下载文档原格式
无论是西方还是东方，诗歌都是文学的最早形式。
而且中外诗歌都要求诗歌要有强烈的思想感情和丰富的想象力，语言要高度集中，富有音乐和节奏感。
不同国家不同民族由于语言文字、历史传统、文化背景有差异，因而在审美趣味上也存在差异。
因此，面对同样的题材，中外诗人的表现手法会迥然不同，有同曲异工之妙。
如古代中英诗人对春天的描写。
一春天，自古以来一直是文人骚客所颂扬的季节。
在英国，描写春天的作品不计其数。
翻开“英国诗歌之父”乔叟(Chaucer，1340-1400)的《坎特伯雷故事集》，春天的气息立即扑面而来：夏雨给大地带来了喜悦，送走了土壤干裂的三月，沐浴着草木的丝丝经络，顿时百花盛开，生机勃勃。
田野复苏，吹出芳草绿绿；碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红臼，青春的太阳洒下万道金辉。
小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美春风（即诗中的西风）吹拂、春雨滋润大地、百花盛开、芳草绿绿、清香缕缕，再加上青春的阳光、欢快的鸟儿，乔叟给我们描绘了一幅五彩缤纷的春天画卷。
而前浪漫主义诗人·布莱克(William Blake．1757-1827)的《天真之歌》中的《春》，同样也把春天的热闹和喜气洋洋呈现出来：“长笛鸣，／长笛暗。
，鸟儿们，／齐欢腾；／夜莺啼，／在山里；／云雀唱，，在天上，／喜洋洋，／喜洋洋，／欢欢喜喜迎新年。
”然而，最负盛名的描写春天的诗歌当推托马斯·纳什( ThomasNash，1567-1601)的《春》：春，甜美之春，一年中最美好的时间，万物吐芳艳，姑娘们舞蹁跹，轻寒不袭人，小鸟歌满天，咕咕，啾啾，布喂，吐一威托一鸣！榆树山楂漫山野，村村舍舍生气盎，羊羔欢跃喜洋洋，牧童整天笛声扬，百乌欢歌总在耳边响，咕咕，啾瞅，布喂，吐一威托一呜！田野熏香飘四方，雏菊轻轻吻脚上，情人双双来相会，老妇憩坐沐阳光，条条路上都有歌声在荡漾，咕咕，啾啾，布喂，吐一威托一呜！春！甜美之春！从整首诗来看，纳什善于详尽的描述，向我们描绘了一幅有声、有色、有味，动静结合的“春景图”。
关于春天的古诗英文版Spring in Chinese Poetry.Spring, a season of renewal and rebirth, has been a beloved subject of Chinese poets for centuries. From the delicate blossoms of plum and peach trees to the vibrant hues of blooming wildflowers, the beauty and promise of spring have inspired countless verses filled with joy, wonder, and anticipation.The Arrival of Spring.The arrival of spring is often heralded by the blooming of plum blossoms, hardy flowers that brave the lingering cold of winter. In the poem "Plum Blossoms," the Tang dynasty poet Wang Wei captures the resilience and beauty of these early blooms:> Red apricots in the mountain woods are rare,。
> But white plums by the clear stream are abundant.> I pluck a branch to ask after winter's news,。
> Only to find spring has already arrived.As spring progresses, the landscape transforms into a tapestry of colors. Peach blossoms burst forth in vibrant hues of pink and crimson, filling the air with their sweet fragrance. In the poem "Peach Blossom Spring," the Tang dynasty poet Du Fu describes the enchanting beauty of a peach blossom forest:> In the depths of the valley, peach blossoms bloom in profusion,。
英文春天的诗句1. "Spring is nature's way of saying, 'Let's party!'" - Robin Williams2. "April hath put a spirit of youth in everything." - William Shakespeare3. "Spring: the music of open windows." - Terri Guillemets4. "Springtime is the land awakening. The March winds are the morning yawn." - Lewis Grizzard5. "The world is mud-luscious and puddle-wonderful." - E.E. Cummings6. "A little madness in the spring is wholesome even for the king." - Emily Dickinson7. "Spring adds new life and new beauty to all that is." - Jessica Harrelson8. "Spring will come and so will happiness. Hold on. Life will get warmer." - Anita Krizzan9. "Every spring is the only spring, a perpetual astonishment." - Ellis Peters10. "Spring is a true reconstructionist." - Henry Timrod11. "Spring is when life's alive in everything." - Christina Rossetti12. "In the spring, at the end of the day, you should smell likedirt." - Margaret Atwood13. "Behold, my friends, the spring is come; the earth has gladly