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跨文化交流困难现象分析报告在当今全球化的时代背景下，跨文化交流越来越普遍且重要。
然而，由于不同文化之间的差异，跨文化交流中经常出现一些困难现象。
本报告旨在分析跨文化交流中的困难现象，并提出解决方案。
一、语言障碍语言是最基本的交流工具，语言差异常常导致跨文化交流困难。
首先，不同的语言系统使得信息传达存在障碍。
例如，中文中的直接翻译可能在英文中失去原意，产生误解。
其次，不同的语音、语调和语速也对交流造成困扰。
解决这一问题的方法是学习对方的语言和文化，并加强语言能力的培养。
二、非语言差异除了语言障碍外，文化中的非语言差异也常常导致跨文化交流困难。
比如，不同国家对于身体接触的接受程度有所不同，一些国家的人可能更注重身体接触，而另一些国家的人则保持较多的身体距离。
此外，手势、面部表情和眼神交流等也会因文化差异而产生误解。
为了解决这一问题，交流双方需要对对方的非语言行为作出正确的解读，并尽量避免文化冲突。
三、价值观差异不同的文化背景下，人们对于价值观念的认知存在差异。
例如，一些亚洲文化注重集体主义和尊重长辈，而一些西方文化则更加注重个体主义和自由。
这种差异容易导致误解和冲突。
解决这一问题的关键是学习和尊重对方的价值观，并在交流中保持开放和包容的心态。
四、认知差异不同文化下的人们对认知方式也存在差异，这会影响到跨文化交流的效果。
一些文化更注重整体性思维，而另一些文化更注重细节。
此外，文化对时间的看法也有所不同，一些文化更加强调准时和效率，而另一些文化则更加注重人际关系和灵活性。
为了解决这一问题，交流双方需要了解对方的认知方式，并在交流中适度调整自己的表达方式。
五、偏见和刻板印象在跨文化交流中，人们往往会带有自己的偏见和刻板印象。
这些偏见可能源自于媒体、教育等渠道，导致对他者产生误解和偏见。
为了避免这种情况，交流双方需要保持开放和尊重，不应将个别人或事件代表整个文化群体，应通过交流和互动来消除偏见。
结论跨文化交流困难现象的存在是不可避免的，但通过尊重、理解和学习，我们可以克服这些困难，促进跨文化交流。
从跨文化的角度分析中美商务谈判的成败的开题报告
尊敬的评审委员会：
我将要介绍一篇论文的开题报告，该论文的主题是跨文化角度下中美商务谈判的成败
问题。
谈判是商业活动中至关重要的一环，而跨国商务谈判则更具有挑战性和复杂性。
本文旨在探讨在中美商务谈判中存在的跨文化因素，以及这些因素如何影响谈判的结果。
在全球化的背景下，中美贸易关系越来越紧密。
两国之间的商务谈判不仅涉及到量贩
式商品的交易，还包括对知识产权、财务条款以及文化背景的深入了解和探究。
跨文
化因素可能影响双方在商务谈判中的态度、行动、战略和沟通方式，因此跨文化因素
在商务谈判中的状态和解决方案应得到足够的关注。
本文将从以下几个方面入手：首先，论文将从理论角度介绍跨文化商务谈判的背景和
相关理论。
其次，将简要介绍中美贸易关系和商务谈判的现状，并分析中美商务谈判
涉及的文化差异。
然后，将选择几个典型的案例，从谈判的策略、影响、冲突等角度
探讨其成功或失败的原因。
最后，文中还将把注意力放在对中美商务谈判中的跨文化
因素的预测和措施方面，讨论如何更好地在跨文化商务谈判中达成协议。
总之，“中美商务谈判的成败问题”的跨文化研究可以提供更深入的分析和解决方案，以进一步增强中美商务关系，减少商务谈判中出现的文化差异，以更好地达成可持续
的商业协议。
希望您能接受我的开题报告。
当然，我也期待在这个项目的过程中，能
够收获更多，深入研究这个有趣的话题。
从语用学角度论跨文化商务谈判的语言策略的开题报告引言：在当今日益全球化的商业环境中，跨文化商务谈判已经成为许多企业的日常工作。
在这种情况下，语言已成为一项至关重要的工具，以便在不同文化背景下进行谈判。
本文旨在从语用学角度探讨跨文化商务谈判的语言策略，以及如何通过这些策略来缓解文化差异对谈判的影响。
研究目的：本研究旨在：1. 研究跨文化商务谈判中常用的语言策略。
2. 探讨语言策略如何缓解文化差异对谈判的影响。
3. 提出跨文化商务谈判中的语言策略改进建议。
研究方法：本文主要使用文献综述方法，通过收集和分析相关文献来研究跨文化商务谈判的语言策略。
此外，本研究将结合具体案例来考察这些策略的实际应用。
理论框架：本研究的理论框架主要基于语用学理论，即语言使用的研究。
语用学研究的是语言的实际使用情况，包括语言交流的目的、背景和效果等方面。
在跨文化商务谈判中，掌握基本的语用学知识对于理解交际背景以及成功进行谈判至关重要。
预期结果：通过本研究，我们预计能够得出以下结论：1. 跨文化商务谈判中常用的语言策略，包括：礼貌原则、表达方式的变化、避免歧义的语言使用等。
2. 语言策略可以缓解文化差异对商务谈判的影响，因为它们有助于促进双方交流、减轻文化冲击、建立信任等。
3. 针对不同的文化差异，建议采用不同的语言策略，从而更好地实现跨文化商务谈判。
结论：本研究可以为跨文化商务谈判的参与者和研究人员提供有关语言策略的实用信息和建议，以便更有效地进行商务谈判。
同时，本研究可以增加人们对于跨文化交际的理解，为跨文化交际领域的相关研究提供有益的参考。
跨文化交际中的语境分析与应用的开题报告一、题目简介本课题为“跨文化交际中的语境分析与应用”，旨在通过对语言运用环境的深入探究，为跨文化交际提供更加高效的交流手段。
二、问题陈述随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际已成为当今社会中不可或缺的一部分。
然而，在语言的使用过程中，因为文化、地域和历史等方面的差异，在不同的文化背景下，相同的言语表达可能引起不同的反应，甚至产生误解。
因此，如何在跨文化交际中合理运用语境，准确表达自己的指意，成为了急需解决的问题。
三、研究目的本研究的目的在于探究在跨文化交际中，如何分析语境并将其应用到具体的交流中，以促进跨文化交际的有效沟通。
四、研究方法本研究将运用文献研究法、问卷调查法和实地调查法，通过资料收集和实际交流实验，深入了解跨文化背景下的语言表达方式和应用技巧。
五、研究内容与安排本研究将分为四个部分：1. 文献综述：阅读相关论文和学术资料，对跨文化交际中的语境分析与应用进行初步学习和了解。
2. 数据收集：设计相关问卷，进行实地调查，分析语言运用的具体情况，了解跨文化传播中可能产生的问题与误解。
3. 研究分析：对收集到的数据进行分析研究，探究不同语境下的表达方式、语音语调、词汇使用等文化差异。
4. 结论与应用：在研究的基础上，提出针对性的应用技巧，为跨文化交际提供更加高效的交流工具。
六、预期成果通过本研究的探究和实践，我们期望获得以下成果：1. 深入了解跨文化交际中的语境分析与应用，为跨文化交际提供实践的方法和技巧。
2. 发掘不同语境下的语言文化差异，提高对其他文化背景的理解和尊重。
3. 为企业和个人建立跨文化交际的指南，提高跨文化交际的效率。
七、研究实施计划本研究将于 XXXX 年 X 月开始，并持续 X 个月，具体计划如下：第一期（XXXX 年 X 月— XXXX 年 X 月）：1. 文献综述和分类整理2. 数据收集和分析第二期（XXXX 年 X 月— XXXX 年 X 月）：1. 实地调查和问卷设计2. 研究分析报告撰写和修订第三期（XXXX 年 X 月— XXXX 年 X 月）：1. 结论和应用研究2. 研究成果整理和论文撰写八、参考文献1. 舒元，张旭涛. 语言运用的内涵解析[J]. 西南交通大学学报(社会科学版), 2017,(3).2. Gumperz, John J. Discourse strategies[M]. Cambridge university press, 2017.3. 王宏志, 罗侃, 杨伏林.语境的理解与翻译[J].外语与外语教学, 2001,(s1).。
IntroductionNowadays, contact between nations is becoming closer and closer so that international communication is also becoming more and more frequent and comprehensive. The contact goes beyond not only national boundaries but also different cultures. In our contact with foreign nations, we do business with them and we need to exchange our views and feelings with people from them. Thus, we are often involved in cross-cultural business exchanges with foreign people. It is obvious that we take verbal communication as the primary means in our cross-cultural business exchanges with foreign people, but we cannot neglect the important role of nonverbal communication in these exchanges. On one hand, it is impossible for all of us to know all human languages in the world. We cannot communicate with people all over the world only by language. On the other hand, nonverbal communication is an integral part of