下载文档原格式
1.Do you have a family?正确译文：你有孩子吗？2.It's a good father that knows his son。
就算是最好的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子。
3.I have no opinion of that sort of man。
我对这类人很反感。
4.She put 5 dollars into my hand,"you have been a great man today."她把5美圆塞到我手上说："你今天表现得很好."5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two。
我是最小的儿子，但是我还有两个妹妹。
6.The picture flattered her。
她比较上照。
7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England。
她杂那个国家水土不服，所以回到了英国。
8. He is a walking skeleton。
他很瘦。
9.The machine is in repair。
机器已经修好了。
10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty。
他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪。
11.You don't know what you are talking about。
你在胡说八道。
12.You don't begin to understand what they mean。
你根本不知道他们在干嘛.don't begin ：决不13.They didn't praise him slightly。
他们大大地表扬了他。
14.That's all I want to hear。
1.as an old saying goes,....正如一句古老的谚语所说2....be nothing but... ....不过就是...3.from where i stand.... 从我的立场来说4.give oneself a chance to.....给某人一个机会去...5.i feel sure that...我坚信...6....is the best way to make sure that....确保...的最好办法是...7.we must do our absolute best to....我们必须竭尽全力做...8.there is no denying the fect that...无可否认....9.nothing is more+adj.+than to+v.没有比...更重要的了10.主语+cannot emphasize the importance of....too much 再怎么强调..的重要性也不为过11....pose a great threat to... ...对..造成了一大威胁（eg.Pollution poses a great threat to our existance.)12.stole the spotlight from...从...获得大众的瞩目13....touch sb. on the raw ....触到某人的痛处14.it is not uncommon that... 这是常有的事儿。
15it is almost impossible to do.. 。
是很困难的16the recent research has shown that..最近研究表明。
17...has/have no alternative but to...除...外别无选择18....between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷，左右为难19.content in the thought that...满足于...的想法20(重磅出击，一般老师都会感动，这个句子可以千变万化，可以替换其中的一些词）The long,(costly strike) proved to be the last nail in the coffin for (the company),with( its history of financial problems).长时期的罢工损失巨大，再加上一直以来的财政问题，使得该公祠一蹶不振。
中英文翻译的软件中英文翻译的软件是一种可以将中文文本翻译成英文或英文文本翻译成中文的工具。
这类软件可以提供方便快捷的翻译服务，帮助用户在跨语种交流中消除语言障碍。
下面将介绍几款常见的中英文翻译软件。
1. 谷歌翻译：谷歌翻译是目前最受欢迎的免费翻译软件之一。
它可以提供准确的中文到英文以及英文到中文的翻译，同时支持其他多种语言的翻译功能。
谷歌翻译利用了机器学习技术，可以根据大量的语料库数据进行翻译，并不断提高翻译质量。
2. 百度翻译：百度翻译是一款功能强大的翻译软件，可以提供精准的中英文互译服务。
它可以在输入框内输入需要翻译的文字，并快速翻译成英文或中文。
百度翻译还支持语音输入和录音翻译功能，让用户更方便地进行翻译。
3. 有道词典：有道词典是一款知名的在线翻译软件。
它具有快速、准确的翻译功能，可以将中文文本翻译成英文或将英文文本翻译成中文。
有道词典还拥有丰富的词库和例句，可以帮助用户更好地理解翻译结果。
4. 欧路词典：欧路词典是一款专业的英汉双向翻译软件。
它具有离线翻译功能，可以提供高质量的中英文翻译服务。
欧路词典还拥有丰富的词库和例句，可以帮助用户更全面地了解翻译结果。
5. 小牛翻译：小牛翻译是一款便捷易用的中英文翻译软件。
它支持文本翻译、扫描翻译和语音翻译三种模式，可以满足不同用户的需求。
小牛翻译还具有自动检测语言、智能换行和离线翻译等功能，提供更优质的翻译体验。
总结起来，中英文翻译的软件通过机器学习和大数据技术，能够提供快速准确的翻译服务。
用户可以根据自己的需求选择适合的翻译软件，帮助解决跨语种交流中的语言障碍。
常用的英文翻译A AA制 Dutch treatment; to go DutchB 毕业答辩 thesis/dissertation defence 毕业设计 final project博士生 a PhD Candidate 报销 to apply for reimbursement博导 PhD student supervisor 班主任 class tutor必修/选修课 compulsory/optional courses/modules辩论队 debate team 辩论赛 debate contest 本命年 one's own Chinese zodiac yearC 成就感 sense of accomplishments/achievementsD 第三产业 the tertiary industry 导师 tutor, supervisor独立思考能力 capacity for independent thinking 党支部 Party branch党支部书记 Party branch secretary 调研 research; surveyE 厄尔尼诺现象 El Nino phenomenon 二等奖 the second prizeF 附中 affiliated (high or junior etc) school of ....