys! Today I'm gonna talk about a super duper important topic in economics and management studies - dealing with missing values in your data. I know it sounds boring, but trust me, it's gonna be fun!So, what are missing values? Well, missing values are basically when some of the data you collected is, well, missing. It could be because someone forgot to fill out a survey question, or maybe there was a problem with the data collection process. Whatever the reason, missing values are a big no-no in research studies.But don't worry, there are lots of cool ways to deal with missing values. One way is called mean imputation. This means that you take the average of the values you do have and fill in the missing values with that average. It's like guessing what the missing values would be based on the data you do have.Another fun way to deal with missing values is called multiple imputation. This is where you create multiple possible values for the missing data based on the data you do have. It's kind of like playing a game of pretend and coming up with different scenarios for what the missing values could be.There are also other ways to deal with missing values, like using regression analysis or machine learning algorithms. These methods are a bit more complicated, but they can be really powerful in helping you fill in the missing pieces of your data puzzle.So there you have it, guys! Dealing with missing values in your research studies doesn't have to be boring. With a little creativity and some fun techniques, you can make sure your data is complete and accurate. Happy researching!篇3Hey guys! Today I'm gonna talk about how we deal with missing values in empirical studies in economics and management. It's super important 'cause we wanna make sure our data is accurate and reliable. So, let's dive in!1. Complete Case Analysis: This method is like when you throw out any observations that have missing values. It's easy but you might lose some important info.2. Mean/Median/Mode Imputation: This is when you replace missing values with the average, median, or mode of the variable. It's simple but it can mess up the distribution of your data.3. Multiple Imputation: This is a fancier method where you create several different datasets with different imputed values and then combine them for analysis. It's more accurate but also more complicated.4. Regression Imputation: This is when you use regression models to predict missing values based on other variables. It's pretty cool but you gotta be careful with overfitting.5. Using Advanced Algorithms: These are like machine learning methods that can handle missing values automatically. They're super fancy but also require a lot of expertise.So there you have it, some common methods for dealing with missing values in empirical studies. Remember, it's important to choose the right method based on your data and research question. Happy analyzing, everyone!篇4Hello everyone, today I'm going to talk about the common methods for handling missing values in empirical studies in the field of economics and management. When we collect data for our research, sometimes we may find that some values are missing. It's important to handle these missing values properly so that our results are accurate and reliable.One common method for handling missing values is to delete the observations with missing values. This method is easy to implement, but it may lead to a loss of information and reduce the sample size. Another method is to replace the missing values with the mean or median of the variable. This method can help retain the sample size, but it may introduce bias into the results.Another popular method is to use multiple imputation, where missing values are replaced with estimated values based on the relationship between variables. This method is morecomplex, but it can provide more accurate results when dealing with missing values.It's also important to consider the reasons for missing values and whether they are missing completely at random, missing at random, or missing not at random. Understanding the reasons for missing values can help us choose the most appropriate method for handling them.In conclusion, handling missing values is an important step in empirical studies in economics and management. By using appropriate methods, we can ensure that our results are reliable and accurate.篇5Hey guys, today I'm gonna talk about some common methods for handling missing values in empirical research in management and economics. Missing values are a common problem in data analysis, so it's important to know how to deal with them properly.One common method for handling missing values is to simply remove the observations with missing data. This can be a quick and easy way to deal with missing values, but it can alsolead to biased results if the missing data is not random. So be careful when using this method.Another method is to impute the missing values with the mean or median of the available data for that variable. This can help to preserve the overall distribution of the data and reduce bias in the analysis. However, this method may not be appropriate for variables with a skewed distribution.You can also use regression or machine learning algorithms to predict missing values based on the other variables in the dataset. This can be a more sophisticated approach and may provide more accurate results, but it can also be computationally intensive and may require a large amount of data.There are other methods for handling missing values, such as using multiple imputation techniques or weighting the observations based on the probability of being missing. It's important to choose the method that is most appropriate for your data and research question.In conclusion, handling missing values in empirical research is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable results. By using appropriate methods for dealing with missing data, you can ensure that your analysis is sound and your conclusions are valid. So don't forget to check for missing values in your data andchoose the best method for handling them. Thanks for listening, guys!