human communication and the means of nonverbal communication provides alternative effective ways of human communication. As the most important means of nonverbal communication, body language stands out and plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication. Body language will make our verbal communication more vivid and easier to understand. Without the help of body language, our verbal communication will meet with barriers and misunderstandings. For example, when you say “you are happy” yet with a sad facial expression, your audience will surely feel puzzled. As there are obvious differences in culture and custom between China and western countries, there are differences concerning body language between China and western countries, because body language is regarded as a solid expression of a culture. If we are not familiar with their body language when we are communicating with western foreigners, we are likely to misunderstand them and our conversation will break down. So in order to avoid the communicative failures or barriers in our cross-cultural business exchanges with people from westerncountries, we must understand the differences of body language between China and western countries.Therefore, the study on body language in cross-cultural business exchanges between China and Western countries is of definite theoretical and practical significance, an d of high academic research value. In this paper, I’ll first introduce definition and importance of body language, then present the differences of body language used in cross-cultural business exchanges between China and western countries, illustrate reasons for the differences, and finally give some useful suggestions to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts in our cross-cultural business exchanges with people from western countries.1 .The Definition and Importance of Body LanguageMany definitions of body language have been given by experts. Some scholars simply define body language as language without words or all communicative symbols except oral speech. Samovar and Porter have made some attempts to give a more specific definition to body language: Body language is the socially, biologically, psychologically or culturally framed exchange of valuable messages which are not verbally spoken out but conveyed by the body, gesture, symbols or relevant context and surrounding environment etc.1According to Knapp, body language includes gesture, body movement, extremities movement, hand movement, head movement, facial expression, eye management, posture, and so on. 2We agree that body language refers to a set of symbols, including the person’s facial expression, body posture, body movements and body position changes and it is a major means of human communication. By a more simple expression, body language refers to the body motion which has a very important communicational meaning in both verbal and non-verbal communication. Basically, body language is always concomitant with audio language and it is a complementary means of communication.1Samovar, L. et al. Understanding Intercultural Communication [M]. California: Wadsworth, 1981:38-42.2Knapp, M. Nonverbal communication in Human Interaction [M]. Winston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1978:12-20.We can not use language to communicate with others all the time. Body language is the necessary complement for any language. It is used to express some rational information as well as feeling. Body language can strengthen and reinforce the expression of audio language and make the language more concrete. The experimental results of Birdwhistell show that 65% of the information we get is expressed by body language.3Psychologists also find that only 11% of the information is obtained by ear, while 83% of the information is obtained by vision. This is enough to explain how important the factors of body language are in daily communications. If somebody still cannot understand the importance of body language, just recall how many times we use gestures in our communications with others everyday, how many times we change our body position and facial expressions to show our politeness or anger, or just imagine what would happen if we only used a verbal language like Chinese