received the embraces of the sun, and we shall soon see the results of their love!" - Sitting Bull14. "Spring work is going on with joyful enthusiasm." - John Muir15. "No matter how long the winter, spring is sure to follow." - Proverb16. "Spring is nature's way of saying, 'Let's go!'" - Unknown17. "The beautiful spring came, and when nature resumes her loveliness, the human soul is apt to revive also." - Harriet Ann Jacobs18. "Spring is the time of plans and projects." - Leo Tolstoy19. "Spring is the time of year when it is summer in the sun and winter in the shade." - Charles Dickens20. "Spring is when you feel like whistling even with a shoe full of slush." - Doug Larson21. "Spring is a happiness so beautiful, so unique, so unexpected." - Emilie Loring22. "Spring is the season of rebirth, renewal, and regrowth." - Unknown23. "Spring is the time for new beginnings, blooming flowers,and cheerful smiles." - Unknown24. "Spring is the season that reminds us of the importance of growth and change." - Unknown25. "Spring is the perfect time to let go of the old and embrace the new." - Unknown26. "Spring blossoms bring joy to the heart and colors to the world." - Unknown27. "Spring is the time to awaken your soul and embrace the beauty around you." - Unknown28. "Spring is the season of hope, love, and endless possibilities." - Unknown29. "Spring is a symphony of birdsong, blooming flowers, and warm sunshine." - Unknown30. "Spring is a gentle reminder that life is beautiful and full of miracles." - Unknown31. "Spring is the season of growth, both in nature and in our hearts." - Unknown32. "Spring is a time of rebirth and renewal, reminding us that life goes on." - Unknown33. "Spring is a canvas of colors, painting the world with beauty and wonder." - Unknown34. "Spring is a melody of laughter, love, and fresh beginnings."- Unknown35. "Spring is the season to let go of the past and embrace the future." - Unknown36. "Spring is a dance of butterflies, fragrant flowers, and gentle breezes." - Unknown37. "Spring is a celebration of life, reminding us to cherish every moment." - Unknown38. "Spring is the season that makes us believe in magic and miracles." - Unknown39. "Spring is a time to plant seeds of hope and watch them bloom into dreams." - Unknown40. "Spring is the symphony of nature, playing a joyful tune in our hearts." - Unknown41. "Spring is a gentle kiss from the sun, warming our souls with love." - Unknown42. "Spring is a whisper of change, promising new beginnings and endless possibilities." - Unknown43. "Spring is the time to let go of the past and embrace the present with open arms." - Unknown44. "Spring is a melody of birdsong, blooming flowers, and dancing butterflies." - Unknown45. "Spring is a miracle that happens every year, reminding us ofthe beauty of life." - Unknown46. "Spring is the season of dreams realized and hopes renewed." - Unknown47. "Spring is a symphony of colors, painting the world with vibrant hues." - Unknown48. "Spring is a whisper of love, spreading joy and happiness to all around." - Unknown49. "Spring is the promise of new beginnings, as nature awakens from its winter slumber." - Unknown50. "Spring is the time to bloom, like a flower with petals unfolding towards the sun." - Unknown。