附件(email): attachment 房地产 real estateG 公务员 civil servant (工作)单位 work unit工学学士/硕士 Bachelor/Master of Science (B.S & M.S)高考 National College Entrance Examination国家重点实验室 state key laboratory股份制 shareholding system; joint-stock system股份有限公司 Co. Ltd; company/corporation limited: limited corporationH 户口簿 residence booklet; household register; household registration booklet 获六级证书 obtain a certificate of CET-6J 甲方乙方 Part A and Party B 基础设施 infrastructure敬业精神 professional dedication; professional ethics讲师 lecturer 高级讲师 senior lecturer 技术支持 technical support精神文明建设 ideological and ethical progress机电一体化 Electromechanical Integration激烈的竞争 intense/fierce/bitter competition九五攻关 The 9th 5-year plan 竞争力 competitivenessK 可持续发展 sustainable development考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课代表 subject representativeL 理论联系实际 to link theory with practice论文答辩 thesis defence 劳动密集型labour-intensive联系方式 contacts;contact details; how to contact;M 民工 migrant workers/labourers 满分 full mark 面试 interviewP 平面设计 graphic designQ 全职full-timeR 人才 talent; talented people 理念 philosophy; value; doctrine入世 china's accession to the wto; china joins the wtoS 三个代表(论) the Three Represents (Theory) 三等奖 the third prize双刃剑double-edged sword 上网 to get on the internet适者生存 survival of the fittest 私营经济 private sector事业单位 public institution 私/民营企业 private enterprise三好学生 merit student; three good student(good in study, attitude and health)师兄无准确英译，可表达为'junior or senior (fellow) schoolmate/student双赢(局面） win-win; a win-win situation 实习 internship 实习生 intern双学位 double degree/dual degree 手机短信SMS/short message/instant message上市 to go public; to be listed (in the stock market)市场营销(活动) marketing (activitiess)硕博联读 a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study; a PhD programme水平一/二 English Proficiency Test I/II (of Tsinghua University)社会实践 social practice社会实践优秀个人 excellent individual in social practiceT 团队精神 esprit de corps OR team spirit 特此证明 this is to certify that.团支部书记 League branch secretary 团委 the Youth League committee特等奖学金 top class/level scholarship通过大学四级考试 pass the College English Test Band 4W 物业管理 asset management, property management物流 logistics外联部 liaison department (小的办公室，叫office)企业的外联部，通常是PR: Public Relations Division/DepartmentX 性价比 cost performance 学术交流 academic exchange信息化 adj and n. information v. informatise/informationisen. informatisation/informationisation 选修课 optional/selective courses/modules学位课 degree course 学号 student numberY 营销（学） marketing优胜互补 (the two parties...) have complementary advantages优胜劣汰，适者生存 survival of the fittest院士（见Z中科院条）与时俱进 to advance/progress with times 研究所 research institute以人为本 people oriented; people foremost研一生first-year graduate student一等奖学金 first class scholarship 一等奖 first prize有限公司 limited company; Ltd.Z振兴xxx: to rejuventate/revitalise xxx 准考证 admission ticket知识经济 knowledge economy; knowledge-based economy知识密集（性） knowledge-intensive知识产权 intellectual property rights中科院 the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica (院士 member, academician)中国工程院 the Chinese Academy of Engineering正版 adj. authorised综合国力 comprehensive national strength政治面貌 political status助教 teaching assistant (TA)自强不息，厚德载物 Self-discipline and Social Commitment 自我评价 self-assessment; self-evaluation。