or English in our communication motionlessly without any gesture or facial expression.Nowadays international communication is becoming more and more popular and the importance of body language in international business communications has been attracting more and more public and academic attention. As we all know, verbal languages can not be the only way of business exchange and it is impossible for us to know every fo reign language, but we can guess the meaning of a foreigner’s body language in our imagination. By using body language, we can also express our business purposes more clearly and forcefully so that we can exert more influence on the other side of the business communication. On the other hand, we should notice that international business communication is typically cross-cultural and body language also involves cultural elements. In different cultural backgrounds, a gesture or a facial expression may be understood differently. When using body language in international business exchanges, we should be clear and alert about different cultural understandings of body language. Otherwise misunderstandings will result and our business will suffer.3Birdwhistell, R. S. Kinesics and Context [M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970:34.2. Body Language in Sino-western Cross-cultural Business exchangesWith Sino-western business communication becoming wider and deeper, the cross-cultural communication is attracting more and more attention, which means that body language, is at the same time becoming increasingly important. Therefore, if we want to have a successful inter-cultural business communication, it is very necessary for us to understand the similarities and differences of body language in different countries. There are many aspects which can show the differences of body language between China and Western countries and this article mainly takes some typical ones to explain the differences.2.1 GesturesIn our daily life, every one makes gestures, but many gestures have distinctive regional and cultural features. For example, Americans often express somebody’s cleverness by touching their temples. But this action means that someone is stupid to Chinese. Chinese are often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full, since it is a suicide action to Chinese, who want to express fullness by patting their stomachs.4There are many gestures only existing in one culture. For example, American people would like to express “No, don’t do that” by moving the index finger from side to side with forefinger up and others closed. However, this gesture is not used in China. To express doubt or helplessness, westerners often shrug their shoulders. However, this gesture is seldom used in China. In western countries, the gesture, thumb against the tip of the nose, other four fingers wave from side to side together, indicates challenge; putting middle finger on the back of forefinger indicates “bless success”, which has a relevant phrase—cross one’s fingers. And people are very4李育卫.英汉跨文化非语言交际对比研究[M].云南师范大学学报,2004:54-56.familiar with another phrase, that is “thumb a ride” (standing on the side of the rode, closing hand with thumb up) which means a request for ride. Now, as the Western media cultures such as Western films penetrate into China, such kinds of gestures have been used by more and more Chinese young people. There are also many gestures only existing in China. In Chinese culture, to express respect, people must take something with two hands to their guests or others. And when others pour tea or wine for them, they must hold t he cup with both hands to express “Thank you” or tap the tabletop with forefinger to indicate “It’s enough”. Touching or pointing to tip of one’s own nose with raised forefinger means “It’s me.” “I’m the one.” Upraised forefinger of each hand coming together in front of the body until the two touches, means a good match. These gestures are particular to China.From above examples, people can come to a conclusion, that is, if they want to learn a language well, they must not only learn the verbal language, but also study the gestures of that country.2.2 Facial ExpressionsWe often compare face to the mirror of soul, which can provide a supplement for verbal