关于春天的英文诗词Spring, a time of renewal and rebirth, has inspired poets and writers throughout the ages. From the delicate blooming of flowers to the playful songs of birds, spring's beauty and energy have been captured in countless works of literature.One of the most famous English poems about spring is "Spring" by William Blake. Written in 1789, the poem celebrates the joy and wonder of the season. The speaker marvels at the beauty of the natural world, from the "sweet flowers" to the "lambs' gambols." The poem ends with a sense of hope and optimism, as the speaker looks forward to the future with a renewed sense of purpose.Another classic English poem about spring is "Ode to a Nightingale" by John Keats. Written in 1819, the poem is a meditation on the beauty of nature and the power of imagination. The speaker listens to the song of a nightingale and is transported to a world of dreams andvisions. The poem is full of vivid imagery and rich language, and it is considered one of the finest examples of Romantic poetry.In addition to these two classic poems, there are many other beautiful and evocative poems about spring written by English poets. Here are a few more examples:"The Garden" by Andrew Marvell (1681)。
williamblake 春天的诗歌
原文：
《春之颂》
春风拂柳绿，花苞欲吐鲜。
彩蝶翩翩舞，暖阳照大千。
一、衍生注释：
“春风拂柳绿”：春风轻柔地吹拂着柳树，使之变得翠绿。
“花苞欲吐鲜”：花骨朵即将绽放，展现出鲜艳的色彩。
“彩蝶翩翩舞”：色彩斑斓的蝴蝶在空中优美地飞舞。
“暖阳照大千”：温暖的阳光照耀着广阔的天地。
二、赏析：
这首诗用简洁而生动的语言描绘了春天的景象。
春风、柳绿、花苞、彩蝶、暖阳，这些元素共同构成了一幅充满生机与活力的春景图。
诗
句的语言清新自然，让人仿佛能身临其境，感受到春天的美好和温暖。
三、作者介绍：
William Blake（威廉·布莱克）是 18 世纪末、19 世纪初的英国诗人、画家。
他的作品具有独特的想象力和神秘主义色彩，常常探讨宗教、
人性和自然等主题。
四、运用片段：
春天来了，我漫步在公园，眼前的景象不正是威廉·布莱克笔下“春
风拂柳绿，花苞欲吐鲜。
彩蝶翩翩舞，暖阳照大千”的美好吗？你看那
柳树在微风中摇曳，好似在向人们诉说着春天的故事；花朵努力地绽
放着自己的美丽，仿佛在争奇斗艳；蝴蝶在花丛中穿梭，如同快乐的
精灵；阳光温暖地洒在大地上，给万物带来了生机和希望。
这样的春天，怎能不让人心生欢喜？。
描写春天的英文诗歌欣赏若说春天,脑中浮现的情景该是那和煦的春日下,迎风飘浮的长长柳丝。
自古以来,柳,寄托了多少文人墨客的情怀。
下面小编整理了描写春天的英文诗歌，希望大家喜欢!描写春天的英文诗歌摘抄春夜喜雨(杜甫) 好雨知时节，当春乃发生。
随风潜入夜，润物细无声。
野径云俱黑，江船火独明。
晓看红湿处，花重锦官城。
Spring night of rain (du fu)The rain season, when spring is happening.The wind into night, moistens everything silently.Wild diameter cloud all black, river boat bright fire.Xiao red wet place, flower jin guan city.描写春天的英文诗歌鉴赏清明(杜牧) 清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。
借问酒家何处有，牧童遥指杏花村。
The tomb-sweeping day (tu mu)Rains fall heavily as qingming comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go.May I ask restaurant where has, the shepherd boy pointed apricot blossom village.描写春天的英文诗歌赏析spring 春thomas nashe 托马斯·纳什郭沫若翻译spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king;then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜，处处都有花树，都有女儿环舞，微寒但觉清和，佳禽争着唱歌，啁啁，啾啾，哥哥，割麦、插一禾!描写春天的英文诗歌欣赏Sound the flute!Now it's mute.Birds delight,Day and night;Nightingale.In the dale,Lark in sky,Merrily,Merrily, merrily, to welcome in the year.