对于一些学英语的人来讲，遇到不懂的单词就希望查一下，经常需要把中文翻译成英文，英文翻译成中文，今天小编就教大家这个小技巧。
操作选用工具：在应用市场下载【录音转文字助手】
操作步骤：
第一步：首先我们在百度手机助手或者应用市场里面搜索：【录音转文字助手】找到以后进行下载并安装。
第二步：接着打开软件就可以看到【录音识别】、【文件识别】、【语音翻译】、【录音机】的四个功能，这里我们就举例说明下【语音翻译】。
第三步：点击橙色的【中文】按钮，开始说中文以后，下面就是翻译的英文。
第四步：点击蓝色的【English】按钮，开始说英文，就可以把你说的英语转成中文了。
以上就是语音翻译的操作步骤了，轻松解放你的双手，大幅提高效率。
1．Potluck Party：一种聚餐方式，主人准备场地和餐具，参加的人必须带一道菜或准备饮料，最好事先问问主人的意思。
2．Pull over！把车子开到旁边。
3．Drop me a line！写封信给我。
Give me a ring. = Call me！来个电话吧！4．For here or to go？堂食或外卖。
5．Cool：That's cool! 等於台湾年轻人常用的囗语"酷！"，表示不赖嘛！用于人或事均可6．What's up? = What's happening? = What's new? 见面时随囗问候的话"最近在忙什么？有什么新鲜事吗？"一般的回答是"Nothing much!"或"Nothing new!"7．Cut it out! = Knock it out！= Stop it! 少来这一套！同学之间开玩笑的话。
8．Don't give me a hard time! 别跟我过不去好不好！9．Get yourself together! 振作点行不行！10．Do you have "the" time? 现在几点钟？可别误以为人家要约你出去。
11．Hang in there. = Don't give up. = Keep trying. 再撑一下。
12．Give me a break! 你饶了我吧！（开玩笑的话）13．Hang on. 请稍候。
14．Blow it. = Screw up. 搞砸了。
15．What a big hassle. 真是个麻烦事。
16．What a crummy day. 多倒霉的一天。
17．Go for it. 加油18．You bet. = Of course. 当然；看我的！19．Wishful thinking. 一厢情愿的想法。
三种快速将英文翻译成中文的方法
一、怎么将word中英文翻译成中文
1.点击审阅，点击翻译，选择所需翻译的文字，则在word 右侧出现自动翻译；
2.选择右侧已经翻译的英文，点击复制，然后粘贴即可。
二、怎么将PDF中英文翻译成中文
1.必须先将PDF文档转化为可以编辑的Word文档(前提是PDF文档本身为文本转化制作的，对于图片制作的PDF文档无效)；
2.参考将word中英文翻译成中文的方法进行。
三、怎么快速把英文网站或网页翻译成中文
1.用360浏览器打开所需要翻译的英文网站；
2.在360浏览器的右上角的菜单栏中，单击“扩展”，点击添加扩展，在弹出的应用中心的搜索栏，输入“翻译”进行搜索，找到“翻译”，并进行下载，当下载完毕后，在360浏览器的右上角的菜单栏中，就会出现“翻译”图标；
3.单击“翻译”图标，选择“翻译当前网页”，对该英文网站进行翻译；就可以看到英文网站已经被翻译成中文啦。
在学习不同的语言时，我们可能会无法确认我们翻译的是否都是正确的，所以我们需要进行在线翻译，将英语翻译成中文，下面就让小编给大家简单介绍一下。
步骤一：将英文翻译成中文的方法是可以直接进入到一点翻译网站中进行翻译的；
步骤二：进入之后就可以找到短句在线翻译，然后点击开始翻译进入；
步骤三：进入之后就可以将需要翻译的语言进行设置了，点击下拉框选择英文翻译中文；
步骤四：之后就可以将英文短句放在左侧的矩形框中，然后点击开始压缩；
步骤五：压缩是需要一定的时间的，我们可以耐心的等待一段时间，短句翻译完成；
步骤六：短句翻译完成之后就可以看到右侧矩形框中会有翻译成功的中文。
以上就是小编给大家简单介绍的在线翻译的方法，希望可以帮助到大家。
英语翻译：常用英语短语翻译1. 海量 have a hollow leg你想灌醉他？他可是海量，从来没有醉过。
Want to drink him under the table? Well…you can never do. He got a hollow leg, you know.2. 略胜一筹 be a notch above论油画，张先生比刘先生画得好。
但是，谈到水彩画，刘先生可就比张先生略胜一筹了。
In oil painting, Mr.Zhang paints better than Mr.Li.But when it comes to water colors,Mr.Liu appears to be a notch above Mr.Zhang.3. 有头脑 be a brain他可是个有头脑的人，决不会相信你的那一套。
He’s a brain, who wouldn’t be fooled into believing your babbling.4. 很能干 to have a lot on the ball我知道李明很能干，但我怀疑他是否真的愿意到我们这儿来工作。
I know Li Ming has a lot on the ball. But I’m not sure if he likes to work here.5. 有名无实 a poor apology你刚才提到的那个作家不过是个有名无实的人。
他的作品太没意思了。
The man you’ve just mentioned is but a poor apology for a writer. His writings are tedious.6. 绞尽脑汁 to rack one’s brain他已经绞尽脑汁了，可是仍未找到问题的答案。
He had racked his brain, but hadn’t been able to work out the answer to the problem.7. 没骨气 have no guts.真没想到小高那么没骨气，竟然嫁给了坑害过她父亲的人。
译文第15期特别版有色网中国2005年5月大庆油田南尔区域的三维大地变形观测地球科学系浙江大学中国杭州310027大庆油田第二石油回收装置的有限公司中国大庆163414大庆吉昂测试服务公司中国大庆 163411陇南大庆联络中心中国大庆163410土木工程学院武汉理工大学中国大庆430023摘要：大地变形严重影响着油田的开发,可能引起套管损坏或放弃注水井和生产设备。
因此,调查和研究三维大地变形的过程中油田的开发是很有意义的。
为了研究这个问题,11年长期测量的三维大地变形进行了发展中的大庆油田南尔地区。
通过测量，3D 大地变形的基本规则已获得。
结果表明,生产时注射承受高的压力可能导致表面海拔的变化,同时给大地测量一定的压力。
预防措施和相对技术测量提出了发展中的南尔地区生产和套管保存的油田提供理论指导。
最后,对测量结果进行解释,通过多孔弹性理论。
数学模型来计算提出了三维大地变形过程油田的开发。
关键词:大庆油田;大地变形;生产商;水压力、数学模型1 简介西面的南尔区域坐落于大庆油田的萨尔图背斜构造地带。