communication. This can make their behavior known to others and make business communication easily.Take Chinese and American for example: In a business conversation, Americans will require the person who they are talking with to look at them directly during a conversation. They regard eye contact as a sign of honesty; otherwise, it will be considered as a sign of untruthfulness, fear, indifference, guilt or absence of mind. And Americans are told “not to trust anyone who won’t look you in the eye”. Americans like direct eye contact. They think direct eye contact is the indication of confidence and politeness, and shifty eye contact implies impoliteness. But Chinese tend to avoid direct eye contact during the business conversation to show respect, or obedience, or politeness.55车英君. 文化相对论视角下的中美身势语的比较研究[D].辽宁: 辽宁师范大学, 2009:13-20.2.3 Head MovementsHead movements are used very frequently in the cross-cultural business communication. Knowing the meaning of the head movement of other countries can help us avoid a lot of troubles in the conversation.Though there are many head movements which show differences in meanings, most of the head movements have the same meaning in different countries. This situation shows that it is not the only rule that every body language is different among different countries. And as it has been explained before, the body language is one part of culture; the culture also has the same points in different nations.2.4 PosturesPosture refers to the general way people carry their body, especially the back, shoulders and head while standing, lying, etc. It offers insight into a culture’s deep structure and often reflects a person’s attitud e toward people he/she is with. Posture is a common way in Sino-western business communication, which can be divided into three kinds: lying，standing, bent-knee positions. In most countries, standing with folded arms means indifference. However, each country has its own distinctive meaning about different postures.Posture can demonstrate that culture is connected with social position. Americans tend to stand and chat on most social cases. As a result，the person who stand in the party will become attractive to others and like to control the communication. On the contrary, Chinese juniors often tend to stand when they are speaking with their leader or people who are higher in position than them with the purpose of showing their esteem and attention. Seniors usually choose to have a sitting posture. It is the phenomenon that Chinese school students stand before their teachers or their parents with head down when they have made mistakes. Students are required to stand up when they answer the teachers’ question.All these examples suggest that postures are quite different from country tocountry. The same behavior that has different cultural meaning in different countries is easy for us to make mistakes. In order to behave better and better, people not only need to know the cultural meanings of the posture, but also need to be accustomed to them in different cultural situations．0nly in this way can people understand each other better.2.5 Body DistanceDifferent people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing. According to Hall, it seems there are four main distances in American social and business relations: intimate, personal, social, and public. Intimate distance ranges from direct physical contact to a distance of about 45 centimeters;this is between people with the most private relations and activities, between man and wife, for example. Personal distance is about 45-80 centimeters and is most common when friends, acquaintances and relatives converse. Social distance may be any distance from about 1.30 meters to 3 meters; people who work together or people doing business, as well as most of those at social gatherings tend to keep a distance of about 1.30-2 meters.China is a country with little contact. In China, when people meet each other or say hello to others they show their friendship just by nodding, raising their hands or shacking hands. In western countries, both homosexual and heterosexual people have the habit of hugging and kissing each other which can not be accept by Chinese people, because these actions are just be done between