描写春天的英文诗歌品味Spring goeth all in white,Crowned with milk-white may;in fleecy flocks of light,o'er heaven the white clouds stray;white butterflies in the air;white daisies prank the ground;the cherry and hoary pear,scatter their snow around.描写春天的英文诗歌品析Today is the day when daffodils bloom,When cumulus clouds roar across the sky,When light rain beckons spring to appear,Which children pick to fill the room.When robins returnSpring,Robert McCracken.Today is the day when bold kites fly,Today is the day when grasses green, when children cheer. 经典的描写春天的英文诗歌When springtime comes upon us,Filling freshness in the air.Showing natures own beauty,With flowers blooming everywhere.Trees start slowly budding.Opening to the sun's warm rays.Start the birds to singing.Touching our hearts in these ways.The grass starts turning greener.Pushing up out of the ground.Nature is waking up.Sending forth her beautiful sound.赞美春天的英文诗歌Greeting the sun green.I step across the ocean.Dawn will open the door all night.I was immediately grow blue wings.Flying to you.Branches continuously provoked one wind.Put them threw the air.For this colorful banner.Me singing aloud.The one you turn.Just hit my chest.关于描写春天的英文诗歌Robert McCracken .Today is the day when bold kites fly,When cumulus clouds roar across the sky.When robins return,when children cheer,When light rain beckons spring to appear.Today is the day when daffodils bloom,Which children pick to fill the room,Today is the day when grasses green,When leaves burst forth for spring to be seen.描写春天的英文诗歌欣赏若说春天,脑中浮现的情景该是那和煦的春日下,迎风飘浮的长长柳丝。
Ⅰ. Poems and Quotes1. "April hath put a spirit of youth in everything." ——William Shakespeare四月将勃勃生机注入万物。
——莎士比亚2."In the spring time, the only pretty ring time, when birds do sing ...sweet lovers love the spring."——William Shakespeare在春天,在最美丽的结婚季节,鸟儿唱着...甜蜜的恋人喜欢春天。
——莎士比亚3. "Spring is when you feel like whistling even with a shoe full of slush." ——Doug Larson所谓春天，就是即使鞋子灌满泥巴，仍然想吹口哨。
——道格.拉森4. "Spring is when life's alive in everything." ——Christina Rossetti"Spring -- an experience in immortality." ——Henry D. Thoreau"You can cut all the flowers but you cannot keep Spring from coming" ——Pablo Neruda5. 《Spring Song》Hello dear robin in the treeWill you sing a song for me?Yes，I will sing a happy songCheerily cheerily all day longSee the green buds showHear the march wind blowBeautiful flowers are dancingGlad the spring is coming!6. Spring and AllBy William Carlos WilliamsBy the road to the contagious hospitalunder the surge of the bluemottled clouds driven from thenortheast—a cold wind. Beyond, thewaste of broad, muddy fieldsbrown with dried weeds, standing and fallenpatches of standing waterthe scattering of tall treesAll along the road the reddishpurplish, forked, upstanding, twiggystuff of bushes and small treeswith dead, brown leaves under themleafless vines—Lifeless in appearance, sluggishdazed spring approaches—They enter the new world naked,cold, uncertain of allsave that they enter. All about themthe cold, familiar wind—Now the grass, tomorrowthe stiff curl of wildcarrot leafOne by one objects are defined—It quickens: clarity, outline of leafBut now the