2015年考研英语一完型选项翻译

2015年考研英语（一）深度解析：完型1. [A] what【解析】此题考查疑问代词辨析：题干中过去分词短语published from the University of California and Yale University…作后置定语，修饰study，而真正的句子主干是That is 1 a study has 2 .简化后的句子可以让我们清晰地看出第一题要说的是研究study的具体内容是what，不是方式how，也不是原因why，更不是时间when。

2. [B] concluded【解析】此题考查动词辨析：同第一题一样，根据简化的句子That is what a study has 2 来解题。

题目选择的动词是说明study怎样才有了上面what表示的内容。

所以此题选择concluded“推断;得出结论”。

其他的动词据不符合要求。

3. [D] on【解析】此题考查介词辨析：根据题干The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects的要求，所选择的介词能用在conduct“实施;进行”之后，又得和subject 搭配，所以这个题目应该选择on，构成on some subjects“关于某类主题”。

4. [C] compared【解析】此题考查动词辨析：通过观察题干，我们发现第4题位于which引导的定语从句之内，作从句的谓语动词。

Which修饰主句的主语study“研究”，如此补全定语从句就是：The study 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers…所以正确答案选择C。

该项研究是对比所选择的两个样本。

其他选项都不符合题意。

5. [C] samples【解析】此题考查名词辨析：The same people were used in both 5 .通过观察题干，我们发现第5题空前的单词是both，表示“两者都…”。

第1篇1. A family far from home finds kindness in a bag of fruits.[]远离家乡的一家人，从一袋水果中发现了善意。

2.Two years ago we were at a turning point in our lives in New Zealand.[]两年前，在新西兰我们正处在我们生命的转折点。

3.So we left our jobs, said goodbye to friends, and went to live in Switzerland.[]所以我们辞掉了我们的工作，与朋友们告别，然后去瑞士居住。

4.Our daughters, who were 11 and 15 at the time, joined the local school.[]我们的女儿们，在那时一个11岁一个15岁，去当地学校念书。

5.As they couldn‟t speak the local language, we knew their school life would be hard .[]由于她们不会说当地的语言，我们知道她们的学校生活将会很幸苦。

6.But after only a few months, the girls were doing really well, and trying their best to join inthe Swiss way of life.[]但是，在几个月之后，女孩们表现地真的很好，她们尽自己最大的努力去融入在瑞士的生活方式。

7.The local newspaper then wrote a story about them.[]不久后当地的报纸上写了关于她们的一篇报道。

8.When the article, complete with photos, appeared in the newspaper, the girls were pleased.[]当这篇文章，附带照片，出现在报纸上时，女孩们感到高兴。

2015年考研英语一真题答案解析1、A what 本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。

第一个空考察表语从句的引导词。

2、B concluded 本句的句意是：这就是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在美国国家科学院报告上联合发表的研究成果。