篇6Hey guys, have you ever wondered how researchers deal with missing values in their economic and management studies? Well, today I'm gonna tell you all about it!When we're doing research, sometimes we come across data that is missing or incomplete. This can happen for lots of reasons, like errors in data collection or just plain old bad luck. But don't worry, there are several common ways that researchers handle missing values.One popular method is called mean imputation. This is when we calculate the average value of a variable and use that average to fill in the missing data. It's a simple and easy way to deal with missing values, but it can sometimes skew our results if there are a lot of missing values.Another method is called hot-deck imputation. This is when we look at similar cases in our data set and use those values to fill in the missing data. It's a bit more complex than mean imputation, but it can give us more accurate results.There's also regression imputation, where we use regression analysis to predict missing values based on other variables in our data set. It's a more sophisticated method, but it can be really helpful when we have a lot of missing data.And lastly, there's multiple imputation, where we create multiple complete data sets with different imputed values and then analyze them all together. This method can give us more accurate and reliable results, but it's also more time-consuming.So there you have it, guys! Those are some of the common ways that researchers deal with missing values in their economic and management studies. Remember, dealing with missing data is an important part of doing good research, so make sure to choose the right method for your study. Thanks for listening, and happy researching!篇7Title: Fun Ways to Handle Missing Values in Empirical Management StudiesHey there pals! Today, I want to talk about something super important when we're doing research in management studies. Yep, you guessed it – handling missing values in our data! Sometimes, our data is not complete and we need to figure outwhat to do with those missing pieces. But don't worry, I've got some cool methods that we can use to deal with missing values.First off, let's talk about mean substitution. This is when we replace missing values with the mean of the variable. It's a simple and easy way to fill in those gaps, but be careful because it can skew our results if we have a lot of missing values.Another fun method is using regression imputation. This is where we use other variables to predict the missing values and fill them in using regression analysis. It's like solving a puzzle with our data!A popular technique is multiple imputation. This method creates multiple copies of our dataset, fills in missing values in each copy, and then combines the results. It's like having a bunch of backup plans to make sure our data is complete.And finally, we have the cool-sounding hot-deck imputation. This method matches observations with missing values to similar observations with complete data. It's like making new friends for our missing values to hang out with!So there you have it, some fun and practical ways to handle missing values in our management studies. Just remember tochoose the method that works best for your data and research questions. Happy researching, little scholars!篇8Title: Missing Value Handling Methods in Empirical ResearchHey guys, have you ever wondered what to do when you have missing data in your research? Don't worry, I'm here to tell you all about the common methods used to handle missing values in empirical studies.1. Complete Case Analysis:This is the simplest method where you just remove any observations with missing values. However, this can lead to a loss of important information and may bias your results.2. Mean/Mode Imputation:This method involves replacing missing values with the mean (for continuous variables) or mode (for categorical variables) of the observed values. While this is easy to do, it may distort the original data distribution.3. Multiple Imputation:This method creates multiple imputed datasets by filling in missing values with randomly generated values. This helps account for the uncertainty of the missing data and produces more accurate results.4. Regression Imputation:In this method, missing values are estimated based on other variables in the dataset using regression analysis. This can be a more accurate way to impute missing values, but it relies on the assumption that the relationship between variables is linear.5. K-Nearest Neighbors Imputation:This method estimates missing values based on the values of similar observations in the dataset. It takes into account the characteristics of the nearest neighbors to impute missing values.Remember, the method you choose to handle missing values should depend on the nature of your data and research question. Always be transparent about the methods you use in your research and consider the implications of missing data on your results.So next time you encounter missing values in your dataset, don't panic! Just remember these common methods and choose the one that best fits your research needs. Happy analyzing!