而发展中的南尔区域洪水是一个隐患。
该构造容易变形,而且它易发生在大庆油田没有2号石油生产工厂套的管损坏地区。
套管损坏的类型主要是拉伸变形和破损。
套管损坏的深度大多是500米。
为了通过监视大地变形来反映地层特点, 在这个地区于1991年建立14平方公里的三维大地变形监测网络。
15套参考列喷油器附近都被埋在地下。
每年来衡量垂直和水平位移。
影响结果的主要是地面下的动态条件。
采用调查结果对指导修改水淹南尔地区, ,在防止套管损坏方面起着非常重要的作用。
2 影响大地变形的动态条件根据调查对在西面的南尔区域3D大地变形结果分析：得出由于地层压力变化, 不同区段地面都有沉降和隆起。
毛孔矩阵是在高压地区周边岩体急剧膨胀和隆起的压力下引起;而孔隙矩阵萎缩和邻近岩石消退低压区域是在张力的作用下引起。
2.1 测量数据与地下土层的性质在该油田的开发过程中,当注采比变化时,地层压力会有所不同,压力在一些好的区域迅速增加,或突然降低,可能导致垂直或水平位置变化。
结果表明,当注采比的增加而增大,形成压力的增加,然后地面垂直振奋。
1995年12月前,因为严重的地下空隙度,累计注采比只有0.98,形成的地层总压差为- 2.53 MPa,积累的地面高程变化是- 1.28毫米,这是低于1992年6月前的海拔变化。
1996年之后,累计注采比率都高于1.0；地面高程的变迁,超过1992年6月曲线表明, 由于压力使的地面高程变化不一致。
如下图1，图2所示。
2.2变形数量与新发现的套管损坏井在这个时期的套损、地面高程变化明显。
例如,海拔在1996年12月累计上升10.61毫米,比1992年6月,是近年来最大的增量的距离。
在1997年上半年被发现11套管损坏井. 套管损坏比率在1997年是1.47%,这是自1987年以来的最高值。
地层压力下降,还会减少地面高程并且大量的套损井将明显减少的生产性能。
扭动形成时期的地面高程变化，变形量是-15毫米至15毫米,总计是0 -10 mm，如果数量的垂直或水平变形量超过8毫米,这可能会引起套管损坏。
图1 垂直变形和时间关系曲线图2总压强下降和时间的关系2.3当钻的地面高程变化相同时与内部压力钻井的关系2000年3月, 在西面的南尔区域的中等加密井和水密集钻井。
为了避免在新的和旧的套管损坏井压力不稳定引起断层滑移，即便不久后至于关井；在排流水,减少压力和操作策略的注射钻井平台,良好的技术措施是必须使用的,即在结构的顶部、井注入器停止注入,沥掉载流和降低压力，然后地面高程降低。
总的来说,钻井平台发展水平的进步,从北到南,取得了较好的效果。
是在没有新发现套管损坏井的钻井中发现的。
大地海拔变形是两次调查在钻井过程中,它是与地层压力变化一致的。
由于不同的压力的大小,大地变形变化缓慢(表1),蠕变滑移南方的形成与大倾角都没有发生。
套管损坏没有钻探的过程。
3.1地层压力和垂直位移之间的关系著名的Hookeps 法则1941年被引入孔隙流体力学。
孔隙流体压力Hookeps 法则可以表示为以下内容:2()12y y G e p υεσαυ=+-- 2()12z z G e p υεσαυ=+-- x x G τκ=y y G τκ=z z G τκ=,,x y z σσσ) —x , y , z 应力方向ex , ey , ez )—x , y , z 沉降方向G —剪切模量 α—Biot 模数κ—泊松比ε—应变;P —流体压力Sx , Sy , Sz —x , y , z 应力剪切方向,,x y z τττ— x , y , z 应变剪切方向,,zx y κκκ— x , y , z 剪切应变方向 以上方程可以替换为应力场的平衡方程,而平衡方程可以为代表的位移20(12)G P G x xεαμν∂∂+-=-∂∂ 20(12)G P G y yεανν∂∂+-=-∂∂ 20(12)G P G w z zεαν∂∂+-=-∂∂ u, v , w —x , y , z 位移方向 2） 对于控制滑平衡由流体参数确定,代表流体强度受力平衡的基础之上共同影响。
按照质量守恒定律、流体力学、连续性方程,获得孔隙率和体积变形关系的、渗流力学液体的数值模量是可以确定的:002(1)0(1)f K p K p K p p C q x u x y u y z u z t tρϕρρρενϕρευ⎛⎫-∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫⎛⎫+++++= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂∂+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭ ρ——流体密度U ——流体粘度K ——水动力渗透Cf ——水动力流量ϕ——孔隙比Q ——注射或开采x y z ενεεε=++——体积变形将以上所有的方程在一起,然后固体和液体耦合问题的地下水渗流可以解决。
根据这种方案的方法,以保证解的精度,可以采用两种方法：首先,细分的时间间隔,并正确地选择时间增量；其次,在同样的时间间隔,两组方程迭代地解决了几次,然后计算下一个增量的时间间隔。
这些方法可以确定计算精度的基础上进行的。
3.2 测量结果的计算、对比和分析按照实际压力变化对南1-6年的29块井，从1995年到1997年对垂直大地变形进行了计算。
大地变形计算的对比,对变形中列出：3.3 确定合理开发油田的压力限制为了确定合理的压力，防止不同地区个体套管井损坏，地层压力的关系、流动压力和套管井损坏的个人都可以根据调查数据和仿真计算。
该地区有超过7︒倾斜角；320(0.0360.464 2.0079.037)/9.53K c c c P P P P P =-++432(0.0170.391 1.76614.38499.036c k k k k P P P P P =-++-对于好井地区人口分布的缺点,断裂仍然低于600米；20(0.035 1.2147.722)/9.75K c c P P P P =-++在好井倾斜角低于7︒的地方；320(0.0590.897 4.968 2.158)/9.02K c c c P P P P P =-++32(0.041 1.1068.80024.572c k k k P P P P =-+-0p —— 原始地层压力c p —— 允许形成流压——允许地层压力最大地层压力值个人油井在南尔地区确定为平均10.2帕，根据以上方程,降低压力是2.1帕。
沉降压力和流动压力控制在8.5和2.8帕,分别在最近几年。
套管损坏井的数量相对减少的结果。
套管损坏井的比率被控制了在1990年的0.4%左右。
套管损坏的年平均比率为6.7%,1980年和1990年之间降低了6.3%。
年度内令人振奋和降序距离的竖直面变形控制在4.5毫米。
4 总结1) 在数据的测试压力和垂直位移之间的关系的基础上,地下人为因素和大地隆起下降明显,并且计算方法合理，地层压力控制取得了套管损坏。
2) 大地变形叠加造成的孔隙的扩大高压层和毛孔收缩，在低压层相对小，垂直大地变形显示：在地下巨大张力下，地下层同时加压,在案例中增加垂直地应力、从而水和油水井容易变形。
3) 垂直变形表面上反映在地下动态变化对测量结果的基础的垂直变形表面，有色网站。
中国2005年3月的分析来确定高压好井和低压井块。
修改注入和生产可以及时从套管损坏采用预防。
4) 三维大地变形测量提供了强大的监控套管损坏的场所。
调查结果能预测套管损坏的发生。
