下载文档原格式
沥青混凝土摊铺松铺系数1. 什么是松铺系数好吧，咱们先从“松铺系数”说起。
这可不是啥高深的学问，而是咱们在摊铺沥青混凝土时得考虑的重要因素。
简单来说，松铺系数就是在摊铺过程中，咱们会让沥青混凝土铺得“松松垮垮”的程度，明白了吗？哎，别小看这个小小的系数，它可是跟咱们路面的平整度、耐久性，甚至行车的舒适度密切相关。
你想想，如果路面不平坦，车一颠一颠的，那开车的感觉就像在坐过山车，真是让人哭笑不得呀。
2. 为什么要关注松铺系数2.1 路面质量那么，为什么咱们要特别关注这个松铺系数呢？首先，它直接关系到路面的质量。
一个好的路面，不光得平整，还得有一定的承载能力。
这时候，松铺系数就显得格外重要。
如果铺得太松，路面就容易出现裂缝，甚至会掉渣，简直跟过期的牛奶一样，让人心疼。
2.2 施工效率其次，松铺系数还影响施工效率。
你想啊，工程师们辛辛苦苦摊铺的沥青，如果松铺系数不合适，可能还得重新来过，浪费时间和钱，那真是“打水漂”呀。
咱们常说“工欲善其事，必先利其器”，施工的时候可不能马虎。
3. 松铺系数的计算3.1 实际操作说到这里，咱们得聊聊如何计算这个松铺系数了。
别担心，这里没有复杂的数学公式，主要是根据实际操作来判断。
通常情况下，松铺系数的标准值在1.0到1.3之间，具体的数值还得根据不同的材料和环境来调整。
这就像做饭，放盐也得看口味，太多太少都不行。
3.2 经验积累当然，计算松铺系数可不仅仅是靠公式，更多的还是经验积累。
就像老一辈的厨师，都是用手去感受食材的状态，时间久了，自然能做出一手好菜。
同样，施工人员在长期的工作中，也会对松铺系数有更直观的把握，做到心中有数。
4. 影响松铺系数的因素4.1 温度接下来，咱们得聊聊什么会影响这个松铺系数。
首先，温度是个大问题。
沥青混凝土在高温下会变得比较稀，松铺系数也会相应提高；而在低温下，它就比较稠，松铺系数则降低。
说白了，天气就像个调皮的小孩，时不时就来捣乱。
4.2 材料再者，使用的材料也是个关键。
绝密★启封前试卷类型A2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I）英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1.本试卷由四个部分组成。
其中，第一、二部分和第三部分的第一节为选择题。
第三部分的第二节和第四部分为非选择题。
2.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
3.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
4.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirtA. ￡19. 15.B. ￡9. 18.C. ￡9. 15.答案是C。
1. What does the woman think of the movieA. It’s amusingB. It’s excitingC. It’s disappointing2. How will Susan spend most of her time in FranceA. Traveling aroundB. Studying at a schoolC. Looking after her aunt3. What are the speakers talking aboutA. Going outB. Ordering drinksC. Preparing for a party4. Where are the speakersA. In a classroomB. In a libraryC. In a bookstore5. What is the man going to doA. Go on the InternetB. Make a phone callC. Take a train trip第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
![2017全国英语等级考试试题pets3阅读精选[权威资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s1/m/2fefcc8d3c1ec5da51e270c4.png)
2017全国英语等级考试试题pets3阅读精选[权威资料] 2017全国英语等级考试试题pets3阅读精选本文档格式为WORD,感谢你的阅读。
最新最全的学术论文期刊文献年终总结年终报告工作总结个人总结述职报告实习报告单位总结演讲稿2017全国英语等级考试试题pets3阅读精选PETS三级由笔试试卷和口试试卷组成。
笔试试卷(120分钟)分四部分:听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
口试试卷(10分钟)分三节考查考生的口语交际能力。
以下是网的关于全国英语等级考试试题pets3阅读精选，供大家备考。
Section II Reading( 50 minutes)PartADirections:Read the following two texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Ma——your ansumrs on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 1An embarrassing experienceIt was the small hours of the morning when we reached London Airport.I had cabled Lond trom Amsterdam, and there was a hired car to meet, but there was one more unfortunate happening before Ireached my fiat. In all my travels I have never, but for that once, been required by the British customs to open a single bag or to do morethan state that I carried no goods liable to duty. I was, of course, my fault; the extreme tiredness and nervous tension of the journey had destroyed mydiplomacy. I was, for whichever reason, so fired that I could hardly stand, and to the question, "have you read this?" I replied with extreme foolishness, "Yes, hundreds of times. ""And you have nothing to declare?""Nothing. ""How long have you been out of this country?""About three months. ""And during that time you have acquired nothing?""Nothing but what is on the list I have given you. "He seemed momentarily at a loss, but then he attacked. The attack, when it came, was utterly unexpected."Where did you get that watch?"I could have kicked myself. Two days ago, when playing water games with a friend in the bath, I had forgotten to take off my ROLEX OYSTER, and it had, not unnaturally, stopped. I had gone into the market and bought, for twelve shillings and six pence, an ugly time piece that made a strange noise. It had stopped twice, without any reason, during the journey.I explained, but I had already lost face. I produced my own watch from a pocket, and added that I should be grateful if he would confiscate the replacement."It is not a question of confiscation," he said, "there is a finefor failing to declare dutiable goods. And now may I please examine that Rolex?"It took another quarter of an hour to persuade him that the Rolex was not contraband; then he began to search my luggage.26. When did the writer arrive at London airport?[A] In the early morning. [B] Late at night.[ C] At noon. [ D] Late in the morning.27. What can we conclude from the questions asked by the customs officer?[ A] He was just doing his duty by asking the passenger some usual questions.[ B ] He must have noticed the writer' s ugly watch.[ C ] He wanted to embarrass the writer.[ D] He must have noticed the writer's tiredness.28. What did the writer think of the watch he bought in the market?[ A] He was fond of the watch because it was a Rolex.[ B ] He found the watch useful though it was very cheap.[ C ] He didn't like the watch at all.[D] He was indifferent to the watch.29. What must have happened to the writer in the end?[ A] He must have spent a long time at the customs and must have been let go without any punishment.[ B ] He must have been given a fine as a punishment.[ C] His Rolex must have been confiscated.[ D ]His cheap watch must have been confiscated.30. What do you think is the tone of the story?[ A] Humorous. [ B] Sarcastic.[ C 1 Solemn. [ D ] Matter-of-fact.参考译文一次尴尬的经历当我们到达伦敦机场的时候还是凌晨，我已经从阿姆斯特丹往伦敦过电报了，预租了一辆车等我们，但是在我到达公寓之前又发生了一倒霉的事。