篇9Title: Fun Ways to Handle Missing Values in Empirical Management StudiesHey guys! Today, I want to talk about something super important in our cool big kid world of empirical management studies – dealing with missing values in our data. Yep, it can be a bit tricky sometimes, but don't worry, I've got some fun ways to help you out!So, what are missing values? Well, sometimes when we collect data for our awesome research projects, some of the information might be, well, missing. It could be because someone forgot to fill in a question on the survey, or maybe there was a computer error – whoopsie daisies!But fear not, my fellow researchers! There are some nifty ways to handle those missing values and still get great results. Let me tell you about a few of them:1. Mean/Median/Mode Imputation: This fancy term basically means filling in the missing values with the average number, the middle number, or the most common number in the data set. It's like guessing what the missing value might be based on what we already know – pretty cool, right?2. Last Observation Carried Forward: This method is like playing a fun game of "telephone." We take the last known value before the missing one and just carry it forward until we reach the next known value. It's a bit like connecting the dots!3. Multiple Imputation: Now, this one is a bit more advanced, but super neat. We create multiple "guesses" for the missing values based on the patterns in our data and then combine all those guesses to get a more accurate picture. It's like having a whole bunch of smart friends helping us out!4. Deleting Rows/Columns: Sometimes, if there are just too many missing values or they're in a really crucial part of the data, we might have to say goodbye to that row or column. It's like cleaning up our room – out with the old, in with the new!So there you have it, my friends – some fun ways to deal with missing values in our super cool empirical management studies. Just remember, it's all part of the fun and excitement of being aresearcher. Keep on asking questions, exploring data, and having a blast with your research projects. You're all superstars!Well, that's all from me for now. Until next time, happy researching! Keep on shining bright and never stop exploring the amazing world of data and management studies. See you later, alligators!篇10Handling Missing Values in Empirical Management and Economics ResearchHey guys! Today we're going to talk about a super important topic in research - how to deal with missing values in empirical studies in management and economics. Missing values are a common problem in research, and if we don't handle them correctly, it can mess up our results and conclusions.So, what are missing values? Missing values occur when data points are not recorded or are incomplete in a dataset. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as errors in data collection, survey non-response, or data entry mistakes.There are several methods we can use to deal with missing values in our research. One common method is to simply ignoreobservations with missing values. This is known as listwise deletion, where we just delete any observations with missing values from our dataset. While this method is simple, it can lead to biased results if the missing values are not random.Another method is mean imputation, where we replace missing values with the mean of the observed values for that variable. This method is easy to implement but can also lead to biased results if the missing values are not missing at random.A more sophisticated method is multiple imputation, where we create multiple imputed datasets by filling in missing values with plausible values based on the observed data. We then analyze each imputed dataset separately and combine the results to produce a final estimate. Multiple imputation is a more robust method for handling missing values, but it can be computationally intensive.Lastly, we can also use regression imputation, where we predict missing values based on other variables in our dataset using regression analysis. This method can be effective if there is a strong relationship between the variables, but it can also introduce bias if the relationship is misspecified.In conclusion, handling missing values in empirical management and economics research is crucial for obtainingaccurate and reliable results. It's important to carefully consider the reasons for missing values and choose the appropriate method for dealing with them. By using methods such as listwise deletion, mean imputation, multiple imputation, and regression imputation, we can ensure that our research is sound and valid. Remember, missing values don't have to be a problem as long as we handle them correctly!。

Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 50June 2008 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN GHANA IN 2008INTRODUCTIONGhana’s economy has remained quite robust since 2005, notwithstanding the energy crises of 2006 andhikes in the prices of petroleum products. Real GDP growth increased from about 5.8 percent in 2005 to6.2 percent in 2006 and available information (based on September 2007 data) projects real GDP growthat 6.3 percent.But what do ordinary Ghanaians think about the economy and their living conditions? What do they haveto say about government’s economic reform policies? And what is their assessment of the performanceof government in the overall management of the Ghanaian economy? A fourth round Afrobarometersurvey conducted in March 2008 provides public opinion data to respond to some of these questions.THE AFROBAROMETERThe Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys on democracy, governance, marketsand living conditions. The survey is based on a randomly selected national probability sample of 1,200respondents representing a cross-section of adult Ghanaians aged 18 years or older, which yields a marginof error of ±2.5 at a 95 percent confidence level. All interviews are conducted face-to-face by trainedfieldworker s in the language of the respondent’s choice. Fieldwork for Round 4 of the Afrobarometer inGhana was undertaken between March 4 and 27, 2008. Note that for purposes of cross-national comparison, the questions on the survey will be administered to random national samples in 19 otherAfrican countries before the end of 2008; comparative results will be presented in upcomingbriefing andworking papers from Afrobarometer Round 4.SUMMARY OF RESULTS•Ghanaians report general improvements in economic conditions and say that government economicperformance has improved in many respects.