k p 2(0.0360.21 3.757c k k P P P =+-参照文献[1]富兴矿业协会.. Mining Rock Body Mechanics. 1990年. 43—56[2]罗环艳、程昱遂. 数值模拟地下水运动.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993年. 21—38[3]刘建军流体和所以盖子耦合理论对低渗透裂缝性储层和工程应用.论文博士学位和研究生学位的中国科学研究所2001年.78—90[4]胡波仲在大庆油田中石油生产技术和控制水稳定的原油在高含水后期.北京:石油出版社1997年 . 201213Vol. 15 Special 1 Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China Mar. 2005 Three-dimensional geodetic deformation surveying for Naner area in Daqing oilfieldLIU Xing-quan[1] , LIU Shao-xuan[2] , ZHANG Zh-iwen[3] , XU Hai[4 ], LIUJian-jun[5]( 1. Department of Earth Science, Zhe jiang University, Hang zhou 310027, China;2. The Second Oil Recovery Plant of Daqing Oilfields CoLtd, Daqing 163414, China;3. Da qing Log ging and Testing Services Company, Daqing 163411, China;4. Long nan Telephone Station of Da qing Communications Center, Da qing 163410, China;5. Department of Civil Engineering, Wu han Polytechnic University, Wu han 430023, China)Abstract: Geodetic deformation severely affects the development of the oilfield and probably causes casing damage or abandonment of injection wells and producers. Therefore, it is meaningful to survey and study three dimensional geodetic deformation in the process of the oilfield development. In order to study t his issue, 11- year long term surveying of three dimensional geodetic deformation has been carried out while developing Naner area in Daqing oilfield. Basic rules of 3-D geodetic deformation have been obtained through surveying . Results show that production and injection under high pressure may cause the changes of surface elevation, and geodetic deformation correlates with simultaneous formation pressure. Precautions and relative technological measurements have been put forward in the water flood development in Naner region and provide theoretical guidelines for the production and casing preservation of the oilfield. Finally, surveying results are interpreted by porous elastic theory . Mathematical model to calculate 3-D geodetic deformation is put forward in the course of the oilfield development.Key words: Da qing oilfield; geodetic deformation; producer; water injector ; mathematical model1 INTORDUCTIONWestern Naner area is situated on the structural high of Saertu anticline in Daqing oilfield. Faults well develop in the Naner area in the development of the water flood. The formation is prone to deform, and it is the region where casing damage easily occurs in No . 2 oil production factory in Da qing oilfield. The types of casing damage are mainly tensile deformation and breakage. The depths of casing damage are mainly 500 -800m. In order to monitor geodetic deformation to reflect stratigraphic characteristics, 14 km2 monitoring network of three-dimensional geodetic deformation was established in the region in 1991. 15 reference columns were buried underground near the injectors. Vertical and horizontal displacements are measured annually . The results mainly affect dynamic condition under the ground. Surveying results are adopted to guide the modification of the water flood in the Naner area, and play very important role in the prevent ion of casing damage.2 INFLUENCE OF DYNAMIC CONDITION ON GEODETIC DEFORMATIONIn accordance with the analysis of surveying results for 3-D geodeticdeformation in the western Naner area, while formation pressure varies, the ground descends and uplifts to the different extents. Pore matrix in high-pressure region swells and peripheral rock body uplifts under the pressure; while pore matrix shrinks in low-pressure region and neighboring rock subsides under the tension.2. 