201 7 年第一次中国石化英语水平测试题阅读（总题数： 50 题，满分： 60 分）篇章 1 （第 1 -1 0 题）LineMatching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns1 or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900.A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration10 producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American "settlers" on America's "urban frontier" in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city15 and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction-as well as the expanded market in consumergoods-allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the20 Untied States.Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crudeoil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the25 telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people; thebustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raisedin rural isolation.1 . What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?A.Technological developmentsB. The impact of foreign immigrants on citiesC. Standards of livingD. The relationship between industrialization and urbanization2. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA.workingB. processingC. arrivalD .attraction3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussA .foreign immigrationB.rural lifeC.the agricultural revolutionD. famous cities of the twentieth century4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?A.Five percentB.Eleven percentC.Twenty-eight percentD.Forty-six percent5. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in meaning toA.expensiveB. exceptionalC.supremeD.necessary6. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA.forcedB.preparedC.limitedD. motivated7. Why does the author mention "electric lighting" and "the telephone" in lines 24-25?A.They contributed to the agricultural revolutionB.They are examples of the conveniences of city lifeC.They were developed by the same individual.D.They were products of the Bessemer converter.8. The word "them" in line 26 refers toA. urban areasB. rural AmericansC. farmsD. cities9. The word "era" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. period of timeB. locationC. actionD.unique situation10. The word "intriguing" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) profitable(B) attractive(C) comfortable(D) challenging篇章 2（第 1 1 -20 题）Line Cheap oil is not about to kill off wind and solar power as someexperts have claimed, the US government’s chief analyst said onWednesday. The historic drop in crude oil prices, with Brent crudetrading at＄ 49.04 a barrel in London on Wednesday, had raised fearsthat renewable energy sources would struggle to compete.But Adam Sieminski, who heads the Energy InformationAdministration (EIA), said oil was not in head-on competition withrenewables when it came to electricity generation – and thatgovernment policies would help shield the clean energy industries. “Ａlot of the demand that is coming for wind and solar addition in the USis supported through tax incentives and state energy programs thatrequire a certain percentage of electricity to come from renewables,”Sieminski said.However, the EIA does expect US greenhouse gas emissions tocreep up in 2014-undermining Barack Obama’s efforts to fightclimate change-with cheap oil encouraging economic growth.Installations of industrial-scale power doubted in 2014-because ofthose support programs and falling prices for solar panels. However,renewables overall, excluding hydro, still account for only about 6%electricity comes fromof US power generation. Most of America’ｓcoal and natural gas – not oil – so the cheap global oil prices wouldnot have an immediate effect.But it could be a different story for hybrid and plug-in vehicles.There are signs that ＄ 2 a gallon gas is making big cars and trucksmore popular for US consumers again, and the head of the world’s top renewable energy agency recently warned low oil prices threatenedelectric cars. But even on cars, other factors came into play. Carownership is declining over recent decades because of urbanization,and as a lifestyle choice among younger Americans. In addition, manycities offer perks to electric car drivers, such as the right to share thecarpooling lane, or free charging stations. Just like what Sieiminskiall electric vehicles really being driven byasked, “Is the growth ingasoline prices, or is it social?”11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The victory of oil over wind and solar energy.B. The competition of oil with renewable energy sources.C. The historic drop in crude oil prices.D. The possible influences of oil price drop.51 01 5202530-on” in Line 7 is closest in meaning to .12.The word“headA. directB. praticalC. personalD. indirect13. According to the passage, why was oil not in head-oncompetition with renewable energy sources when it came to electricitygeneration?A. There is a lot of demand for renewable energy sources.B. The government does not make a shiedld for renewable energysources.C. People have to pay high taxes for renewable energy sources.D. The government adopts some policies to protect renewableenergy sources.14. The word “incentives” in Line 11 is closest in meaning to .A. programsB. protectionC. encouragementD. measures15. According to Paragraph 3, why does the EIA expert USgreenhouse gas emissions to creep up in 2014?A. Because Barack Obama made efforts to fight climate change.B. Because cheap oil could encourage economic growth.C. Because installations of industrial-scale solar power doubted in2014.D. Because the use of renewables have been increased substantially.16. The word “undermining” in Line 15 is closest in meaning to .A. strengtheningB. weakeningC. promotingD. wasting17. The word “it” in Line 23 refers to .A. the drop in oil pricesB. greenhouse gas emissionC. the US power generationD. economic growth18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as asocial factor to drive electric car use?A. Designated free parking space.B. The right to share the carpooling lane.C. Perks offered to electric car drives.D. The changing lifestyle of the young people.19. What’s the author’s attitude towards the future of electric cars?A. OptimisticB. IndifferentC. pessimisticD. Uncertain20. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to thepassage?A. Renewables have become strong enough to compete with the oilindustry.B. Government support helps renewables to occupy a largepercentage of power generation.C. Crude oil prices have reached the lowest point in history.D. Falling oil prices are making a comeback for big cars and trucks.篇章 3（第 21 -30 题）If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the Frenchchemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefyingmaterials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly (20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .Theproponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way (25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.21,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .22,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by23,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?24,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from25,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether26,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected27.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested28.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether29.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation30.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(c)Heat(d)The presence of nutrients篇章 4（第 31 -40 题）Line Solar storms are natural events that occur when high energyparticles form the sun hit the earth. They take place when the sunreleases energy in the form of outbursts or eruptions. Solar stormscontain gas and other matter and can travel at extremely high speeds.When such particles hit the Earth or any other planet with anatmosphere, they cause a geomagnetic storm – a disturbance in themagnetic field that surrounds our planet. Normally such outbursts arenot dangerous. They are the cause of polar lights – bright, colorfullights in the skies in the northern regions.They may,however,endanger us in other ways.Such outbursts ofthe sun’s energy can cause communication problems,interfere withsatellite reception or lead to incorrect GPS readings. In the past theyhave even shut down electric power grids.An American investigationin 2008 showed that extreme solar storms could cause billions ofdollars in damage.Several organizations around the world monitor thesun’s activity and the disturbances that occur in its atmosphere. Theyalso have detectors that show variations in the Earth’s magnetic field.Solar cycles repeat themselves every 11 years.Right now the Earth is experiencing the most severe solar storm since 2003. Sky watchers inCanada and Scandinavia are already reporting sightings of morenorthern lights than usual. As the sun is currently becoming moreactive we will see more and more solar flares the next few years.However the solar cycle we are in at the moment is relatively quietcompared to others over the last decades. The last major problemscaused by51 01 52025solar storms occurred in 1994 when communications satellites over Canada malfunctioned and power in many parts of the country went out for a few hours. When solar storms pass through the earth’s atmosphere, radiation level are higher for a few days. Airlines are especially worried aboutthese outbursts of radiation because long distance flights use polarroutes, an area where disruptions are most severe. During such stormsthere are periods when the crew cannot communicate with groundcontrol stations. Astronauts orbiting the earth in the InternationalSpace Station may also be in danger because radiation levels aremuch higher than normal. Outbursts of solar energy even affectanimals which are sensitive to changes in Earth’s magnetic field. During such events they lose orientation and get lost.31. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The outbursts of solar storms.B. The dangers of solar storms.C. The causes of solar storms.D. The cycles of solar storms.32. Which of the following statements about solar storms is NOT true?A. Solar storms are geomagnetic storms surrounding the earth.B. Solar storms take place when high energy particles from the sunrelease energy.C. Solar storms contain gas that can travel at great speeds.D. Solar storms cause the skies in the northern regions to show polarlights.33. The word “eruptions” in Line 3 is closest in meaning to .A. explosionB. destructionC. exposureD. blaze34. The word “they” in Line 10 refers to .A. polar lightsB. communication problemsC. high energy particlesD. outbursts of the sun’s energy35. Solar storms can do all of the following EXCEPT .A. causing communication problemsB. interfering with GPS readingsC. interfering with satellite receptionD. increasing electric power efficiencyg to .36. The word “monitor” in Line 15 is closest in meaninA. observeB. record3035C. discoverD. guard37. The word “flares” in Line 22 is closest in meaning to .A. cyclesB. energyC. lightsD. storms38.The example of sky watchers in Paragraph 2 is used to illustrate .activityA. the monitoring of the sun’sB. the detection of variations in the Earth’s magnetic fieldC. the monitoring of disturbances in the atmosphereD. the severity of solar storms since 200339.Which of the following terms is NOT clearly explained in thepassage?A. Solar stormsB. Magnetic fieldC. Geomagnetic stormsD. Detectors40. According to the passage, why are airlines especially worried aboutthe outbursts of solar storms?A. Because solar storms pass through the earth’s atmosphere.B. Because they run the danger of falling apart.C. Because they are sensitive to changes in Earth’s magnetic field.D. Because long distance flights depend on high radiation levels.