第二个空为针对从句谓语进行的词义考察。

3、D on 本句前半句的句意是：这项研究是一个基于1932个独特个体的基因组广谱分析。

考察Conduct on词组，进行。

从句意为：它对成对儿的非亲缘朋友和陌生人进行比较。

4、C compared 比较，根据上下文及后一句的same知道，比较为最佳。

5、C samples 词义题，样本，C为最佳选项。

6、A insignificant 词义题，1%，以及后面的not so转折，判断，A insignificant不显著，为最佳选项。

7、C know 句意为：一些人虽然并不认识他们第四代的表亲，但他们选择的朋友却和这些亲戚颇有相似之处。

8、D resemble 词义题，和上一个空形成转折。

9、B also 上下文逻辑题，发现了，还发现了。

Also为最佳选项。

10、D Perhaps 结合上下文：这一现象很难解释，后面接原因，原因“可能”是……最符合文章大意。

11、B to 介词题，意为：就像这个科研团队所发现的，这个因素不仅把我们带到详细的环境中来，更有一些深层次的影响。

12、D drive 词义题，根据上下文，对我们产生影响，驱使我们……drive为最佳选项。

13、B rather than 逻辑题，基因上相似的，功能上相似的，二者对立不能同时存在，rather than不是…而是最符合。

14、C benefits 跟“功能”搭配，选个褒义词，带来好处的，最佳。

15、A faster 词义题，根据后半句解释，这就是为什么“picked pace”加速，这里只能选faster，一些比另外一些进化得更快，符合文意。

1. 2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(课标全国卷I)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way ,we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said, “ __41___ my job. Family to Feed.”At this store, a __42___ like this is not normal. My 10-year-old noticed him and make a __43____ on how bad it must be to have to stand ___44____ in the cold wind.In the store, I asked each of my kids to __45___ something they thought our “friend” there would ___46___. They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a ___47____. I thought about it. We were ___48__ on cash ourselves, but… well, sometimes __49___ from our need instead of our abundance is ___50__ what we need to do! All the kids __51____ something they could do away with for the week.When we handed him the bag of __52__, he lit up and thanked us with ___53__ eyes. When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for __54____his family might need, he burst into tears.This has been a wonderful ___55__ for our family. For days the kids have been looking for others we can __56___! Things would have played out so __57____ if I had simply said, “No, we really don’t have ___58___ to give more.” Stepping out not only helped a brother in __59___, it also gave my kids the __60____ taste of helping others. It’ll go a long way with them.41. A. Lost B. Changed C. Quit D. Finished42. A condition B. place C. sight D. show43. A. suggestion B. comment C. decision D. call44. A. outside B. proudly C. by D. angrily45. A. draw B. say C. arrange D. pick46. A. order B. supply C. appreciate D. discover47. A. dollar B. job C. hot meal D. gift card48. A. easy B. low C. soft D. loose49. A. giving B. saving C. spending D. begging50. A. yet B. even C. still D. just51. A. declared B. shared C. ignored D. expected52. A . toys B. medicine C. food D. clothes53. A. sleepy B. watery C. curious D. sharp54. A. whoever B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever55. A. experience B. example C. message D. adventure56. A. rely on B. respect C. learn from D. help57. A. suddenly B. vividly C. differently D. perfectly58. A. time B. power C. patience D. money59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory60. A. strong B. sweet C. strange D. simple[语篇解读]周末我带着孩子们去超市，在门口遇到了一位需要帮助的人。

2015考研英语一真题及答案（完整版Section 1 Use of English 篇一Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、Perhaps11、To12、Drive13、Ratherthan14、Benefits15、Faster16、understand17、Contributory18、Tendency19、Ethnic20、seePart ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原标题：2015年考研英语一真题答案(完整版)TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to e, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will e with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals have most to fear because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies2015考研英语真题：篇二Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a plex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man;s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more monly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride;s and groom;s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife;s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not mon. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced maledoesn;t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to2. [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]pete with [D]decide on3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone4. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless6. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears20. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that incite excessive thinness by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That;s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to deathas some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deepand bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine andsix months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France;s actions, Denmark;s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter;s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of pliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.[B] New runways would be constructed.[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion industry would decline.22.The phrase impinging on (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of.[B] indicating the state of.[C] losing faith in.[D] doing harm to.23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A] The French measures have already failed.[B] New standards are being set in Denmark.[C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting a high age threshold for models.[B] caring too much about models; character.[C] showing little concern for health factors.[D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry;s Body Ideals.。