lovers and couples in China. But it may be regarded as gays in westerns if the same-sex friends walk in the street arm in arm. In western countries, physical contact is generally avoided in conversation among ordinary friends or acquaintances. It may cause an unpleasant reaction if someone touch him too much. If one touches another person accidentally, he/she usually utters an apology such as “Sorry, Oh, I’m sorry, Excuse me.” But in China, people will not do so, because they think this situation is just a piece of cakeand they have been used to the crowding in public places. This has become one habit of Chinese people.3. Reasons for the Differences of Body Language in Sino-western cross-cultural business exchangesFrom all these differences of body language in Sino-western cross-cultural business exchanges, we know that specific traditions and national customs decide specific signification of body language and we can learn that the reasons cause these differences and similarities are various, such as the difference of education background, the difference of characters, the difference of view, and so on.3.1 Different Traditional CulturesDifferent traditional cultures have caused various characteristics. It is considered that culture is the entire form of the movements of a nation. China and Western countries have their own different social and cultural atmosphere; for they have their own history of independent development and special space, and each of them has its own distinct ethnic characteristics. Body language reflects a nation’s characteristics, it not on and lateral extension, going out of the world is the only way for their survival and development. Therefore, occidental pursue a kind of outward “on the road” spirit. This cultural difference has been clearly reflected in their body language between China and the West. For example, western people can’t accept that they have to sit in the crowded space, they will use “special skills”----they will never see the people who sit too closed to them.66李育卫. 英汉跨文化非语言交际对比研究[M].云南师范大学学报,2004:54-56.3.2 Different Ethnic Character TraitsIn the process of a long history of cultural development forms the nation’s character. This characteristic is like a famous brand, which makes each nation have its own want to say when you just talk about something unimportant. So people don’t need to speak out all their intentions when they express their feelings. However, people in the west respond differently. They must express clearly what they think and want. Only by this way can the others understand them very well. So westerns must speak out what they want to say.3.3 Religious DifferencesAs Havilland notes: “The social functions of religion are no less important than the psychological functions. A traditional religion reinforces group norms, provides moral sanctions for individual conduct.” Thus w e can see the significance of religion to both China and Western countries.It is believed that Buddhism has deeply influenced China’s culture. Buddhists in China advocate the cultivation of mind to go beyond the falseness of the world and the suffering due to worldly concerns. Buddhism believes that the clear and accurate logic languag confrontation-oriented communication style.The formation of western culture is closely bound up to the western religion—Christianity. Their adoration to the God fiercely exerts a great influence on their attention to words. The westerners have their faith in that the God created the world by means of words and released the order by means of words. In accord with “The New Testament”—Language coexists with God, and words are God; therefore, the western culture regards language as something great or spiritual, and Judaism and Christianity are considered as “religion of langue”. Thus we can see that the significance of Christianity to westerners and its low-context culture. 77蒋易. 中美非言语交际的比较与探索[D].