篇章 5（第 41 -50 题）As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half ofthe eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketingcenter for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days sawthe crowded city even more crowded, as fanners from within a radius of24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider,and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High StreetMarket was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736,when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market wasopened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year theCallowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persistedin Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued inother colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmadegoods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.381 1Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because ofthe competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital cityof the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia42. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.43. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region44. The word "it" in line 8 refers to(A) the crowded city(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period45. The word "persisted" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued1 81 92546. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a year(D) whenever the government allowed it47. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 10 to show that they were items that B(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported48. The word "eradicate" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit(C) organize(D) operate49. What does the author mean by stating in line 19 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.50. The word "undergoing" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repeating(D) includingPart A TranslationDirections: In Part A, you are going to translate two paragraphs.1. Required Translation（必译题）：英译汉Getting the right hotel for our vacation is one of the most difficultparts of planning the vacation. Booking hotel in advance is very important. First of all, you need to decide your budget for a hotel room. Next, you need to consider your specific requirements of the features of a hotel. Finally, after you have found the most suitable hotel, it is wiser to purchase a package of services than to buy services separately.。
英语等级考试公共英语一级真题及答案2017年英语等级考试公共英语一级真题及答案书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年全国英语等级考试一级真题及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!第一部分听力第二节对话应答在本节中，你将听到10个话语，请从A.、B.、C.三个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并标在试卷的相应位置。
每个话语后有l0秒钟的停顿，以便选择答案和阅读下一个小题的选项。
每个话语读两遍。
11. A. I lives with my parents.B. My father is a businessman and my mother is a nurse.C. My brother is a doctor.12. A. usually read or do some sports.B. I like playing basketball.C. I like collecting stamp.13. A. 200 miles.B. 1500 yuan.C. It's expensive.14. A. Sorry, I don't know.B. Thanks.C. of course not, make yourself at home.15. A. No, that's my aunt's.B. No, that's my mother.C.Yes, I love my mother.16. A. At home.B. He is watching TV.C. He likes sports.17. A. Peter and Mary.B. I'm American.C. I like parties.18. A. Fine, thank you.B. How do you do?C. Good morning. Please take a seat.19. A. Yes, she was.B. No, she doesn't.C. No, she isn't.20. A. Be careful.B. Here you are.C. I'd l,we to.第三节对话理解在本节中，你将听到10段对话，每段对话有一个问题。
全国英语等级考试一级真题详解2017年全国英语等级考试一级真题详解灵感不过是顽强的劳动而获得的奖赏。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年全国英语等级考试一级真题详解，希望能给大家带来帮助!第二节：对话理解11. Who will speak at the meeting?[A] The man. [B] The woman. [C] The manager.12. What is true about the man?[A]He drives fast. [B] He drives safely. [C] He drives carelessly.13. What does the woman suggest the man do tomorrow?[A] Change the window. [B] Move into the room. [C] Come and see the room.14. What is the man doing?[A] Shopping. [B] Driving a bus. [C] Asking the way.15. How much is the medicine?[A] 40 yuan. [B] 50 yuan. [C] 55 yuan.16. Who is the man?[A] He is the woman's husband.[B] He is the woman's old friend.[C] He is a stranger to the woman.17. What does the woman suggest the man do?[A] Have a rest. [B] Take a bath. [C] See a doctor.18. What does the woman think the man should do today?[A] Go to school. [B] Stay at home. [C] Take the exams.19. Why does the man feel sorry?[A] Because he can't go to the party.[B] Because the woman can't go to the party.[C] Because neither of them can go to the party.20. What does the woman mean?[A] She doesn't care where to eat.[B] She would like to eat at home.[C] All the restaurants are the same.21. What time is it now?[A] 7:25. [B] 7:30. [C] 7:55.22. What does the man ask the woman to do?[A] See a film. [B] Go to the dance. [C] Watch the football game.23. What does the man mean?[A] He can't see Jane tomorrow.[B] He will wait until Jane comes.[C] He wants to see Jane very much.24. Where are they talking?[A] In a bank. [B] In a hotel. [C] In a post office.25.What do we know from the conversation?[A] Both the man and the woman were late.[B] Neither the man nor the woman was late.[C] The man was late while the woman was on time.第二部分英语知识运用第一节单项填空26. I will wait for you__________ you come back from school.[A] while [B] as soon as [C] until27. You can use the credit card to __________ for a car.[A] buy [B] pay [C] get28. Nobody in this office sings __________than Jerry.[A] well [B] better [C] best29. --May I go home now?--No, you __________. You have to finish the paper at school.[A] can' t [B] needn' t [C] won' t30. Look, Gary has __________ a postcard of his hotel to us.