1 Surveying data correlated with underground performanceIn the process of the oil field development, when injection-production ratio changes, formation pressure will vary , pressure in some well blocks increases rapidly or suddenly decreases, and may cause vertical or horizontal position variation of the formation. Results show that when injection-production ratio increases, formation pressure increases, then the ground will uplift vertically. Before December 1995, because of severe underground voidage , accumulative injection-production ratio is only 0. 98, total pressure difference of the formation is - 2. 53 MPa, and accumulated change of ground elevation is - 1. 28 mm, which is lower than that of elevation change before June 1992. After 1996, accumulative injection-production ratios are all higher than 1. 0; and the change of ground elevation exceeds that in June 1992. The curves show that the changes o f ground elevation are consistent with those of formation pressures.Figs. 1, 2 are as follows.2. 2 Geodetic deformation correlated with numbers of newly found casing damage wellsIn the period of casing damage, ground elevation changes considerably .For example, accumulated elevation in December 1996 increased by 10. 61 mm than that in June 1992 , which is the largest incremental distance in recent years. 11 casing damage wells were found in the first half year of 1997.Fig.1 Relationship curve of vertical deformation and timeFig. 2 Relationship of total pressure draw down and timeCasing damage ratio was 1.47% in 1997,which was the highest value since1987.Formation pressure lowers, ground elevation also decreases and the numbers of casing damage wells obviously reduce with the modification of production performance. The formation wriggles in the period of the ground elevation changes. The amount of deformation is 15 -15mm, and is 0 -10 mm if the amount of vertical or horizontal deformation is excess 8 mm, that may cause casing damage.2. 3 Changes of ground elevation while drilling is identical with those of pressure within drilling blockIn March 2000, secondary infill wells and polymer-flooded wells were drilled in the western Naner area. In order to avoid casing damage in new and old wells caused by uneven pressure draw down while drilling, fault slippage and soon, as for shut-in, over flow drainage, reducing pressure of injectors and operating strategy of drilling rig, favorable technological measures are adopted, that is, on the top of the structure, shut-in injector, stop injecting , drain over flow and decrease pressure ,then ground elevation lowers. First of al l, drilling carried out advances horizontally , from the north to the south, and good results have been achieved. No newly found casing damage wells were found during the drilling . Geodetic elevation deformation was surveyed twice during drilling, which are consistent with the changes of formation pressure. Because the range of the pressure is small, and the geodetic deformation changes slowly(Table 1) , creep slippage to the southern formation with large dip angle did not occur . There were no casing damages while drilling.