2015年考研英语一真题及答案解析(1~20/共20题)完形填空Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is __1__a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__2__.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted __3__1,932 unique subjects which __4__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both__5__.While 1% may seem__6__,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even __7__their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who__8__our kin.”The study__9__found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,__10__,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more__11__it. There could be many mechanisms working together that __12__us in choosing genetically similar friends__13__”functional Kinship” of being friends with__14__!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution__15__than other genes Studying this could help__16__why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major__17__factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s__18__to befriend those of similar__19__backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to__20__that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.第1题A.whenB.whyC.howD.what第2题A.defendedB.concludedC.withdrawnD.advised第3题A.forB.withC.onD.by第4题paredB.soughtC.separatedD.connected第5题B.objectsC.samplesD.examples第6题A.insignificantB.unexpectedC.unbelievableD.incredible第7题A.visitB.missC.seekD.know第8题A.resembleB.influenceC.favorD.surpass第9题A.againB.alsoC.insteadD.thus第10题A.MeanwhileB.FurthermoreC.LikewiseD.Perhaps第11题A.aboutB.toC.fromD.like第12题A.driveB.observeC.confuseD.limit第13题A.according toB.rather thanC.regardless ofD.along withA.chancesB.responsesC.missionsD.benefits第15题terB.slowerC.fasterD.earlier第16题A.forecastB.rememberC.understandD.express第17题A.unpredictableB.contributoryC.controllableD.disruptive第18题A.endeavorB.decisionC.arrangementD.tendency第19题A.politicalB.religiousC.ethnicD.economic第20题A.seeB.showC.proveD.tell下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy isseeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s mona rchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service –as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.第21题According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spained turn enjoy high public supportB.was unpopular among European royalsC.cased his relationship with his rivalsD.ended his reign in embarrassment第22题Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostlyA.owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB.to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC.to give voter more public figures to look up toD.due to their everlasting political embodiment第23题Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?A.Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited we althB.The role of the nobility in modern democraciesC.The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic familiesD.The nobility’s adherence to their privileges第24题The British royals “have most to fear” because CharlesA.takes a rough line on political issuesB.fails to change his lifestyle as advisedC.takes republicans as his potential alliesD.fails to adapt himself to his future role第25题Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB.Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the ThroneC.Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsD.Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone —a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like ent ering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected b y the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search throughphone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. O rin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.第26题The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.B.search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.C.check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.第27题The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one ofA.disapproval.B.indifference.C.tolerance.D.cautiousness.第28题The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable toA.getting into one’s residence.B.handling one’s historical records.C.scanning one’s correspondences.D.going through one’s wallet.第29题In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatA.principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B.the court is giving police less room for action.C.citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.D.phones are used to store sensitive information.第30题Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate thatA.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B.new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C.California’s argument violates principles o f the Constitution.D.principles of the Constitution should never be altered上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly wi th the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.第31题It can be learned from Paragraph 1 thatA.Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.ck of data analysis is common in research projects.第32题The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning toA.found.B.marked.C.revised.D.stored.第33题Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayA.pose a threat to all its peers.B.meet with strong opposition.C.increase Science’s circulation.D.set an example for other journals.第34题David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA.adds to researchers’ workload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future第35题Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReadingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptan ce that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence o f purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelationswas how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.第36题According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset byA.the consequences of the current sorting mechanismpanies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.ernmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.D.the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.第37题It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 thatA.Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crimeB.more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.C.Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.D.phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.第38题The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deferenceA.revealed a cunning personalityB.centered on trivial issuesC.was hardly convincingD.was part of a conspiracy第39题The author holds that the current collective doctrine showsA.generally distorted valuesB.unfair wealth distributionC.a marginalized lifestyleD.a rigid moral cote第40题Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?A.The quality of writing is of primary importance.mon humanity is central news reporting.C.Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.D.Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not nece ssarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.第41题第42题第43题第44题第45题上一题下一题(46~50/共5题)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new l and was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.第46题_____第47题_____第48题_____第49题_____第50题_____上一题下一题(1/1)Section ⅢWritingPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information.(10points)第51题Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)________上一题下一题(1/1)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following information. (20 points)第52题Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)图片___________上一题交卷交卷答题卡答案及解析(1~20/共20题)完形填空Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is __1__a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__2__.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted __3__1,932 unique subjects which。

2015考研英语试题T ext1英汉对照GuangXi Normal University Translated by LiLunMonday, April 20th, 2015Para.1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted "kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?西班牙胡安〃卡洛斯国王曾固执认为“国王不会让位，除非他们死于睡梦。

”但是令人尴尬的丑闻及共和党左翼在最近的欧盟选举中大受欢迎使得胡安〃卡洛斯收回自己的话并且退位。

所以，西班牙王室危机是否表明君主制末日来临？是否意味着对所有穿着华服、过着奢华生活的欧洲皇室的不祥之兆？Para.2The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.西班牙的情况引起了支持和反对君主制的争论。