[A] borrowed [B] received [C] sent31. I __________ going to the cinema when I' m free.[A] like [B] mind [C] care32. Grandma would like to __________ her hair in a different way.[A] do [B] give [C] take33. There isn't __________ time left, so we'd better hurry.[A] little [B] some [C] much34. He __________ home for his office at 80' clock that morning.[A] returned [B] went [C] left35. When she moved to Beijing, Jane was__________ a student.[A]still [B] yet [C]ever36. The poor old woman couldn't buy ________much food.[A]she [B]hers [C]herself37. He says that he __________ .his house cleaned once a month.[A] puts [B]has [C]keeps38. The change of weather put an end _________their party in the garden.[A] of [B] in [C] to39. I opened the door and let the children in __________ dinner was ready.[A] when [B]though [C]SO40. John was always the first one__________ his hand when a question was asked.[A] raised [B]raising [C]to raise第二节完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后所给的[A]、[B]、[C]三个选项中选出能填人相应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡1上将该项涂黑。
中国石化英语分级测试第一篇How to be HappR 如何获得幸福 (2)第二篇CitR Design 城市设计 (3)第三篇Population 人口 (4)第四篇Earthquake 地震 (5)第五篇The Aftermath of BP Fulf Oil Spill----英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 (6)第六篇Green Computers“绿色’’电脑 (7)第七篇Cell Phones手机 (8)第八篇Touch Tech触屏技术 (9)第九篇Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 (10)第十篇Carbon Emissions碳排放 (11)第十一篇Marine Pollution海洋污染 (12)第十二篇China's Growth and the Clean EnergR Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 (13)第十三篇Market EconomR市场经济 (14)第十四篇CPI消费者物价指数 (15)第十R五篇The Internet互联网 (16)十六篇Apple ERpands its TouchR-FeelR Vision苹果公司用iPad延续梦想 (17)十七篇3G TechnologR技术 (18)十八篇Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 (19)十九篇GlobaIWarming全球变暖 (20)二十篇Alternate Energies替代能源 (21)二十一篇Biofuels生物燃料 (22)二十二篇Coal ChemicallndustrR煤化学工业 (23)二十三篇Resource Curse资源诅咒 (24)二十四篇CompanR Management公司管理 (25)二十R五篇Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool人才库 (26)二十六篇Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 (27)二十七篇Chinese Oil Market中国石油市场 (28)二十八篇0il Trade石油贸易 (29)二十九篇How I Lost MR Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 (30)三十篇Project Management项目管理 (31)第一篇HowtobeHappR如何获得幸福In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined bR positive_psRchologist Martin Seligman, where H（happiness) = S (Rour biological set point for feeling happR) + C (the conditions of Rour life) + V (the voluntarR_choices Rou make). 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。
2017年xxxx英语真题及答案第I卷（共75分）I. 情景反应（每小题1分，共5分）本题共5个小题，每小题你将听到一组对话。
请你从每小题所给的A、B、C三幅图片中，选出与你所听到的信息相关联的一项，并在答题卡上将该项xx。
II. 对话理解(每小题1分，共5分)本题共5个小题，每小题你将听到一组对话和一个问题。
请你从每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出一个最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项xx。
( ) 6. A. Thursday B. Friday C. Saturday( ) 7. A. The library B. The lab C. The playground( ) 8. A. policewoman B. An actress C. A doctor( ) 9. A. parent and a teacher B. A father and a daughter C.A boss and a customer( ) 10. A. She will keep a bird as a pet B. She will get a bird and set it freeC. She will buy a bird for her fatherIII. 语篇理解(每小题1分，共5分)本题你将听到一篇短文。
请你根据短文内容和所提出的5个问题，从每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出一个最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项xx。
( ) 11. Which country was Mark born in？A. America.B. China.C. England.( ) 12. When did his mom ask him to buy fish?A. On Christmas Eve.B. On New Year’s Day.C. On Spring Festival Eve.( ) 13. What did he mean by saying “Xian Sheng Yu” ?A. The fisherman’s name.B. Fresh fish.C. The name of a dish.( ) 14. Why did the people at the fish store laugh at him?A. Because he told a Chinese joke.B. Because he spoke funny Chinese.C. Because the fisherman made fun of him.( ) 15. What does Mark want to tell us by sharing his story?A. We needn’t care about what others think of us.B. It is important to speak more than one language.C. Nobody is supposed to forget his own traditional culture.IV. 听力填空（每小题 1 分，共 5 分）本题你将听到一篇短文。
2016年中石油职称英语考试真题及参考答案解析I. VocabularySection ADirections: There are some sentences inthis section. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases. You are tochoose the one word or phrase which would best keeping the meaning of theoriginal sentence if it were substituted for the underlined word or phrase.Then mark your answer on the answer sheet.1、In most countries,the crime of murder carries harsh penalties.A. unconsciousB. thriveC.severe D.prudent【参考答案】C【释义】harsh adj.残酷的；严酷的；严厉的；恶劣的unconscious adj.无知觉的；昏迷的；不省人事的；无意识的 thrive v.繁荣；茁壮成长；蓬勃发展；兴旺发达severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的；苛刻的prudent adj.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的2、I tell my motherabout my trials at work and brag about the kids.A. lieB. boastC.secretive D. feel awkward【参考答案】B【出处】2016版《通用选读》第28课That "Other Woman" in My Life第8段。
【释义】brag v.吹嘘；自吹自擂lie v.躺；说谎；撒谎；在于boast v.自夸；自吹自擂；有（值得自豪的东西）secretive adj.（思想、情感等）不外露的；惯于掩藏自己的；有城府的feelawkward 为难；作难；犯难3、The employee had to breakoff the conversation in order to wait on his manger.A. continueB. hurryC.begin D.discontinue【参考答案】D【出处】MBA联考大纲英语词组。