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMATION PRESSURE ANDVERTICAL DEFORMATION3. 1 Balance equation of deformable rock bodyFamous Hookeps law was introduced into pore fluid mechanics by Biot in 1941.Under pore fluid pressure, Hookeps law should be represented as thefollowing :2()12x x G e p νεσαν=+-- 2()12y y G e p υεσαυ=+-- 2()12z z G e p υεσαυ=+-- x x G τκ=y y G τκ=z z G τκ=where ,,x y z σσσ—x , y , z direction stress, MPa; ex , ey , ez —x , y , z direction deformation; G —modulus of shearing; κ— poisson ’ sratio; ε—strain; α—Biot’s smodulus; p — hydrodynamic pressure, MPa; Sx , Sy , Sz —x , y , z direction stress of shearing, MPa; ,,x y z τττ— x , y , z direction strain of shearing.MPa; ,,zx y κκκ— x , y , z direction strain of shearing.Above equation is substituted into balance equation of stress field, and the balance equation can be represented by the displacementVol1 15 Special 1 Three-dimensional geodetic deformation surveying for Naner area in Daqing oilfield # 105 #-20(12)G P G x xεαμν∂∂+-=-∂∂ 20(12)G P G y yεανν∂∂+-=-∂∂ 20(12)G P G w z z εαν∂∂+-=-∂∂ where u, v , w —x , y , z direction displacements.Eqn. ( 2) for controlling slid balance consists of fluid parameters, representing the effect of fluidon force equilibrium of solid medium.In accordance with mass conservation law , hydrodynamic continuity equation can be obtained, and with relationship of porosity and volumetric deformation, numerical modulus of vadose fluid can be established:002(1)0(1)f K p K p K p p C q x u x y u y z u z t tρϕρρρενϕρευ⎛⎫-∂∂∂∂∂∂∂∂⎛⎫⎛⎫+++++= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂∂+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭ where ρ —hydrodynamic density; u —hydrodynamic viscidity; K —hydrodynamic permeability; ϕ_porosity; Cf —hydrodynamic compressibity; q — injection or production ，x y z ενεεε=++ is volumetric deformation.Solve the equations together all above, then solid and fluid coupling problems for underground water percolation can be solved. According to this kind of solution method, in order to guarantee solution precision, two methods can be adopted: firstly , sub-divide time intervals, and properly select time increment ; secondly, in the same time intervals, two sets of equation were solved iteratively several times, then calculate next increment o f time interval. These methods can be determinedbased on calculation precision. Coupling block diagram is show n in Fig. 4.3. 