山东: 山东师范大学, 2009:27.Christian believes that the world is real and meaningful since God had created it. Individual is significant because God created it in his image. In a culture that attaches great importance to individualism, the concept of “self” is important. Therefore, fac ts described by words or language are more reliable and dependable than those described through feelings and intuition, which contrasts with Buddhism obviously.4. Advice for the Application of Body Language in Cross-cultural Business exchangesBody language is an important component of nonverbal language, so the differences of body language in Sino-western business exchanges will affect their business communication, if people want to reduce the bad influence; they need to follow these advices.4.1 Acknowledging Cultural DifferenceTo be aware of the existence of discrepancy between cultures is the first step to walk into the door of successful intercultural communication. Since the existence of cultural diffeWhen negotiating with Americans，Chinese negotiators should be prepared for differences in concerns about punctuality, logical process and legal issues．Bear in mind the cultural differences in these areas and do not impose them on the American counterparts．When in doubt，discuss cultural differences and decide how to proceed based on what is learned．And don’t neglect organizational cultural differences．They may prove crucial to the selection of effective strategies．8While we read books, attend a lecture, watch English movies, communicate with foreigners, we can learn a lot about body language. In our daily lives, we can learn body language through various ways. These are the basic ways to learn body language; also they are the most efficient ways. The more we accumulate, the better we can8米阳. 中美跨文化商务谈判中非语言交际的对比研究[D].山东:山东师范大学，2009:16-204.2 Avoiding Stereotype and EthnocentrismStereotypes were a means of organizing our images into fixed and simple categor from then．As a matter of fact，they are actually resulted from both indolent and mistaken understanding．When thinking about things in terms of nature，we find that we human beings don’t like the unfamiliar, tend to get close to what is familiar and always try to keep away things that become foreign and exotic．The instinctive reaction towards those foreign things and people is discrimination．And when discrimination replaces communication，we find either overt or covert inhospitality, anger and hatred among people，which seriously restrict free and open communications．Culture makes society unique. All the people are molded and shaped by the experiences of their cultures unconsciously and they may develop the habit of evaluating all other cultures by these experiences. This tendency to judge people unconsciously by the standard of our group and their own customs is called ethnocentrism. In intercultural communication, people should realize that culture in every nation is equal and they shouldn’t have the attitude that one culture is superior to another. Otherwise, they will feel it difficult to be open and tolerant of the customs, be4.3 Intercultural Sensitivity and Intercultural AwarenessBefore improving intercultural sensitivity, we had better have an profound understanding of our native culture. Only when we take the opinion of respecting ourselves，monitoring ourselves，empathy, and being open-minded，can we take an impartial opinion．Our intercultural consciousness is in fact our intercultural competence based on cognitive aspect．It is connected with the ability to recognize similarities and differences among different cultures．According to the understanding of value system，cultural standard，and personal philosophy, it is even harder to distinguish these differences．It’s true that we all have intuitive sensitivity．However,een cultures by learning about a culture’s value to overcome our bias．We should be other-oriented to overcome ethnocentrism and to develop empathy, we should be careful of cultural differences for cultural adjustments，and keep away subject judgments about other cultures to overcome stereotype，make contrast between groups and use multiple dimensions to compare cultures．