阅读 篇章1 当前题号：第1-10题，总题数：50题Line Low wages, chronic unemployment and underemployment lead to low income,lack of property ownership, absence of savings, absence of food reserves in the home, and a chronic shortage of cash. These conditions reduce the possibility of effective participation in the larger economic system. And as a r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w e f i n d i n t h e culture of poverty a high incidence of pawning personal goods, borrowing from localmoney -lenders at higher rates of interest, spontaneous informal credit devices organized by neighbors, the use of secondhand clothing and furniture, and the pattern of frequent buying of small quantities of food many times a day as the need arises.People with a culture of poverty produce very little wealth andreceive very little in return. They have a low level of literacy and education, usually do not belong to labor unions, are not members of political parties, generally do not participate in the national welfare agencies, and make very little use of banks, hospitals, department stores, museums or art gal l eri e s. T he y h a ve a c ri t i c al a t t i t u de t o w a rd s om e or the basic institutions of the dominant classes, hatred of the police,mistrust of government, and a cynicism that extends even to the church.This gives the culture of poverty a high potential for protest and forBeing used in political movements aimed against the existing socialorder.People with a culture of poverty are aware of middle -class values,talk about them and even claim some of them as their own, but on thewhole they do not live by them. Thus it is important to distinguishbetweenwhat they say and what they do. For example, many will tellyou that marriage by law, by the church, or by both is the ideal form of marriage, but few will marry. To men who have no steady jobs or othersources of income, who do not own property and have no wealth to passon to their children, who are present -time oriented and who want toavoid the expense and legal difficulties involved in formal marriage anddivorce, free unions or consensual marriages make a lot of sense. Women will often turn down offers of marriage because they feel it tiesthem down to men. Women feel that consensual union gives them abetter break; it gives them some of the freedom and flexibility that menhave. By not giving the fathers of their children legal status as husbands,the women have a stronger claim on their children if they decide toleave their men. It also gives women exclusive rights to a house or anyother property they may own.1. According to the passage, a defining characteristic of poverty is that poor people__________.A. are isolated from the mainstream of societyB. lack the skills to find decent jobsC. are responsible for their own poverty510 1520 25 30 35D.are constantly in a state of crisis2.The author of the passage uses the phrase “culture of poverty” (Line 6) to suggestthat __________.A.there are several classifications of poor peopleB.poor people often take pride in their povertyC.poor people share a common ethnicityD.poverty has become a prevailing way of life for some people3.The word “incidence” in Line 6 is closest in meaning to __________.A.inflationB.introductionC.accidentD.occurrence4.The word “literacy” in Line 12 refers to the ability to __________.A.go to schoolB.read and writeC.understand mathD.receive an education5.By asserting that the culture of poverty can be used by political movements (Line19), the author is __________.A.cautioning against an uprising by the poorB.showing how poverty may threaten social stabilityC.calling upon the middle class to fight against the poorD.justifying the motives of politicians6.Which of the following best describes people with a culture of poverty?A.They work hard but receive little in returnB.They’re cynical to all but the churchC.They usually ignore the national welfare agenciesD.They are economically active7.According to the last paragraph, consensual union can provide poor women whorefuse to get married legally with all of the following EXCEPT __________.A.a free church wedding or civil ceremonyB.some of the freedom and flexibility that men haveC. a stronger claim on their children when they want to leave their menD.rights to a house or any other property8. A conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph that men and women in theculture of poverty __________.A.consider themselves unworthy of legal marriageB.prefer not to be in relationshipC.avoid legalized marriages for practical and economic reasonsD.do not trust each other to be faithful husbands and wives9.In the discussion of poverty, the author is most likely to agree that poverty__________.A.is more widespread than most people thinkB.cannot be eliminatedC. weakens the fabric of societyD. means more than lack of money10. The word “it” in Line 37 refers to __________.A. a better breakB. legal statusC. consensual unionD. illegal marriage篇章2 当前题号：第11-20题，总题数：50题；Line Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one -fourth of the greenhouse gases. They take asimilar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of thedeveloping world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health -related and political costs. Itis unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or thatother nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to globalclimate change.Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use,increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventionalgasoline -powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find lesspolluting driving systems. The last of these — in particular theintroduction of vehicles powered by electricity — is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. Forexample, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host ofsocial and environmental problems, but evidence from around the worldsuggests that it is difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S., mass -transit ridership and carpoolinghave declined since World War II. Even in Western Europe, with fuelprices averaging more than ＄1 a liter (about ＄4 a gallon) and with easilyaccessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80percent of all passenger travel.Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fueleconomy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuelssuch as natural gas, burned in internal -combustion engines, could beintroduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginalreductions in pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (especiallybecause oil companies are already spending billions of dollars everyyear to develop less polluting types of gasoline).11. It can be learned from the passage that the increased use of cars will __________.A. consume half of the oil produced in the worldB. have serious consequences on the well -being of all nationsC. impose an economic burden on residents of large cities510 1520 25D.widen the gap between the developed and developing countries12.America has to solve the problems arising from vehicle use because __________.A.few Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportationB.the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptableC.it should take the lead in conserving natural resourcesD.other countries are unsatisfied about its large greenhouse emissions13.According to the author, America’s contribution to global climate change is__________.A.increasingB.decreasingC.fluctuatingD.stabilizing14.Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in thepassage?A.The designing of highly efficient car enginesB. A reduction of vehicle use in citiesC.The use of less polluting fuelsD.The development of electric cars15.What does “host” in Line 17 mean?A.Person who serves people as guestsB.Anchor of a television program, etc.rge number of somethingD.Caretaker of an inn16. What is the meaning of “carpooling” in Line 20?A. People riding together in one carB. A number of cars used by a company’s salesmenC. A person who owns many carsD. Cars owned by an organization for the use of its members17. According to the passage, after World War II many people in the U.S.__________.A.only used railwaysB.preferred their own cars for travelC.always used public transportationD.insist on carpooling18. Which of the following is practical but only makes a small contribution to solvingthe problem of greenhouse emissions?A.Slowing down fuel economyB.The use of fuels other than gasolineC.Reducing car use by carpoolingD.The introduction of less polluting driving systems19. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in WesternEuropeB.Cars are popular in Western Europe even though fuel prices are fairly highC. Western Europe oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new -typefuelsD. The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in denselypopulated Western Europe20. The word “they” in Line 28 refers to __________.A. internal -combustion enginesB. marginal reductionsC. alternative fuelsD. greenhouse emissions篇章3 当前题号：第21-30题，总题数：50题；Line Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time and have its identity. visibility, and meaning. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have “cancer the crab”—so named because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Pre -modern cancer is a lump that sometimes b r e a k s t h r o u gh t h e s k i n i n u l c e r a t i o n s p r o d u c i n g f o u l -s m e l l i n g discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors and evil ones. In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of sadness or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors” brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances.Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but theprognosis was known to be grim .The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on culture has been light. In the past, fear came from infectious and epidemic diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and tuberculosis.The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was notcentrally situated in the public mind — as it now is. This is one reasonwhy the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence ”.At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease ofcivilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as“neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed tobe brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies, some physicians attributed cancer to psychological andbehavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth -centurytext Domestic Medicine judged that cancers might be caused by“excessive fear, grief, and religious melancholy”. In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality”, and, insome versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontagobserved, cancer was considered shameful, even obscene. “It seemsunimaginable”, Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize” cancer.5 10 1520 25 3021. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians __________.A.were able to tell benign tumors from evil onesB.knew about a lot of cancerous tumorsC.found out the cause of cancerD.looked at cancer as the crab22. According to Galen, cancer is triggered by all of the following EXCEPT _______.A.the excess of sadnessB. a poor dietC.sociological factorsD.environmental conditions23. The word “benign” in Line 8 refers to _______.A.unharmfulB.badC.positiveD.brutal24. The word “grim” in Line 13 is closest in meaning to _______.A.dirtyB.dreadfulC.strikingD.excellent25. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supportedby the passage?A.Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB.Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementC.In the past, people did not fear cancer at allD.Some physicians believed behavioral characteristics could lead to cancer26. According to the passage, with which of the following would the author mostlikely agree?A.Today people understand cancer in fundamentally new waysB.Cancer would be totally eliminated in the 21st centuryC.Cancer care and management are very sophisticatedD.There is a dramatic rise in mortality in modern cancer world27. “Neurasthenia and diabetes” are mentioned in Paragraph 3 for the purpose of_______.A.emphasizing that they are as fatal as cancerB.illustrating that they are regarded as “diseases of civilization”C.explaining that they are brought about by the pressure of modern lifeD.showing that people dread them very much28. Sontag’s remark about cancer indicates that one time _______.A.infectious and epidemic diseases were major causes of deathB.cancer ranked just below heart disease as a cause of deathC.cancer was viewed as a dirty disease related to human being’s behaviorsD.the cancers of the past were visible on the body’s surface29. The author’s attitude towards cancer can be described as _______.A. criticalB. concernedC. helplessD. objective30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. Cancer’s identity has never changedB. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifeC. The care and management of cancer have developed over timeD. The cultural significance of cancer has shifted over time篇章4 当前题号：第31-40题，总题数：50题；Line Nelson Mandela once said, “Education is the most powerful weaponthat you can use to change the world”. Nearly everybody agrees: It’sgoing to take a revolution to fix America’s public schools. Louis V .Gerstner Jr., one of the business leaders in education reform, proclaims the Noah principle: “No more prizes for predicting rain. Prizes only for bilding arks. We’ve got to change whole schools and whole schoolsystem.”But this isn’t so. Firstly, nobody really wants a revolution. Revolutionwould mean removing the whole present structure of education overnightand inventing a new one from the beginning, in the conviction that anything must be an improvement—no matter what it costs. What thesefolks really want isn’t revolution but major reform, changing the systemradically but in an orderly fashion. The changes are supposed to be testedin large -scale pilot programs—Gerstner’s “arks”—and then installed nationally. But even that is just a distant gleam in the eye and a dubiousproposition too. There’s nothing like a consensus even on designing thosearks, let alone where they are supposed to come to ground. And anyonewho has watched radical reforms in the real world has to be wary of them: Invariably, they take a long time and cost a great deal, and even so they fail more often than they succeed. The best and most natural changescome not in wholesale gulps, but in small bites.What the think -big reformers fail to acknowledge is that schools allover the country are changing all the time. From head -start programs to after -school big brother/big sister projects to self -esteem workshops, it’sprecisely these small -scale innovations and demonstration programs that are doing the job, in thousands of schools. Some of these efforts are only partly successful; some fail; some work small miracles. They focus varyingly on children, teachers, and parents, on methods of administration and techniques of teaching, on efforts to motivate kids, teach values andmobilize community support. Some are relatively expensive; others cost almost nothing. But all of them can be done—and have been done.The important thing is that local schools aren’t waiting for a 25 30 351051520revolution. They are working out their own problems and making theirown schools better. And anyone—teachers, parents, principals, schoolboard members—anyone who cares enough and works hard enough can dothe same.31. According to the Nelson Mandela quote, education can__________.A. be used to hurt peopleB. be accessible to powerful peopleC. teach people to use weaponD. help create change32. According to the passage, Gerstner believes __________.A. the present school system is functioning adequatelyB. the emphasis should be shifted to finding solutions rather than focus ondescribing problemsC. the school curriculum should include more classesD. in the value of monetary prizes to outstanding students33. The word “installed” in Line 14 is closest in meaning to __________.A. implementedB. informedC. explainedD. stressed34. The author views the pilot programs as all of the following EXCEPT __________.A. costlyB. time-consumingC. uncertain to succeedD. a product of consensus35. The word “they” in Line 18 refers to __________.A. folksB. pilot programsC. changesD. schools36. The word “wholesale” in Line 22 is closest in meaning to __________.A. cheapB. largeC. valuableD. fair37. Which best summarizes the idea of “small bites” in Line 22?A. Changing the system radically but in an orderly fashionB. Allowing children to choose from a variety of programsC. Using modest innovations to improve schoolsD. Teaching the theory of evolution in the classroom38. According to the author, the “small-scale innovations” mentioned in Line 26__________.A. are largely theoretical so farB. do not work on a large scaleC. are unavailable in many areasD. have in many cases been shown to work39. Judging from the author’s discussion, he believes that local schools __________.A. should embrace sweeping plans for national educational reform.B. are relatively expensiveC. are producing small but useful innovations all the timeD. can only be as good as their curricula40. The primary purpose of the passage is to __________.A. present an alternative view to a widely -held beliefB. describe plans to implement an educational revolutionC. relate the historical events that have shaped a situationD. uncover and analyze new flaws in an old system篇章5 当前题号：第41-50题，总题数：50题。