2 Calculation, contrast and analysis of surveyingIn accordance with actual pressure variation in Nan 1-6-jian 29 well blocks from 1995 to 1997, vertical geodetic deformation was calculated. The contrast of calculated geodetic deformation and surveyed deformation is listed inTable 2.Table 2 Pressure variation of Nan 1-6-jian29 well block and verticalIn order to determine rational pressure for the prevent ion of casing damage in individual well in different areas, the relationship of formation pressure,flowing pressure and casing damage of individual well can be got according to surveyed data and simulation calculation.In the area with more than 7︒dip angle,320(0.0360.464 2.0079.037)/9.53K c c c P P P P P =-++432(0.0170.391 1.76614.38499.036c k k k k P P P P P =-++-As for well blocks with densely distributed faults, where faults throw lower than 600 m,20(0.035 1.2147.722)/9.75K c c P P P P =-++2(0.0360.21 3.757c k k P P P =+-In the well block with dip angle lower than 7︒ :320(0.0590.897 4.968 2.158)/9.02K c c c P P P P P =-++32(0.041 1.1068.80024.572c k k k P P P P =-+-where PK — Allowable formation pressure, MPa; P C — Allowable formation flowing pressure, MPa; P 0 — Initial formation pressure, MPa.The maximum value of formation pressure in individual well in Naner area is determined as 10.2MPa on average according to above equations, and the lowing pressure is 2.1 MPa. Formation pressure and flowing pressure were controlled within8.5 and 2.8 MPa, respectively in recent years. The numbers of casing damage wells relatively reduce consequently. The ratio of casing damage wells was controlled0.4% or so in 1990. The average annual casing damage ratio was 6.7% between 1980 and 1990, decreasing by 6.3. Annual uplifting and descending distances of vertical surface deformation are controlled within 4.5 mm.4 CONCLUSIONS1) On the basis of the data of tested pressure and vertical deformation, the relationship between underground behavior and geodetic uplift descend significantly , and calculation methods for rational formation pressure to control casing damage have been achieved.2) The geodetic deformation is caused by the stacking of pore expanding in highpressure layer and pore shrinkage in low-pressure layer, relatively .Small vertical geodetic deformation shows severe tension in under ground high- pressure layer. At the same time, in the case of increasing vertical in-situ stress, casings in oil and water wells are prone to deforming .3) Vertical deformation on the surface is reflected by underground dynamic changes on the basis of measured results of vertical deformation on the surface, and underground performance can be # 106 # Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China Mar. 2005 analyzed so as to determine high-pressure well blocks and low-pressure well blocks. Modification of injection and production can be adopted timely to prevent from casing damage.4) 3-D geodetic deformation surveying provides powerful venue for monitoring casing damage. Survey results can predict the occurrence of casing damage.REFERENCES[ 1] Fu xing Mining Institute. Mining Ro ck Body M echanics. 1990. 43 —56.[ 2] LO Huan- yan, CH ENG Yu- sui. Numerical Simulation for the Movement of Ground Water. Beijing: China Architecture Industry Press, 1993. 21—38.[ 3] LIU Jian- jun. Fluid and So lid Coupling Theory for Fractured Reservoir with low Permeability and Engineering application. Theses of doctoral degree and postgraduate degree in China Science Institute, 2001. 78—90.[ 4] HU bo- zhong . Oil Production Technology for Stabilizing Oil and Controlling Water in High Water Cut Period in Daqing Oilfield. Beijing: Petroleum IndustryPress, 1997. 201213.。