4.4 Learning to be TolerantPeople should be tolerant to cultural differences, keeping in mind that they are both alike and different. They should grant similarities and recognize differences. By accepting and appreciating, they can better assess the potential consequences of their acts and be more tolerant of those others. It is important to know cultural difference of different nations and learn that people share a series of crucial characteristics that link them together. The similarities are important in helping them look for common ground as a way of deciding how to treat other people regardless of their culture. The similarities unite the people, and in a very real sense make them one community, rysanthemum to the patient. But French people never do this. Because they think chrysanthemum is used in funerals.9But we should pay attention to two points, when we apply this principle. Firstly, we should not worship and imitate the whole body language blindly. Secondly, we should not be trapped in the fixed mode of cultures. For example, People think Americans behave informally in any situation and Englishmen are always conservative. In fact, all communicative modes change with the differences of time, situation and contents. So in the business communication, we can make full use of these principles, exclude fixed mode of culture and keep an open attitude towards cultural differences.9景花.跨文化交际中的中西身势语解析[M].毕节学院学报, 2009:87-90.ConclusionWe can know from this article that body language is really an important part in the cross-cultural business communication. Body language has close relations with cultures, which is also the carrier of cultures, like verbal language. It varies from culture to culture. Therefore, the aim of studying nonverbal communication is to help foreign language learners and communicators exclude the interference of cultural differences.We have discussed the differences of body language in cross-cultural business communication between Chinese and Western, and advices of reducing barriers inAcknowledgementsI would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to my tutor Then, I would like to appreciate the help of other classmates, who give me useful advice on finishing this paper.Finally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.Bibliography[1]Andersen and Peter, Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions[M]. London: Waveland Press, 2007:45-48.[2]Birdwhistell, R. S. Kinesics and Context[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970:34[3] Knapp, M. Nonverbal communication in Human Interaction [M]. Winston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978:12-20.[4] Samovar, L. et al. Understanding Intercultural Communication[M]. California: Wadsworth, 1981:38-42.[5]艾军. 论中美商务谈判的跨文化交际[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2003:22-25.[6]毕继万. 跨文化非语言交际[M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999:6.[7]车英君.文化相对论视角下的中美身势语的比较研究[D],辽宁:辽宁师范大学，2009:13-20.[16]徐德凯.中西文化视域下的非言语交际[D].山东：山东大学, 2008:67-71.[17]杨平. 非语言交际述评[J]. 外语教学与研究, 1994(03):1-6.。
文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响开题报告一、背景介绍国际商务谈判是现代全球化经济背景下不可避免的活动之一。
随着全球经济的一体化与国际贸易的发展，企业之间的商务谈判变得越来越重要。
然而，由于不同国家和地区的文化差异，这些差异对国际商务谈判产生了重要的影响。
二、文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响1. 语言与沟通方式不同文化背景的人可能使用不同的语言和沟通方式。
在谈判中，语言的理解和表达能力是沟通的基础，文化差异可能导致语言理解的困难，进而影响谈判的进程和结果。
2. 时间观念与灵活性不同国家和地区对时间的观念和态度也存在差异。
一方面，一些文化背景下的人更注重时间的严格合理性，强调准时到达和开会；另一方面，一些文化背景下的人更加灵活，更注重人际关系的构建。
这种时间观念差异可能导致谈判进程中的时间安排和任务分配的不同理解。
3. 礼仪与礼节不同文化背景下的人对于礼仪和礼节的认知和要求也存在差异。
谈判过程中对于礼貌和尊重的理解可能有所不同，不同的行为规范可能会造成误解和冲突，影响谈判的气氛和结果。
4. 价值观与利益认知不同国家和地区的人对于价值观和利益认知的差异也会影响谈判的结果。
例如，西方文化中对个人主义和合作的观念与东方文化中的集体主义和高度尊重的价值观存在差异。
这可能导致在利益分配和决策制定中的冲突和矛盾。
5. 信任与信任建立在国际商务谈判中，信任是一个重要的因素。
然而，不同文化背景下的人对于信任的理解和建立方式也会存在差异。
有些文化背景下的人更加重视个人关系的建立和信任的慢慢积累，而有些文化背景下的人更注重法律合同的约束。
这种差异可能在谈判过程中对于信任的建立产生影响，进而影响谈判的进行。
三、应对策略1. 跨文化培训参与国际商务谈判的人员应接受跨文化培训，了解不同文化背景下的习俗、礼仪和价值观。
这有助于提高对于文化差异的认识和理解，从而更好地应对谈判中可能出现的冲突和误解。
2. 适应性和灵活性在参与国际商务谈判时，应保持适应性和灵活性，尊重并积极适应对方的文化背景和需求。
从跨文化的角度研究中美商务谈判的开题报告一、研究背景随着全球化的不断加深，中美两国的经济交流越来越密切，商务谈判在其中扮演着重要的角色。
然而，由于中美两国文化背景、社会历史、法律规定等方面的差异，中美商务谈判存在许多跨文化交流困难，如语言障碍、文化误解、价值观差异等，从而影响谈判效果。
因此，跨文化交流研究在中美商务谈判中的应用显得十分重要。
二、研究意义中美商务谈判的成功与否关系到两国经济发展和贸易合作。
然而，由于文化差异的存在，中美商务谈判可能会出现双方无法沟通、难以达成协议等问题。
因此，研究中美商务谈判中的跨文化交流，有助于理解双方文化背景的差异，从而更好地促进中美商务谈判的成功。
三、研究内容1. 中美商务谈判的基本流程、特点和模式。
2. 中美商务文化差异所产生的影响，如文化背景、社会历史、法律规定等影响因素，分析其产生的原因。
3. 中美商务谈判的跨文化交际策略，如语言交流、礼仪行为、文化意义等方面的应对策略，分析其有效性及适用场合。
4. 中美商务谈判中的心理因素，如谈判策略、协商技巧、社交技巧、谈判心理等方面的影响因素。
5. 中美商务谈判中的案例分析，如成功案例和失败案例，分析其背后的文化差异、交流策略和心理因素。
四、研究方法本研究将采用案例分析和实证研究相结合的方法。
选取中美商务谈判中的案例，通过分析文化差异、交流策略和心理因素等方面的影响因素，总结出跨文化交流的有效策略，为实际中美商务交流提供参考。
五、预期成果通过本研究，能够深入了解中美商务文化差异，分析跨文化交流的策略及方法，为中美商务谈判提供可操作性的建议，促进两国商务交流的顺利发展，提高中美贸易的互利性与合作性。