2015年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案详细解析Section I Use of English :Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today –embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only th e Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her ratherordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contentsof a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s r eading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “e ngaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘th e papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to resear chers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes –finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not beaccountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawingon your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)手机时代的聚会参考答案及详细解析I cloze1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。

2015年研究生考试英语（一）翻译深度解析答案2015年研究生考试如期举行，文都教育第一时间收集整理了今年考研英语（一）中的翻译真题及译文，并做了重要解析，以供参考：【翻译题目】46) This movement，driven by powerful and diverse motivations, builta nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47)The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European people with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.48）But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and -16th-century explorations of North American.50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.【题目解析】46)本句重点词语：driven by 在…的驱动下，by its nature 从本质上，它的性质，shape做动词当“塑造”讲。

2015年考研英语一真题解析:翻译Directions：Part CRead the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined sentences into Chinese . Your translation should bewritten neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth andearly eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-sweptfrom Europe to America.(46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built anation out of a w ilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an unchartedcontinent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peopleswith their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a n ew country whichmodified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlanticcame successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans , Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen,Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the newworld.(48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varie dnational groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world way s in a raw,new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in manyways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United Sta tescrossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explo rations ofNorth America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been establishe d in Mexico, theWest Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifullyovercrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they sur vived on barely enough foodallotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, man y passengers died of disease, andinfants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, andoften calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible reli ef. Saidone recorder of events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a ne w-blown garden.Thecolonists first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(5 0)The virgin forest with itsrichness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house whichextended from Maine all the waydown to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. H ere was the raw material of houses andfurniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval store s.【参考答案】46.在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.T he phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to ______.[A] found[B] revised[C] marked[D] stored33.G iovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may ______.[A] pose a threat to all its peers[B] meet with strong opposition[C] increase Science‟s circulation[D] set an example for other journals34.D avid Vaux holds that what Science is doing now ______.[A] adds to researchers‟ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers[C] has room for further improvement[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future35.W hich of the following is the best title of the text? ______.[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‟ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‟s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it‟s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It‟s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous own goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defense was that she knew nothing.In today‟s w orld, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36.According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by ______.[A]the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B]companies‟ financial loss due to immoral practices[C]governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues5[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions37.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ______.[A]Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.[B]more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C]Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D]phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38.The author believes the Rebekah Brooks‟s defense ______.[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows ______.[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral code40.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph? ______.[A]The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B]Common humanity is central to news reporting.[C]Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D]Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) __________. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42)___________.Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retriev al of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) ___________.Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) ___________. This doesn‟t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it, (45) _________. Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn‟t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to6@大师兄英语·2015 年考研英语一differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meanings, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: these might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouth pieces for the author‟s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text‟s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section Ⅲ TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47)The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.(48)But, inevitably, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on meager rations. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought interminable delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one chronicler, “The air at twelve leagues‟ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists‟ first7@大师兄英语·2015 年考研英语一glimpse of the new land was a vista of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)8@大师兄英语·2015 年考研英语一2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题参考答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1. A B C D2. A B C D3. A B C D4. A B C D5. A B C D6. A B C D7. A B C D8. A B C D9. A B C D10. A B C D11. A B C D12. A B C D13. A B C D14. A B C D15. A B C D16. A B C D17. A B C D18. A B C D19. A B C D20. A B C DSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)21. A B C D22. A B C D23. A B C D24. A B C D25. A B C D26. A B C D27. A B C D28. A B C D29. A B C D30. A B C D31. A B C D32. A B C D33. A B C D34. A B C D35. A B C D36. A B C D37. A B C D38. A B C D39. A B C D40. A B C DPart B (10 points)41. A B C D E F G 42. A B C D E F G 43. A B C D E F G44. A B C D E F G 45. A B C D E F GSection III Translation (15 points)46.这次由各种强烈动机驱动的人口迁移运动在一片荒芜中创造了一个国家，而其荒无人烟的本质也让这次人口迁移塑造了这个无人涉足过的大陆的品格和命运。