•In 2008, for the first time since Afrobarometer surveys have been conducted in Ghana, (in 1999,2002, and 2005) more than 4 in 10 Ghanaians express satisfaction with the condition of the nationaleconomy and their personal living conditions.•The experience of poverty (measured as shortages of basic human needs) has declined, especiallywith reference to improvements in reported popular access to medical care.•However this good economic news is offset by growing income inequality between rural and urbanareas and across Ghana’s administrative regions.•Ghanaians also report declining popular patience with economic reforms, probably due to a risingcost of living and negative perceptions of government performance at controlling inflation. In 2008,fewer people say they are willing to accept the hardships associated with economic reforms than in2002 and 2005.EV ALUA TION OF CURRENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONSThe Afrobarometer asks the opinions of respondents on the economic conditions of the country, theirpersonal living conditions, as well as retrospective and prospective evaluation of those conditions.For the first time in the history of the survey, close to half of Ghanaian adults assessed the general economic and their personal living conditions positively. More than 4 in 10 Ghanaians (45 percent) saythat macro economic conditions are fairly good or very good. Another 42 percent express similar sentiments about their personal living conditions. The macro economy assessment represents a 19percentage point increase over the 2005 score. That for personal living conditions is a 17percentage pointincrease. These changes over time are both substantively and statistically significant.Figure 1: Trends in popular evaluation of economic conditions (Percent saying fairly good/very good)34% 31% 26%45%39%27%25%42%0%10%20%30%40%50%1999 2002 2005 2008Country's economic conditions Personal living conditionsSource: Afrobarometer Survey (1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008)However, there are substantial regional and other spatial variations in popular assessments of economicconditions. For example, a majority of respondents in the Upper West region express satisfaction withboth macroeconomic conditions (58 percent) and personal living conditions (55 percent). A majority ofrespondents in Ashanti (57 percent), Upper East (54 percent) and Eastern regions (52 percent) also believe that macroeconomic conditions are fairly good or very good. But less than a quarter of respondents in the V olta region express satisfaction with macroeconomic conditions (18 percent) andtheir personal living conditions (23 percent).Popular economic satisfaction is also higher in urban areas than in rural areas. For instance, whereasexactly half of urban residents express satisfaction with Ghana’s macro economy, just 42 percent of ruralresidents hold the same view. Similarly, close to half of urban residents (47 percent) compared with 39percent of rural residents are satisfied with their personal living conditions.EV ALUA TIONS OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OVER TIMEAgain, for the first time since Afrobarometer surveys began in 1999, a majority of Ghanaians say economic conditions in Ghana are better or much better (56 percent) than they were in the previous year.An equal proportion (57 percent) also believes that their personal living conditions are better or muchbetter now than a year before. These figures represent significant increases over 2005 when only a littleover quarter (27 percent) each of Ghanaians expressed similar sentiments. In other words, retrospectiveeconomic evaluations have changed by +29 and +30 percentage points respectively.Table 1:Retrospective and prospective evaluations of economic conditions (Percent better/much better)Percent better/much better Change1999 2002 2005 2008 (2005-2008)Ghana’s economic conditions compared to 12 month s ago - 36 27 56 +29Personal living conditions compared to 12 months ago 39 35 27 57 +30Ghana’s future economic conditions - 61 44 69 +25Personal future living conditions 52 64 48 73 +25Source: Afrobarometer Survey (1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008)As in previous surveys, Ghanaians continue to be very optimistic about the future. Large majoritiesbelieve macroeconomic conditions in Ghana (69 percent) and their personal living conditions (73 percent)will be better or much better in the years ahead. These evaluations declined significantly between 2002and 2005 but have increased significantly in 2008, by 25 percentage points. The observed surge inoptimism could have been influenced partly, if not largely, by the recent discovery of oil in commercialquantities in Ghana. Indeed the President was visibly elated on national television when management ofthe oil prospecting company broke the news. Moreover, the government’s