stark dignity ofentrance—Still, the profound changehas come upon them: rooted theygrip down and begin to awaken7. Beautiful spring is here.The winter is gone.But the birds are back.The snow is gone.But the flowers are back.Old coats are gone.But new ones are here.8. SPRINGby Thomas NashSpring, the sweet Spring, is the year's pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing, Cuckoo, jug-jug,pu-we, to-witta-woo!The palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, Cuckoo, jug-jug,pu-we, to-witta-woo!The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet,Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,In every street theses tunes our ears do greet, Cuckoo, jug-jug,pu-we, to-witta-woo! Spring! the sweet Spring！。
描写春天的英文诗Spring is a season of rebirth and renewal, when the world awakens from its winter slumber into a burst of vibrant colors and fresh scents. 春天是一个充满重生和更新的季节，当世界从冬季沉睡中苏醒，迸发出丰富多彩的色彩和清新的香气。
As the temperature begins to rise, the ice and snow melt away, revealing the earth beneath in all its glory. 随着温度开始升高，冰雪融化，揭示出地表的荣耀。
The trees, once bare and desolate, suddenly burst forth with delicate blossoms and tender green leaves, painting the landscape in shades of pink and green. 树木，曾经枯萎而荒凉，突然迸发出娇嫩的花朵和嫩绿的叶子，将景观点缀成粉红和绿色。
The air is filled with the sweet scent of flowers in bloom, and birds chirp joyfully as they build their nests and start their families. 空气中弥漫着盛开花朵的甜蜜香味，鸟儿欢快地鸣叫，它们筑巢、组建家庭。
Children run and play outside, delighted by the warmth of the sun on their faces and the feel of soft grass beneath their feet. 孩子们在外面奔跑玩耍，被阳光照在脸上和脚下柔软的草地的感觉所高兴。
描写春天的外国诗歌
春天是大自然的恢复和蓬勃发展的季节。
春天是一年四季中最迷人的季节之一，是新生命的季节，也是美丽的季节。
在西方，人们通常用诗歌来描绘春天的美丽和神奇，这些诗歌充满了对大自然的热爱和敬畏，充满了对生命的态度和热情。
首先，英国著名诗人威廉·华兹华斯的《风暴中的飞船》（The Prelude）中写道：“春天来了，大地上没有一个花蕾能抵挡它的力量。
”这句话不仅形象描述了春天的魅力，同时也表达了生命的力量和坚强。
其次，美国诗人埃米莉·狄金森的诗《春天的颜色》（A Light Exists in Spring）中写道：“这个季节的颜色，如白银，如玫瑰，如鲜血。
”这些形容词生动地描绘了春天的色彩，以及春天带来的温暖和光明。
此外，法国诗人维克多·雨果的诗《春天风景》（Printemps）中写道：“在春天，万物都在呼吸，缓慢地恢复，这是一种美好的生命状态。
”这句话表达了春天带来的生命力和恢复力，也表现了雨果对大自然的深刻理解和感悟。
总之，春天是一个美好而神奇的季节，它象征着生命和希望。
外国诗人们通过诗歌来表达对春天的热爱和敬畏，向我们展示了春天的美妙
和神奇。
在我们的日常生活中，也应该学习外国诗人们的向往和热情，珍爱生命，感悟世界，用心去领悟春天的美丽。
中英诗人笔下的春天
作者：李漫萍
来源：《文学教育》2010年第02期
内容摘要:春天是中外诗人所喜爱的题材,因而诗歌中出现了各种各样的关于春天的季节意象。
但由于民族文化的差异,诗人的审美趣味也迥异。
中诗总体上具有含蓄深沉、意味隽永的艺术特征,而英诗逼真、细致,给人一览无余之感。
关键词:春天差异民族文化
无论是西方还是东方,诗歌都是文学的最早形式。
而且中外诗歌都要求诗歌要有强烈的思想感情和丰富的想象力,语言要高度集中,富有音乐和节奏感。
不同国家不同民族由于语言文字、历史传统、文化背景有差异,因而在审美趣味上也存在差异。
因此,面对同样的题材,中外诗人的表现手法会迥然不同,有同曲异工之妙。
如古代中英诗人对春天的描写。
一
春天,自古以来一直是文人骚客所颂扬的季节。
在英国,描写春天的作品不计其数。
翻开“英国诗歌之父”乔叟(Chaucer,1340-1400)的《坎特伯雷故事集》,春天的气息立即扑面而来:
夏雨给大地带来了喜悦,
送走了土壤干裂的三月,
沐浴着草木的丝丝经络,
顿时百花盛开,生机勃勃。
田野复苏,吹出芳草绿绿;
碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日,
青春的太阳洒下万道金辉。
小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美[1]
……
春风(即诗中的西风)吹拂、春雨滋润大地、百花盛开、芳草绿绿、清香缕缕,再加上青春的阳光、欢快的鸟儿,乔叟给我们描绘了一幅五彩缤纷的春天画卷。
而前浪漫主义诗人·布莱克(William Blake,1757-1827)的《天真之歌》中的《春》,同样也把春天的热闹和喜气洋洋呈现出来:“长笛鸣,/长笛暗。
/鸟儿们,/齐欢腾;/夜莺啼,/在山里;/云雀唱,/在天上,/喜洋洋,/喜洋洋,/欢欢喜喜迎新年。
”
然而,最负盛名的描写春天的诗歌当推托马斯·纳什(Thomas Nash,1567-1601)的《春》:
春,甜美之春,一年中最美好的时间,
万物吐芳艳,姑娘们舞蹁跹,
轻寒不袭人,小鸟歌满天,
咕咕,啾啾,布喂,吐—威托—呜!