2015年考研英语真题解答之翻译What a simple cognitive bias teaches about how to live our lives.Here’s a common experience for motorists: you are driving somewhere new and you’re late.As you drive down unfamiliar roads it seems that everything is conspiring against you: other cars, the road-layout, the traffic lights and even suicidal cyclists. You know it’s only a few more miles, but it seems to be taking for-e-e-e-e-e-ever.Psychologically there are all sorts of things going on to make the journey seem longer than it really is, but let’s just isolate one of those: the unfamiliarity of the route.Unknown routes peak our curiosity; they are filled with new names, landscapes and landmarks, all of which attract the interest. The fact that our attention is engaged with all this newness has a subtle effect on how much time we think has passed.To see why, let’s take the opposite perspective for a moment.Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual (真题中改写为lose concentration on the)driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The corollary is that unfamiliar routes seem to take longer.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was proportionately shorter.虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。

2015年考研英语一：翻译真题答案及来源分析英语一翻译的文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。

考研翻译曾经在1999年考过历史学方面的话题，当初考的是历史学科建立方面的争论，关于历史研究方法论的。

今年的考题与1999年那篇历史学文章的试题相比，简单太多。

但是与2014年考研翻译试题相比，难度倒是上升了不小。

真题如下，大家参考：Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration -one of the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. 46)This movement,impelled(命题人改写为driven) by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.受到各种强大的动机所驱使，这场运动在荒野中开创了一个国家；本质使然，它也塑造了这片未知大陆的性格和命运。

47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified thesedistinctly European cultural(命题人删除了这三个词)traits.有两股主要力量形成了美国：一是欧洲移民带来的各式思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家本身在融合上述特征之后带来的影响。

2015年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。

2015考研英语一真题参考答案完形填空参考答案1、What2、Concluded3、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、know8、resemble9、also10、Perhaps11、to12、drive13、rather than14、benefits15、faster16、understand17、contributory18、tendency19、Ethnic20、seeII Reading comprehensionPart A21.D ended his reign in embarrassment.22. C to give voters more public figures to look up to23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. D fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies26. C check suspect's phone contents without being authorized.27.A disapproval28.A getting into one's residence29. C citizens' privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers36. D the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37. A more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38. C was hardly convincing39. B generally distorted values40. D moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart B41.C If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using…42.E You make further inferences...43.G Rather ,we ascribe meanings to...44.B factors such as...45.A Are we studying that ...Part C46)受到各种强大的动机所驱使，这场运动在荒野中开创了一个国家;本质使然，它也塑造了这片未知大陆的性格和命运。

2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English尽管没有血缘关系，但朋友之间的遗传关系与第四代表亲相同，有1%的相同基因。

这是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学出版在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的研究所得出的结论。

这项研究是比较了多组无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人，在1932个实验对象身上所做的基因组分析。

同一批人用在了两组样本里。

尽管这1%的相同基因可能毫无意义，但对基因学家来说却并非如此。

正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医学基因学教授James Fowler 说的：“大多数人根本不认识他们的第四代表亲，却在冥冥之中成功选择与我们血缘相近的人作朋友。

”〖HJ〗研究还发现朋友之间还有部分相同的嗅觉基因但免疫基因是不同的。

目前为止，嗅觉基因为何存在相似性很难解释。

或许，正如研究团队说的那样，相似之处把我们吸引到一个相似的环境中，而在相似的环境中有更多相似点。

有很多机制共同作用促使我们选择有着相同基因的人做朋友，而不是以“功能性亲属关系”选择能带来利益的人做朋友。

研究值得一提的一项发现是相似基因似乎比其他基因进化的要快。

研究这项发现有助于理解为何人类在过去的30000年进化速度在加快，社会环境是主要的促进因素。

研究者说这些发现不仅仅解释了人类与具有相似种族背景的人做朋友的趋势。

尽管所有研究对象都是从有欧洲血统的人中挑选，但还是要保证所有实验对象，包括朋友和陌生人都是从相同的人群中选出。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾说“国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中”。

但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安·卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。

如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。

2015年考研英语一真题原文与答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth c ousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what【答案】[D] what【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。