communication machinery hascontinued to tout the prospects of this discovery for Ghana’s growth and development.On the other hand, a sense of relative economic deprivation appears to prevail among Ghanaians. Compared to others, close to one third of Ghanaians (30 percent) think that their living conditions areworse or much worse. Slightly larger proportion (39 percent) say their living conditions arerelativelybetter while a quarter (25 percent) do not see any difference. Only 28 percent of residents of the UpperWest region, the least among all ten regions, say their living conditions are better or much better thanother Ghanaians. Thus even though, in public opinion, economic conditions are better now than before, amajority of people in this region think other Ghanaians are doing better. Similarly, less than a third ofrespondents in Northern (31 percent), Upper East (30 percent) and V olta (29 percent) regions think theyare better off than other Ghanaians. This underscores a growing sense of inequality in some regions ofGhana, despite overall improvements in economic conditions.POVERTYExperience of poverty has broadly declined since 2002. Take medical care for example. Whereas in 2002more that half (54 percent) of Ghanaians reported having gone without this essential service at least oncein the last 12 months, less than 4 in 10 Ghanaians (37 percent) report similarly in 2008. It appears that theintroduction of the National Health Insurance Scheme has helped to expand access to medical care forGhanaians. Similarly, the proportions of Ghanaians who reported having gone without food (40 percent),clean water (42 percent) and cash income (69 percent) in 2002 have declined to 31 percent, 36 percentand 53 percent respectively in 2008. However, it is important to note that a majority of Ghanaianscontinue to report shortages of cash income (53 percent).These findings seem to confirm reported declining levels of poverty in Ghana from official sources. Themost recent Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS, 2006) reported a decline in extreme poverty levelfrom 37 percent in 1991 to 19 percent in 2006. It also lends credence to the report that the proportion ofGhanaians considered as poor (i.e. poverty head count) declined from about 52 percent in 1991 to 29percent in 2006.Figure 2: Trends in poverty (percent going without basic needs at least once in the last 12 months) Source: Afrobarometer Survey (1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008)Experience of poverty is more pronounced in rural areas than in urban areas, especially when it comes tomedical care and cash income. For the 2008 survey, 38 percent of rural dwellers compared with 25percent of urban dwellers report having gone without medical care in the last 12 months. Similarly,whereas 56 percent of urban dwellers report a lack of cash income at least once in the last 12 months,some 69 percent of rural respondents report similarly. This is not surprising as it corresponds with recentGLSS data suggesting that poverty in Ghana has remained a disproportionately rural phenomenon up tillnow.GOVERNMENT’S PERFORMANCE AT ECONOMIC MANAGEMENTWe now turn to government’s performance at economic management. In all four rounds of the survey,most Ghanaians rate the government’s performance at economic management “fairly well” or “verywell.” Nearly 7 in 10 (69 percent) currently hold this view. Moreover, and for the first time, a majorityof Ghanaians (54 percent) say government is doing well at job creation. The hike in appraisal of government’s performance at job creation might have been influenced by the introduction of the NationalYouth Employment Programme in 2006 to provide jobs and job training for young people. It is worthmentioning that, in prioritising the development agenda of Ghana, unemployment is ranked highest; some25 percent of Ghanaians say it is the most important problem facing the country today.On the other hand, the government is consistently perceived by most Ghanaians to be performing badly orvery badly in narrowing income gaps in the country. Currently, more than 6 in 10 (61 percent) of Ghanaians think government is doing badly in narrowing income gaps.Controlling inflation is another area in which many Ghanaians continue to express dissatisfaction withgovernment’s performan ce. Popular dissatisfaction with government performance at keeping prices downhas risen from a minority 38 percent in 2002 to a majority 62 percent in 2008.Figure 3: Performance ratings of government (percent saying fairly well /very well)Popular evaluations of government performance at ensuring that everyone has enough to eat have remained relatively stable since 1999. Currently, more than half (56 percent) of all adultGhanaians, asin previous rounds, think government is doing well in ensuring food sufficiency.Assessment of government’s efforts at improving the living standards of the poor was asked for the firsttime in the 2008 survey. Exactly half (50 percent) of Ghanaians think government is doing fairly well orvery well in addressing the needs of the poor. It is worth noting that in February 2008 governmentintroduced a Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) programme under which cash of between8 and 15 Ghana Cedis will be transferred to poor households to help alleviate extreme poverty. Disbursement under this programme commenced in March 2008, the period of the fieldwork of this study.OPINIONS ON ECONOMIC REFORMSDespite the generally positive economic outlook among Ghanaians, many people now say that the costsof reforming the economy are too high and that government should abandon the current economic reformpolicies. More than a third (34 