榆树山楂漫山野,村村舍舍生气盎,
羊羔欢跃喜洋洋,牧童整天笛声扬,
百鸟欢歌总在耳边响,
咕咕,啾啾,布喂,吐—威托—呜!
田野熏香飘四方,雏菊轻轻吻脚上,
情人双双来相会,老妇憩坐沐阳光,
条条路上都有歌声在荡漾,
咕咕,啾啾,布喂,吐—威托—呜!
春!甜美之春!
从整首诗来看,纳什善于详尽的描述,向我们描绘了一幅有声、有色、有味,动静结合的“春景图”。
在声音方面,他描绘了牧童悠扬的笛声及鸟儿的欢唱。
尤其令人叫绝的是在每一节结尾
都用拟声词“咕咕,啾啾,布喂,吐—威托—呜”来分别表示布谷、夜莺和猫头鹰的叫声,使得这首诗的语言更加生动、直观,给人一种身临其境的感觉,使人仿佛看到、听到了百鸟闹春的景象。
在色彩方面,有绿油油的棕榈,红艳艳的山楂花,和其余各种菊花。
真乃是百花齐放,争奇斗艳。
在味觉方面,有春天的“甜”和田野散发出的芬香。
动的有少女跳舞,羊羔嬉戏,情侣走动;静的有老妪憩坐并沐浴在阳光之下,有田野、农舍等。
动中有静,静中有动,声色俱全,处处散发出春天的气息。
从以上三首诗,我们不难看出它们的一些共同特征:描写春天时都是不遗余力地多方面展现这个大自然最美丽的季节,描写细致,给人一览无余、色彩斑斓的感觉。
二
在中国,民间有“一年之计在于春”来说明春天是播下无限希望的季节。
在诗歌里,春天更是诗人反复吟唱的美丽季节。
如贺知章的《咏柳》,是通过咏柳来赞美春风的:
碧玉妆成一树高,
万条垂下绿丝绦。
不知细叶谁裁出,
二月春风似剪刀。
叶绍翁的《游园不值》是通过视觉形象——伸出墙外的一枝红杏,把人引入墙内,让人想象墙内的满园春色:
应怜屐齿印苍苔,
小扣柴扉久不开。
满园春色关不住,
一枝红杏出墙来。
杜甫的《春夜喜雨》:“好雨知时节,当春乃发生,随风潜入夜,润物细无声,”写的是春雨,白居易的“日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝”写的是春水。
孟浩然所写的《春晓》更是家喻户晓:
春眠不觉晓,处处闻谛鸟,
夜来风雨声,花落知多少。
孟浩然不像纳什那样从视觉、听觉及嗅觉等角度对春天进行全方位的描写,而是选取了春天的一个侧面。
他只是从听觉角度着笔,写春之声:处处啼鸟,春风春雨。
用“处处”二字来描写鸟声啁啾起落,远近应和,使人仿佛漫步在山野之间,有应接不暇之感。
在静谧的春夜,春风春雨的沙沙声让人联想到那“如烟似梦般的凄迷意境”[2]和微雨后的众卉新姿。
诗人通过听觉形象春声把人引出屋外,让人想象、体味屋外那莺啭花香的烂漫春光。
由此可见,这些诗的篇幅短小,简洁含蓄,只写要点,或春风、春水,或春色、春雨,读起来别有一番韵味。
三
中英诗歌在相同题材上所采用的表现手法的不同,是由其深刻的民族文化根由所决定的。
因为每个民族的文学都是在历史的长河中沉淀下来、积累起来的,都和本民族的文化传统融合在一起。
中国的文化形态是伦理型文化。
中国的祖先是带着原始民族社会血缘关系的纽带而走进奴隶社会的,人与人之间的关系是一种以血缘为基础的上下尊卑的伦理道德关系。
人们的个性自由得不到发展,个人的命运和价值不是取决于个人的智慧和才干,而是取决于个人在宗法网络中的关系。
在文学表现中体现以理节情、情理和谐统一的审美特点。
再则,中国古代的文学家深受儒家思想的影响,其“中庸”精神对中国古代文学有深刻的影响,孔子称赞《诗经》“乐而不淫,哀而不伤,”这种观点后来发展成“温柔敦厚”的“诗教”[3]。
即主张在文学作品中要有节制地宣泄情感,而不要把情感表达得过分强烈。
因此古代诗人都自觉或不自觉地遵循“诗教”的精神,在抒写内心情感时总是委婉曲折,含蓄深沉。
西方是比较彻底地摧毁了氏族血缘关系的纽带而进入奴隶社会的。
人与人之间的关系是一种政治法律关系,而不是靠血缘的纽带来维系的伦理道德关系。
西方古代文明发源地是爱琴海区域。
这里良好的交通条件造就了西方高度发达的手工业和航海业,使西方成为商业社会,并随之产生了与之相适应的民主政权。
在这种商业经济和民主政治中陶冶出来的民族特征是以自我为核心,以享乐为目标的敢于冒险、敢于进取的开放性民族品格,在文学创作中体现为直率。
西方诗歌没有多少道德的约束与伦理牵挂,因此,在表达情感时往往热情奔放,重笔浓彩。
另外,“诗言志”是中国古代诗歌的传统。
中国的文艺理论便发端于“言志”说。
“诗者,志之所之也,在心为志,发言为诗。
”[4]也就是说,诗之所以产生,是因为“志”在胸中激荡着,要通过语言表达出来。
而潜藏于诗人心中的“志”又是通过“感物”而产生的。
《乐记》云:“凡音之起,由人心生也。
人心之动,物使之然也。
感于物而动,古形于声……乐者,音之所生也,其本在人心之感于物
也。
”[4]“感”的是“物”,“动”的是“人心”,是人心中的“志”或“情”,强调的是心与物、物与情之间的相互感应。
只有当胸中的“志”被情感所浸透、融会时,才能产生创作激情,才能“发言为诗”。
由此可见,诗歌是抒发情志的。
正是抒情性质使得中国古代文学在写物手法上不重写实而重写意,在艺术境界方面追求的不是真实而是空灵,不是形似而是神似[3]。
如在一些山水田园诗中诗人往往以抒情手段虚化所见的景象,故篇幅多为短小,只写要点,寥寥几笔,重在神似,给读者留下想象的空间。
而“摹仿”说是欧洲的传统文学观念。
欧洲人侧重作品与宇宙的关系,认为文艺是自然的摹仿、再现、写实。
早在公元前500年的古希腊时期,伟大思想家赫拉克利特(Heracletus, 约530-470B.C.)就提出了“艺术摹仿自然”的论点,从而给古希腊文学和美学思想以很大的影响。
稍后,另一位古希腊思想家苏格拉底(Socrates, 469-390B.C.)也认为“绘画是对所见之物的描绘”,艺术以不同的媒介,准确地把自然再现出来。
其后更有柏拉图的“理式摹仿”说和亚里士多德的“自然摹仿”说。
“摹仿”的文学观念统治西方长达两千年,直到十八世纪末,欧洲出现了浪漫主义的文学运动,这种“摹仿”说才真正被打破。
由此可见,“摹仿”与“再现”是欧洲的传统。
在文学作品中,作者总是对人物事件详细描绘,故篇幅较长。
难怪乔叟、布莱克及纳什在描写春天的诗歌里,无不从多方面多角度去描写春天,因此逼真、细致,给人一览无余、色彩斑斓之感。
正如朱光潜先生在比较中西诗歌的不同情趣时所说:“西方诗以直率胜,中诗以委婉胜;西诗以深刻胜,中诗以微妙胜,西诗以铺陈胜,中诗以简隽胜。
”[6]
参考文献:
[1]王佐良.英国诗史[M].南京:译林出版社,1997.
[2]肖涤非等.唐诗鉴赏辞典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1995.
[3]张岱年,方立克主编.中国文化概论[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2000.
[4]转引自吴家荣.比较文学新编[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2004.
[5]童庆炳.文学概论[M].武昌:武汉大学出版社,2000.
[6]朱光潜.朱光潜全集[M].第三卷.合肥:安徽教育出版社,1987.
李漫萍,广东教育学院外语系讲师,主要从事英美文学研究。