percent) of Ghanaians, representing a doubling (an 18 -point increase)over 2002, holds this view. In fact, less than 6 in 10 Ghanaians (59 percent) are willing to accept economic hardships now in order to ensure a better future. This figure compares unfavourably with 65percent in 2005 and 72 percent in 2002. While a majority accept the need for continued sacrifice, itappears that many Ghanaians are running out of patience with the implementation of policies whosebenefits are taking too long to materialise.Moreover, a majority (54 percent) continue to hold the view that government’s economic policies havehurt most people. However, it is worth noting that this represents a significant decline from the 67percent recorded in 2005 and it is also the lowest score on this item since 1999. For the first time, morethan 4 in 10 Ghanaians (41 percent) – compared with a little over a quarter (26 percent) in 2005 –believethat the government’s economic policies have helped most people.Table 2: Satisfaction with economic reforms (percent agree/agree very strongly)Percent agree/agree very strongly Change1999 2002 2005 2008 (2005-2008)Costs too high/abandon current economic policies 62 16 31 34 +3Accept hardships now for a better future 38 72 65 59 -6Government’s economic policies have helped most people 26 28 26 41 +15Government’s policies h ave hurt most people 57 60 67 54 -13Negative popular sentiments about economic reform in Ghana are probably a reflection of the unpopularity of policies introduced in recent years, notably petroleum deregulation (since 2005). Thispolicy may be an economically rational means to redress inefficiencies in the sector, but it has becomeincreasingly disliked among sections of the Ghanaian society. Deregulation and associated price increases were at the centre of nationwide protests against economic hardships in December 2007 by thepolitical pressure group known as the Committee for Joint Action (CJA). Recently, the Ghana TradesUnion Congress (GTUC) also expressed concern about taxes on petroleum products and called for theirremoval. Similarly, t he Government’s decision to contract a foreign company - Aqua Vitens Rand Ltd -to operate the Ghana Water Company has been blamed (rightly or wrongly) for the recent severe watershortages in many parts of the country, especially in urban areas. These protests have been accompaniedby calls for the cancellation of the contract and reversion of the management of the Ghana Water Company to local people.BUT WHY ARE GHANAIANS EVINCING LESS PA TIENCE WITH ECONOMIC REFORMS? By way of conclusion, three possible reasons are proposed forlowered levels of popular patience with economic reforms in Ghana. These are:•Poor living conditions•The perceived negative impact of government’s economic policies, and•The government’s poor performance i n dealing with inflation.Each of these explanations will be discussed in turn. First, among Ghanaians who think that the government should abandon its economic reform policies, more than half describe their present livingconditions as bad (57 percent). A far smaller proportion who describe their living conditions as good(just 33 percent) go so far as to call for an end to the reform program.Second, people who believe that the government’s economic policies have hurt most Ghanaians (62percent) are likely advocate an end to reform. By contrast, people who perceive beneficial impacts fromgovernment policies are far less likely to demand changes to the official policy package formanaging theeconomy (35 percent).Finally, fully 70 percent of those who think the government has failed to ensure stable prices also say thatthey want to terminate the economic reform program. Yet only 27 percent of those who applaud thegovernment’s performance at inflation control feel the same way.Table 3Abandon policyPresent living conditions bad 57Present living conditions good 33Difference +24Economic policies hurt most people 62Economic policies helped most people 35Difference +27Govt. performed badly at reducing inflation 70Govt. performed well at reducing inflation 27Difference +43The large gaps between the reform preferences of these various groups –ranging from 24 percentagepoints to 43 percentage points – suggests that all three of these factors play a role in explaining loweredlevels of economic patience in Ghana. These gaps in preferences are not only wide but also statisticallysignificant (not shown). Comparing rival explanations, however, we infer that perceptions of runawayprices has been most damaging to popular support for economic reform. To be sure, poor living conditions and perceptions of unequal impact have undermined the construction of a constituency formarket reforms. But, from a public opinion perspective, rising prices – notably for cooking fuel such asliquefied natural gas, but also including other consumer goods –are the most serious threat to continuedpopular support for economic reform policies in Ghana.This Briefing Paper was prepared by CDD-Ghana (/).The Afrobarometer, a cross-national survey research project, is conducted collaboratively by socialscientists from 20 African countries. Coordination is provided by the Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), the Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), and the Institute forResearch in Empirical Political Economy (IREEP, Benin). Several donors support theAfrobarometer’sresearch, capacity building and outreach activities, including the Swedish International DevelopmentCooperation Agency, the Department for International Development (UK), the Royal Danish Ministryof Foreign Affairs, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. For more information, see:。